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Shi DL. Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling controls morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:586. [PMID: 36369349 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation and neurulation are successive morphogenetic processes that play key roles in shaping the basic embryonic body plan. Importantly, they operate through common cellular and molecular mechanisms to set up the three spatially organized germ layers and to close the neural tube. During gastrulation and neurulation, convergent extension movements driven by cell intercalation and oriented cell division generate major forces to narrow the germ layers along the mediolateral axis and elongate the embryo in the anteroposterior direction. Apical constriction also makes an important contribution to promote the formation of the blastopore and the bending of the neural plate. Planar cell polarity proteins are major regulators of asymmetric cell behaviors and critically involved in a wide variety of developmental processes, from gastrulation and neurulation to organogenesis. Mutations of planar cell polarity genes can lead to general defects in the morphogenesis of different organs and the co-existence of distinct congenital diseases, such as spina bifida, hearing deficits, kidney diseases, and limb elongation defects. This review outlines our current understanding of non-canonical Wnt signaling, commonly known as Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling, in regulating morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure during development and disease. It also attempts to identify unanswered questions that deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. .,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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2
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Milgrom-Hoffman M, Humbert PO. Regulation of cellular and PCP signalling by the Scribble polarity module. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:33-45. [PMID: 29154823 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first identification of the Scribble polarity module proteins as a new class of tumour suppressors that regulate both cell polarity and proliferation, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered a broader role for Scribble, Dlg and Lgl in the control of fundamental cellular functions and their signalling pathways. Here, we review these findings as well as discuss more specifically the role of the Scribble module in PCP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Milgrom-Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Ngan E, Kiepas A, Brown CM, Siegel PM. Emerging roles for LPP in metastatic cancer progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:143-156. [PMID: 29027626 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM domain containing proteins are important regulators of diverse cellular processes, and play pivotal roles in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Lipoma Preferred Partner (LPP) is a member of the zyxin family of LIM proteins that has long been characterized as a promoter of mesenchymal/fibroblast cell migration. More recently, LPP has emerged as a critical inducer of tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. LPP is thought to contribute to these malignant phenotypes by virtue of its ability to shuttle into the nucleus, localize to adhesions and, most recently, to promote invadopodia formation. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms through which LPP regulates the functions of adhesions and invadopodia, and discuss potential roles of LPP in mediating cellular responses to mechanical cues within these mechanosensory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ngan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 508, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A3, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alex Kiepas
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire M Brown
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 508, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A3, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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A proteomic analysis of LRRK2 binding partners reveals interactions with multiple signaling components of the WNT/PCP pathway. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:54. [PMID: 28697798 PMCID: PMC5505151 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal-dominant mutations in the Park8 gene encoding Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been identified to cause up to 40% of the genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. However, the function and molecular pathways regulated by LRRK2 are largely unknown. It has been shown that LRRK2 serves as a scaffold during activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling via its interaction with the β-catenin destruction complex, DVL1-3 and LRP6. In this study, we examine whether LRRK2 also interacts with signaling components of the WNT/Planar Cell Polarity (WNT/PCP) pathway, which controls the maturation of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, the main cell type lost in Parkinson's disease patients. METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation and tandem mass spectrometry was performed in a mouse substantia nigra cell line (SN4741) and human HEK293T cell line in order to identify novel LRRK2 binding partners. Inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin reporter, TOPFlash, was used as a read-out of WNT/PCP pathway activation. The capacity of LRRK2 to regulate WNT/PCP signaling in vivo was tested in Xenopus laevis' early development. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis identified that LRRK2 interacts with proteins involved in WNT/PCP signaling such as the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 and Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in dopaminergic cells in vitro and in the mouse ventral midbrain in vivo. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that LRRK2 binds to two core components of the WNT/PCP signaling pathway, PRICKLE1 and CELSR1, as well as to FLOTILLIN-2 and CULLIN-3, which regulate WNT secretion and inhibit WNT/β-catenin signaling, respectively. We also found that PRICKLE1 and LRRK2 localize in signalosomes and act as dual regulators of WNT/PCP and β-catenin signaling. Accordingly, analysis of the function of LRRK2 in vivo, in X. laevis revelaed that LRKK2 not only inhibits WNT/β-catenin pathway, but induces a classical WNT/PCP phenotype in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that LRRK2 activates the WNT/PCP signaling pathway through its interaction to multiple WNT/PCP components. We suggest that LRRK2 regulates the balance between WNT/β-catenin and WNT/PCP signaling, depending on the binding partners. Since this balance is crucial for homeostasis of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we hypothesize that its alteration may contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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Miles LB, Mizoguchi T, Kikuchi Y, Verkade H. A role for planar cell polarity during early endoderm morphogenesis. Biol Open 2017; 6:531-539. [PMID: 28377456 PMCID: PMC5450312 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish endoderm begins to develop at gastrulation stages as a monolayer of cells. The behaviour of the endoderm during gastrulation stages is well understood. However, knowledge of the morphogenic movements of the endoderm during somitogenesis stages, as it forms a mesenchymal rod, is lacking. Here we characterise endodermal development during somitogenesis stages, and describe the morphogenic movements as the endoderm transitions from a monolayer of cells into a mesenchymal endodermal rod. We demonstrate that, unlike the overlying mesoderm, endodermal cells are not polarised during their migration to the midline at early somitogenesis stages. Specifically, we describe the stage at which endodermal cells begin to leave the monolayer, a process we have termed 'midline aggregation'. The planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling pathway is known to regulate mesodermal and ectodermal cell convergence towards the dorsal midline. However, a role for PCP signalling in endoderm migration to the midline during somitogenesis stages has not been established. In this report, we investigate the role for PCP signalling in multiple phases of endoderm development during somitogenesis stages. Our data exclude involvement of PCP signalling in endodermal cells as they leave the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Miles
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Takamasa Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Heather Verkade
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Janssens V, Zwaenepoel K, Rossé C, Petit MMR, Goris J, Parker PJ. PP2A binds to the LIM domains of lipoma-preferred partner through its PR130/B″ subunit to regulate cell adhesion and migration. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1605-18. [PMID: 26945059 PMCID: PMC5333791 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we identify the LIM protein lipoma-preferred partner (LPP) as a binding partner of a specific protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) heterotrimer that is characterised by the regulatory PR130/B″α1 subunit (encoded by PPP2R3A). The PR130 subunit interacts with the LIM domains of LPP through a conserved Zn²⁺-finger-like motif in the differentially spliced N-terminus of PR130. Isolated LPP-associated PP2A complexes are catalytically active. PR130 colocalises with LPP at multiple locations within cells, including focal contacts, but is specifically excluded from mature focal adhesions, where LPP is still present. An LPP-PR130 fusion protein only localises to focal adhesions upon deletion of the domain of PR130 that binds to the PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2A/C), suggesting that PR130-LPP complex formation is dynamic and that permanent recruitment of PP2A activity might be unfavourable for focal adhesion maturation. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PR130 increases adhesion of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells onto collagen I and decreases their migration in scratch wound and Transwell assays. Complex formation with LPP is mandatory for these PR130-PP2A functions, as neither phenotype can be rescued by re-expression of a PR130 mutant that no longer binds to LPP. Our data highlight the importance of specific, locally recruited PP2A complexes in cell adhesion and migration dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Janssens
- Francis Crick Institute, Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO-box 901, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO-box 901, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Carine Rossé
- Francis Crick Institute, Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK Research Centre, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marleen M R Petit
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Dept. of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO-box 602, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jozef Goris
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 PO-box 901, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Peter J Parker
- Francis Crick Institute, Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK Division of Cancer Studies King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
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8
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Ghosh S, Kollar B, Nahar T, Suresh Babu S, Wojtowicz A, Sticht C, Gretz N, Wagner AH, Korff T, Hecker M. Loss of the mechanotransducer zyxin promotes a synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001712. [PMID: 26071033 PMCID: PMC4599528 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to excessive cyclic stretch such as in hypertension causes a shift in their phenotype. The focal adhesion protein zyxin can transduce such biomechanical stimuli to the nucleus of both endothelial cells and VSMCs, albeit with different thresholds and kinetics. However, there is no distinct vascular phenotype in young zyxin-deficient mice, possibly due to functional redundancy among other gene products belonging to the zyxin family. Analyzing zyxin function in VSMCs at the cellular level might thus offer a better mechanistic insight. We aimed to characterize zyxin-dependent changes in gene expression in VSMCs exposed to biomechanical stretch and define the functional role of zyxin in controlling the resultant VSMC phenotype. Methods and Results DNA microarray analysis was used to identify genes and pathways that were zyxin regulated in static and stretched human umbilical artery–derived and mouse aortic VSMCs. Zyxin-null VSMCs showed a remarkable shift to a growth-promoting, less apoptotic, promigratory and poorly contractile phenotype with ≈90% of the stretch-responsive genes being zyxin dependent. Interestingly, zyxin-null cells already seemed primed for such a synthetic phenotype, with mechanical stretch further accentuating it. This could be accounted for by higher RhoA activity and myocardin-related transcription factor-A mainly localized to the nucleus of zyxin-null VSMCs, and a condensed and localized accumulation of F-actin upon stretch. Conclusions At the cellular level, zyxin is a key regulator of stretch-induced gene expression. Loss of zyxin drives VSMCs toward a synthetic phenotype, a process further consolidated by exaggerated stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Ghosh
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (S.G., B.K., T.N., A.H.W., T.K.)
| | - Branislav Kollar
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (S.G., B.K., T.N., A.H.W., T.K.)
| | - Taslima Nahar
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (S.G., B.K., T.N., A.H.W., T.K.)
| | - Sahana Suresh Babu
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (S.S.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Wojtowicz
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.W.)
| | - Carsten Sticht
- ZMF, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.S., N.G.)
| | - Norbert Gretz
- ZMF, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (C.S., N.G.)
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (S.G., B.K., T.N., A.H.W., T.K.)
| | - Thomas Korff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (S.G., B.K., T.N., A.H.W., T.K.)
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg and Deutsches Zentrum Für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung E.V. (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (M.H.)
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He L, Xu W, Jing Y, Wu M, Song S, Cao Y, Mei C. Yes-associated protein (Yap) is necessary for ciliogenesis and morphogenesis during pronephros development in zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:935-47. [PMID: 26157348 PMCID: PMC4495411 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway and its transcriptional co-activator Yap are known as essential regulators for cell proliferation and organ size. However, little is known about their roles in kidney development and ciliogenesis. We examined expression of Yap during zebrafish embryogenesis, and its transcripts were detected in pronephric duct, while Yap protein was found to be localized in the cytoplasm and apical membrane in kidney epithelium cells. By morpholino (MO) knockdown of yap expression in zebrafish, the injected larve exhibits pronephic cysts and many aspects of ciliopathy, which can be rescued by full-length yap mRNA, but not yapS127A mRNA. With transgenic Tg(Na+/K+ ATPase:EGFP), we found that lacking Yap led to expansion and discontinuities of pronephric duct, as well as disorganization of cloaca during pronephros morphogenesis. Mis-located Na+/K+ ATPase and ciliary abnormalities are also detected in pronephric duct of yap morphants. In addition, genetic analysis suggests that yap interacts with ift20, ift88 and arl13b in pronephric cyst formation. Taken together, our data reveals that Yap is required for pronephric duct integrity, maintenance of baso-lateral cell polarity, and ciliogenesis during zebrafish kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang He
- 1. Kidney Institute of CPLA, Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- 2. School of life science and technology, Tongji University ,1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Jing
- 1. Kidney Institute of CPLA, Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Wu
- 1. Kidney Institute of CPLA, Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shuwei Song
- 1. Kidney Institute of CPLA, Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ying Cao
- 2. School of life science and technology, Tongji University ,1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Changlin Mei
- 1. Kidney Institute of CPLA, Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, NO.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
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Sienknecht UJ. Current concepts of hair cell differentiation and planar cell polarity in inner ear sensory organs. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:25-32. [PMID: 25959294 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetically and ontogenetically, vertebrate development led to the generation of several inner ear sensory organs. During embryogenesis, cell fate specification determines whether each progenitor cell differentiates into a sensory hair cell or a supporting cell within the common sensory primordium. Finally, all sensory epithelia of the inner ear consist of a hair cell/supporting cell mosaic, albeit with anatomical differences depending on the sensory organ type. Hair cells develop a polarized bundle of stereovilli that is of functional importance for mechanotransduction. After initiating stereovillar development, hair cells align their bundles in a coordinated fashion, generating a characteristic hair cell orientation pattern, a process referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP). The pathway that controls PCP in the inner ear needs both to establish the development of a polarized morphology of the stereovillar bundle of the hair cell and to organize a systematic hair cell alignment. Because the hair cell orientation patterns of the various inner ear organs and vertebrate species differ fundamentally, it becomes apparent that in vertebrates, different aspects of PCP need to be independently controlled. In spite of important progress recently gained in the field of PCP research, we still need to identify the mechanisms (1) that initiate molecular asymmetries in cells, (2) that guide the transmission of polarity information from cell to cell, and (3) that consistently translate such polarity information into morphological asymmetries of hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike J Sienknecht
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Science, Research Center Neurosensory Science, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany,
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11
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Ngan E, Northey JJ, Brown CM, Ursini-Siegel J, Siegel PM. A complex containing LPP and α-actinin mediates TGFβ-induced migration and invasion of ErbB2-expressing breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1981-91. [PMID: 23447672 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a potent modifier of the malignant phenotype in ErbB2-expressing breast cancers. We demonstrate that epithelial-derived breast cancer cells, which undergo a TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), engage signaling molecules that normally facilitate cellular migration and invasion of mesenchymal cells. We identify lipoma preferred partner (LPP) as an indispensable regulator of TGFβ-induced migration and invasion of ErbB2-expressing breast cancer cells. We show that LPP re-localizes to focal adhesion complexes upon TGFβ stimulation and is a critical determinant in TGFβ-mediated focal adhesion turnover. Finally, we have determined that the interaction between LPP and α-actinin, an actin cross-linking protein, is necessary for TGFβ-induced migration and invasion of ErbB2-expressing breast cancer cells. Thus, our data reveal that LPP, which is normally operative in cells of mesenchymal origin, can be co-opted by breast cancer cells during an EMT to promote their migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ngan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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12
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Origin and Development of Hair Cell Orientation in the Inner Ear. INSIGHTS FROM COMPARATIVE HEARING RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/2506_2013_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity is a fundamental concept to understanding the coordination of cell movements in the plane of a tissue. Since the planar cell polarity pathway was discovered in mesenchymal tissues involving cell interaction during vertebrate gastrulation, there is an emerging evidence that a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cells utilize this genetic pathway to mediate the coordination of cells in directed movements. In this review, we focus on how the planar cell polarity pathway is mediated by migrating cells to communicate with one another in different developmental processes.
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Anastas JN, Biechele TL, Robitaille M, Muster J, Allison KH, Angers S, Moon RT. A protein complex of SCRIB, NOS1AP and VANGL1 regulates cell polarity and migration, and is associated with breast cancer progression. Oncogene 2011; 31:3696-708. [PMID: 22179838 PMCID: PMC3419983 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By analyzing public data sets of gene expression in human breast cancers we observed that increased levels of transcripts encoding the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins SCRIB and VANGL1 correlate with increased risk of patient relapse. Experimentally, we found that reducing expression of SCRIB by short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduces the growth of human breast cancer cells in xenograft assays. To investigate SCRIB-associated proteins that might participate in the responses of breast cancer cells to altered levels of SCRIB, we used mass spectrometry and confocal microscopy. These studies reveal that SCRIB is present in at least two unique protein complexes: (1) a complex of SCRIB, ARHGEF, GIT and PAK (p21-activated kinase), and (2) a complex of SCRIB, NOS1AP and VANGL. Focusing on NOS1AP, we observed that NOS1AP colocalizes with both SCRIB and VANGL1 along cellular protrusions in metastatic breast cancer cells, but does not colocalize with either SCRIB or VANGL1 at cell junctions in normal breast cells. We investigated the effects of shRNA-mediated knockdown of NOS1AP and SCRIB in vitro, and found that reducing NOS1AP and SCRIB slows breast cancer cell migration and prevents the establishment of leading-trailing polarity. We also find that reduction of NOS1AP enhances anchorage-independent growth. Collectively these data point to the relevance of NOS1AP and SCRIB protein complexes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Anastas
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Yang Q, Lv X, Kong Q, Li C, Zhou Q, Mao B. Dynamic expression of the LAP family of genes during early development of Xenopus tropicalis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:897-903. [PMID: 22038001 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeats and PDZ (LAP) family of genes are crucial for the maintenance of cell polarity as well as for epithelial homeostasis and tumor suppression in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Four members of this gene family are known: densin, erbin, scribble and lano. Here, we identified the four members of the LAP gene family in Xenopus tropicalis and studied their expression patterns during embryonic development. The Xenopus LAP proteins show a conserved domain structure that is similar to their homologs in other vertebrates. In Xenopus embryos, these genes were detected in animal cap cells at the early gastrula stage. At later stages of development, they were widely expressed in epithelial tissues that are highly polar in nature, including the neural epithelia, optic and otic vesicles, and in the pronephros. These data suggest that the roles of the Xenopus LAP genes in the control of cell polarity and morphogenesis are conserved during early development. Erbin and lano show similar expression patterns in the developing head, suggesting potential functional interactions between the two molecules in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutan Yang
- Core Facility of Genetically Engineered Mice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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16
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Cell Adhesion and Transcriptional Activity - Defining the Role of the Novel Protooncogene LPP. Transl Oncol 2011; 2:107-16. [PMID: 19701494 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating signals from the extracellular matrix through the cell surface into the nucleus is an essential feature of metazoan life. To date, many signal transducers known as shuttle proteins have been identified to act as both a cytoskeletal and a signaling protein. Among them, the most prominent representatives are zyxin and lipoma preferred (translocation) partner (LPP). These proteins belong to the LIM domain protein family and are associated with cell migration, proliferation, and transcription. LPP was first identified in benign human lipomas and was subsequently found to be overexpressed in human malignancies such as lung carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and leukemia. This review portrays LPP in the context of human neoplasia based on a study of the literature to define its important role as a novel protooncogene in carcinogenesis.
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Arrington CB, Patel A, Bacino CA, Bowles NE. Haploinsufficiency of the LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma (LPP) gene in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and VACTERL association. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:2919-23. [PMID: 20949626 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cammon B Arrington
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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18
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Sienknecht UJ, Anderson BK, Parodi RM, Fantetti KN, Fekete DM. Non-cell-autonomous planar cell polarity propagation in the auditory sensory epithelium of vertebrates. Dev Biol 2011; 352:27-39. [PMID: 21255565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensory epithelia of the inner ear require a coordinated alignment of hair cell stereociliary bundles as an essential element of mechanoreceptive function. Hair cell bundle alignment is mediated by core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, such as Vangl2, that localize asymmetrically to the circumference of the cell near its apical surface. During early phases of cell orientation in the chicken basilar papilla (BP), Vangl2 is present at supporting cell junctions that lie orthogonal to the polarity axis. Several days later, there is a striking shift in the Vangl2 pattern associated with hair cells that reorient towards the distal (apical) end of the organ. How the localization of PCP proteins transmits planar polarity information across the developing sensory epithelium remains unclear. To address this question, the normal asymmetric localization of Vangl2 was disrupted by overexpressing Vangl2 in clusters of cells. The BP was infected with replication-competent retrovirus encoding Vangl2 prior to hair cell differentiation. Virus-infected cells showed normal development of individual stereociliary bundles, indicating that asymmetry was established at the cellular level. Yet, bundles were misoriented in ears infected with Vangl2 virus but not Wnt5a virus. Notably, Vangl2 misexpression did not randomize bundle orientations but rather generated larger variations around a normal mean angle. Cell clusters with excess Vangl2 could induce non-autonomous polarity disruptions in wild-type neighboring cells. Furthermore, there appears to be a directional bias in the propagation of bundle misorientation that is towards the abneural edge of the epithelium. Finally, regional bundle reorientation was inhibited by Vangl2 overexpression. In conclusion, ectopic Vangl2 protein causes inaccurate local propagation of polarity information, and Vangl2 acts in a non-cell-autonomous fashion in the sensory system of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike J Sienknecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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19
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Vladar EK, Antic D, Axelrod JD. Planar cell polarity signaling: the developing cell's compass. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a002964. [PMID: 20066108 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cells of many tissues acquire cellular asymmetry to execute their physiologic functions. The planar cell polarity system, first characterized in Drosophila, is important for many of these events. Studies in Drosophila suggest that an upstream system breaks cellular symmetry by converting tissue gradients to subcellular asymmetry, whereas a downstream system amplifies subcellular asymmetry and communicates polarity between cells. In this review, we discuss apparent similarities and differences in the mechanism that controls PCP as it has been adapted to a broad variety of morphological cellular asymmetries in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Sperry RB, Bishop NH, Bramwell JJ, Brodeur MN, Carter MJ, Fowler BT, Lewis ZB, Maxfield SD, Staley DM, Vellinga RM, Hansen MDH. Zyxin controls migration in epithelial-mesenchymal transition by mediating actin-membrane linkages at cell-cell junctions. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:612-24. [PMID: 19927303 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Development is punctuated by morphogenetic rearrangements of epithelial tissues, including detachment of motile cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Dramatic actin rearrangements occur as cell-cell junctions are dismantled and cells become independently motile during EMT. Characterizing dynamic actin rearrangements and identifying actin machinery driving these rearrangements is essential for understanding basic mechanisms of cell-cell junction remodeling. Using immunofluorescence and live cell imaging of scattering MDCK cells we examine dynamic actin rearrangement events during EMT and demonstrate that zyxin-VASP complexes mediate linkage of dynamic medial actin networks to adherens junction (AJ) membranes. A functional analysis of zyxin in EMT reveals its role in regulating disruption of actin membrane linkages at cell-cell junctions, altering cells' ability to fully detach and migrate independently during EMT. Expression of a constitutively active zyxin mutant results in persistent actin-membrane linkages and cell migration without loss of cell-cell adhesion. We propose zyxin functions in morphogenetic rearrangements, maintaining collective migration by transducing individual cells' movements through AJs, thus preventing the dissociation of individual migratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bakkevig Sperry
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Jin L, Hastings NE, Blackman BR, Somlyo AV. Mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix alter expression of smooth muscle protein LPP and its partner palladin; relationship to early atherosclerosis and vascular injury. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2009; 30:41-55. [PMID: 19205907 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-009-9173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipoma preferred partner (LPP) localizes to focal adhesions/dense bodies, is selectively expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and enhances cell migration. SMCs cultured on denatured collagen or on a rigid substrate, up regulated expression of LPP, its partner palladin, tenascin C (TN-C), phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) and exhibited robust stress fibers. In an endothelial (EC)/SMC hemodynamic flow system, shear stress waveforms mimicking atheroprone flow, applied to the EC layer, significantly decreased expression of SMC LPP and palladin. They were also down regulated with TN-C, in an ApoE murine model of atherosclerosis and with oxidative stress but up regulated in an arterial injury model in response to upstream sequential changes in pFAK, Prx1 and TN-C. In conclusion, expression of LPP and palladin are modulated by a mix of mechanical cues, oxidative stress and substrate composition which translate into their up or down regulation in vessel wall injury and early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Abstract
The neoplastic tumour suppressors, Scribble, Dlg and Lgl, originally discovered in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, are currently being actively studied for their potential role in mammalian tumourigenesis. In Drosophila, these tumour suppressors function in a common genetic pathway to regulate apicobasal cell polarity and also play important roles in the control of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and in cell migration/invasion. The precise mechanism by which Scribble, Dlg and Lgl function is not clear; however, they have been implicated in the regulation of signalling pathways, vesicle trafficking and in the Myosin II-actin cytoskeleton. We review the evidence for the involvement of Scribble, Dlg, and Lgl in cancer, and how the various functions ascribed to these tumour suppressors in Drosophila and mammalian systems may impact on the process of tumourigenesis.
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Targeted disruption of the mouse Lipoma Preferred Partner gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:368-73. [PMID: 19111675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
LPP (Lipoma Preferred Partner) is a zyxin-related cell adhesion protein that is involved in the regulation of cell migration. We generated mice with a targeted disruption of the Lpp gene and analysed the importance of Lpp for embryonic development and adult functions. Aberrant Mendelian inheritance in heterozygous crosses suggested partial embryonic lethality of Lpp(-/-) females. Fertility of Lpp(-/-) males was proven to be normal, however, females from Lpp(-/-) x Lpp(-/-) crosses produced a strongly reduced number of offspring, probably due to a combination of female embryonic lethality and aberrant pregnancies. Apart from these developmental and reproductive abnormalities, Lpp(-/-) mice that were born reached adulthood without displaying any additional macroscopic defects. On the other hand, Lpp(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibited reduced migration capacity, reduced viability, and reduced expression of some Lpp interaction partners. Finally, we discovered a short nuclear form of Lpp, expressed mainly in testis via an alternative promoter.
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Recent Papers on Zebrafish and Other Aquarium Fish Models. Zebrafish 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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