1
|
Furtado J, Geraldo LH, Leser FS, Poulet M, Park H, Pibouin-Fragner L, Eichmann A, Boyé K. Netrin-1 binding to Unc5B regulates Blood-Retina Barrier integrity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.21.525006. [PMID: 36711611 PMCID: PMC9882365 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.21.525006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The blood brain barrier (BBB) preserves neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS) by tightly controlling metabolite exchanges with the blood. In the eye, the retina is likewise protected by the blood-retina barrier (BRB) to maintain phototransduction. We showed that the secreted guidance cue Netrin-1 regulated BBB integrity, by binding to endothelial Unc5B and regulating canonical β-catenin dependent expression of BBB gene expression. Objective Here, we investigated if Netrin-1-binding to endothelial Unc5B also controlled BRB integrity, and if this process involved Norrin/β-catenin signaling, which is the major known driver of BRB development and maintenance. Methods We analyzed Tamoxifen-inducible loss- and gain- of-function alleles of Unc5B, Ntn1 and Ctnnb1 in conjunction with tracer injections and biochemical signaling studies. Results Inducible endothelial Unc5B deletion, and inducible global Ntn1 deletion in postnatal mice reduced phosphorylation of the Norrin receptor LRP5, leading to reduced β-catenin and LEF1 expression, conversion of retina endothelial cells from a barrier-competent Claudin-5+/PLVAP- state to a Claudin-5-/PLVAP+ leaky phenotype, and extravasation of injected low molecular weight tracers. Inducible Ctnnb1 gain of function rescued vascular leak in Unc5B mutants, and Ntn1 overexpression induced BRB tightening. Unc5B expression in pericytes contributed to BRB permeability, via regulation of endothelial Unc5B. Mechanistically, Netrin-1-Unc5B signaling promoted β-catenin dependent BRB signaling by enhancing phosphorylation of the Norrin receptor LRP5 via the Discs large homologue 1 (Dlg1) intracellular scaffolding protein. Conclusions The data identify Netrin1-Unc5B as novel regulators of BRB integrity, with implications for diseases associated with BRB disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Furtado
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | | | - Mathilde Poulet
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, France
| | - Hyojin Park
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | | | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, France
| | - Kevin Boyé
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Inserm U970, Université Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laws KM, Bashaw GJ. Diverse roles for axon guidance pathways in adult tissue architecture and function. NATURAL SCIENCES (WEINHEIM, GERMANY) 2022; 2:e20220021. [PMID: 37456985 PMCID: PMC10346896 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Classical axon guidance ligands and their neuronal receptors were first identified due to their fundamental roles in regulating connectivity in the developing nervous system. Since their initial discovery, it has become clear that these signaling molecules play important roles in the development of a broad array of tissue and organ systems across phylogeny. In addition to these diverse developmental roles, there is a growing appreciation that guidance signaling pathways have important functions in adult organisms, including the regulation of tissue integrity and homeostasis. These roles in adult organisms include both tissue-intrinsic activities of guidance molecules, as well as systemic effects on tissue maintenance and function mediated by the nervous and vascular systems. While many of these adult functions depend on mechanisms that mirror developmental activities, such as regulating adhesion and cell motility, there are also examples of adult roles that may reflect signaling activities that are distinct from known developmental mechanisms, including the contributions of guidance signaling pathways to lineage commitment in the intestinal epithelium and bone remodeling in vertebrates. In this review, we highlight studies of guidance receptors and their ligands in adult tissues outside of the nervous system, focusing on in vivo experimental contexts. Together, these studies lay the groundwork for future investigation into the conserved and tissue-specific mechanisms of guidance receptor signaling in adult tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Laws
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, USA
| | - Greg J. Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pibouin-Fragner L, Eichmann A, Pardanaud L. Environmental and intrinsic modulations of venous differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:491. [PMID: 35987946 PMCID: PMC11072674 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells in veins differ in morphology, function and gene expression from those in arteries and lymphatics. Understanding how venous and arterial identities are induced during development is required to understand how arterio-venous malformations occur, and to improve the outcome of vein grafts in surgery by promoting arterialization of veins. To identify factors that promote venous endothelial cell fate in vivo, we isolated veins from quail embryos, at different developmental stages, that were grafted into the coelom of chick embryos. Endothelial cells migrated out from the grafted vein and their colonization of host veins and/or arteries was quantified. We show that venous fate is promoted by sympathetic vessel innervation at embryonic day 11. Removal of sympathetic innervation decreased vein colonization, while norepinephrine enhanced venous colonization. BMP treatment or inhibition of ERK enhanced venous fate, revealing environmental neurotransmitter and BMP signaling and intrinsic ERK inhibition as actors in venous fate acquisition. We also identify the BMP antagonist Noggin as a potent mediator of venous arterialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Université de Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, 75015, Paris, France.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Luc Pardanaud
- Université de Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Critical Role of Neuronal Vps35 in Blood Vessel Branching and Maturation in Developing Mouse Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071653. [PMID: 35884959 PMCID: PMC9313219 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vps35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35), a key component of retromer, plays a crucial role in selective retrieval of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to trans-Golgi networks. Dysfunctional Vps35/retromer is a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Vps35 is highly expressed in developing pyramidal neurons, both in the mouse neocortex and hippocampus, Although embryonic neuronal Vps35’s function in promoting neuronal terminal differentiation and survival is evident, it remains unclear whether and how neuronal Vps35 communicates with other types of brain cells, such as blood vessels (BVs), which are essential for supplying nutrients to neurons. Dysfunctional BVs contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide evidence for embryonic neuronal Vps35 as critical for BV branching and maturation in the developing mouse brain. Selectively knocking out (KO) Vps35 in mouse embryonic, not postnatal, neurons results in reductions in BV branching and density, arteriole diameter, and BV-associated pericytes and microglia but an increase in BV-associated reactive astrocytes. Deletion of microglia by PLX3397 enhances these BV deficits in mutant mice. These results reveal the function of neuronal Vps35 in neurovascular coupling in the developing mouse brain and implicate BV-associated microglia as underlying this event.
Collapse
|
5
|
Berenji MG, Berenji HG, Pashapour S, Sadeghpour S. Serum Netrin-1 and Urinary KIM-1 levels as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of early preeclampsia. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 42:636-640. [PMID: 34569430 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1945010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Serum Netrin-1 and Urinary KIM-1 (Kidney Injury Molecule-1) levels are associated with the detection of preeclampsia. A total of 90 patients, including 36 normal pregnant women, 29 patients with nonsevere preeclampsia and 25 patients with severe preeclampsia, were included in this study. Maternal serum Netrin-1 and Urinary KIM-1 levels were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the Levels of Netrin-1 and KIM-1 were statistically higher in women with preeclampsia as compared with normal pregnant women. Furthermore, the Netrin-1 level in women with severe preeclampsia was significantly higher than nonsevere preeclamptic women. inconclusion the current study showed that Maternal serum level of Netrin-1 and Urinary level of KIM-1 can be used as early biomarkers for the detection of preeclampsia.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Preeclampsia is a disorder of widespread vascular endothelial malfunction and vasospasm that occurs after 20 weeks' gestation. Netrin-1 was found to promote angiogenesis. Alteration of placental angiogenesis in early pregnancy is a well-known reason for placental dysfunction such as preeclampsia. Kidney injury with proteinuria is a characteristic feature of preeclampsia. Urine KIM-1 is the most potential biomarker for renal injury in preeclampsia. Due to these facts, we aimed to investigate the role of maternal serum Netrin-1 and Urine KIM-1 levels in preeclampsia presence and severity.What the results of this study add? A significant relationship between Netrin-1 and KIM-1 levels with preeclampsia.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Based on these findings, we concluded that increased levels of Netrin-1 and KIM-1 are associated with severe preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Ghasemnejad Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hojjat Ghasemnejad Berenji
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarvin Pashapour
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sonia Sadeghpour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yao LL, Hu JX, Li Q, Lee D, Ren X, Zhang JS, Sun D, Zhang HS, Wang YG, Mei L, Xiong WC. Astrocytic neogenin/netrin-1 pathway promotes blood vessel homeostasis and function in mouse cortex. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6490-6509. [PMID: 32853179 DOI: 10.1172/jci132372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have multiple functions in the brain, including affecting blood vessel (BV) homeostasis and function. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence that astrocytic neogenin (NEO1), a member of deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) family netrin receptors, is involved in blood vessel homeostasis and function. Mice with Neo1 depletion in astrocytes exhibited clustered astrocyte distribution and increased BVs in their cortices. These BVs were leaky, with reduced blood flow, disrupted vascular basement membranes (vBMs), decreased pericytes, impaired endothelial cell (EC) barrier, and elevated tip EC proliferation. Increased proliferation was also detected in cultured ECs exposed to the conditioned medium (CM) of NEO1-depleted astrocytes. Further screening for angiogenetic factors in the CM identified netrin-1 (NTN1), whose expression was decreased in NEO1-depleted cortical astrocytes. Adding NTN1 into the CM of NEO1-depleted astrocytes attenuated EC proliferation. Expressing NTN1 in NEO1 mutant cortical astrocytes ameliorated phenotypes in blood-brain barrier (BBB), EC, and astrocyte distribution. NTN1 depletion in astrocytes resulted in BV/BBB deficits in the cortex similar to those in Neo1 mutant mice. In aggregate, these results uncovered an unrecognized pathway, astrocytic NEO1 to NTN1, not only regulating astrocyte distribution, but also promoting cortical BV homeostasis and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Yao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiao Ren
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Shi Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
For more than 2000 years, the avian embryo has helped scientists understand questions of developmental and cell biology. As early as 350 BC Aristotle described embryonic development inside a chicken egg (Aristotle, Generation of animals. Loeb Classical Library (translated), vol. 8, 1943). In the seventeenth century, Marcello Malpighi, referred to as the father of embryology, first diagramed the microscopic morphogenesis of the chick embryo, including extensive characterization of the cardiovascular system (Pearce Eur Neurol 58(4):253-255, 2007; West, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304(6):L383-L390, 2016). The ease of accessibility to the embryo and similarity to mammalian development have made avians a powerful system among model organisms. Currently, a unique combination of classical and modern techniques is employed for investigation of the vascular system in the avian embryo. Here, we will introduce the essential techniques of embryonic manipulation for experimental study in vascular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Asai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Bressan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiao X, Zhang D, Hong Q, Yan L, Han Q, Shao F, Cai G, Chen X, Zhu H. Netrin-1 works with UNC5B to regulate angiogenesis in diabetic kidney disease. Front Med 2019; 14:293-304. [PMID: 31884526 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Netrin-1, an axon guidance factor, and its receptor UNC5B play important roles in axonal development and angiogenesis. This study examined netrin-1 and UNC5B expression in kidneys with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and investigated their roles in angiogenesis. Netrin-1 and UNC5B were upregulated in streptozotocininduced DKD Wistar rats, and their expression was compared with that in healthy controls. However, exogenous netrin-1 in UNC5B-depleted human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) inhibited cell migration and tubulogenesis. This effect was likely associated with SRC pathway deactivation. Netrin-1 treatment also eliminated the pro-angiogenic effects of exogenous VEGF-165 on UNC5B-silenced HRGECs. These results indicate that UNC5B antagonizes netrin-1 and that UNC5B upregulation contributes partly to enhancing angiogenesis in DKD. Therefore, introducing exogenous netrin-1 and depleting endogenous UNC5B are potential strategies for reducing the incidence of early angiogenesis and mitigating kidney injury in DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Qiuxia Han
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fengmin Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Netrin-1 plays a role in the effect of moderate exercise on myocardial fibrosis in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0199802. [PMID: 30789913 PMCID: PMC6383912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of neitrin-1,DCC receptor and myocardial fibrosis in rats with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group (n = 8), the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model group (n = 8), and the aerobic exercise treatment after acute myocardial infarction group (ET) (n = 8). After 10 weeks, the serum levels of netrin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2, 9), and their inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), myocardial netrin-1, and the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptor were evaluated. Histopathological results were also evaluated. The collagen volume fraction of the myocardial tissues was also calculated. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, in the AMI and ET groups, left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were increased, while left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), and left ventricular pressure maximal rate of rise and fall (± dp/dtmax) were significantly decreased (P<0.05,). Compared with the AMI group, in the ET group, LVSP, and ±dp/dtmax were significantly increased while LVEDP was decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the sham group, the AMI group and ET groups showed increased levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and significantly reduced levels of netrin-1. Levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the ET group compared with the AMI group, whereas the level of netrin-1 was increased. The expression of myocardial MMP2 and MMP9 was significantly increased in the AMI group compared with the sham group, whereas that of myocardial netrin-1, TIMP2 and the DCC receptor, was significantly reduced. Compared with the AMI group, the ET group showed reduced expression of myocardial MMP2 and MMP9 proteins, whereas expression of myocardial netrin-1, TIMP2 and the DCC receptor, was significantly increased. The collagen volume fraction of the myocardial tissues was significantly increased in the AMI group and the ET group compared with the sham group, with a greater increase in the AMI group. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise increased levels of serum netrin-1, myocardial netrin-1, and the DCC receptor and reduced the expression of myocardial MMP2 and MMP9 proteins, to improve the degree of fibrosis following myocardial infarction in rats.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bottasso E. Toward the Existence of a Sympathetic Neuroplasticity Adaptive Mechanism Influencing the Immune Response. A Hypothetical View-Part I. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:632. [PMID: 31616373 PMCID: PMC6763740 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system exerts a profound influence on the function of the immune system (IS), mainly through the sympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system. In fact, the sympathetic nervous system richly innervates secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen and lymph nodes. For decades, different research groups working in the field have consistently reported changes in the sympathetic innervation of the SLOs during the activation of the IS, which are characterized by a decreased noradrenergic activity and retraction of these fibers. Most of these groups interpreted these changes as a pathological phenomenon, referred to as "damage" or "injury" of the noradrenergic fibers. Some of them postulated that this "injury" was probably due to toxic effects of released endogenous mediators. Others, working on animal models of chronic stimulation of the IS, linked it to the very chronic nature of processes. Unlike these views, this first part of the present work reviews evidence which supports the hypothesis of a specific adaptive mechanism of neural plasticity from sympathetic fibers innervating SLOs, encompassing structural and functional changes of noradrenergic nerves. This plasticity mechanism would involve segmental retraction and degeneration of these fibers during the activation of the IS with subsequent regeneration once the steady state is recovered. The candidate molecules likely to mediate this phenomenon are also here introduced. The second part will extend this view as to the potential changes in sympathetic innervation likely to occur in inflamed non-lymphoid peripheral tissues and its possible immunological implications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gamboa NT, Taussky P, Park MS, Couldwell WT, Mahan MA, Kalani MYS. Neurovascular patterning cues and implications for central and peripheral neurological disease. Surg Neurol Int 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28966815 PMCID: PMC5609400 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_475_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly branched nervous and vascular systems run along parallel trajectories throughout the human body. This stereotyped pattern of branching shared by the nervous and vascular systems stems from a common reliance on specific cues critical to both neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Continually emerging evidence supports the notion of later-evolving vascular networks co-opting neural molecular mechanisms to ensure close proximity and adequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to nervous tissue. As our understanding of these biologic pathways and their phenotypic manifestations continues to advance, identification of where pathways go awry will provide critical insight into central and peripheral nervous system pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Gamboa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Philipp Taussky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Min S Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William T Couldwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mark A Mahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kefeli U, Ucuncu Kefeli A, Cabuk D, Isik U, Sonkaya A, Acikgoz O, Ozden E, Uygun K. Netrin-1 in cancer: Potential biomarker and therapeutic target? Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698388. [PMID: 28443497 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1, a laminin-related protein, is known to be involved in the nervous system development. Recently, Netrin-1's involvement in other processes such as cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, and differentiation that are important for the development of epithelial tissues has been described. In addition, Netrin-1 and its receptors, deleted in colorectal cancer and uncoordinated-5 homolog, have been linked to apoptosis and angiogenesis. Since these properties are essential for tumor development, Netrin-1 and its receptors have been reported to promote tumorigenesis in many types of cancers. Here, we review the Netrin-1 mediated regulation of cancer, its potential use as a biomarker, and the targeting of the Netrin-1 pathway to treat cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Kefeli
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Devrim Cabuk
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ulas Isik
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Alper Sonkaya
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Acikgoz
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ercan Ozden
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kazim Uygun
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Robo4 cytoplasmic domain is dispensable for vascular permeability and neovascularization. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13517. [PMID: 27882935 PMCID: PMC5123080 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular permeability and neovascularization are implicated in many diseases including retinopathies and diabetic wound healing. Robo4 is an endothelial-specific transmembrane receptor that stabilizes the vasculature, as shown in Robo4−/− mice that develop hyperpermeability, but how Robo4 signals remained unclear. Here we show that Robo4 deletion enhances permeability and revascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and accelerates cutaneous wound healing. To determine Robo4 signalling pathways, we generated transgenic mice expressing a truncated Robo4 lacking the cytoplasmic domain (Robo4ΔCD). Robo4ΔCD expression is sufficient to prevent permeability, and inhibits OIR revascularization and wound healing in Robo4−/− mice. Mechanistically, Robo4 does not affect Slit2 signalling, but Robo4 and Robo4ΔCD counteract Vegfr2-Y949 (Y951 in human VEGFR2) phosphorylation by signalling through the endothelial UNC5B receptor. We conclude that Robo4 inhibits angiogenesis and vessel permeability independently of its cytoplasmic domain, while activating VEGFR2-Y951 via ROBO4 inhibition might accelerate tissue revascularization in retinopathy of prematurity and in diabetic patients. Robo4 is a transmembrane protein that regulates vascular permeability. Zhang et al. now reveal the mechanism of Robo4 action and show that Robo4 and UncB are required for VEGF-mediated regulation of vascular barrier by suppressing VEGF-induced phosphorylation of its receptor Vegfr2 on Y949.
Collapse
|
14
|
Çekmez Y, Garip Ş, Ulu İ, Gülşen S, Haberal ET, Olgac Y, Yoğurtçuoğlu EE, Türkmen SB, Aksoy FT, Kıran G. Maternal serum Netrin-1 levels as a new biomarker of preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:1072-1074. [PMID: 27296221 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1201471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Netrin-1 levels in maternal serum was associated with the presence of preeclampsia (PE). METHODS Total 72 patients, including 28 normal pregnant women and 44 patients with PE, were included in this study. Maternal serum Netrin-1 concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Maternal serum Netrin-1 levels were detected statistically higher in preeclamptic group than control group (p < 0.05). When compared with subgroups, Netrin-1 levels were also higher in severe PE group than mild PE group but this was not detected statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Maternal serum Netrin-1 has a potential to be a new marker for the detection of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Çekmez
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Şebnem Garip
- b Department of Biochemistry , Kemerburgaz Unıversity , İstanbul , Turkey , and
| | - İpek Ulu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Gülşen
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Esra Tuştaş Haberal
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgac
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Florence Nightingale Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Eser Evrim Yoğurtçuoğlu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Simge Bagcı Türkmen
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Fatma Tutku Aksoy
- b Department of Biochemistry , Kemerburgaz Unıversity , İstanbul , Turkey , and
| | - Gürkan Kıran
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology , Health Sciences University Umraniye Medical and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Azizoglu DB, Cleaver O. Blood vessel crosstalk during organogenesis-focus on pancreas and endothelial cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:598-617. [PMID: 27328421 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels form a highly branched, interconnected, and largely stereotyped network of tubes that sustains every organ and tissue in vertebrates. How vessels come to take on their particular architecture, or how they are 'patterned,' and in turn, how they influence surrounding tissues are fundamental questions of organogenesis. Decades of work have begun to elucidate how endothelial progenitors arise and home to precise locations within tissues, integrating attractive and repulsive cues to build vessels where they are needed. Conversely, more recent findings have revealed an exciting facet of blood vessel interaction with tissues, where vascular cells provide signals to developing organs and progenitors therein. Here, we discuss the exchange of reciprocal signals between endothelial cells and neighboring tissues during embryogenesis, with a special focus on the developing pancreas. Understanding the mechanisms driving both sides of these interactions will be crucial to the development of therapies, from improving organ regeneration to efficient production of cell based therapies. Specifically, elucidating the interface of the vasculature with pancreatic lineages, including endocrine cells, will instruct approaches such as generation of replacement beta cells for Type I diabetes. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:598-617. doi: 10.1002/wdev.240 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
George L, Dunkel H, Hunnicutt BJ, Filla M, Little C, Lansford R, Lefcort F. In vivo time-lapse imaging reveals extensive neural crest and endothelial cell interactions during neural crest migration and formation of the dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia. Dev Biol 2016; 413:70-85. [PMID: 26988118 PMCID: PMC4834247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During amniote embryogenesis the nervous and vascular systems interact in a process that significantly affects the respective morphogenesis of each network by forming a "neurovascular" link. The importance of neurovascular cross-talk in the central nervous system has recently come into focus with the growing awareness that these two systems interact extensively both during development, in the stem-cell niche, and in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. With respect to the peripheral nervous system, however, there have been no live, real-time investigations of the potential relationship between these two developing systems. To address this deficit, we used multispectral 4D time-lapse imaging in a transgenic quail model in which endothelial cells (ECs) express a yellow fluorescent marker, while neural crest cells (NCCs) express an electroporated red fluorescent marker. We monitored EC and NCC migration in real-time during formation of the peripheral nervous system. Our time-lapse recordings indicate that NCCs and ECs are physically juxtaposed and dynamically interact at multiple locations along their trajectories. These interactions are stereotypical and occur at precise anatomical locations along the NCC migratory pathway. NCCs migrate alongside the posterior surface of developing intersomitic vessels, but fail to cross these continuous streams of motile ECs. NCCs change their morphology and migration trajectory when they encounter gaps in the developing vasculature. Within the nascent dorsal root ganglion, proximity to ECs causes filopodial retraction which curtails forward persistence of NCC motility. Overall, our time-lapse recordings support the conclusion that primary vascular networks substantially influence the distribution and migratory behavior of NCCs and the patterned formation of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn George
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT 59101, United States.
| | - Haley Dunkel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Barbara J Hunnicutt
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Michael Filla
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Charles Little
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The vascular and the nervous system are responsible for oxygen, nutrient, and information transfer and thereby constitute highly important communication systems in higher organisms. These functional similarities are reflected at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels, where common developmental principles and mutual crosstalks have evolved to coordinate their action. This resemblance of the two systems at different levels of complexity has been termed the "neurovascular link." Most of the evidence demonstrating neurovascular interactions derives from studies outside the CNS and from the CNS tissue of the retina. However, little is known about the specific properties of the neurovascular link in the brain. Here, we focus on regulatory effects of molecules involved in the neurovascular link on angiogenesis in the periphery and in the brain and distinguish between general and CNS-specific cues for angiogenesis. Moreover, we discuss the emerging molecular interactions of these angiogenic cues with the VEGF-VEGFR-Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)-Jagged-Notch pathway.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ko SY, Blatch GL, Dass CR. Netrin-1 as a potential target for metastatic cancer: focus on colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:101-13. [PMID: 24338005 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite advanced screening technology and cancer treatments available today, metastasis remains an ongoing major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Typically, colorectal cancer is one of the cancers treatable by surgery in conjunction with chemotherapy when it is detected at an early stage. However, it still ranks as the second highest modality and mortality of cancer types in western countries, and this is mostly due to a recurrence of metastatic colorectal cancer post-resection of the primary malignancy. Colorectal cancer metastases predominantly occur in the liver and lung, and yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate these organ-specific colorectal cancer metastases are largely unknown. Therefore, the identification of any critical molecule, which triggers malignancy in colorectal cancer, would be an excellent target for treatment. Netrin-1 was initially discovered as a chemotropic neuronal guidance molecule, and has been marked as a regulator for many cancers including colorectal cancer. Here, we summarise key findings of the role of netrin-1 intrinsic to colorectal cancer cells, extrinsic to the tumour microenvironment and angiogenesis, and consequently, we evaluate netrin-1 as a potential target molecule for metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suh Youn Ko
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, 3021, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bouhidel JO, Wang P, Siu KL, Li H, Youn JY, Cai H. Netrin-1 improves post-injury cardiac function in vivo via DCC/NO-dependent preservation of mitochondrial integrity, while attenuating autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1852:277-89. [PMID: 24928309 PMCID: PMC4262720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury of the heart is a severe complication of angioplasty treatment of acute myocardial ischemia, for which no therapeutics are currently available. The present study aimed to identify whether and how a novel protein, netrin-1, induces cardioprotection in vivo during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Wild type (WT) C57BL6/J mice were subjected to a 30 min coronary occlusion followed by a 24h reperfusion with vehicle (normal saline), netrin-1, UO126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor), PTIO (nitric oxide/NO scavenger), netrin-1/UO126 or netrin-1/PTIO intraventricularly. Some were injected of netrin-1 via tail vein. Netrin-1 at 5μg/kg induced a substantial reduction in infarct size (19.7 ± 5.0% from 41.3 ± 1.8% in the controls), and markedly improved cardiac function as measured by ejection fraction and fractional shortening from echocardiography. Experiments with mice deficient in netrin-1 receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer, DCC+/-), or reperfusion with netrin-1/UO126 or netrin-1/PTIO, attenuated the protective effects of netrin-1, implicating intermediate roles of DCC, ERK1/2 and NO. Netrin-1 induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and eNOS was abolished in DCC+/-mice. Electron spin resonance (ESR) determination of NO production from isolated left ventricles demonstrated that netrin-1 improves NO bioavailability, which was attenuated by UO126 or in DCC+/-mice, suggesting upstream roles of DCC and ERK1/2 in NO production. Netrin-1 further reduced mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial superoxide production, which was absent when co-treated with PTIO or UO126, or in DCC+/-mice, indicating critical roles of DCC, ERK1/2 and NO in preserving mitochondrial integrity. In a permanent coronary ligation model of myocardial infarction (MI) to assess post-MI remodeling, netrin-1 abolished the marked increase in autophagy. In summary, our data demonstrate robust cardioprotective effect of netrin-1 in vivo, as shown by reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, this protection is mediated by netrin-1 receptor DCC, and NO dependent preservation of mitochondria. This work clearly establishes a therapeutic potential of netrin-1 for acute treatment of MI, perhaps also for chronic post-MI remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Autophagy and protein quality control in cardiometabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaleddinne Omar Bouhidel
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kin Lung Siu
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hua Cai
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schäker K, Bartsch S, Patry C, Stoll SJ, Hillebrands JL, Wieland T, Kroll J. The bipartite rac1 Guanine nucleotide exchange factor engulfment and cell motility 1/dedicator of cytokinesis 180 (elmo1/dock180) protects endothelial cells from apoptosis in blood vessel development. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6408-18. [PMID: 25586182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.633701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Engulfment and cell motility 1/dedicator of cytokinesis 180 (Elmo1/Dock180) is a bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the monomeric GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Elmo1/Dock180 regulates Rac1 activity in a specific spatiotemporal manner in endothelial cells (ECs) during zebrafish development and acts downstream of the Netrin-1/Unc5-homolog B (Unc5B) signaling cascade. However, mechanistic details on the pathways by which Elmo1/Dock180 regulates endothelial function and vascular development remained elusive. In this study, we aimed to analyze the vascular function of Elmo1 and Dock180 in human ECs and during vascular development in zebrafish embryos. In vitro overexpression of Elmo1 and Dock180 in ECs reduced caspase-3/7 activity and annexin V-positive cell number upon induction of apoptosis. This protective effect of Elmo1 and Dock180 is mediated by activation of Rac1, p21-activated kinase (PAK) and AKT/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. In zebrafish, Elmo1 and Dock180 overexpression reduced the total apoptotic cell and apoptotic EC number and promoted the formation of blood vessels during embryogenesis. In conclusion, Elmo1 and Dock180 protect ECs from apoptosis by the activation of the Rac1/PAK/AKT signaling cascade in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Elmo1 and Dock180 facilitate blood vessel formation by stabilization of the endothelium during angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schäker
- From the Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Susanne Bartsch
- From the Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and
| | - Christian Patry
- From the Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and
| | - Sandra J Stoll
- From the Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- From the Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
For more than 2,000 years, philosophers and scientists have turned to the avian embryo with questions of how life begins (Aristotle and Peck Generations of Animals. Loeb Classics, vol. XIII. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1943; Needham, A history of embryology. Abelard-Schuman, New York, 1959). Then, as now, the unique accessibility of the embryo both in terms of acquisition of eggs from domesticated fowl and ease at which the embryo can be visualized by simply opening the shell has made avians an appealing and powerful model system for the study of development. Thus, as the field of embryology has evolved through observational, comparative, and experimental embryology into its current iteration as the cellular and molecular biology of development, avians have remained a useful and practical system of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bressan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd South, MC3120, San Francisco, CA, 94143-3120, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Michaelis UR. Mechanisms of endothelial cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4131-48. [PMID: 25038776 PMCID: PMC11113960 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a central role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes during our whole life. Cellular movement is a complex, tightly regulated multistep process. Although the principle mechanisms of migration follow a defined general motility cycle, the cell type and the context of moving influences the detailed mode of migration. Endothelial cells migrate during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis but also in a damaged vessel to restore vessel integrity. Depending on the situation they migrate individually, in chains or sheets and complex signaling, intercellular signals as well as environmental cues modulate the process. Here, the different modes of cell migration, the peculiarities of endothelial cell migration and specific guidance molecules controlling this process will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Ruth Michaelis
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Seiradake E, del Toro D, Nagel D, Cop F, Härtl R, Ruff T, Seyit-Bremer G, Harlos K, Border EC, Acker-Palmer A, Jones EY, Klein R. FLRT structure: balancing repulsion and cell adhesion in cortical and vascular development. Neuron 2014; 84:370-85. [PMID: 25374360 PMCID: PMC4210639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
FLRTs are broadly expressed proteins with the unique property of acting as homophilic cell adhesion molecules and as heterophilic repulsive ligands of Unc5/Netrin receptors. How these functions direct cell behavior and the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unclear. Here we use X-ray crystallography to reveal the distinct structural bases for FLRT-mediated cell adhesion and repulsion in neurons. We apply this knowledge to elucidate FLRT functions during cortical development. We show that FLRTs regulate both the radial migration of pyramidal neurons, as well as their tangential spread. Mechanistically, radial migration is controlled by repulsive FLRT2-Unc5D interactions, while spatial organization in the tangential axis involves adhesive FLRT-FLRT interactions. Further, we show that the fundamental mechanisms of FLRT adhesion and repulsion are conserved between neurons and vascular endothelial cells. Our results reveal FLRTs as powerful guidance factors with structurally encoded repulsive and adhesive surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seiradake
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel del Toro
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Nagel
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Florian Cop
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Saarstr. 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ricarda Härtl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Saarstr. 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruff
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gönül Seyit-Bremer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen Clare Border
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Saarstr. 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK.
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo H, Jia Y, Shang M, Zhang Y, Xie F, Wang H, Yuan M, Yuan L, Ye J. Comparison of two in vitro angiogenesis assays for evaluating the effects of netrin-1 on tube formation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:810-6. [PMID: 25022751 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is a neural guidance cue that also regulates vascular development. Controversial results, however, have been obtained concerning the roles of netrin-1 in vascular development both in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, two in vitro angiogenesis assays were compared to evaluate the effects of netrin-1 secreted by retrovirally transduced melanoma cells (Mel2a-netrin1) on tube formation. The results showed that there was no obvious difference in tube formation induced by conditioned media (CM) from the control, Mel2a-netrin1 and Mel2a cells in a matrigel assay. The results of another in vitro assay, in which endothelial cells were co-cultured with human fibroblasts, however, showed that Mel2a-netrin1 CM inhibited the tube formation, supposedly through blocking the elongation and coalescence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These results confirmed that the matrigel assay is not able to demonstrate the anti-angiogenic roles of netrin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Min Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fu'an Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingjing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Netrins and their roles in placental angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:901941. [PMID: 25143950 PMCID: PMC4124232 DOI: 10.1155/2014/901941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Netrins, a family of laminin-related proteins, were originally identified as axonal guidance molecules. Subsequently, netrins were found to modulate various biological processes including morphogenesis, tumorogenesis, adhesion, and, recently, angiogenesis. In human placenta, the most vascularized organ, the presence of netrins has also been reported. Recent studies demonstrated the involvement of netrins in the regulation of placental angiogenesis. In this review we focused on the role of netrins in human placental angiogenesis. Among all netrins examined, netrin-4 and netrin-1 have been found to be either pro- or antiangiogenic factors. These opposite effects appear to be related to the endothelial cell phenotype studied and seem also to depend on the receptor type to which netrin binds, that is, the canonical receptor member of the DCC family, the members of the UNC5 family, or the noncanonical receptor members of the integrin family or DSCAM.
Collapse
|
26
|
Harter PN, Zinke J, Scholz A, Tichy J, Zachskorn C, Kvasnicka HM, Goeppert B, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Hattingen E, Senft C, Steinbach JP, Plate KH, Mehlen P, Schulte D, Mittelbronn M. Netrin-1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor patient survival in brain metastases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92311. [PMID: 24647424 PMCID: PMC3960244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional molecule netrin-1 is upregulated in various malignancies and has recently been presented as a major general player in tumorigenesis leading to tumor progression and maintenance in various animal models. However, there is still a lack of clinico-epidemiological data related to netrin-1 expression. Therefore, the aim of our study was to elucidate the association of netrin-1 expression and patient survival in brain metastases since those constitute one of the most limiting factors for patient prognosis. We investigated 104 brain metastases cases for netrin-1 expression using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with regard to clinical parameters such as patient survival and MRI data. Our data show that netrin-1 is strongly upregulated in most cancer subtypes. Univariate analyses revealed netrin-1 expression as a significant factor associated with poor patient survival in the total cohort of brain metastasis patients and in sub-entities such as non-small cell lung carcinomas. Interestingly, many cancer samples showed a strong nuclear netrin-1 signal which was recently linked to a truncated netrin-1 variant that enhances tumor growth. Nuclear netrin-1 expression was associated with poor patient survival in univariate as well as in multivariate analyses. Our data indicate both total and nuclear netrin-1 expression as prognostic factors in brain metastases patients in contrast to other prognostic markers in oncology such as patient age, number of brain metastases or Ki67 proliferation index. Therefore, nuclear netrin-1 expression constitutes one of the first reported molecular biomarkers for patient survival in brain metastases. Furthermore, netrin-1 may constitute a promising target for future anti-cancer treatment approaches in brain metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Tichy
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Zachskorn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans M. Kvasnicka
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Steinbach
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl H. Plate
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bongo JB, Peng DQ. The neuroimmune guidance cue netrin-1: a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiol 2013; 63:95-8. [PMID: 24262644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Netrins are a family of proteins involved in cell migration and axon guidance during embryogenesis. The different functions and mechanisms of action of this family of proteins have been better characterized with the study of netrin-1. They are chemotropic and act as a bifunctional regulator of neuron migration. Apart from its role in the central nervous system, researchers have proven that netrin-1 plays a role in the development and formation of non-neural tissue; netrin-1 is thereby involved in regulation of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and other diseases. Concerning the cardiovascular realm, netrin-1 promotes angiogenesis and accelerates atherosclerosis, protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reduces the infarct size. These findings make the neuroimmune guidance cue netrin-1 an important therapeutic target. This work seeks to review the subject based on studies that have been conducted over the past decade to identify the perspectives and extent of the research on this protein in the field of cardiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bertrand Bongo
- Department of cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Dao Quan Peng
- Department of cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dalpe G, Tarsitano M, Persico MG, Zheng H, Culotti J. C. elegans PVF-1 inhibits permissive UNC-40 signalling through CED-10 GTPase to position the male ray 1 sensillum. Development 2013; 140:4020-30. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.095190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Graded distributions of netrin and semaphorin guidance cues convey instructive polarity information to migrating cells and growth cones, but also have permissive (i.e. non-polarity determining) functions in mammalian development and repair. The permissive functions of these cues are largely uncharacterised at a molecular level. We found previously that UNC-6 (netrin) signals permissively through UNC-40 (DCC) and UNC-5 receptors to prevent anterior displacement of the ray 1 sensillum in the C. elegans male tail. UNC-6/UNC-40 signalling functions in parallel with SMP-1 (semaporin 1)/PLX-1 (plexin) signalling to prevent this defect. Here, we report that a deletion allele of pvf-1, which encodes a VEGF-related protein, causes no ray 1 defects, but enhances ray 1 defects of a plx-1 mutant, and unexpectedly also suppresses unc-6(ev400)-null mutant ray 1 defects. These mutant ray 1 inductive and suppressive effects are mimicked by the ability of unc-40(+) and ced-10(gain-of-function) multi-copy transgene arrays to induce ray 1 defects or suppress unc-6 mutant ray 1 defects, depending on their dosage, suggesting the pvf-1 mutation causes UNC-40 overactivity that interferes with signalling but is partially sensitive to UNC-6. Additional data suggest PVF-1 functions through four VEGF receptor-related proteins and inhibits only CED-10 (a GTPase), but not MIG-2-dependent UNC-40 activity, even though UNC-40 functions through both GTPases to position ray 1. pvf-1 and receptor mutant ray 1 defects are rescued by transgenes expressing mouse VEGF164 and human VEGF receptors, respectively. These data report the first case of VEGF-induced inhibition of the netrin signalling and a molecular conservation of VEGF function from worms to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gratien Dalpe
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | | | - Hong Zheng
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Joseph Culotti
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1SA, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gore AV, Monzo K, Cha YR, Pan W, Weinstein BM. Vascular development in the zebrafish. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006684. [PMID: 22553495 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has emerged as an excellent vertebrate model system for studying blood and lymphatic vascular development. The small size, external and rapid development, and optical transparency of zebrafish embryos are some of the advantages the zebrafish model system offers. Multiple well-established techniques have been developed for imaging and functionally manipulating vascular tissues in zebrafish embryos, expanding on and amplifying these basic advantages and accelerating use of this model system for studying vascular development. In the past decade, studies performed using zebrafish as a model system have provided many novel insights into vascular development. In this article we discuss the amenability of this model system for studying blood vessel development and review contributions made by this system to our understanding of vascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket V Gore
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Section on Vertebrate Organogenesis, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kwiatkowski S, Munjaal RP, Lee T, Lwigale PY. Expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors during the formation of the periocular vasculature and development of the avian cornea. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:738-51. [PMID: 23444323 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During embryonic development, endothelial precursor cells (angioblasts) migrate relatively long distances to form the primary vascular plexus. The migratory behavior of angioblasts and localization of the primitive blood vessels is tightly regulated by pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors encountered in the embryonic environment. Despite the importance of corneal avascularity to proper vision, it is not known when avascularity is established in the developing cornea and how pro- and anti-angiogenic factors regulate this process. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Using Tg(tie1:H2B:eYFP) transgenic quail embryos to visualize fluorescently labeled angioblasts, we show that the presumptive cornea remains avascular despite the invasion of cells from the periocular region where migratory angioblasts reside and form the primary vasculature. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis and spatiotemporal examination of gene expression revealed that pro- and anti-angiogenic factors were expressed in patterns indicating their potential roles in angioblast guidance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show for the first time that chick corneal avascularity is established and maintained during development as the periocular vasculature forms. We also identify potential candidate pro- and anti-angiogenic factors that may play crucial roles during vascular patterning in the anterior eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77025, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
AbstractDiffuse human gliomas constitute a group of most treatment-refractory tumors even if maximum treatment strategies including neurosurgical resection followed by combined radio-/chemotherapy are applied. In contrast to most other neoplasms, diffusely infiltrating gliomas invade the brain along pre-existing structures such as axonal tracts and perivascular spaces. Even in cases of early diagnosis single or small clusters of glioma cells are already encountered far away from the main tumor bulk. Complex interactions between glioma cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix and considerable changes in the cytoskeletal apparatus are prerequisites for the cellular movement of glioma cells through the brain thereby escaping from most current treatments. This review provides an overview about classical and current concepts of glioma cell migration/invasion and promising preclinical treatment approaches.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cha YR, Fujita M, Butler M, Isogai S, Kochhan E, Siekmann AF, Weinstein BM. Chemokine signaling directs trunk lymphatic network formation along the preexisting blood vasculature. Dev Cell 2012; 22:824-36. [PMID: 22516200 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is crucial for fluid homeostasis, immune responses, and numerous pathological processes. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for establishing the anatomical form of the lymphatic vascular network remain largely unknown. Here, we show that chemokine signaling provides critical guidance cues directing early trunk lymphatic network assembly and patterning. The chemokine receptors Cxcr4a and Cxcr4b are expressed in lymphatic endothelium, whereas chemokine ligands Cxcl12a and Cxcl12b are expressed in adjacent tissues along which the developing lymphatics align. Loss- and gain-of-function studies in zebrafish demonstrate that chemokine signaling orchestrates the stepwise assembly of the trunk lymphatic network. In addition to providing evidence for a lymphatic vascular guidance mechanism, these results also suggest a molecular basis for the anatomical coalignment of lymphatic and blood vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ryun Cha
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6B/309, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu H, Liu J, Xiong S, Le YZ, Xia X. Suppression of retinal neovascularization by lentivirus-mediated netrin-1 small hairpin RNA. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 47:163-9. [PMID: 22122983 DOI: 10.1159/000331428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The function of netrin-1 in pathological angiogenesis and its role in retinal neovascularization were investigated in the retinas of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mice by inhibition of netrin-1. METHODS Expression of netrin-1 mRNA and protein in the retinas of OIR mice was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Inhibition of retinal neovascularization was achieved by lentivirus-mediated netrin-1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) infection. Retinal neovascularization was examined by fluorescein angiography and quantification of preretinal neovascular nuclei in retinal sections. RESULTS Both mRNA and protein expression of netrin-1 were significantly upregulated in postnatal day 17 OIR mouse retinas. Treatment of OIR mice with specific lentivirus-mediated netrin-1 shRNA dramatically reduced neovascular outgrowth into the inner limiting membrane. Neovascular tufts and nonperfused areas were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS High expression of netrin-1 was detected in the retina under ischemic conditions and played a significant role in pathological retinal angiogenesis. Therefore, netrin-1 represents a potential therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and other ocular neovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhuo Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pardanaud L, Eichmann A. Extraembryonic origin of circulating endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25889. [PMID: 22022461 PMCID: PMC3195083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are contained in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of adult humans and participate to the revascularization of ischemic tissues. These cells represent attractive targets for cell or gene therapy aimed at improving ischemic revascularization or inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. The embryonic origin of CEC has not been addressed previously. Here we use quail-chick chimeras to study CEC origin and participation to the developing vasculature. CEC are traced with different markers, in particular the QH1 antibody recognizing only quail endothelial cells. Using yolk-sac chimeras, where quail embryos are grafted onto chick yolk sacs and vice-versa, we show that CEC are generated in the yolk sac. These cells are mobilized during wound healing, demonstrating their participation to angiogenic repair processes. Furthermore, we found that the allantois is also able to give rise to CEC in situ. In contrast to the yolk sac and allantois, the embryo proper does not produce CEC. Our results show that CEC exclusively originate from extra-embryonic territories made with splanchnopleural mesoderm and endoderm, while definitive hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells are of intra-embryonic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Pardanaud
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lim AH, Suli A, Yaniv K, Weinstein B, Li DY, Chien CB. Motoneurons are essential for vascular pathfinding. Development 2011; 138:3847-57. [PMID: 21828101 PMCID: PMC3152931 DOI: 10.1242/dev.068403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neural and vascular systems share common guidance cues that have direct and independent signaling effects on nerves and endothelial cells. Here, we show that zebrafish Netrin 1a directs Dcc-mediated axon guidance of motoneurons and that this neural guidance function is essential for lymphangiogenesis. Specifically, Netrin 1a secreted by the muscle pioneers at the horizontal myoseptum (HMS) is required for the sprouting of dcc-expressing rostral primary motoneuron (RoP) axons and neighboring axons along the HMS, adjacent to the future trajectory of the parachordal chain (PAC). These axons are required for the formation of the PAC and, subsequently, the thoracic duct. The failure to form the PAC in netrin 1a or dcc morphants is phenocopied by laser ablation of motoneurons and is rescued both by cellular transplants and overexpression of dcc mRNA. These results provide a definitive example of the requirement of axons in endothelial guidance leading to the parallel patterning of nerves and vessels in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Lim
- Molecular Medicine Program, 15 N 2030 East, Room 4140, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lai Wing Sun K, Correia JP, Kennedy TE. Netrins: versatile extracellular cues with diverse functions. Development 2011; 138:2153-69. [PMID: 21558366 DOI: 10.1242/dev.044529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Netrins are secreted proteins that were first identified as guidance cues, directing cell and axon migration during neural development. Subsequent findings have demonstrated that netrins can influence the formation of multiple tissues, including the vasculature, lung, pancreas, muscle and mammary gland, by mediating cell migration, cell-cell interactions and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. Recent evidence also implicates the ongoing expression of netrins and netrin receptors in the maintenance of cell-cell organisation in mature tissues. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in netrin signalling in vertebrate and invertebrate systems and discuss the functions of netrin signalling during the development of neural and non-neural tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lai Wing Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tian XF, Xia XB, Xiong SQ, Jiang J, Liu D, Liu JL. Netrin-1 overexpression in oxygen-induced retinopathy correlates with breakdown of the blood-retina barrier and retinal neovascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 226:37-44. [PMID: 21508652 DOI: 10.1159/000324474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Recent research has shown netrin-1 to promote neovascularization. We evaluate the expression of netrin-1 during retinal neovascularization in a murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 75 ± 5% oxygen for 5 days and returned to room air to induce retinal neovascularization. Retinal neovascularization was observed by fluorescence angiography and was quantified by counting the endothelial nuclei protruding into the vitreous cavity after hematoxylin-eosin staining. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to determine retinal netrin-1 mRNA and protein levels at postnatal days (PN) 13, 15 and 17. RESULTS In fluorescence angiograms, irregular neovascularization and fluorescein leakage were observed surrounding the unperfused areas in the hypoxic group. The hypoxic group had, on average, 50.70 ± 4.56 neovascular nuclei protruding into the vitreous body, while similar nuclei were absent in the control group. Compared to the normoxic group, there were significant increases in both retinal netrin-1 mRNA and protein levels in the hypoxic group at PN13, PN15 and PN17. CONCLUSION The netrin-1 level increases in murine retina under hypoxia and may be key in inducing retinal neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tam SJ, Watts RJ. Connecting vascular and nervous system development: angiogenesis and the blood-brain barrier. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 33:379-408. [PMID: 20367445 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and nervous systems share a common necessity of circuit formation to coordinate nutrient and information transfer, respectively. Shared developmental principles have evolved to orchestrate the formation of both the vascular and the nervous systems. This evolution is highlighted by the identification of specific guidance cues that direct both systems to their target tissues. In addition to sharing cellular and molecular signaling events during development, the vascular and nervous systems also form an intricate interface within the central nervous system called the neurovascular unit. Understanding how the neurovascular unit develops and functions, and more specifically how the blood-brain barrier within this unit is established, is of utmost importance. We explore the history, recent discoveries, and unanswered questions surrounding the relationship between the vascular and nervous systems with a focus on developmental signaling cues that guide network formation and establish the interface between these two systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Tam
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Robo4 Maintains Vessel Integrity and Inhibits Angiogenesis by Interacting with UNC5B. Dev Cell 2011; 20:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
40
|
Melani M, Weinstein BM. Common factors regulating patterning of the nervous and vascular systems. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 26:639-65. [PMID: 19575651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.093008.093324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and the nervous systems of vertebrates share many features with similar and often overlapping anatomy. The parallels between these two systems extend to the molecular level, where recent work has identified ever-increasing similarities between the molecular mechanisms employed in the specification, differentiation, and patterning of both systems. This review discusses some of the most recent literature on this subject, with particular emphasis on the roles that the Ephrin, Semaphorin, Netrin, and Slit signaling pathways play in vascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Melani
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dumartin L, Quemener C, Laklai H, Herbert J, Bicknell R, Bousquet C, Pyronnet S, Castronovo V, Schilling MK, Bikfalvi A, Hagedorn M. Netrin-1 mediates early events in pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression, acting on tumor and endothelial cells. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1595-606, 1606.e1-8. [PMID: 20080097 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers. It is characterized by substantial tumor cell invasion and early-stage metastasis. We developed an in vivo model to analyze interactions between cancer and stromal cells during early stages of PDAC. METHODS Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were grafted onto the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Human and chicken GeneChips were used simultaneously to study gene regulation during PDAC cell invasion. Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify human orthologs and cell specificity of gene expression. The effects of netrin-1 encoded by NTN1 were investigated in adhesion, invasion, and apoptosis assays. The effects of NTN1 silencing with small interfering RNAs were investigated in PDAC cells in vivo. NTN1 expression was measured in human PDAC samples. RESULTS PDAC cells rapidly invade the CAM stroma and remodel the CAM vasculature. Around 800 stromal genes were up-regulated by >2-fold; the angiogenesis regulators vascular endothelial growth factor D, thrombospondin 1, and CD151 were among the most highly regulated genes. Silencing of tumor cell NTN1, which is up-regulated 4-fold in the PDAC model, inhibited tumor cell invasion in vivo. Netrin-1 conferred apoptosis resistance to tumor and endothelial cells in vitro, induced their invasion, and provided an adhesive substrate for tumor cells. NTN1 and its gene product are strongly overexpressed in human PDAC samples. CONCLUSIONS We developed a useful tool to study the invasive mechanisms of early-stage PDAC. Netrin-1 might be an important regulator of pancreatic tumor growth that functions in tumor and endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dumartin
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U920, Talence, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Adams RH, Eichmann A. Axon guidance molecules in vascular patterning. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a001875. [PMID: 20452960 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form extensive, highly branched and hierarchically organized tubular networks in vertebrates to ensure the proper distribution of molecular and cellular cargo in the vertebrate body. The growth of this vascular system during development, tissue repair or in disease conditions involves the sprouting, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in a process termed angiogenesis. Surprisingly, specialized ECs, so-called tip cells, which lead and guide endothelial sprouts, share many feature with another guidance structure, the axonal growth cone. Tip cells are motile, invasive and extend numerous filopodial protrusions sensing growth factors, extracellular matrix and other attractive or repulsive cues in their tissue environment. Axonal growth cones and endothelial tip cells also respond to signals belonging to the same molecular families, such as Slits and Roundabouts, Netrins and UNC5 receptors, Semaphorins, Plexins and Neuropilins, and Eph receptors and ephrin ligands. Here we summarize fundamental principles of angiogenic growth, the selection and function of tip cells and the underlying regulation by guidance cues, the Notch pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Understanding the mechanisms of callosal development through the use of transgenic mouse models. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2009; 16:127-42. [PMID: 19778710 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the area of the brain where higher-order cognitive processing occurs. The 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex communicate through one of the largest fiber tracts in the brain, the corpus callosum. Malformation of the corpus callosum in human beings occurs in 1 in 4000 live births, and those afflicted experience an extensive range of neurologic disorders, from relatively mild to severe cognitive deficits. Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in these disorders would therefore assist in the development of prognostic tools and therapies. During the past 3 decades, mouse models have been used extensively to determine which molecules play a role in the complex regulation of corpus callosum development. This review provides an update on these studies, as well as highlights the value of using mouse models with the goal of developing therapies for human acallosal syndromes.
Collapse
|
44
|
Castets M, Coissieux MM, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Bernard L, Delcros JG, Bernet A, Laudet V, Mehlen P. Inhibition of endothelial cell apoptosis by netrin-1 during angiogenesis. Dev Cell 2009; 16:614-20. [PMID: 19386270 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Netrin-1 was recently proposed to play an important role in embryonic and pathological angiogenesis. However, data reported led to the apparently contradictory conclusions that netrin-1 is either a pro- or an antiangiogenic factor. Here, we reconcile these opposing observations by demonstrating that netrin-1 acts as a survival factor for endothelial cells, blocking the proapoptotic effect of the dependence receptor UNC5B and its downstream death signaling effector, the serine/threonine kinase DAPK. The netrin-1 effect on blood vessel development is mimicked by caspase inhibitors in ex vivo assays, and the inhibition of caspase activity, the silencing of the UNC5B receptor, and the silencing of DAPK are each sufficient to rescue the vascular sprouting defects induced by netrin-1 silencing in zebrafish. Thus, the proapoptotic effect of unbound UNC5B and the survival effect of netrin-1 on endothelial cells finely tune the angiogenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Castets
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, CNRS UMR5238, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bautch VL, James JM. Neurovascular development: The beginning of a beautiful friendship. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:199-204. [PMID: 19363295 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.2.8397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular development in the central nervous system has a rich history and compelling significance. The developing central nervous system (CNS) does not produce vascular progenitor cells, and so ingression of blood vessels is required for continued CNS development and function. Classic studies provide elegant descriptions of formation of the vascular plexus that surrounds the embryonic brain and spinal cord, and the subsequent ingression of blood vessels into the neural tissue. Recent work has focused on the molecular pathways responsible for neurovascular cross-talk and development of the blood-brain barrier. Here we review neurovascular development in the central nervous system, with emphasis on the spinal cord. We discuss the historical work, the current status of our knowledge and unanswered questions. The importance of neurovascular development to diseases of the cerebral vasculature and the neural stem cell niche are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Bautch
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Larrivée B, Freitas C, Suchting S, Brunet I, Eichmann A. Guidance of vascular development: lessons from the nervous system. Circ Res 2009; 104:428-41. [PMID: 19246687 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.188144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system of vertebrates consists of an organized, branched network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that penetrates all the tissues of the body. One of the most striking features of the vascular system is that its branching pattern is highly stereotyped, with major and secondary branches forming at specific sites and developing highly conserved organ-specific vascular patterns. The factors controlling vascular patterning are not yet completely understood. Recent studies have highlighted the anatomic and structural similarities between blood vessels and nerves. The 2 networks are often aligned, with nerve fibers and blood vessels following parallel routes. Furthermore, both systems require precise control over their guidance and growth. Several molecules with attractive and repulsive properties have been found to modulate the proper guidance of both nerves and blood vessels. These include the Semaphorins, the Slits, and the Netrins and their receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which blood vessels and axons achieve proper path finding and the molecular cues that are involved in their guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Larrivée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U833 and Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bernet A, Fitamant J. Netrin-1 and its receptors in tumour growth promotion. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:995-1007. [PMID: 18620521 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.8.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrin-1 belongs to a family of secreted proteins that act as migration and adhesion cues in the developing CNS and in a number of non-neural tissues. Netrin-1 is the ligand of deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and the uncoordinated family member 5 (UNC5) orthologues of the dependence receptor family. Over the past ten years, a novel mechanism has emerged, that a receptor unoccupied by its ligand is not necessarily inactive. Rather, such a receptor can mediate two signalling pathways, depending on whether it is bound to its ligand or not. In the absence of ligand, an active signalling pathway results in cell death through apoptosis. OBJECTIVE Coupled netrin-1 receptors have been shown to regulate diverse processes such as maintenance, integrity, migration and renewal of many tissues. We propose that netrin-1 receptors can regulate tumour development. METHODS We review the properties of netrin-1 and present netrin-1 receptors as regulators of tumourigenesis. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Netrin-1 and its receptors are unexplored critical targets in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Bernet
- Université de Lyon, Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, CNRS UMR5238, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|