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Toyoda M, Fukuda T, Fujimoto R, Kawakami K, Hayashi C, Nakao Y, Watanabe Y, Aoki T, Shida M, Sanui T, Taguchi M, Yamamichi K, Okabe A, Okada T, Oka K, Nakayama K, Nishimura F, Kajioka S. Scaffold-free bone-like 3D structure established through osteogenic differentiation from human gingiva-derived stem cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101656. [PMID: 38379857 PMCID: PMC10878834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction & objectives Stem cell therapy for regenerative medicine has been sincerely investigated, but not still popular although some clinical trials show hopeful results. This therapy is suggested to be a representative candidate such as bone defect due to the accident, iatrogenic resection oncological tumor, congenital disease, and severe periodontitis in oral region. Recently, the Bio-3D printer "Regenova®" has been introduced as an innovative three-dimensional culture system, equipped scaffold-free bio-assembling techniques without any biomaterials. Therefore, we expected a mount of bone defect could be repaired by the structure established from this Bio-3D printer using osteogenic potential stem cells. Material & methods The gingival tissue (1x1 mm) was removed from the distal part of the lower wisdom tooth of the patients who agreed our study. Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hGMSCs) were isolated from this tissue and cultured, since we confirmed the characteristics such as facile isolation and accelerated proliferation, further, strong potential of osteogenic-differentiation. Spheroids were formed using hGMSC in 96-well plates designed for low cell adhesion. The size of the spheroids was measured, and fluorescent immunostaining was employed to verify the expression of stem cell and apoptosis marker, and extracellular matrix. Following four weeks of bone differentiation, μCT imaging was performed. Calcification was confirmed by alizarin red and von Kossa staining. Fluorescent immunostaining was utilized to assess the expression of markers indicative of advanced bone differentiation. Results We have established and confirmed the spheroids (∼600 μm in diameter) constructed from human GMSCs (hGMSCs) still maintain stem cell potentials and osteogenic differentiation abilities from the results that CD73 and not CD34 were expressed as stem cell positive and negative marker, respectively. These spheroids were pilled up like cylindal shape to the "Kenzan" platform of Bio-3D printer and cultured for 7days. The cylindal structure originated from compound spheroids were tried to differentiate into bone four weeks with osteogenic induction medium. The calcification of bio-3D printed bone-like structures was confirmed by alizarin red and Von Kossa staining. In addition, μCT analysis revealed that the HU (Hounsfield Unit) of the calcified structures was almost identical to that of trabecular bone. Immunofluorescent staining detected osteocalcin expression, a late-stage bone differentiation marker. Conclusion For the first time, we have achieved the construction of a scaffold-free, bone-like luminal structure through the assembly of spheroids comprised of this hGMSCs. This success is sure to be close to the induction of clinical application against regenerative medicine especially for bone defect disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Toyoda
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Fujimoto
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikako Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakao
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukari Watanabe
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyu Shida
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahide Taguchi
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamichi
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayami Okabe
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Okada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
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Taguchi M, Yoshimoto S, Suyama K, Sumi S, Ohki S, Ogata K, Fujimoto R, Murata D, Nakayama K, Oka K. Creating 3D constructs with cranial neural crest-derived cell lines using a bio-3D printer. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:339-348. [PMID: 38750954 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The development of bio-three-dimensional (bio-3D) printers has led to significant advances in regenerative medicine. Three-dimensional constructs, including spheroids, are maintained by extracellular matrix proteins secreted by cells so that the cells can be cultured in conditions closer to the physiological environment. This study aimed to create a useful 3D construct as a model of the dentin-pulp complex. METHODS We examined the expression patterns of extracellular matrix proteins and cell proliferation areas in a 3D construct created using O9-1 cells derived from cranial neural crest cells of mice. The 3D construct was created by sticking the spheroid cultures onto a needle array using a bio-3D printer. RESULTS Cell proliferation areas along with characteristic expression of tenascin C and DMP1 were evaluated. The expression of tenascin C and DMP1 was significantly enhanced in the spheroids compared to that in two-dimensional cultures. Moreover, cell proliferation regions and tenascin C expression were confirmed in the outer layer of spheroids in the embryonic stem cell medium, with insignificant DMP1 expression being observed. Interestingly, in a 3D construct cultured in calcification-induction medium, DMP1 expression was promoted, and DMP1-positive cells existed in the outermost layer without overlapping with tenascin C expression. CONCLUSIONS The extracellular matrix proteins, tenascin C and DMP1, were expressed in a polarized manner in spheroids and 3D constructs, similar to the findings in the dental papilla. Therefore, these 3D constructs show potential as artificial models for studying odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Taguchi
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shohei Yoshimoto
- Section of Pathology, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan; Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kanako Suyama
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Satoko Sumi
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shirabe Ohki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kayoko Ogata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.
| | - Ryota Fujimoto
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Daiki Murata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan; Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Smith SS, Chu D, Qu T, Aggleton JA, Schneider RA. Species-specific sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and changes to the Mmp13 promoter underlie avian jaw development and evolution. eLife 2022; 11:e66005. [PMID: 35666955 PMCID: PMC9246370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which bind Mmp13, become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tiange Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Jiang S, Zhang C, Lu Y, Yuan F. The molecular mechanism research of cartilage calcification induced by osteoarthritis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13082-13088. [PMID: 35611765 PMCID: PMC9276012 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2078025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanism of cartilage calcification induced by osteoarthritis (OA) based on distal-less homeobox gene 5 – alkaline phosphatase – integrin-binding sialoprotein – ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (DLX5-ALPL-IBSP-ENPP1) signal axis. Twenty-four rabbits were selected to build models of cartilage calcification induced by OA and randomly divided into 3 groups. The first group was the normal group whose rabbits were injected into 0.9% saline (0.3 mL), and the second group was model group. The third group was model group whose rabbits were injected into DLX5 antibody by caudal vein. Alizarin red calcium staining was used to analyze calcium deposition of cartilage matrix. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze the relative expression levels of proteins DLX5 and ENPP1, and western blot was used to analyze the DLX5, ALPL, IBSP, and ENPP1 expression. Calcium salt precipitation was the most serious, and the calcification area increased in the model group. Although calcified nodules appeared in the anti-DLX5 group, they were relatively few. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that the protein DLX5 located in the nucleus and the protein ENPP1 located in the extracellular matrix. Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of proteins DLX5, ALPL, IBSP, and ENPP1 were the highest in OA Model group than that of NC group, followed by anti-DLX5 group. The proteins DLX5, ALPL, IBSP, and ENPP1 can promote cartilage calcification induced by OA based on DLX5-ALPL-IBSP-ENPP1 signal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Snider TN, Louie KW, Zuzo G, Ruellas ACDO, Solem RC, Cevidanes LHS, Zhang H, Mishina Y. Quantification of three-dimensional morphology of craniofacial mineralized tissue defects in Tgfbr2/Osx-Cre mice. ORAL SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 18:193-202. [PMID: 34720652 PMCID: PMC8552916 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphology is affected by the growth, development, and three-dimensional (3D) relationship of mineralized structures including the skull, jaws, and teeth. Despite fulfilling different purposes within this region, cranial bones and tooth dentin are derived from mesenchymal cells that are affected by perturbations within the TGF-β signaling pathway. TGFBR2 encodes a transmembrane receptor that is part of the canonical, SMAD-dependent TGF-β signaling pathway and mutations within this gene are associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a condition which often presents with craniofacial signs including craniosynostosis and cleft palate. To investigate the role of Tgfbr2 in immature, but committed, mineralized tissue forming cells, we analyzed postnatal craniofacial morphology in mice with conditional Tgfbr2 deletion in Osx-expressing cells. Novel application of a 3D shape-based comparative technique revealed that Tgfbr2 in Osx-expressing cells results in impaired postnatal molar root and anterior cranial growth. These findings support those from studies using similar Tgfbr2 conditional knockout models, highlight the anomalous facial and dental regions/structures using tomographic imaging-based techniques, and provide insight into the role of Tgfbr2 during postnatal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ke’ale W. Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabrielle Zuzo
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Richard Christian Solem
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lucia H. S. Cevidanes
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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7
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Nakamichi R, Asahara H. Regulation of tendon and ligament differentiation. Bone 2021; 143:115609. [PMID: 32829041 PMCID: PMC7770025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tendons transmit power from muscles to bones, and ligaments maintain the stability of joints, thus producing smooth and flexible movements of articular joints. However, tendons have poor self-healing ability upon damage due to injuries, diseases, or aging. To maintain homeostasis or promote regeneration of the tendon/ligament, it is critical to understand the mechanism responsible for the coordination of tendon/ligament-specific gene expression and subsequent cell differentiation. In this review, we have discussed the core molecular mechanisms involved in the development and homeostasis of tendons and ligaments, with particular focus on transcription factors, signaling, and mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, , La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, , La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Systems Biomedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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8
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Griffin K, Pedersen H, Stauss K, Lungova V, Thibeault SL. Characterization of intrauterine growth, proliferation and biomechanical properties of the murine larynx. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245073. [PMID: 33439907 PMCID: PMC7806159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research approaches employ traditional tissue engineering strategies to promote vocal fold (VF) tissue regeneration, whereas recent novel advances seek to use principles of developmental biology to guide tissue generation by mimicking native developmental cues, causing tissue or allogenic/autologous progenitor cells to undergo the regeneration process. To address the paucity of data to direct VF differentiation and subsequent new tissue formation, we characterize structure-proliferation relationships and tissue elastic moduli over embryonic development using a murine model. Growth, cell proliferation, and tissue biomechanics were taken at E13.5, E15.5, E16.5, E18.5, P0, and adult time points. Quadratic growth patterns were found in larynx length, maximum transverse diameter, outer dorsoventral diameter, and VF thickness; internal VF length was found to mature linearly. Cell proliferation measured with EdU in the coronal and transverse planes of the VFs was found to decrease with increasing age. Exploiting atomic force microscopy, we measured significant differences in tissue stiffness across all time points except between E13.5 and E15.5. Taken together, our results indicate that as the VF mature and develop quadratically, there is a concomitant tissue stiffness increase. Greater gains in biomechanical stiffness at later prenatal stages, correlated with reduced cell proliferation, suggest that extracellular matrix deposition may be responsible for VF thickening and increased biomechanical function, and that the onset of biomechanical loading (breathing) may also contribute to increased stiffness. These data provide a profile of VF biomechanical and growth properties that can guide the development of biomechanically-relevant scaffolds and progenitor cell differentiation for VF tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Griffin
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hailey Pedersen
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kari Stauss
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vlasta Lungova
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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11
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Chen JW, Niu X, King MJ, Noedl MT, Tabin CJ, Galloway JL. The mevalonate pathway is a crucial regulator of tendon cell specification. Development 2020; 147:dev.185389. [PMID: 32467241 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are crucial components of the musculoskeletal system, yet the pathways specifying these fates remain poorly defined. Through a screen of known bioactive chemicals in zebrafish, we identified a new pathway regulating tendon cell induction. We established that statin, through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway, causes an expansion of the tendon progenitor population. Co-expression and live imaging studies indicate that the expansion does not involve an increase in cell proliferation, but rather results from re-specification of cells from the neural crest-derived sox9a+/sox10+ skeletal lineage. The effect on tendon cell expansion is specific to the geranylgeranylation branch of the mevalonate pathway and is mediated by inhibition of Rac activity. This work establishes a novel role for the mevalonate pathway and Rac activity in regulating specification of the tendon lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Chen
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xubo Niu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew J King
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marie-Therese Noedl
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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12
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Onizuka S, Yamazaki Y, Park SJ, Sugimoto T, Sone Y, Sjöqvist S, Usui M, Takeda A, Nakai K, Nakashima K, Iwata T. RNA-sequencing reveals positional memory of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from oral and maxillofacial tissue transcriptomes. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:417. [PMID: 32571211 PMCID: PMC7310078 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from numerous tissues and are attractive candidates for therapeutic clinical applications due to their immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative capacity. Although the minimum criteria for defining MSCs have been defined, their characteristics are known to vary depending on their tissue of origin. Results We isolated and characterized human MSCs from three different bones (ilium (I-MSCs), maxilla (Mx-MSCs) and mandible (Md-MSCs)) and proceeded with next generation RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, to investigate the gene expression profiles among other cell types, we obtained RNA-seq data of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and several types of MSCs (periodontal ligament-derived MSCs, bone marrow-derived MSCs, and ESCs-derived MSCs) from the Sequence Reads Archive and analyzed the transcriptome profile. We found that MSCs derived from tissues of the maxillofacial region, such as the jaw bone and periodontal ligament, were HOX-negative, while those derived from other tissues were HOX-positive. We also identified that MSX1, LHX8, and BARX1, an essential regulator of craniofacial development, were strongly expressed in maxillofacial tissue-derived MSCs. Although MSCs may be divided into two distinct groups, the cells originated from over the neck or not, on the basis of differences in gene expression profile, the expression patterns of all CD antigen genes were similar among different type of MSCs, except for ESCs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MSCs from different anatomical locations, despite meeting general characterization criteria, have remarkable differences in gene expression and positional memory. Although stromal cells from different anatomical sources are generally categorized as MSCs, their differentiation potential and biological functions vary. We suggested that MSCs may retain an original tissue memory about the developmental process, including gene expression profiles. This could have an important impact when choosing an appropriate cell source for regenerative therapy using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Onizuka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yamazaki
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan
| | - Sung-Joon Park
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sugimoto
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sone
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan
| | - Sebastian Sjöqvist
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Akira Takeda
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1, Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan. .,Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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13
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Li W, Zhao S, He W, Zhang M, Li S, Xu Y. Static magnetic fields accelerate osteogenesis by regulating FLRT/BMP pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:83-89. [PMID: 32446396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Static magnetic fields (SMF) have been proved to enhance osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the effect of SMF on mandibular condylar chondrocytes (MCCs) are less investigated, which contributes to the vertical formation of mandible. The purpose of the present study was to identify whether SMF accelerate the osteogenesis on mature condylar cartilage and explore the potential regulatory mechanism. METHODS In this study, we presented a 280 mT SMF stimulation set-up to investigate the genomic effects of SMF exposure on MCCs differentiation and osteoblast-related factor secretion in vitro. Induced by Oricell™ for osteogenesis, MCCs from primary SD Rat were stimulated with or without SMF for cell culture. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8. The enhanced osteogenetic capacity of the SMF stimulated MCCs was identified by Alizarin red staining (ARS). Additionally, the effects of SMF on the expression of transmembrane protein marker (FLRT3), terminal differentiation markers (BMP2), and transcription factors (Smad1/5/8) were quantified by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Compared with the control group, SMF decreased the proliferation of MCCs (p < 0.05) after 14 days osteogenesis-specific induction. The mineral synthesis of MCCs was upregulated by SMF (p < 0.0001). The expression of BMP2, Smad1/5/8 showed decrease trends while the protein level of FLRT3 acted in contrary manner (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasized the ability of osteogenesis positively respond to SMF stimulation by exhibiting enhanced differentiation via FLRT/BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Li
- Institute of Oral Research, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Shurong Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Song Li
- Institute of Oral Research, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China.
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14
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Kitamura A, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Meguro F, Yamada A, Nagai T, Kodama Y, Trakanant S, Sharpe PT, Maeda T, Takagi R, Ohazama A. Ift88 is involved in mandibular development. J Anat 2019; 236:317-324. [PMID: 31657471 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandible is a crucial organ in both clinical and biological fields due to the high frequency of congenital anomalies and the significant morphological changes during evolution. Primary cilia play a critical role in many biological processes, including the determination of left/right axis patterning, the regulation of signaling pathways, and the formation of bone and cartilage. Perturbations in the function of primary cilia are known to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. Craniofacial dysmorphologies, including mandibular deformity, are often seen in patients with ciliopathies. Mandibular development is characterized by chondrogenesis and osteogenesis; however, the role of primary cilia in mandibular development is not fully understood. To address this question, we generated mice with mesenchymal deletions of the ciliary protein, Ift88 (Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre). Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre mice showed ectopic mandibular bone formation, whereas Ift88 mutant mandible was slightly shortened. Meckel's cartilage was modestly expanded in Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre mice. The downregulation of Hh signaling was found in most of the mesenchyme of Ift88 mutant mandible. However, mice with a mesenchymal deletion of an essential molecule for Hh signaling activity, Smo (Smofl/fl ;Wnt1Cre), showed only ectopic mandibular formation, whereas Smo mutant mandible was significantly shortened. Ift88 is thus involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development, partially through regulating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kitamura
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kodama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Supaluk Trakanant
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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15
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Roberts RR, Bobzin L, Teng CS, Pal D, Tuzon CT, Schweitzer R, Merrill AE. FGF signaling patterns cell fate at the interface between tendon and bone. Development 2019; 146:dev.170241. [PMID: 31320326 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tendon and bone are attached by a transitional connective tissue that is morphologically graded from tendinous to osseous and develops from bipotent progenitors that co-express scleraxis (Scx) and Sox9 (Scx+/Sox9+). Scx+/Sox9+ progenitors have the potential to differentiate into either tenocytes or chondrocytes, yet the developmental mechanism that spatially resolves their bipotency at the tendon-bone interface during embryogenesis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that development of Scx+/Sox9+ progenitors within the mammalian lower jaw requires FGF signaling. We find that loss of Fgfr2 in the mouse tendon-bone interface reduces Scx expression in Scx+/Sox9+ progenitors and induces their biased differentiation into Sox9+ chondrocytes. This expansion of Sox9+ chondrocytes, which is concomitant with decreased Notch2-Dll1 signaling, prevents formation of a mixed population of chondrocytes and tenocytes, and instead results in ectopic endochondral bone at tendon-bone attachment units. Our work shows that FGF signaling directs zonal patterning at the boundary between tendon and bone by regulating cell fate decisions through a mechanism that employs Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lauren Bobzin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Camilla S Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90033, USA
| | - Deepanwita Pal
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Creighton T Tuzon
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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16
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Woronowicz KC, Gline SE, Herfat ST, Fields AJ, Schneider RA. FGF and TGFβ signaling link form and function during jaw development and evolution. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S219-S236. [PMID: 29753626 PMCID: PMC6239991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How does form arise during development and change during evolution? How does form relate to function, and what enables embryonic structures to presage their later use in adults? To address these questions, we leverage the distinct functional morphology of the jaw in duck, chick, and quail. In connection with their specialized mode of feeding, duck develop a secondary cartilage at the tendon insertion of their jaw adductor muscle on the mandible. An equivalent cartilage is absent in chick and quail. We hypothesize that species-specific jaw architecture and mechanical forces promote secondary cartilage in duck through the differential regulation of FGF and TGFβ signaling. First, we perform transplants between chick and duck embryos and demonstrate that the ability of neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) to direct the species-specific insertion of muscle and the formation of secondary cartilage depends upon the amount and spatial distribution of NCM-derived connective tissues. Second, we quantify motility and build finite element models of the jaw complex in duck and quail, which reveals a link between species-specific jaw architecture and the predicted mechanical force environment. Third, we investigate the extent to which mechanical load mediates FGF and TGFβ signaling in the duck jaw adductor insertion, and discover that both pathways are mechano-responsive and required for secondary cartilage formation. Additionally, we find that FGF and TGFβ signaling can also induce secondary cartilage in the absence of mechanical force or in the adductor insertion of quail embryos. Thus, our results provide novel insights on molecular, cellular, and biomechanical mechanisms that couple musculoskeletal form and function during development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Woronowicz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Stephanie E Gline
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Safa T Herfat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Aaron J Fields
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA.
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17
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Kauffmann P, Hahn W, Sievers N, Troeltzsch M, Hohloch K, Brockmeyer P, Cordesmeyer R, Schliephake H, Gruber RM. Osteoblast-like cells with different embryologic origins behave differently in increasing zoledronic acid concentrations: a pilot study in pigs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 123:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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McKenzie JA, Buettmann E, Abraham AC, Gardner MJ, Silva MJ, Killian ML. Loss of scleraxis in mice leads to geometric and structural changes in cortical bone, as well as asymmetry in fracture healing. FASEB J 2016; 31:882-892. [PMID: 27864378 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600969r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scleraxis (Scx) is a known regulator of tendon development, and recent work has identified the role of Scx in bone modeling. However, the role of Scx in fracture healing has not yet been explored. This study was conducted to identify the role of Scx in cortical bone development and fracture healing. Scx green fluorescent protein-labeled (ScxGFP) reporter and Scx-knockout (Scx-mutant) mice were used to assess bone morphometry and the effects of fracture healing on Scx localization and gene expression, as well as callus healing response. Botulinum toxin (BTX) was used to investigate muscle unloading effects on callus shape. Scx-mutant long bones had structural and mechanical defects. Scx gene expression was elevated and bmp4 was decreased at 24 h after fracture. ScxGFP+ cells were localized throughout the healing callus after fracture. Scx-mutant mice demonstrated disrupted callus healing and asymmetry. Asymmetry of Scx-mutant callus was not due to muscle unloading. Wild-type littermates (age matched) served as controls. This is the first study to explore the role of Scx in cortical bone mechanics and fracture healing. Deletion of Scx during development led to altered long bone properties and callus healing. This study also demonstrated that Scx may play a role in the periosteal response during fracture healing.-McKenzie, J. A., Buettmann, E., Abraham, A. C., Gardner, M. J., Silva, M. J., Killian, M. L. Loss of scleraxis in mice leads to geometric and structural changes in cortical bone, as well as asymmetry in fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Evan Buettmann
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam C Abraham
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael J Gardner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA; and
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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19
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Subramanian A, Schilling TF. Tendon development and musculoskeletal assembly: emerging roles for the extracellular matrix. Development 2016; 142:4191-204. [PMID: 26672092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich structures that interconnect muscles and bones. Recent work has shown how tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) interact with muscles via the ECM to establish connectivity and strengthen attachments under tension. Similarly, ECM-dependent interactions between tenocytes and cartilage/bone ensure that tendon-bone attachments form with the appropriate strength for the force required. Recent studies have also established a close lineal relationship between tenocytes and skeletal progenitors, highlighting the fact that defects in signals modulated by the ECM can alter the balance between these fates, as occurs in calcifying tendinopathies associated with aging. The dynamic fine-tuning of tendon ECM composition and assembly thus gives rise to the remarkable characteristics of this unique tissue type. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the ECM in tendon formation and maturation that attempts to integrate findings from developmental genetics with those of matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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20
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Matías EMC, Mecham DK, Black CS, Graf JW, Steel SD, Wilhelm SK, Andersen KM, Mitchell JA, Macdonald JR, Hollis WR, Eggett DL, Reynolds PR, Kooyman DL. Malocclusion model of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in mice with and without receptor for advanced glycation end products. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 69:47-62. [PMID: 27236646 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study has two aims: 1. Validate a non-invasive malocclusion model of mouse temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) that we developed and 2. Confirm role of inflammation in TMJ OA by comparing the disease in the presence and absence of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). DESIGN The malocclusion procedure was performed on eight week old mice, either wild type (WT) or without RAGE. RESULTS We observed TMJ OA at two weeks post-misalignment/malocclusion. The modified Mankin score used for the semi-quantitative assessment of OA showed an overall significantly higher score in mice with malocclusion compared to control mice at all times points (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks). Mice with malocclusion showed a decrease in body weight by the first week after misalignment but returned to normal weight for their ages during the following weeks. The RAGE knock out (KO) mice had statistically lower modified Mankin scores compared to WT mice of the same age. The RAGE KO mice had statistically lower levels of Mmp-13 and HtrA1 but higher Tgf-β1, as measured by immunohistochemistry, compared to WT mice at eight weeks post malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an inexpensive, efficient, highly reproducible and non-invasive model of mouse TMJ OA. The mechanical nature of the malocclusion resembles the natural development of TMJ OA in humans, making this an ideal model in future studies that aim to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease leading to the discovery of a treatment. The RAGE plays a role in mouse TMJ OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Chávez Matías
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - D K Mecham
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - C S Black
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - J W Graf
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - S D Steel
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - S K Wilhelm
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - K M Andersen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - J A Mitchell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - J R Macdonald
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - W R Hollis
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - D L Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - P R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - D L Kooyman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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21
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Anthwal N, Peters H, Tucker AS. Species-specific modifications of mandible shape reveal independent mechanisms for growth and initiation of the coronoid. EvoDevo 2015; 6:35. [PMID: 26568815 PMCID: PMC4644282 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The variation in mandibular morphology of mammals reflects specialisations for different diets. Omnivorous and carnivorous mammals posses large mandibular coronoid processes, while herbivorous mammals have proportionally smaller or absent coronoids. This is correlated with the relative size of the temporalis muscle that forms an attachment to the coronoid process. The role of this muscle attachment in the development of the variation of the coronoid is unclear. Results By comparative developmental biology and mouse knockout studies, we demonstrate here that the initiation and growth of the coronoid are two independent processes, with initiation being intrinsic to the ossifying bone and growth dependent upon the extrinsic effect of muscle attachment. A necessary component of the intrinsic patterning is identified as the paired domain transcription factor Pax9. We also demonstrate that Sox9 plays a role independent of chondrogenesis in the growth of the coronoid process in response to muscle interaction. Conclusions The mandibular coronoid process is initiated by intrinsic factors, but later growth is dependent on extrinsic signals from the muscle. These extrinsic influences are hypothesised to be the basis of the variation in coronoid length seen across the mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
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22
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Abstract
Molecular and cellular mechanisms that control jaw length are becoming better understood. This is significant since the jaws are not only critical for species-specific adaptation and survival, but they are often affected by a variety of size-related anomalies including mandibular hypoplasia, retrognathia, asymmetry, and clefting. This chapter overviews how jaw length is established during the allocation, proliferation, differentiation, and growth of jaw precursor cells, which originate from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM). The focus is mainly on results from experiments transplanting NCM between quail and duck embryos. Quail have short jaws whereas those of duck are relatively long. Quail-duck chimeras reveal that the determinants of jaw length are NCM mediated throughout development and include species-specific differences in jaw progenitor number, differential regulation of various signaling pathways, and the autonomous activation of programs for skeletal matrix deposition and resorption. Such insights help make the goal of devising new therapies for birth defects, diseases, and injuries to the jaw skeleton seem ever more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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23
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Hinton RJ, Jing J, Feng JQ. Genetic Influences on Temporomandibular Joint Development and Growth. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:85-109. [PMID: 26589922 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a small synovial joint at which the mandible articulates with the skull during movements involved in speaking and mastication. However, the secondary cartilage lining its joint surfaces is indicative of a very different developmental history than limb cartilages. This review summarizes our current knowledge of genes that regulate the formation of primary components of the TMJ, as well as genes that regulate postnatal growth of the TMJ. Although the TMJ is regulated by some of the same genes that are important in limb joints, others appear unique to the TMJ or have different actions. Runx2, Sox9, and members of the TGF-β/BMP family are critical drivers of chondrogenesis during condylar cartilage morphogenesis, and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is important for formation of the articular disc and cavitation. Osterix (Osx) is a critical regulator of endochondral bone formation during postnatal TMJ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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24
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Tan TY, Gordon CT, Miller KA, Amor DJ, Farlie PG. YPEL1
overexpression in early avian craniofacial mesenchyme causes mandibular dysmorphogenesis by up‐regulating apoptosis. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1022-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's HospitalMelbourne Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourne Australia
| | | | - Kerry A Miller
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
| | - David J. Amor
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's HospitalMelbourne Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourne Australia
| | - Peter G. Farlie
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourne Australia
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25
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Umeda M, Terao F, Miyazaki K, Yoshizaki K, Takahashi I. MicroRNA-200a Regulates the Development of Mandibular Condylar Cartilage. J Dent Res 2015; 94:795-802. [PMID: 25784252 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515577411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) is classified as secondary cartilage, the histologic structure of which is unique from that of primary cartilage. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA that binds to the messenger RNA (mRNA) target to repress its translation and plays an important role in cell differentiation, proliferation, and death. Microarray analysis revealed that miR-200a was characteristically expressed during embryonic development. We hypothesized that miR-200a may be involved in regulating the formation of cartilage during MCC growth. We investigated the function of miR-200a by transfecting an inhibitor or mimic into MCC organ and cell cultures. A histologic examination revealed the localized inhibitory effects of the miR-200a mimic and widespread enhancing effects of the inhibitor on chondrocytic differentiation in the MCC organ culture system. An immunohistochemical examination and gene expression analysis demonstrated that the miR-200a inhibitor enhanced chondrogenesis, while the mimic had the opposite effect by enhancing cell proliferation. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that miR-200a downregulated the gene expression of chondrocyte markers. Moreover, transfection of the miR-200a mimic into ATDC5 cells repressed the formation of the cartilaginous matrix. These results indicate that miR-200a contributed to chondrogenesis in developing MCC by controlling proliferation and differentiation in MCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umeda
- Department of Orthodontics, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - F Terao
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Miyazaki
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Yoshizaki
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - I Takahashi
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Ansari M, Rainger JK, Murray JE, Hanson I, Firth HV, Mehendale F, Amiel J, Gordon CT, Percesepe A, Mazzanti L, Fryer A, Ferrari P, Devriendt K, Temple IK, FitzPatrick DR. A syndromic form of Pierre Robin sequence is caused by 5q23 deletions encompassing FBN2 and PHAX. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:587-95. [PMID: 25195018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is an aetiologically distinct subgroup of cleft palate. We aimed to define the critical genomic interval from five different 5q22-5q31 deletions associated with PRS or PRS-associated features and assess each gene within the region as a candidate for the PRS component of the phenotype. Clinical array-based comparative genome hybridisation (aCGH) data were used to define a 2.08 Mb minimum region of overlap among four de novo deletions and one mother-son inherited deletion associated with at least one component of PRS. Commonly associated anomalies were talipes equinovarus (TEV), finger contractures and crumpled ear helices. Expression analysis of the orthologous genes within the PRS critical region in embryonic mice showed that the strongest candidate genes were FBN2 and PHAX. Targeted aCGH of the critical region and sequencing of these genes in a cohort of 25 PRS patients revealed no plausible disease-causing mutations. In conclusion, deletion of ∼2 Mb on 5q23 region causes a clinically recognisable subtype of PRS. Haploinsufficiency for FBN2 accounts for the digital and auricular features. A possible critical region for TEV is distinct and telomeric to the PRS region. The molecular basis of PRS in these cases remains undetermined but haploinsufficiency for PHAX is a plausible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad Ansari
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jacqueline K Rainger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jennie E Murray
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Southeast Scotland Clinical Genetics Services, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Isabel Hanson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Helen V Firth
- DECIPHER, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Felicity Mehendale
- Cleft Lip and Palate Service, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- INSERM U-1163 Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- INSERM U-1163 Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | | | - Alan Fryer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University Hospital of Modena, Italy
| | | | - I Karen Temple
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital NHS Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton SO16 5YA, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Southeast Scotland Clinical Genetics Services, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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27
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Gu S, Wu W, Liu C, Yang L, Sun C, Ye W, Li X, Chen J, Long F, Chen Y. BMPRIA mediated signaling is essential for temporomandibular joint development in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101000. [PMID: 25093411 PMCID: PMC4122352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The central importance of BMP signaling in the development and homeostasis of synovial joint of appendicular skeleton has been well documented, but its role in the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), also classified as a synovial joint, remains completely unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of BMPRIA mediated signaling in TMJ development in mice by transgenic loss-of- and gain-of-function approaches. We found that BMPRIA is expressed in the cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived developing condyle and glenoid fossa, major components of TMJ, as well as the interzone mesenchymal cells. Wnt1-Cre mediated tissue specific inactivation of BmprIa in CNC lineage led to defective TMJ development, including failure of articular disc separation from a hypoplastic condyle, persistence of interzone cells, and failed formation of a functional fibrocartilage layer on the articular surface of the glenoid fossa and condyle, which could be at least partially attributed to the down-regulation of Ihh in the developing condyle and inhibition of apoptosis in the interzone. On the other hand, augmented BMPRIA signaling by Wnt1-Cre driven expression of a constitutively active form of BmprIa (caBmprIa) inhibited osteogenesis of the glenoid fossa and converted the condylar primordium from secondary cartilage to primary cartilage associated with ectopic activation of Smad-dependent pathway but inhibition of JNK pathway, leading to TMJ agenesis. Our results present unambiguous evidence for an essential role of finely tuned BMPRIA mediated signaling in TMJ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Gu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Weijie Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America; Department of Dentistry, ZhongShan Hospital, FuDan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wenduo Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xihai Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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28
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Jing J, Hinton RJ, Mishina Y, Liu Y, Zhou X, Feng JQ. Critical role of Bmpr1a in mandibular condyle growth. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55 Suppl 1:73-8. [PMID: 25158185 PMCID: PMC4638146 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.923858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) in the regulation of cell fate, differentiation and proliferation in the growth plate is well-known. However, in secondary cartilages (such as that in the temporomandibular joint) that grow by proliferation of prechondrocytes and differ in their pattern of growth, the role of BMPs is largely unexplored. To examine this question, we ablated Bmpr1a in the condylar cartilage of neonatal mice and assessed the consequences for mandibular condyle growth and organization at intervals over the ensuing 4 weeks. Bmpr1a deficiency caused significant chondrodysplasia and almost eliminated the chondrocytic phenotype in the TMJ. Expression of Sox9, collagen II, proteoglycan were all greatly reduced, and cell proliferation as detected by BrdU was almost non-existent in the knockout mice. Primary bone spongiosa formation was also disturbed and was accompanied by reduced Osterix expression. These findings strongly suggest that Bmpr1a is critical for the development and growth of the mandibular condyle via its effect on proliferation of prechondroblasts and chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Robert J. Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX,Corresponding Author: Robert J. Hinton, PhD., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246, 214-828-8272 (Phone), 214-874-4538 (Fax), . Jian Q. Feng, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246, 214-370-7235 (phone), 214-370-7298 (fax),
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jian Q. Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX,Corresponding Author: Robert J. Hinton, PhD., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246, 214-828-8272 (Phone), 214-874-4538 (Fax), . Jian Q. Feng, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246, 214-370-7235 (phone), 214-370-7298 (fax),
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29
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Hinton RJ. Genes that regulate morphogenesis and growth of the temporomandibular joint: A review. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:864-74. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas Texas
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30
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Tokita M, Nakayama T, Schneider RA, Agata K. Molecular and cellular changes associated with the evolution of novel jaw muscles in parrots. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 280:20122319. [PMID: 23235703 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have achieved great evolutionary success due in large part to the anatomical diversification of their jaw complex, which allows them to inhabit almost every ecological niche. While many studies have focused on mechanisms that pattern the jaw skeleton, much remains to be understood about the origins of novelty and diversity in the closely associated musculature. To address this issue, we focused on parrots, which have acquired two anatomically unique jaw muscles: the ethmomandibular and the pseudomasseter. In parrot embryos, we observe distinct and highly derived expression patterns for Scx, Bmp4, Tgfβ2 and Six2 in neural crest-derived mesenchyme destined to form jaw muscle connective tissues. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis reveals that cell proliferation is more active in the cells within the jaw muscle than in surrounding connective tissue cells. This biased and differentially regulated mode of cell proliferation in cranial musculoskeletal tissues may allow these unusual jaw muscles to extend towards their new attachment sites. We conclude that the alteration of neural crest-derived connective tissue distribution during development may underlie the spatial changes in jaw musculoskeletal architecture found only in parrots. Thus, parrots provide valuable insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms that may generate evolutionary novelties with functionally adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tenno-dai 1-1-1, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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31
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GU SASA, ZHANG YAN, WU SHUYAN, DIAO TENGYUE, GEBRU YOSEPHASMELASH, DENG HONGWEN. Early molecular responses of bone to obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice. Nephrology (Carlton) 2012; 17:767-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Diaz-Mendoza MJ, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. βig-h3 potentiates the profibrogenic effect of TGFβ signaling on connective tissue progenitor cells through the negative regulation of master chondrogenic genes. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:448-57. [PMID: 22924741 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons and cartilage are specialized forms of connective tissues originated from common progenitor cells. Initial stages of differentiation of these tissues are characterized by the formation of cell aggregates, which share many molecular markers. Once differentiated, these cells retain considerable plasticity, and chondral metaplasia of tendon and fibrous connective tissues and eventual ossification often accompany degenerative diseases in the adult musculoskeletal system. While this fact is of great relevance for regenerative medicine and aging biology, its molecular basis remains to be elucidated. Gene expression analysis in several physiological and experimental paradigms suggests that differentiation of tendon and cartilage is regulated by a balance in the expression of chondrogenic versus tenogenic genes in the connective tissue cell precursors. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) may function both as a profibrogenic or as a prochondrogenic factor for embryonic limb mesoderm and mesenchymal stem cell cultures, but mice that are null for TGFβ 2 and 3 lack tendons. Here, we identify βig-h3 as a factor downstream TGFβ signaling regulated by Smad 2 and 3, which is highly expressed in the differentiating tendons and joint capsules. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function experiments using limb mesoderm micromass cultures show that βig-h3 downregulates the expression of cartilage master genes, including Sox9, type II collagen, and Hif-1α. Positive regulation of Sox9 and type II Collagen observed in micromass cultures grown under hypoxic conditions is prevented by exogenous administration of βIG-H3, and the antichondrogenic influence of βIG-H3 is lost after Hif-1α silencing with shRNA. Collectively, our findings indicate that βig-h3 promotes the fibrogenic influence of TGFβ signaling, neutralizing the prochondrogenic influence of the hypoxic-inducible factor 1 activated by the hypoxic microenvironment characteristic of limb mesenchymal aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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33
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Jayasena CS, Bronner ME. Rbms3 functions in craniofacial development by posttranscriptionally modulating TGF-β signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:453-66. [PMID: 23091072 PMCID: PMC3483135 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201204138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rbms3 regulates TGF-βr signaling, a critical pathway for chondrogenesis, by binding and stabilizing Smad2 transcripts. Cranial neural crest cells form much of the facial skeleton, and abnormalities in their development lead to severe birth defects. In a novel zebrafish protein trap screen, we identified an RNA-binding protein, Rbms3, that is transiently expressed in the cytoplasm of condensing neural crest cells within the pharyngeal arches. Morphants for rbms3 displayed reduced proliferation of prechondrogenic crest and significantly altered expression for chondrogenic/osteogenic lineage markers. This phenotype strongly resembles cartilage/crest defects observed in Tgf-βr2:Wnt1-Cre mutants, which suggests a possible link with TGF-β signaling. Consistent with this are the findings that: (a) Rbms3 stabilized a reporter transcript with smad2 3′ untranslated region, (b) RNA immunoprecipitation with full-length Rbms3 showed enrichment for smad2/3, and (c) pSmad2 levels were reduced in rbms3 morphants. Overall, these results suggest that Rbms3 posttranscriptionally regulates one of the major pathways that promotes chondrogenesis, the transforming growth factor β receptor (TGF-βr) pathway.
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34
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Marcellini S, Henriquez JP, Bertin A. Control of osteogenesis by the canonical Wnt and BMP pathways in vivo: cooperation and antagonism between the canonical Wnt and BMP pathways as cells differentiate from osteochondroprogenitors to osteoblasts and osteocytes. Bioessays 2012; 34:953-62. [PMID: 22930599 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although many regulators of skeletogenesis have been functionally characterized, one current challenge is to integrate this information into regulatory networks. Here, we discuss how the canonical Wnt and Smad-dependent BMP pathways interact together and play antagonistic or cooperative roles at different steps of osteogenesis, in the context of the developing vertebrate embryo. Early on, BMP signaling specifies multipotent mesenchymal cells into osteochondroprogenitors. In turn, the function of Wnt signaling is to drive these osteochondroprogenitors towards an osteoblastic fate. Subsequently, both pathways promote osteoblast differentiation, albeit with notable mechanistic differences. In osteocytes, the ultimate stage of osteogenic differentiation, the Wnt and BMP pathways exert opposite effects on the control of bone resorption by osteoclasts. We describe how the dynamic molecular wiring of the canonical Wnt and Smad-dependent BMP signaling into the skeletal cell genetic programme is critical for the generation of bone-specific cell types during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Marcellini
- Faculty of Biological Science, Department of Cell Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
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35
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Swartz ME, Nguyen V, McCarthy NQ, Eberhart JK. Hh signaling regulates patterning and morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arch-derived skeleton. Dev Biol 2012; 369:65-75. [PMID: 22709972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The proper function of the craniofacial skeleton requires the proper shaping of many individual skeletal elements. Neural crest cells generate much of the craniofacial skeleton and morphogenesis of skeletal elements occurs in transient, reiterated structures termed pharyngeal arches. The shape of individual elements depends upon intrinsic patterning within the neural crest as well as extrinsic signals to the neural crest from adjacent tissues within the arches. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is known to play roles in craniofacial development, yet its involvement in intrinsic and extrinsic patterning of the craniofacial skeleton is still not well understood. Here, we show that morphogenetic movements of the pharyngeal arches and patterning of the neural crest require Hh signaling. Loss of Hh signaling, in smoothened (smo) mutants, disrupts the expression of some Dlx genes as well as other markers of dorsal/ventral patterning of the neural crest. Transplantation of wild-type neural crest cells into smo mutants rescues this defect, demonstrating that the neural crest requires reception of Hh signals for proper patterning. Despite the rescue, morphogenesis of the facial skeleton is not fully recovered. Through transplant analyses, we find two additional requirements for Hh signaling. The endoderm requires the reception of Hh signals for proper morphogenetic movements of the pharyngeal arches and the neural crest require the reception of Hh signaling for the activity of a reverse signal that maintains sonic hedgehog expression in the endoderm. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Hh signaling is essential to establish intrinsic and extrinsic patterning information for the craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Swartz
- Section of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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36
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Anthwal N, Joshi L, Tucker AS. Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw: adaptations and novel structures. J Anat 2012; 222:147-60. [PMID: 22686855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Having three ossicles in the middle ear is one of the defining features of mammals. All reptiles and birds have only one middle ear ossicle, the stapes or columella. How these two additional ossicles came to reside and function in the middle ear of mammals has been studied for the last 200 years and represents one of the classic example of how structures can change during evolution to function in new and novel ways. From fossil data, comparative anatomy and developmental biology it is now clear that the two new bones in the mammalian middle ear, the malleus and incus, are homologous to the quadrate and articular, which form the articulation for the upper and lower jaws in non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. The incorporation of the primary jaw joint into the mammalian middle ear was only possible due to the evolution of a new way to articulate the upper and lower jaws, with the formation of the dentary-squamosal joint, or TMJ in humans. The evolution of the three-ossicle ear in mammals is thus intricately connected with the evolution of a novel jaw joint, the two structures evolving together to create the distinctive mammalian skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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37
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Shibata S, Fukuoka H, Sato R, Abe T, Suzuki Y. An in situ hybridization study of the insulin-like growth factor system in developing condylar cartilage of the fetal mouse mandible. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e23. [PMID: 22688304 PMCID: PMC3428972 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in the developing mandibular condylar cartilage and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Fetal mice at embryonic day (E) 13.0-18.5 were used for in situ hybridization studies using [35S]-labeled RNA probes for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I receptor (-IR), and IGF binding proteins (-BPs). At E13.0, IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA were expressed in the mesenchyme around the mandibular bone, but IGF-IR mRNA was not expressed within the bone. At E14.0, IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA were expressed in the outer layer of the condylar anlage, and IGF-IR mRNA was first detected within the condylar anlage, suggesting that the presence of IGF-IR mRNA in an IGF-rich environment triggers the initial formation of the condylar cartilage. IGFBP-4 mRNA was expressed in the anlagen of the articular disc and lower joint cavity from E15.0 to 18.5. When the upper joint cavity was formed at E18.5, IGFBP-4 mRNA expression was reduced in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue facing the upper joint cavity. Enhanced IGFBP-2 mRNA expression was first recognized in the anlagen of both the articular disc and lower joint cavity at E16.0 and continued expression in these tissues as well as in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue facing the upper joint cavity was observed at E18.5. IGFBP-5 mRNA was continuously expressed in the outer layer of the perichondrium/fibrous cell layer in the developing mandibular condyle. These findings suggest that the IGF system is involved in the formation of the condylar cartilage as well as in the TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibata
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Department of Maxillofacial Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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Shibata S, Fukuoka H, Sato R, Abe T, Suzuki Y. An in situ hybridization study of the insulin-like growth factor system in developing condylar cartilage of the fetal mouse mandible. Eur J Histochem 2012. [PMID: 22688304 PMCID: PMC3428972 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in the developing mandibular condylar cartilage and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Fetal mice at embryonic day (E) 13.0-18.5 were used for in situ hybridization studies using [35S]-labeled RNA probes for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I receptor (-IR), and IGF binding proteins (-BPs). At E13.0, IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA were expressed in the mesenchyme around the mandibular bone, but IGF-IR mRNA was not expressed within the bone. At E14.0, IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA were expressed in the outer layer of the condylar anlage, and IGF-IR mRNA was first detected within the condylar anlage, suggesting that the presence of IGF-IR mRNA in an IGF-rich environment triggers the initial formation of the condylar cartilage. IGFBP-4 mRNA was expressed in the anlagen of the articular disc and lower joint cavity from E15.0 to 18.5. When the upper joint cavity was formed at E18.5, IGFBP-4 mRNA expression was reduced in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue facing the upper joint cavity. Enhanced IGFBP-2 mRNA expression was first recognized in the anlagen of both the articular disc and lower joint cavity at E16.0 and continued expression in these tissues as well as in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue facing the upper joint cavity was observed at E18.5. IGFBP-5 mRNA was continuously expressed in the outer layer of the perichondrium/fibrous cell layer in the developing mandibular condyle. These findings suggest that the IGF system is involved in the formation of the condylar cartilage as well as in the TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shibata
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Department of Maxillofacial Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - H. Fukuoka
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - R. Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba
| | - T. Abe
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Department of Maxillofacial Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Y. Suzuki
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan
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Patil AS, Sable RB, Kothari RM. An update on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β): sources, types, functions and clinical applicability for cartilage/bone healing. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3094-103. [PMID: 21344394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been reviewed for its sources, types of isoforms, biochemical effects on cartilage formation/repair, and its possible clinical applications. Purification of three isoforms (TGF-β-1, β-2 and β-3) and their biochemical characterization revealed mainly their homo-dimer nature, with heterodimers in traces, each monomer comprised of 112 amino acids and MW. of 12 500 Da. While histo-chemical staining by a variety of dyes has revealed precise localization of TGF-β in tissues, immune-blot technique has thrown light on their expression as a function of age (neonatal vs. adult), as also on its quantum in an active and latent state. X-ray crystallographic studies and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis have unraveled mysteries of their three-dimensional structures, essential for understanding their functions. Their similarities have led to interchangeability in assays, while differences have led to their specialized clinical applicability. For this purpose, their latent (inactive) form is changed to an active form through enzymatic processes of phosphorylation/glycosylation/transamination/proteolytic degradation. Their functions encompass differentiation and de-differentiation of chondrocytes, synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans (PGs) and thereby maintain homeostasis of cartilage in several degenerative diseases and repair through cell cycle signaling and physiological control. While several factors affecting their performance are already identified, their interplay and chronology of sequences of functions is yet to be understood. For its success in clinical applications, challenges in judicious dealing with the factors and their interplay need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Patil
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Kim HM, Galatz LM, Das R, Havlioglu N, Rothermich SY, Thomopoulos S. The role of transforming growth factor beta isoforms in tendon-to-bone healing. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:87-98. [PMID: 20615095 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.483026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of two of the three transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) isoforms at the healing tendon-to-bone insertion. The supraspinatus tendons of 64 rats were transected at their bony insertions and repaired to the humeral head. One shoulder of each rat received an osmotic pump for sustained delivery of the following factors at the repair site: (1) TGF-β1 and neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β2 and 3 (TGF-β1 group), (2) TGF-β3 and neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β1 and 2 (TGF-β3 group), (3) neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β1, 2, and 3 (anti-TGF-β group), and (4) saline (saline group). The contralateral shoulders received saline to serve as paired controls. The repairs were evaluated at multiple time points postmortem using histology-based assays and biomechanical testing. Treated shoulders in the TGF-β1 group showed increased type III collagen production compared to the paired control shoulders, indicative of a scar-mediated response. There was a trend toward reduced mechanical properties in the TGF-β1 group, but these changes did not reach statistical significance. The anti-TGF-β group showed no difference in tissue volume, but significantly inferior mechanical properties, compared to the paired control shoulders. The TGF-β3 group did not show any differences compared to the paired control shoulders. Although TGF-β isoforms play important roles in tendon-to-bone development and healing, application of exogenous TGF-β isoforms and neutralizing antibodies to the subacromial space using osmotic pumps did not improve supraspinatus tendon-to-bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mike Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Yokohama-Tamaki T, Maeda T, Tanaka TS, Shibata S. Functional analysis of CTRP3/cartducin in Meckel's cartilage and developing condylar cartilage in the fetal mouse mandible. J Anat 2011; 218:517-33. [PMID: 21371032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CTRP3/cartducin, a novel C1q family protein, is expressed in proliferating chondrocytes in the growth plate and has an important role in regulating the growth of both chondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes in vitro. We examined the expression of CTRP3/cartducin mRNA in Meckel's cartilage and in condylar cartilage of the fetal mouse mandible. Based on in situ hybridization studies, CTRP3/cartducin mRNA was not expressed in the anlagen of Meckel's cartilage at embryonic day (E)11.5, but it was strongly expressed in Meckel's cartilage at E14.0, and then reduced in the hypertrophic chondrocytes at E16.0. CTRP3/cartducin mRNA was not expressed in the condylar anlagen at E14.0, but was expressed in the upper part of newly formed condylar cartilage at E15.0. At E16.0, CTRP3/cartducin mRNA was expressed from the polymorphic cell zone to the upper part of the hypertrophic cell zone, but was reduced in the lower part of the hypertrophic cell zone. CTRP3/cartducin-antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) treatment of Meckel's cartilage and condylar anlagen from E14.0 using an organ culture system indicated that, after 4-day culture, CTRP3/cartducin abrogation induced curvature deformation of Meckel's cartilage with loss of the perichondrium and new cartilage formation. Aggrecan, type I collagen, and tenascin-C were simultaneously immunostained in this newly formed cartilage, indicating possible transformation from the perichondrium into cartilage. Further, addition of recombinant mouse CTRP3/cartducin protein to the organ culture medium with AS-ODN tended to reverse the deformation. These results suggest a novel function for CTRP3/cartducin in maintaining the perichondrium. Moreover, AS-ODN induced a deformation of the shape, loss of the perichondrium/fibrous cell zone, and disorder of the distinct architecture of zones in the mandibular condylar cartilage. Additionally, AS-ODN-treated condylar cartilage showed reduced levels of mRNA expression of aggrecan, collagen types I and X, and reduced BrdU-incorporation. These results suggest that CTRP3/cartducin is not only involved in the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, but also contributes to the regulation of mandibular condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Yokohama-Tamaki
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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Serrano MJ, So S, Svoboda KKH, Hinton RJ. Cell fate mediators Notch and Twist in mouse mandibular condylar cartilage. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 56:607-13. [PMID: 21167473 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to examine if Twist and Notch 1 are present in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and whether their gene expression can be altered by exogenous FGF-2 and TGF-β2. DESIGN Half-heads from CD-1 mice pups harvested at embryonic day 17 (E17) were fixed, decalcified, and sectioned in the sagittal plane for immunohistochemical detection of Notch and Twist using confocal microscopy. Other mandibular condyles and adjacent ramus from E17 mice were cultured in serum-free DMEM containing 0, 3, or 30 ng/mL of FGF-2 (10-12 condyles per treatment group). This experimental design was repeated with medium containing 0, 3, or 30 ng/mL of TGF-β2. After 3 days of culture, the pooled RNA from each group was extracted for examination of Notch and Twist gene expression using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemical examination revealed that Notch and Twist were localized to the prechondroblastic and upper chondroblastic layers of the cartilage. Exogenous FGF-2 up-regulated Notch 1, Twist 1 and Twist 2 gene expression in MCC explants from E17 mice, whilst TGF-β2 had the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression data demonstrate that MCC explants are sensitive to growth factors known to affect Notch and Twist in other tissues. The subset of cells in which Twist and Notch immunoreactivity was found is suggestive of a role for FGF-2 and TGF-β2 as regulators of cell differentiation of the bipotent MCC cell population, consistent with the role of Notch and Twist as downstream mediators of these growth factors in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Serrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Zhu B, Bailey SR, Mauli Agrawal C. Engineering calcium deposits on polycaprolactone scaffolds for intravascular applications using primary human osteoblasts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:324-36. [DOI: 10.1002/term.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schweitzer R, Zelzer E, Volk T. Connecting muscles to tendons: tendons and musculoskeletal development in flies and vertebrates. Development 2010; 137:2807-17. [PMID: 20699295 DOI: 10.1242/dev.047498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the musculoskeletal system represents an intricate process of tissue assembly involving heterotypic inductive interactions between tendons, muscles and cartilage. An essential component of all musculoskeletal systems is the anchoring of the force-generating muscles to the solid support of the organism: the skeleton in vertebrates and the exoskeleton in invertebrates. Here, we discuss recent findings that illuminate musculoskeletal assembly in the vertebrate embryo, findings that emphasize the reciprocal interactions between the forming tendons, muscle and cartilage tissues. We also compare these events with those of the corresponding system in the Drosophila embryo, highlighting distinct and common pathways that promote efficient locomotion while preserving the form of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Schweitzer
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Division, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Kulesa PM, Bailey CM, Kasemeier-Kulesa JC, McLennan R. Cranial neural crest migration: new rules for an old road. Dev Biol 2010; 344:543-54. [PMID: 20399765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest serve as an excellent model to better understand mechanisms of embryonic cell migration. Cell tracing studies have shown that cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) emerge from the dorsal neural tube in a rostrocaudal manner and are spatially distributed along stereotypical, long distance migratory routes to precise targets in the head and branchial arches. Although the CNCC migratory pattern is a beautifully choreographed and programmed invasion, the underlying orchestration of molecular events is not well known. For example, it is still unclear how single CNCCs react to signals that direct their choice of direction and how groups of CNCCs coordinate their interactions to arrive at a target in an ordered manner. In this review, we discuss recent cellular and molecular discoveries of the CNCC migratory pattern. We focus on events from the time when CNCCs encounter the tissue adjacent to the neural tube and their travel through different microenvironments and into the branchial arches. We describe the patterning of discrete cell migratory streams that emerge from the hindbrain, rhombomere (r) segments r1-r7, and the signals that coordinate directed migration. We propose a model that attempts to unify many complex events that establish the CNCC migratory pattern, and based on this model we integrate information between cranial and trunk neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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van der Kraan PM, Blaney Davidson EN, Blom A, van den Berg WB. TGF-beta signaling in chondrocyte terminal differentiation and osteoarthritis: modulation and integration of signaling pathways through receptor-Smads. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1539-45. [PMID: 19583961 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes and alteration in chondrocyte differentiation play a central role in osteoarthritis. Chondrocyte differentiation is amongst others regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. The major intracellular signaling routes of this family are via the receptor-Smads. This review is focused on the modulation of receptor-Smad signaling and how this modulation can affect chondrocyte differentiation and potentially osteoarthritis development. METHODS Peer reviewed publications published prior to April 2009 were searched in the Pubmed database. Articles that were relevant for the role of TGF-beta superfamily/Smad signaling in chondrocyte differentiation and for differential modulation of receptor-Smads were selected. RESULTS Chondrocyte terminal differentiation is stimulated by Smad1/5/8 activation and inhibited the by Smad2/3 pathway, most likely by modulation of Runx2 function. Several proteins and signaling pathways differentially affect Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3 signaling. This will result in an altered Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3 balance and subsequently have an effect on chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis development. CONCLUSION Modulation of receptor-Smads signaling can be expect to play an essential role in both the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology & Advanced Therapeutics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Martinez-Cue C, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Transforming growth factors beta coordinate cartilage and tendon differentiation in the developing limb mesenchyme. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29988-96. [PMID: 19717568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling has an increasing interest in regenerative medicine as a potential tool to repair cartilages, however the chondrogenic effect of this pathway in developing systems is controversial. Here we have analyzed the function of TGFbeta signaling in the differentiation of the developing limb mesoderm in vivo and in high density micromass cultures. In these systems highest signaling activity corresponded with cells at stages preceding overt chondrocyte differentiation. Interestingly treatments with TGFbetas shifted the differentiation outcome of the cultures from chondrogenesis to fibrogenesis. This phenotypic reprogramming involved down-regulation of Sox9 and Aggrecan and up-regulation of Scleraxis, and Tenomodulin through the Smad pathway. We further show that TGFbeta signaling up-regulates Sox9 in the in vivo experimental model system in which TGFbeta treatments induce ectopic chondrogenesis. Looking for clues explaining the dual role of TGFbeta signaling, we found that TGFbetas appear to be direct inducers of the chondrogenic gene Sox9, but the existence of transcriptional repressors of TGFbeta signaling modulates this role. We identified TGF-interacting factor Tgif1 and SKI-like oncogene SnoN as potential candidates for this inhibitory function. Tgif1 gene regulation by TGFbeta signaling correlated with the differential chondrogenic and fibrogenic effects of this pathway, and its expression pattern in the limb marks the developing tendons. In functional experiments we found that Tgif1 reproduces the profibrogenic effect of TGFbeta treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
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Pryce BA, Watson SS, Murchison ND, Staverosky JA, Dünker N, Schweitzer R. Recruitment and maintenance of tendon progenitors by TGFbeta signaling are essential for tendon formation. Development 2009; 136:1351-61. [PMID: 19304887 DOI: 10.1242/dev.027342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments mediate the attachment of muscle to bone and of bone to bone to provide connectivity and structural integrity in the musculoskeletal system. We show that TGFbeta signaling plays a major role in the formation of these tissues. TGFbeta signaling is a potent inducer of the tendon progenitor (TNP) marker scleraxis both in organ culture and in cultured cells, and disruption of TGFbeta signaling in Tgfb2(-/-);Tgfb3(-/-) double mutant embryos or through inactivation of the type II TGFbeta receptor (TGFBR2; also known as TbetaRII) results in the loss of most tendons and ligaments in the limbs, trunk, tail and head. The induction of scleraxis-expressing TNPs is not affected in mutant embryos and the tendon phenotype is first manifested at E12.5, a developmental stage in which TNPs are positioned between the differentiating muscles and cartilage, and in which Tgfb2 or Tgfb3 is expressed both in TNPs and in the differentiating muscles and cartilage. TGFbeta signaling is thus essential for maintenance of TNPs, and we propose that it also mediates the recruitment of new tendon cells by differentiating muscles and cartilage to establish the connections between tendon primordia and their respective musculoskeletal counterparts, leading to the formation of an interconnected and functionally integrated musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Pryce
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Division, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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The Role of TGF-β Signaling in Cranial Neural Crest Cells during Mandibular and Tooth Development. J Oral Biosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(09)80022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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