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Noël ES. Cardiac construction-Recent advances in morphological and transcriptional modeling of early heart development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:121-156. [PMID: 38556421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
During human embryonic development the early establishment of a functional heart is vital to support the growing fetus. However, forming the embryonic heart is an extremely complex process, requiring spatiotemporally controlled cell specification and differentiation, tissue organization, and coordination of cardiac function. These complexities, in concert with the early and rapid development of the embryonic heart, mean that understanding the intricate interplay between these processes that help shape the early heart remains highly challenging. In this review I focus on recent insights from animal models that have shed new light on the earliest stages of heart development. This includes specification and organization of cardiac progenitors, cell and tissue movements that make and shape the early heart tube, and the initiation of the first beat in the developing heart. In addition I highlight relevant in vitro models that could support translation of findings from animal models to human heart development. Finally I discuss challenges that are being addressed in the field, along with future considerations that together may help move us towards a deeper understanding of how our hearts are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Noël
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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2
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Lipov A, Jurgens SJ, Mazzarotto F, Allouba M, Pirruccello JP, Aguib Y, Gennarelli M, Yacoub MH, Ellinor PT, Bezzina CR, Walsh R. Exploring the complex spectrum of dominance and recessiveness in genetic cardiomyopathies. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:1078-1094. [PMID: 38666070 PMCID: PMC11041721 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Discrete categorization of Mendelian disease genes into dominant and recessive models often oversimplifies their underlying genetic architecture. Cardiomyopathies (CMs) are genetic diseases with complex etiologies for which an increasing number of recessive associations have recently been proposed. Here, we comprehensively analyze all published evidence pertaining to biallelic variation associated with CM phenotypes to identify high-confidence recessive genes and explore the spectrum of monoallelic and biallelic variant effects in established recessive and dominant disease genes. We classify 18 genes with robust recessive association with CMs, largely characterized by dilated phenotypes, early disease onset and severe outcomes. Several of these genes have monoallelic association with disease outcomes and cardiac traits in the UK Biobank, including LMOD2 and ALPK3 with dilated and hypertrophic CM, respectively. Our data provide insights into the complex spectrum of dominance and recessiveness in genetic heart disease and demonstrate how such approaches enable the discovery of unexplored genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lipov
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sean J. Jurgens
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francesco Mazzarotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mona Allouba
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
| | - James P. Pirruccello
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Yasmine Aguib
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Genetics Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Heart Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Patrick T. Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Connie R. Bezzina
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roddy Walsh
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Li Y, Qu J, Sun Y, Chang C. Troponin T1 Promotes the Proliferation of Ovarian Cancer by Regulating Cell Cycle and Apoptosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3405. [PMID: 36811103 PMCID: PMC9938930 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2022.344921.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Troponin T1 (TNNT1) is implicated in human carcinogenesis. However, the role of TNNT1 in ovarian cancer (OC) remains unclear. Objectives To investigate the effect of TNNT1 on the progression of ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods The level of TNNT1 was evaluated in OC patients based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Knockdown or overexpression of TNNT1 using siRNA targeting TNNT1 or plasmid carrying TNNT1 was performed in the ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell, respectively. RT-qPCR was performed to detect mRNA expression. Western blotting was used to examine protein expression. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, cell cycle, and transwell assays were performed to analyze the role of TNNT1 on the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer. Besides, xenograft model was carried out to evaluate the in vivo effect of TNNT1 on OC progression. Results Based on available bioinformatics data in TCGA, we found that TNNT1 was overexpressed in ovarian cancer samples comparing to normal samples. Knocking down TNNT1 repressed the migration as well as the proliferation of SKOV3 cells, while overexpression of TNNT1 exhibited opposite effect. In addition, down-regulation of TNNT1 hampered the xenografted tumor growth of SKOV3 cells. Up-regulation of TNNT1 in SKOV3 cells induced the expression of Cyclin E1 and Cyclin D1, promoted cell cycle progression, and also suppressed the activity of Cas-3/Cas-7. Conclusions In conclusion, TNNT1 overexpression promotes SKOV3 cell growth and tumorigenesis by inhibiting cell apoptosis and accelerating cell-cycle progression. TNNT1 might be a potent biomarker for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Department of Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- Department of Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Chunxiao Chang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
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4
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Reinwald H, Alvincz J, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Hollert H, Eilebrecht S. Toxicogenomic profiling after sublethal exposure to nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides reveals cardiac and neuronal developmental effects in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132746. [PMID: 34748799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For specific primary modes of action (MoA) in environmental non-target organisms, EU legislation restricts the usage of active substances of pesticides or biocides. Corresponding regulatory hazard assessments are costly, time consuming and require large numbers of non-human animal studies. Currently, predictive toxicology of development compounds relies on their chemical structure and provides little insights into toxicity mechanisms that precede adverse effects. Using the zebrafish embryo model, we characterized transcriptomic responses to a range of sublethal concentrations of six nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides with different MoA (abamectin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid & methoxychlor). Our aim was to identify affected biological processes and suitable biomarker candidates for MoA-specific signatures. Abamectin showed the most divergent signature among the tested insecticides, linked to lipid metabolic processes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after imidacloprid exposure were primarily associated with immune system and inflammation. In total, 222 early responsive genes to either MoA were identified, many related to three major processes: (1) cardiac muscle cell development and functioning (tcap, desma, bag3, hspb1, hspb8, flnca, myoz3a, mybpc2b, actc2, tnnt2c), (2) oxygen transport and hypoxic stress (alas2, hbbe1.1, hbbe1.3, hbbe2, hbae3, igfbp1a, hif1al) and (3) neuronal development and plasticity (npas4a, egr1, btg2, ier2a, vgf). The thyroidal function related gene dio3b was upregulated by chlorpyrifos and downregulated by higher abamectin concentrations. Important regulatory genes for cardiac muscle (tcap) and forebrain development (npas4a) were the most frequently ifferentially expressed across all insecticide treatments. We consider the identified gene sets as useful early warning biomarker candidates, i.e. for developmental toxicity targeting heart and brain in aquatic vertebrates. Our findings provide a better understanding about early molecular events in response to the analyzed MoA. Perceptively, this promotes the development for sensitive and informative biomarker-based in vitro assays for toxicological MoA prediction and AOP refinement, without the suffering of adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Alvincz
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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5
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Pettinato AM, Yoo D, VanOudenhove J, Chen YS, Cohn R, Ladha FA, Yang X, Thakar K, Romano R, Legere N, Meredith E, Robson P, Regnier M, Cotney JL, Murry CE, Hinson JT. Sarcomere function activates a p53-dependent DNA damage response that promotes polyploidization and limits in vivo cell engraftment. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109088. [PMID: 33951429 PMCID: PMC8161465 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cardiac regeneration is limited by low cardiomyocyte replicative rates and progressive polyploidization by unclear mechanisms. To study this process, we engineer a human cardiomyocyte model to track replication and polyploidization using fluorescently tagged cyclin B1 and cardiac troponin T. Using time-lapse imaging, in vitro cardiomyocyte replication patterns recapitulate the progressive mononuclear polyploidization and replicative arrest observed in vivo. Single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin state analyses reveal that polyploidization is preceded by sarcomere assembly, enhanced oxidative metabolism, a DNA damage response, and p53 activation. CRISPR knockout screening reveals p53 as a driver of cell-cycle arrest and polyploidization. Inhibiting sarcomere function, or scavenging ROS, inhibits cell-cycle arrest and polyploidization. Finally, we show that cardiomyocyte engraftment in infarcted rat hearts is enhanced 4-fold by the increased proliferation of troponin-knockout cardiomyocytes. Thus, the sarcomere inhibits cell division through a DNA damage response that can be targeted to improve cardiomyocyte replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Pettinato
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Dasom Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rachel Cohn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Feria A Ladha
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Xiulan Yang
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ketan Thakar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Robert Romano
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Nicolas Legere
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Emily Meredith
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Justin L Cotney
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J Travis Hinson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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6
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Inácio JM, von Gilsa Lopes J, Silva AM, Cristo F, Marques S, Futschik ME, Belo JA. DAND5 Inactivation Enhances Cardiac Differentiation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629430. [PMID: 33928078 PMCID: PMC8078107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the clues of a regenerative mechanism for the mammalian adult heart would save millions of lives in the near future. Heart failure due to cardiomyocyte loss is still one of the significant health burdens worldwide. Here, we show the potential of a single molecule, DAND5, in mouse pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes specification and proliferation. Dand5 loss-of-function generated the double of cardiac beating foci compared to the wild-type cells. The early formation of cardiac progenitor cells and the increased proliferative capacity of Dand5 KO mESC-derived cardiomyocytes contribute to the observed higher number of derived cardiac cells. Transcriptional profiling sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR assays showed an upregulation of early cardiac gene networks governing cardiomyocyte differentiation, cell cycling, and cardiac regenerative pathways but reduced levels of genes involved in cardiomyocyte maturation. These findings prompt DAND5 as a key driver for the generation and expansion of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes systems with further clinical application purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Inácio
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João von Gilsa Lopes
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Silva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cristo
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthias E Futschik
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - José António Belo
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Greenberg MJ, Tardiff JC. Complexity in genetic cardiomyopathies and new approaches for mechanism-based precision medicine. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211741. [PMID: 33512404 PMCID: PMC7852459 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic cardiomyopathies have been studied for decades, and it has become increasingly clear that these progressive diseases are more complex than originally thought. These complexities can be seen both in the molecular etiologies of these disorders and in the clinical phenotypes observed in patients. While these disorders can be caused by mutations in cardiac genes, including ones encoding sarcomeric proteins, the disease presentation varies depending on the patient mutation, where mutations even within the same gene can cause divergent phenotypes. Moreover, it is challenging to connect the mutation-induced molecular insult that drives the disease pathogenesis with the various compensatory and maladaptive pathways that are activated during the course of the subsequent progressive, pathogenic cardiac remodeling. These inherent complexities have frustrated our ability to understand and develop broadly effective treatments for these disorders. It has been proposed that it might be possible to improve patient outcomes by adopting a precision medicine approach. Here, we lay out a practical framework for such an approach, where patient subpopulations are binned based on common underlying biophysical mechanisms that drive the molecular disease pathogenesis, and we propose that this function-based approach will enable the development of targeted therapeutics that ameliorate these effects. We highlight several mutations to illustrate the need for mechanistic molecular experiments that span organizational and temporal scales, and we describe recent advances in the development of novel therapeutics based on functional targets. Finally, we describe many of the outstanding questions for the field and how fundamental mechanistic studies, informed by our more nuanced understanding of the clinical disorders, will play a central role in realizing the potential of precision medicine for genetic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jil C Tardiff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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8
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McNamara JW, Schuckman M, Becker RC, Sadayappan S. A Novel Homozygous Intronic Variant in TNNT2 Associates With Feline Cardiomyopathy. Front Physiol 2020. [PMID: 33304277 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608473.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease of the heart and the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the young. HCM is considered a disease of the sarcomere owing to the large number of mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. The riddle lies in discovering how these mutations lead to disease. As a result, treatments to prevent and/or treat HCM are limited to invasive surgical myectomies or ablations. The A31P variant of cardiac myosin binding protein-C, encoded by MYBPC3, was found to be more prevalent in a cohort of Maine Coon cats with HCM. However, other mutations in MYBPC3 and MYH7 have also been associated with HCM in cats of other breeds. In this study, we expand the spectrum of genes associated with HCM in cats. Results Next Generation Whole Genome sequencing was performed using DNA isolated from peripheral blood of a Maine Coon with cardiomyopathy that tested negative for the MYBPC3 A31P variant. Through risk stratification of variants, we identified a novel, homozygous intronic variant in cardiac troponin T (TNNT2). In silico analysis of the variant suggested that it may affect normal splicing of exon 3 of TNNT2. Both parents tested heterozygous for the mutation, but were unaffected by the disease. Echocardiography analyses revealed that the proband had shown early onset congestive heart failure, which is managed with a treatment regime including ACE and aldosterone inhibitors. Conclusion In summary, we are the first to demonstrate the association between TNNT2 mutations and HCM in felines, suggesting that this gene should be included in the testing panel of genes when performing genetic testing for HCM in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W McNamara
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maggie Schuckman
- Department of Cardiology, MedVet Cincinnati, Fairfax, OH, United States
| | - Richard C Becker
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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9
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McNamara JW, Schuckman M, Becker RC, Sadayappan S. A Novel Homozygous Intronic Variant in TNNT2 Associates With Feline Cardiomyopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:608473. [PMID: 33304277 PMCID: PMC7701303 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease of the heart and the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the young. HCM is considered a disease of the sarcomere owing to the large number of mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. The riddle lies in discovering how these mutations lead to disease. As a result, treatments to prevent and/or treat HCM are limited to invasive surgical myectomies or ablations. The A31P variant of cardiac myosin binding protein-C, encoded by MYBPC3, was found to be more prevalent in a cohort of Maine Coon cats with HCM. However, other mutations in MYBPC3 and MYH7 have also been associated with HCM in cats of other breeds. In this study, we expand the spectrum of genes associated with HCM in cats. RESULTS Next Generation Whole Genome sequencing was performed using DNA isolated from peripheral blood of a Maine Coon with cardiomyopathy that tested negative for the MYBPC3 A31P variant. Through risk stratification of variants, we identified a novel, homozygous intronic variant in cardiac troponin T (TNNT2). In silico analysis of the variant suggested that it may affect normal splicing of exon 3 of TNNT2. Both parents tested heterozygous for the mutation, but were unaffected by the disease. Echocardiography analyses revealed that the proband had shown early onset congestive heart failure, which is managed with a treatment regime including ACE and aldosterone inhibitors. CONCLUSION In summary, we are the first to demonstrate the association between TNNT2 mutations and HCM in felines, suggesting that this gene should be included in the testing panel of genes when performing genetic testing for HCM in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. McNamara
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maggie Schuckman
- Department of Cardiology, MedVet Cincinnati, Fairfax, OH, United States
| | - Richard C. Becker
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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10
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Henry S, Szabó V, Sutus E, Pirity MK. RYBP is important for cardiac progenitor cell development and sarcomere formation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235922. [PMID: 32673370 PMCID: PMC7365410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously established that epigenetic regulator RING1 and YY1 binding protein (RYBP) is required for the contractility of embryonic stem (ES) cell derived cardiomyocytes (CMCs), suggesting its essential role in contractility. In order to investigate the underlying molecular events of this phenotype, we compared the transcriptomic profile of the wild type and Rybp null mutant ES cells and CMCs differentiated from these cell lines. We identified genes related to ion homeostasis, cell adhesion and sarcomeric organization affected in the Rybp null mutant CMCs, by using hierarchical gene clustering and Gene Ontology analysis. We have also demonstrated that the amount of RYBP is drastically reduced in the terminally differentiated wild type CMCs whilst it is broadly expressed in the early phase of differentiation when progenitors form. We also describe that RYBP is important for the proper expression of key cardiac transcription factors including Mesp1, Shh and Mef2c. These findings identify Rybp as a gene important for both early cardiac gene transcription and consequent sarcomere formation necessary for contractility. Since impairment of sarcomeric function and contractility plays a central role in reduced cardiac pump function leading to heart failures in human, current results might be relevant to the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Henry
- Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Sutus
- Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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11
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Tyser RCV, Srinivas S. The First Heartbeat-Origin of Cardiac Contractile Activity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037135. [PMID: 31767652 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amniote embryonic heart starts as a crescent of mesoderm that transitions through a midline linear heart tube in the course of developing into the four chambered heart. It is unusual in having to contract rhythmically while still undergoing extensive morphogenetic remodeling. Advances in imaging have allowed us to determine when during development this contractile activity starts. In the mouse, focal regions of contractions can be detected as early as the cardiac crescent stage. Calcium transients, required to trigger contraction, can be detected even earlier, prior to contraction. In this review, we outline what is currently known about how this early contractile function is initiated and the impact early contractile function has on cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C V Tyser
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
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12
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Abdullah S, Lynn ML, McConnell MT, Klass MM, Baldo AP, Schwartz SD, Tardiff JC. FRET-based analysis of the cardiac troponin T linker region reveals the structural basis of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing Δ160E mutation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14634-14647. [PMID: 31387947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cardiac thin filament (TF) have highly variable effects on the regulatory function of the cardiac sarcomere. Understanding the molecular-level dysfunction elicited by TF mutations is crucial to elucidate cardiac disease mechanisms. The hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing cardiac troponin T (cTnT) mutation Δ160Glu (Δ160E) is located in a putative "hinge" adjacent to an unstructured linker connecting domains TNT1 and TNT2. Currently, no high-resolution structure exists for this region, limiting significantly our ability to understand its role in myofilament activation and the molecular mechanism of mutation-induced dysfunction. Previous regulated in vitro motility data have indicated mutation-induced impairment of weak actomyosin interactions. We hypothesized that cTnT-Δ160E repositions the flexible linker, altering weak actomyosin electrostatic binding and acting as a biophysical trigger for impaired contractility and the observed remodeling. Using time-resolved FRET and an all-atom TF model, here we first defined the WT structure of the cTnT-linker region and then identified Δ160E mutation-induced positional changes. Our results suggest that the WT linker runs alongside the C terminus of tropomyosin. The Δ160E-induced structural changes moved the linker closer to the tropomyosin C terminus, an effect that was more pronounced in the presence of myosin subfragment (S1) heads, supporting previous findings. Our in silico model fully supported this result, indicating a mutation-induced decrease in linker flexibility. Our findings provide a framework for understanding basic pathogenic mechanisms that drive severe clinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotypes and for identifying structural targets for intervention that can be tested in silico and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Abdullah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Melissa L Lynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Mark T McConnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Matthew M Klass
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Anthony P Baldo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Jil C Tardiff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721 .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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13
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Bailey KE, MacGowan GA, Tual-Chalot S, Phillips L, Mohun TJ, Henderson DJ, Arthur HM, Bamforth SD, Phillips HM. Disruption of embryonic ROCK signaling reproduces the sarcomeric phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125172. [PMID: 30835717 PMCID: PMC6538384 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeric disarray is a hallmark of gene mutations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, it is unknown when detrimental sarcomeric changes first occur and whether they originate in the developing embryonic heart. Furthermore, Rho kinase (ROCK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is critical for regulating the function of several sarcomeric proteins, and therefore, our aim was to determine whether disruption of ROCK signaling during the earliest stages of heart development would disrupt the integrity of sarcomeres, altering heart development and function. Using a mouse model in which the function of ROCK is specifically disrupted in embryonic cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate a progressive cardiomyopathy that first appeared as sarcomeric disarray during cardiogenesis. This led to abnormalities in the structure of the embryonic ventricular wall and compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy during fetal development. This sarcomeric disruption and hypertrophy persisted throughout adult life, triggering left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with systolic dysfunction, and reactivation of fetal gene expression and cardiac fibrosis, all typical features of HCM. Taken together, our findings establish a mechanism for the developmental origin of the sarcomeric phenotype of HCM and suggest that variants in the ROCK genes or disruption of ROCK signaling could, in part, contribute to its pathogenesis. Disruption of ROCK activity in embryonic cardiomyocytes revealed a developmental origin for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Bailey
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A MacGowan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D Bamforth
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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14
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Smith JJ, Timoshevskaya N, Timoshevskiy VA, Keinath MC, Hardy D, Voss SR. A chromosome-scale assembly of the axolotl genome. Genome Res 2019; 29:317-324. [PMID: 30679309 PMCID: PMC6360810 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241901.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) provides critical models for studying regeneration, evolution, and development. However, its large genome (∼32 Gb) presents a formidable barrier to genetic analyses. Recent efforts have yielded genome assemblies consisting of thousands of unordered scaffolds that resolve gene structures, but do not yet permit large-scale analyses of genome structure and function. We adapted an established mapping approach to leverage dense SNP typing information and for the first time assemble the axolotl genome into 14 chromosomes. Moreover, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to verify the structure of these 14 scaffolds and assign each to its corresponding physical chromosome. This new assembly covers 27.3 Gb and encompasses 94% of annotated gene models on chromosomal scaffolds. We show the assembly's utility by resolving genome-wide orthologies between the axolotl and other vertebrates, identifying the footprints of historical introgression events that occurred during the development of axolotl genetic stocks, and precisely mapping several phenotypes including a large deletion underlying the cardiac mutant. This chromosome-scale assembly will greatly facilitate studies of the axolotl in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa C Keinath
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.,Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Drew Hardy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.,Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.,Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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15
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Cai C, Sang C, Du J, Jia H, Tu J, Wan Q, Bao B, Xie S, Huang Y, Li A, Li J, Yang K, Wang S, Lu Q. Knockout of tnni1b in zebrafish causes defects in atrioventricular valve development via the inhibition of the myocardial wnt signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018; 33:696-710. [PMID: 30044923 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800481rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proper development of atrioventricular (AV) valves is critical for heart morphogenesis and for the formation of the cardiac conduction system. Defects in AV valve development are the most common type of congenital heart defect. Cardiac troponin I ( ctnni), a structural and regulatory protein involved in cardiac muscle contraction, is a subunit of the troponin complex, but the functions and molecular mechanisms of ctnni during early heart development remain unclear. We created a knockout zebrafish model in which troponin I type 1b ( tnni1b) ( Tnni-HC, heart and craniofacial) was deleted using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein system. In the homozygous mutant, the embryos showed severe pericardial edema, malformation of the heart tube, reduction of heart rate without contraction and with almost no blood flow, heart cavity congestion, and lack of an endocardial ring or valve leaflet, resulting in 88.8 ± 6.0% lethality at 7 d postfertilization. Deletion of tnni1b caused the abnormal expression of several markers involved in AV valve development, including bmp4, cspg2, has2, notch1b, spp1, and Alcam. Myocardial re-expression of tnni1b in mutants partially rescued the pericardial edema phenotype and AV canal (AVC) developmental defects. We further showed that tnni1b knockout in zebrafish and ctnni knockdown in rat h9c2 myocardial cells inhibited cardiac wnt signaling and that myocardial reactivation of wnt signaling partially rescued the abnormal expression of AVC markers caused by the tnni1b deletion. Taken together, our data suggest that tnni1b plays a vital role in zebrafish AV valve development by regulating the myocardial wnt signaling pathway.-Cai, C., Sang, C., Du, J., Jia, H., Tu, J., Wan, Q., Bao, B., Xie, S., Huang, Y., Li, A., Li, J., Yang, K., Wang, S., Lu, Q. Knockout of tnni1b in zebrafish causes defects in atrioventricular valve development via the inhibition of myocardial wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caijun Sang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Du
- School Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Haibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binghao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanglun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Exercise Immunology Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Wang
- Exercise Immunology Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qunwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Abstract
Cardiac development relies on proper cardiomyocyte differentiation, including expression and assembly of cell-type-specific actomyosin subunits into a functional cardiac sarcomere. Control of this process involves not only promoting expression of cardiac sarcomere subunits but also repressing expression of noncardiac myofibril paralogs. This level of transcriptional control requires broadly expressed multiprotein machines that modify and remodel the chromatin landscape to restrict transcription machinery access. Prominent among these is the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, which includes the catalytic core subunit CHD4. Here, we demonstrate that direct CHD4-mediated repression of skeletal and smooth muscle myofibril isoforms is required for normal cardiac sarcomere formation, function, and embryonic survival early in gestation. Through transcriptomic and genome-wide analyses of CHD4 localization, we identified unique CHD4 binding sites in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, fast skeletal α-actin, and the fast skeletal troponin complex genes. We further demonstrate that in the absence of CHD4, cardiomyocytes in the developing heart form a hybrid muscle cell that contains cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle myofibril components. These misexpressed paralogs intercalate into the nascent cardiac sarcomere to disrupt sarcomere formation and cause impaired cardiac function in utero. These results demonstrate the genomic and physiological requirements for CHD4 in mammalian cardiac development.
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17
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Murali M, MacDonald JA. Smoothelins and the Control of Muscle Contractility. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 81:39-78. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Park KC, Gaze DC, Collinson PO, Marber MS. Cardiac troponins: from myocardial infarction to chronic disease. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1708-1718. [PMID: 29016754 PMCID: PMC5852618 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the physiologically distinct subunits of troponin in 1973 greatly facilitated our understanding of cardiac contraction. Although troponins are expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscle, there are isoforms of troponin I/T expressed selectively in the heart. By exploiting cardiac-restricted epitopes within these proteins, one of the most successful diagnostic tests to date has been developed: cardiac troponin (cTn) assays. For the past decade, cTn has been regarded as the gold-standard marker for acute myocardial necrosis: the pathological hallmark of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Whilst cTn is the cornerstone for ruling-out AMI in patients presenting with a suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS), elevated cTn is frequently observed in those without clinical signs indicative of AMI, often reflecting myocardial injury of 'unknown origin'. cTn is commonly elevated in acute non-ACS conditions, as well as in chronic diseases. It is unclear why these elevations occur; yet they cannot be ignored as cTn levels in chronically unwell patients are directly correlated to prognosis. Paradoxically, improvements in assay sensitivity have meant more differential diagnoses have to be considered due to decreased specificity, since cTn is now more easily detected in these non-ACS conditions. It is important to be aware cTn is highly specific for myocardial injury, which could be attributable to a myriad of underlying causes, emphasizing the notion that cTn is an organ-specific, not disease-specific biomarker. Furthermore, the ability to detect increased cTn using high-sensitivity assays following extreme exercise is disconcerting. It has been suggested troponin release can occur without cardiomyocyte necrosis, contradicting conventional dogma, emphasizing a need to understand the mechanisms of such release. This review discusses basic troponin biology, the physiology behind its detection in serum, its use in the diagnosis of AMI, and some key concepts and experimental evidence as to why cTn can be elevated in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Park
- 1 BHF Centre of Research Excellence, The Rayne Institute, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London, UK
- 2 Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Gaze
- 3 Clinical Blood Sciences and Cardiology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Trust and St George’s University of London, London, UK
- 4 Department of Biomedical Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Paul O Collinson
- 3 Clinical Blood Sciences and Cardiology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Trust and St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael S Marber
- 1 BHF Centre of Research Excellence, The Rayne Institute, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London, UK
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19
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Ushijima T, Fujimoto N, Matsuyama S, Kan-O M, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Kage Y, Yamasaki S, Takeya R, Sumimoto H. The actin-organizing formin protein Fhod3 is required for postnatal development and functional maintenance of the adult heart in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:148-162. [PMID: 29158260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development and function require actin-myosin interactions in the sarcomere, a highly organized contractile structure. Sarcomere assembly mediated by formin homology 2 domain-containing 3 (Fhod3), a member of formins that directs formation of straight actin filaments, is essential for embryonic cardiogenesis. However, the role of Fhod3 in the neonatal and adult stages has remained unknown. Here, we generated floxed Fhod3 mice to bypass the embryonic lethality of an Fhod3 knockout (KO). Perinatal KO of Fhod3 in the heart caused juvenile lethality at around day 10 after birth with enlarged hearts composed of severely impaired myofibrils, indicating that Fhod3 is crucial for postnatal heart development. Tamoxifen-induced conditional KO of Fhod3 in the adult heart neither led to lethal effects nor did it affect sarcomere structure and localization of sarcomere components. However, adult Fhod3-deleted mice exhibited a slight cardiomegaly and mild impairment of cardiac function, conditions that were sustained over 1 year without compensation during aging. In addition to these age-related changes, systemic stimulation with the α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine, which induces sustained hypertension and hypertrophy development, induced expression of fetal cardiac genes that was more pronounced in adult Fhod3-deleted mice than in the control mice, suggesting that Fhod3 modulates hypertrophic changes in the adult heart. We conclude that Fhod3 plays a crucial role in both postnatal cardiac development and functional maintenance of the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ushijima
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Noriko Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Sho Matsuyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692
| | - Meikun Kan-O
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit, Kobe 650-0047; Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047
| | - Yohko Kage
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692.
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582.
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20
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Shimizu H, Langenbacher AD, Huang J, Wang K, Otto G, Geisler R, Wang Y, Chen JN. The Calcineurin-FoxO-MuRF1 signaling pathway regulates myofibril integrity in cardiomyocytes. eLife 2017; 6:27955. [PMID: 28826496 PMCID: PMC5576919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered Ca2+ handling is often present in diseased hearts undergoing structural remodeling and functional deterioration. However, whether Ca2+ directly regulates sarcomere structure has remained elusive. Using a zebrafish ncx1 mutant, we explored the impacts of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on myofibril integrity. We found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase murf1 is upregulated in ncx1-deficient hearts. Intriguingly, knocking down murf1 activity or inhibiting proteasome activity preserved myofibril integrity, revealing a MuRF1-mediated proteasome degradation mechanism that is activated in response to abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis. Furthermore, we detected an accumulation of the murf1 regulator FoxO in the nuclei of ncx1-deficient cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of FoxO in wild type cardiomyocytes induced murf1 expression and caused myofibril disarray, whereas inhibiting Calcineurin activity attenuated FoxO-mediated murf1 expression and protected sarcomeres from degradation in ncx1-deficient hearts. Together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which Ca2+ overload disrupts myofibril integrity by activating a Calcineurin-FoxO-MuRF1-proteosome signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Shimizu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Adam D Langenbacher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Georg Otto
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Geisler
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jau-Nian Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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21
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Madan A, Thimmaiya D, Franco-Cea A, Aiyaz M, Kumar P, Sparrow JC, Nongthomba U. Transcriptome analysis of IFM-specific actin and myosin nulls in Drosophila melanogaster unravels lesion-specific expression blueprints across muscle mutations. Gene 2017; 631:16-28. [PMID: 28739398 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle contraction is a highly fine-tuned process that requires the precise and timely construction of large protein sub-assemblies to form sarcomeres. Mutations in many genes encoding constituent proteins of this macromolecular machine result in defective functioning of the muscle tissue. However, the pathways underlying muscle degeneration, and manifestation of myopathy phenotypes are not well understood. In this study, we explored transcriptional alterations that ensue from the absence of the two major muscle proteins - myosin and actin - using the Drosophila indirect flight muscles. Our aim was to understand how the muscle tissue responds as a whole to the absence of either of the major scaffold proteins, whether the responses are generic to the tissue; or unique to the thick versus thin filament systems. Our results indicated that muscles respond by altering gene transcriptional levels in multiple systems active in muscle remodelling, protein degradation and heat shock responses. However, there were some responses that were filament-specific signatures of muscle degeneration, like immune responses, metabolic alterations and alterations in expression of muscle structural genes and mitochondrial ribosomal genes. These general and filament-specific changes in gene expression may be of relevance to human myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Madan
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
| | - Divesh Thimmaiya
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Ari Franco-Cea
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohammed Aiyaz
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560 094, India.
| | - Prabodh Kumar
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
| | - John C Sparrow
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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22
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Marshall L, Vivien C, Girardot F, Péricard L, Demeneix BA, Coen L, Chai N. Persistent fibrosis, hypertrophy and sarcomere disorganisation after endoscopy-guided heart resection in adult Xenopus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173418. [PMID: 28278282 PMCID: PMC5344503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of cardiac repair are needed to understand mechanisms underlying failure to regenerate in human cardiac tissue. Such studies are currently dominated by the use of zebrafish and mice. Remarkably, it is between these two evolutionary separated species that the adult cardiac regenerative capacity is thought to be lost, but causes of this difference remain largely unknown. Amphibians, evolutionary positioned between these two models, are of particular interest to help fill this lack of knowledge. We thus developed an endoscopy-based resection method to explore the consequences of cardiac injury in adult Xenopus laevis. This method allowed in situ live heart observation, standardised tissue amputation size and reproducibility. During the first week following amputation, gene expression of cell proliferation markers remained unchanged, whereas those relating to sarcomere organisation decreased and markers of inflammation, fibrosis and hypertrophy increased. One-month post-amputation, fibrosis and hypertrophy were evident at the injury site, persisting through 11 months. Moreover, cardiomyocyte sarcomere organisation deteriorated early following amputation, and was not completely recovered as far as 11 months later. We conclude that the adult Xenopus heart is unable to regenerate, displaying cellular and molecular marks of scarring. Our work suggests that, contrary to urodeles and teleosts, with the exception of medaka, adult anurans share a cardiac injury outcome similar to adult mammals. This observation is at odds with current hypotheses that link loss of cardiac regenerative capacity with acquisition of homeothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Marshall
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Céline Vivien
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Girardot
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Louise Péricard
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A. Demeneix
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Coen
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Norin Chai
- Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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23
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Mondal A, Jin JP. Protein Structure-Function Relationship at Work: Learning from Myopathy Mutations of the Slow Skeletal Muscle Isoform of Troponin T. Front Physiol 2016; 7:449. [PMID: 27790152 PMCID: PMC5062619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Troponin T (TnT) is the sarcomeric thin filament anchoring subunit of the troponin complex in striated muscles. A nonsense mutation in exon 11 of the slow skeletal muscle isoform of TnT (ssTnT) gene (TNNT1) was found in the Amish populations in Pennsylvania and Ohio. This single nucleotide substitution causes a truncation of the ssTnT protein at Glu180 and the loss of the C-terminal tropomyosin (Tm)-binding site 2. As a consequence, it abolishes the myofilament integration of ssTnT and the loss of function causes an autosomal recessive nemaline myopathy (NM). More TNNT1 mutations have recently been reported in non-Amish ethnic groups with similar recessive NM phenotypes. A nonsense mutation in exon 9 truncates ssTnT at Ser108, deleting Tm-binding site 2 and a part of the middle region Tm-binding site 1. Two splicing site mutations result in truncation of ssTnT at Leu203 or deletion of the exon 14-encoded C-terminal end segment. Another splicing mutation causes an internal deletion of the 39 amino acids encoded by exon 8, partially damaging Tm-binding site 1. The three splicing mutations of TNNT1 all preserve the high affinity Tm-binding site 2 but still present recessive NM phenotypes. The molecular mechanisms for these mutations to cause myopathy provide interesting models to study and understand the structure-function relationship of TnT. This focused review summarizes the current knowledge of TnT isoform regulation, structure-function relationship of TnT and how various ssTnT mutations cause recessive NM, in order to promote in depth studies for further understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of TNNT1 myopathies toward the development of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupom Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
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Cheng W, Zhou R, Liang F, Wei H, Feng Y, Wang Y. Application of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Test to Detect Gender-Specific Effect of Chemicals: A Supplementary Tool for Embryotoxicity Prediction. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1519-33. [PMID: 27445234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gender effect is an inherent property of chemicals, characterized by variations caused by the chemical-biology interaction. It has widely existed, but the shortage of an appropriate model restricts the study on gender-specific effect. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) has been utilized as an alternative test for developmental toxicity. Despite its numerous improvements, mouse embryonic stem cells with an XX karyotype have not been used in the EST, which restricts the ability of the EST to identify gender-specific effects during high-throughput-screening (HTS) of chemicals to date. To address this, the embryonic stem cell (ESC) SP3 line with an XX karyotype was used to establish a "female" model as a complement to EST. Here, we proposed a "double-objects in unison" (DOU)-EST, which consisted of male ESC and female ESC; a seven-day EST protocol was utilized, and the gender-specific effect of chemicals was determined and discriminated; the replacement of myosin heavy chain (MHC) with myosin light chain (MLC) provided a suitable molecular biomarker in the DOU-EST. New linear discriminant functions were given in the purpose of distinguishing chemicals into three classes, namely, no gender-specific effect, male-susceptive, and female-susceptive. For 15 chemicals in the training set, the concordances of prediction result as no gender effect, male susceptive, and female susceptive were 86.67%, 86.67%, and 93.33%, respectively, the sensitivities were 66.67%, 83.33%, and 83.33%, respectively, and the specificities were 91.67%, 88.89%, and 100%, respectively; the total accuracy of DOU-EST was 86.67%. For three chemicals in the test set, one was incorrectively predicted. The possible reason for misclassification may due to the absence of hormone environment in vitro. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) indicated a mean error rate of 18.34%. Taken together, these data suggested a good performance of the proposed DOU-EST. Emerging chemicals with undiscovered gender-specific effects are anticipated to be screened with the DOU-EST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ren Zhou
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wei
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China.,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Nimura K, Yamamoto M, Takeichi M, Saga K, Takaoka K, Kawamura N, Nitta H, Nagano H, Ishino S, Tanaka T, Schwartz RJ, Aburatani H, Kaneda Y. Regulation of alternative polyadenylation by Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 during mouse heart development. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27331609 PMCID: PMC4982761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors organize gene expression profiles by regulating promoter activity. However, the role of transcription factors after transcription initiation is poorly understood. Here, we show that the homeoprotein Nkx2-5 and the 5’-3’ exonuclease Xrn2 are involved in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation (APA) during mouse heart development. Nkx2-5 occupied not only the transcription start sites (TSSs) but also the downstream regions of genes, serving to connect these regions in primary embryonic cardiomyocytes (eCMs). Nkx2-5 deficiency affected Xrn2 binding to target loci and resulted in increases in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) occupancy and in the expression of mRNAs with long 3’untranslated regions (3’ UTRs) from genes related to heart development. siRNA-mediated suppression of Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 led to heart looping anomaly. Moreover, Nkx2-5 genetically interacts with Xrn2 because Nkx2-5+/-Xrn2+/-, but neither Nkx2-5+/-nor Xrn2+/-, newborns exhibited a defect in ventricular septum formation, suggesting that the association between Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 is essential for heart development. Our results indicate that Nkx2-5 regulates not only the initiation but also the usage of poly(A) sites during heart development. Our findings suggest that tissue-specific transcription factors is involved in the regulation of APA. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16030.001 About one in every hundred babies is born with problems that either affect the structure of the heart or how it works. These problems are known as congenital heart disease, and result when the development of the heart is disrupted. How the heart develops is determined by thousands of genes whose activity or “expression” must be precisely regulated. Proteins called transcription factors can control gene expression; therefore, researchers may discover new ways of treating congenital heart disease if they can understand how transcription factors work during normal heart development. To produce a protein, the information in a gene must first be “transcribed” to form a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Not all of the mRNA sequence is subsequently “translated” to form the protein; this includes a stretch at the end of the mRNA called the 3’ untranslated region. The length of the 3’ untranslated region for a particular mRNA may vary depending on the type of cell it has been produced in, and this length can influence how efficiently the mRNA is translated to form a protein. However, it was not clear what changes the length of the 3’ untranslated region. Nimura et al. have now studied mice to investigate the role of a transcription factor called Nkx2-5, which was known to be important for heart development. This revealed that in addition to its expected role in starting the transcription of genes that are important for heart development, Nkx2-5 also controls the length of 3’ untranslated regions of certain mRNAs. To do so, Nkx2-5 binds to a protein called Xrn2 that stops transcription when the end of the gene is reached. Mouse embryos that lacked Nkx2-5 produced mRNAs containing long 3’ untranslated regions from genes related to the development of the heart. Furthermore, suppressing the activity of both Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 resulted in the embryos developing heart defects. The findings of Nimura et al. suggest that transcription factors found in specific tissues are responsible for the different lengths of 3’ untranslated regions in mRNAs in different tissues. Furthermore, incorrectly regulating the length of these regions appears to be linked to the development of congenital heart disease. The next step is to understand exactly how the failure to correctly regulate the length of 3’ untranslated regions contributes to congenital heart disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16030.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nimura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makiko Takeichi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kotaro Saga
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kawamura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nitta
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagano
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Saki Ishino
- Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tanaka
- Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Unites States
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Cheng W, Zhou R, Feng Y, Wang Y. Mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke affect the cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells discriminately. Toxicology 2016; 357-358:1-10. [PMID: 27237783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies suggest that maternal smoking and passive smoking have strongly resulted in the occurrence of congenital heart defects (CHD) in offspring. Cigarette smoke (CS) can be divided into mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke (SS); CS chemistry study indicates that significant differences exist in the composition of MS and SS. Therefore, MS and SS were suspected to process toxicity dissimilarly. However, much less was known about the difference in the developmental effects induced by MS and SS. In the current study, heart development was mimicked by mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation. After MS and SS exposure, by tracing the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad4 signalling pathway, interruption of downstream gene expression was observed, including Gata4, Mef2c and Nkx2.5, as well as myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain. Specifically, SS caused inhibition of Gata4 expression, even at non-cytotoxic concentration. Further, SS-induced hypoacetylation in promoter regions of Gata4 reflected the orchestration of CS-gene modulation-epigenetic regulation. Even though SS induced apoptosis in ESC-derived cardiomyocytes, the partial clearance in cells with down-regulated Gata4 caused these cells to survive and undergo further differentiation, which laid potential risk for abnormal heart development. These data uncovered the difference between MS and SS on heart development preliminarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| | - Ren Zhou
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200336, PR China; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, PR China.
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27
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Nishii K, Seki A, Kumai M, Morimoto S, Miwa T, Hagiwara N, Shibata Y, Kobayashi Y. Connexin45 contributes to global cardiovascular development by establishing myocardial impulse propagation. Mech Dev 2016; 140:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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McCormick ME, Tzima E. Pulling on my heartstrings: mechanotransduction in cardiac development and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23:235-42. [PMID: 26906028 PMCID: PMC4823169 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells line the surface of the cardiovascular system and display a large degree of heterogeneity due to developmental origin and location. Despite this heterogeneity, all endothelial cells are exposed to wall shear stress (WSS) imparted by the frictional force of flowing blood, which plays an important role in determining the endothelial cell phenotype. Although the effects of WSS have been greatly studied in vascular endothelial cells, less is known about the role of WSS in regulating cardiac function and cardiac endothelial cells. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in genetic and imaging technologies have enabled a more thorough investigation of cardiac hemodynamics. Using developmental models, shear stress sensing by endocardial endothelial cells has been shown to play an integral role in proper cardiac development including morphogenesis and formation of the conduction system. In the adult, less is known about hemodynamics and endocardial endothelial cells, but a clear role for WSS in the development of coronary and valvular disease is increasingly appreciated. SUMMARY Future research will further elucidate a role for WSS in the developing and adult heart, and understanding this dynamic relationship may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. McCormick
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellie Tzima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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29
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Liu H, Qin W, Wang Z, Shao Y, Wang J, Borg TK, Gao BZ, Xu M. Disassembly of myofibrils and potential imbalanced forces on Z-discs in cultured adult cardiomyocytes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:246-57. [PMID: 27072949 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myofibrils are the main protein structures that generate force in the beating heart. Myofibril disassembly is related to many physiological and pathological processes. This study investigated, in a cultured rat adult cardiomyocyte model, the effect of force imbalance on myofibril disassembly. The imbalance of forces that were exerted on Z-discs was induced by the synergistic effect of broken intercalated discs and actin-myosin interaction. Cardiomyocytes with well-preserved intercalated discs were isolated from adult rat ventricles. The ultrastructure of cardiomyocyte was observed using a customized two-photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation imaging system. The contraction of cardiomyocytes was recorded with a high-speed CCD camera, and the movement of cellular components was analyzed using a contractile imaging assay technique. The cardiomyocyte dynamic remodeling process was recorded using a time-lapse imaging system. The role of actin-myosin interaction in myofibril disassembly was investigated by incubating cardiomyocytes with blebbistatin (25 μM). Results demonstrated that the hierarchical disassembly process of myofibrils was initiated from cardiomyocyte free ends where intercalated discs had broken, during which the desmin network near the free cell ends was destroyed to release single myofibrils. Analysis of force (based on a schematic model of cardiomyocytes connected at intercalated discs) suggests that breaking of intercalated discs caused force imbalance on both sides of the Z-discs adjacent to the cell ends due to actin-myosin interaction. The damaged intercalated discs and actin-myosin interaction induced force imbalance on both sides of the Z-discs, which played an important role in the hierarchical disassembly of myofibrils. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Wan Qin
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
| | - Zhonghai Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
| | - Yonghong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jingcai Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Thomas K Borg
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| | - Bruce Z Gao
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
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Fujimoto N, Kan-o M, Ushijima T, Kage Y, Tominaga R, Sumimoto H, Takeya R. Transgenic Expression of the Formin Protein Fhod3 Selectively in the Embryonic Heart: Role of Actin-Binding Activity of Fhod3 and Its Sarcomeric Localization during Myofibrillogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148472. [PMID: 26848968 PMCID: PMC4744011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fhod3 is a cardiac member of the formin family proteins that play pivotal roles in actin filament assembly in various cellular contexts. The targeted deletion of mouse Fhod3 gene leads to defects in cardiogenesis, particularly during myofibrillogenesis, followed by lethality at embryonic day (E) 11.5. However, it remains largely unknown how Fhod3 functions during myofibrillogenesis. In this study, to assess the mechanism whereby Fhod3 regulates myofibrillogenesis during embryonic cardiogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing Fhod3 selectively in embryonic cardiomyocytes under the control of the β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter. Mice expressing wild-type Fhod3 in embryonic cardiomyocytes survive to adulthood and are fertile, whereas those expressing Fhod3 (I1127A) defective in binding to actin die by E11.5 with cardiac defects. This cardiac phenotype of the Fhod3 mutant embryos is almost identical to that observed in Fhod3 null embryos, suggesting that the actin-binding activity of Fhod3 is crucial for embryonic cardiogenesis. On the other hand, the β-MHC promoter-driven expression of wild-type Fhod3 sufficiently rescues cardiac defects of Fhod3-null embryos, indicating that the Fhod3 protein expressed in a transgenic manner can function properly to achieve myofibril maturation in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Using the transgenic mice, we further examined detailed localization of Fhod3 during myofibrillogenesis in situ and found that Fhod3 localizes to the specific central region of nascent sarcomeres prior to massive rearrangement of actin filaments and remains there throughout myofibrillogenesis. Taken together, the present findings suggest that, during embryonic cardiogenesis, Fhod3 functions as the essential reorganizer of actin filaments at the central region of maturating sarcomeres via the actin-binding activity of the FH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Fujimoto
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
| | - Meikun Kan-o
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ushijima
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
| | - Yohko Kage
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tominaga
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Ramachandra CJ, Mehta A, Wong P, Shim W. ErbB4 Activated p38γ MAPK Isoform Mediates Early Cardiogenesis Through NKx2.5 in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:288-298. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of ErbB4 receptor signaling is instrumental in heart development, lack of which results in embryonic lethality. However, mechanism governing its intracellular signaling remains elusive. Using human pluripotent stem cells, we show that ErbB4 is critical for cardiogenesis whereby its genetic knockdown results in loss of cardiomyocytes. Phospho-proteome profiling and Western blot studies attribute this loss to inactivation of p38γ MAPK isoform which physically interacts with NKx2.5 and GATA4 transcription factors. Post-cardiomyocyte formation p38γ/NKx2.5 downregulation is followed by p38α/MEF2c upregulation suggesting stage-specific developmental roles of p38 MAPK isoforms. Knockdown of p38γ MAPK similarly disrupts cardiomyocyte formation in spite of the presence of NKx2.5. Cell fractionation and NKx2.5 phosphorylation studies suggest inhibition of ErbB4-p38γ signaling hinders NKx2.5 nuclear translocation during early cardiogenesis. This study reveals a novel pathway that directly links ErbB4 and p38γ to the transcriptional machinery of NKx2.5-GATA4 complex which is critical for cardiomyocyte formation during mammalian heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Mehta
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Academic Clinical Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip Wong
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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TNNT1, TNNT2, and TNNT3: Isoform genes, regulation, and structure-function relationships. Gene 2016; 582:1-13. [PMID: 26774798 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Troponin T (TnT) is a central player in the calcium regulation of actin thin filament function and is essential for the contraction of striated muscles. Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates to encode three muscle type-specific TnT isoforms: TNNT1 for slow skeletal muscle TnT, TNNT2 for cardiac muscle TnT, and TNNT3 for fast skeletal muscle TnT. Alternative splicing and posttranslational modifications confer additional structural and functional variations of TnT during development and muscle adaptation to various physiological and pathological conditions. This review focuses on the TnT isoform genes and their molecular evolution, alternative splicing, developmental regulation, structure-function relationships of TnT proteins, posttranslational modifications, and myopathic mutations and abnormal splicing. The goal is to provide a concise summary of the current knowledge and some perspectives for future research and translational applications.
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33
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Jin JP. Evolution, Regulation, and Function of N-terminal Variable Region of Troponin T: Modulation of Muscle Contractility and Beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 321:1-28. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Duan J, Yu Y, Li Y, Li Y, Liu H, Jing L, Yang M, Wang J, Li C, Sun Z. Low-dose exposure of silica nanoparticles induces cardiac dysfunction via neutrophil-mediated inflammation and cardiac contraction in zebrafish embryos. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:575-85. [PMID: 26551753 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity mechanism of nanoparticles on vertebrate cardiovascular system is still unclear, especially on the low-level exposure. This study was to explore the toxic effect and mechanisms of low-dose exposure of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) on cardiac function in zebrafish embryos via the intravenous microinjection. The dosage of SiNPs was based on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of malformation assessment in zebrafish embryos. The mainly cardiac toxicity phenotypes induced by SiNPs were pericardial edema and bradycardia but had no effect on atrioventricular block. Using o-Dianisidine for erythrocyte staining, the cardiac output of zebrafish embryos was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Microarray analysis and bioinformatics analysis were performed to screen the differential expression genes and possible pathway involved in cardiac function. SiNPs induced whole-embryo oxidative stress and neutrophil-mediated cardiac inflammation in Tg(mpo:GFP) zebrafish. Inflammatory cells were observed in atrium of SiNPs-treated zebrafish heart by histopathological examination. In addition, the expression of TNNT2 protein, a cardiac contraction marker in heart tissue had been down-regulated compared to control group using immunohistochemistry. Confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot assays, results showed that SiNPs inhibited the calcium signaling pathway and cardiac muscle contraction via the down-regulated of related genes, such as ATPase-related genes (atp2a1l, atp1b2b, atp1a3b), calcium channel-related genes (cacna1ab, cacna1da) and the regulatory gene tnnc1a for cardiac troponin C. Moreover, the protein level of TNNT2 was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. For the first time, our results demonstrated that SiNPs induced cardiac dysfunction via the neutrophil-mediated cardiac inflammation and cardiac contraction in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Duan
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Yang Yu
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Yang Li
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Yanbo Li
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Hongcui Liu
- c Hunter Biotechnology Inc. , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province , P.R. China
| | - Li Jing
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Man Yang
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Ji Wang
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Chunqi Li
- c Hunter Biotechnology Inc. , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province , P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
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Ujhelly O, Szabo V, Kovacs G, Vajda F, Mallok S, Prorok J, Acsai K, Hegedus Z, Krebs S, Dinnyes A, Pirity MK. Lack of Rybp in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Impairs Cardiac Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2193-205. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoria Szabo
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergo Kovacs
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Flora Vajda
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sylvia Mallok
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janos Prorok
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karoly Acsai
- MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Hegedus
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andras Dinnyes
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllö, Hungary
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent Istvan University, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Melinda Katalin Pirity
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Yan J, Sultana N, Zhang L, Park DS, Shekhar A, Hu J, Bu L, Cai CL. Generation of a tamoxifen inducible Tnnt2MerCreMer knock-in mouse model for cardiac studies. Genesis 2015; 53:377-86. [PMID: 26010701 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tnnt2, encoding thin-filament sarcomeric protein cardiac troponin T, plays critical roles in heart development and function in mammals. To develop an inducible genetic deletion strategy in myocardial cells, we generated a new Tnnt2:MerCreMer (Tnnt2(MerCreMer/+)) knock-in mouse. Rosa26 reporter lines were used to examine the specificity and efficiency of the inducible Cre recombinase. We found that Cre was specifically and robustly expressed in the cardiomyocytes at embryonic and adult stages following tamoxifen induction. The knock-in allele on Tnnt2 locus does not impact cardiac function. These results suggest that this new Tnnt2(MerCreMer/+) mouse could be applied towards the temporal genetic deletion of genes of interests in cardiomyocytes with Cre-LoxP technology. The Tnnt2(MerCreMer/+) mouse model also provides a useful tool to trace myocardial lineage during development and repair after cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Yan
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Nishat Sultana
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - David S Park
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York
| | - Akshay Shekhar
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Lei Bu
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
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Seki A, Nishii K, Hagiwara N. Gap junctional regulation of pressure, fluid force, and electrical fields in the epigenetics of cardiac morphogenesis and remodeling. Life Sci 2014; 129:27-34. [PMID: 25447447 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic factors of pressure load, fluid force, and electrical fields that occur during cardiac contraction affect cardiac development, morphology, function, and pathogenesis. These factors are orchestrated by intercellular communication mediated by gap junctions, which synchronize action potentials and second messengers. Misregulation of the gap junction protein connexin (Cx) alters cardiogenesis, and can be a pathogenic factor causing cardiac conduction disturbance, fatal arrhythmia, and cardiac remodeling in disease states such as hypertension and ischemia. Changes in Cx expression can occur even when the DNA sequence of the Cx gene itself is unaltered. Posttranslational modifications might reduce arrhythmogenic substrates, improve cardiac function, and promote remodeling in a diseased heart. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic features of gap junctions that regulate cardiac morphology and remodeling. We further discuss potential clinical applications of current knowledge of the structure and function of gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Seki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; Support Center for Women Health Care Professionals and Researchers, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kiyomasa Nishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Artificial neural network inference (ANNI): a study on gene-gene interaction for biomarkers in childhood sarcomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102483. [PMID: 25025207 PMCID: PMC4099183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To model the potential interaction between previously identified biomarkers in children sarcomas using artificial neural network inference (ANNI). Method To concisely demonstrate the biological interactions between correlated genes in an interaction network map, only 2 types of sarcomas in the children small round blue cell tumors (SRBCTs) dataset are discussed in this paper. A backpropagation neural network was used to model the potential interaction between genes. The prediction weights and signal directions were used to model the strengths of the interaction signals and the direction of the interaction link between genes. The ANN model was validated using Monte Carlo cross-validation to minimize the risk of over-fitting and to optimize generalization ability of the model. Results Strong connection links on certain genes (TNNT1 and FNDC5 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS); FCGRT and OLFM1 in Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS)) suggested their potency as central hubs in the interconnection of genes with different functionalities. The results showed that the RMS patients in this dataset are likely to be congenital and at low risk of cardiomyopathy development. The EWS patients are likely to be complicated by EWS-FLI fusion and deficiency in various signaling pathways, including Wnt, Fas/Rho and intracellular oxygen. Conclusions The ANN network inference approach and the examination of identified genes in the published literature within the context of the disease highlights the substantial influence of certain genes in sarcomas.
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Abstract
A notable advantage of zebrafish as a model organism is the ease of gene knockdown using morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO). However, zebrafish morphants injected with MO for a target protein often show heterogeneous phenotypes, despite controlling the injection volume of the MO solution in all embryos. We developed a method for estimating the quantity of MO injected into each living morphant, based on the co-injection of a control MO labeled with the fluorophore lissamine. By applying this method for knockdown of cardiac troponin T (tnnt2a) in zebrafish, we could efficiently select the partial tnnt2a-depleted zebrafish with a decreased heart rate and impairment of cardiac contraction. To investigate cardiac impairment of the tnnt2a morphant, we performed fluorescent cardiac imaging using Bodipy-ceramide. Cardiac image analysis showed moderate reduction of tnnt2a impaired diastolic distensibility and decreased contraction and relaxation velocities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to analyze the role of tnnt2a in cardiac function in tnnt2a-depleted living animals. Our combinatorial approach can be applied for analyzing the molecular function of any protein associated with human cardiac diseases.
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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41
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McKeown CR, Nowak RB, Gokhin DS, Fowler VM. Tropomyosin is required for cardiac morphogenesis, myofibril assembly, and formation of adherens junctions in the developing mouse embryo. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:800-17. [PMID: 24500875 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored a function for tropomyosin (TM) in mammalian myofibril assembly and cardiac development by analyzing a deletion in the mouse TPM1 gene targeting αTM1, the major striated muscle TM isoform. RESULTS Mice lacking αTM1 are embryonic lethal at E9.5 with enlarged, misshapen, and non-beating hearts characterized by an abnormally thin myocardium and reduced trabeculae. αTM1-deficient cardiomyocytes do not assemble striated myofibrils, instead displaying aberrant non-striated F-actin fibrils with α-actinin puncta dispersed irregularly along their lengths. αTM1's binding partner, tropomodulin1 (Tmod1), is also disorganized, and both myomesin-containing thick filaments as well as titin Z1Z2 fail to assemble in a striated pattern. Adherens junctions are reduced in size in αTM1-deficient cardiomyocytes, α-actinin/F-actin adherens belts fail to assemble at apical cell-cell contacts, and cell contours are highly irregular, resulting in abnormal cell shapes and a highly folded cardiac surface. In addition, Tmod1-deficient cardiomyocytes exhibit failure of α-actinin/F-actin adherens belt assembly. CONCLUSIONS Absence of αTM1 resulting in unstable F-actin may preclude sarcomere formation and/or lead to degeneration of partially assembled sarcomeres due to unregulated actomyosin interactions. Our data also identify a novel αTM1/Tmod1-based pathway stabilizing F-actin at cell-cell junctions, which may be required for maintenance of cell shapes during embryonic cardiac morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R McKeown
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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42
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Moore RK, Abdullah S, Tardiff JC. Allosteric effects of cardiac troponin TNT1 mutations on actomyosin binding: a novel pathogenic mechanism for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 552-553:21-8. [PMID: 24480310 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The majority of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in (cTnT) occur within the alpha-helical tropomyosin binding TNT1 domain. A highly charged region at the C-terminal end of TNT1 unwinds to create a flexible "hinge". While this region has not been structurally resolved, it likely acts as an extended linker between the two cTnT functional domains. Mutations in this region cause phenotypically diverse and often severe forms of HCM. Mechanistic insight, however, has been limited by the lack of structural information. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated the effects of cTnT 160-163 mutations using regulated in vitro motility (R-IVM) assays and transgenic mouse models. R-IVM revealed that cTnT mutations Δ160E, E163R and E163K disrupted weak electrostatic actomyosin binding. Reducing the ionic strength or decreasing Brownian motion rescued function. This is the first observation of HCM-linked mutations in cTnT disrupting weak interactions between the thin filament and myosin. To evaluate the in vivo effects of altering weak actomyosin binding we generated transgenic mice expressing Δ160E and E163R mutant cTnT and observed severe cardiac remodeling and profound myofilament disarray. The functional changes observed in vitro may contribute to the structural impairment seen in vivo by destabilizing myofilament structure and acting as a constant pathophysiologic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Salwa Abdullah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Jil C Tardiff
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Güth R, Pinch M, Unguez GA. Mechanisms of muscle gene regulation in the electric organ of Sternopygus macrurus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 216:2469-77. [PMID: 23761472 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animals perform a remarkable diversity of movements through the coordinated mechanical contraction of skeletal muscle. This capacity for a wide range of movements is due to the presence of muscle cells with a very plastic phenotype that display many different biochemical, physiological and morphological properties. What factors influence the maintenance and plasticity of differentiated muscle fibers is a fundamental question in muscle biology. We have exploited the remarkable potential of skeletal muscle cells of the gymnotiform electric fish Sternopygus macrurus to trans-differentiate into electrocytes, the non-contractile electrogenic cells of the electric organ (EO), to investigate the mechanisms that regulate the skeletal muscle phenotype. In S. macrurus, mature electrocytes possess a phenotype that is intermediate between muscle and non-muscle cells. How some genes coding for muscle-specific proteins are downregulated while others are maintained, and novel genes are upregulated, is an intriguing problem in the control of skeletal muscle and EO phenotype. To date, the intracellular and extracellular factors that generate and maintain distinct patterns of gene expression in muscle and EO have not been defined. Expression studies in S. macrurus have started to shed light on the role that transcriptional and post-transcriptional events play in regulating specific muscle protein systems and the muscle phenotype of the EO. In addition, these findings also represent an important step toward identifying mechanisms that affect the maintenance and plasticity of the muscle cell phenotype for the evolution of highly specialized non-contractile tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Güth
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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44
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Moore RK, Grinspan LT, Jimenez J, Guinto PJ, Ertz-Berger B, Tardiff JC. HCM-linked ∆160E cardiac troponin T mutation causes unique progressive structural and molecular ventricular remodeling in transgenic mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 58:188-98. [PMID: 23434821 PMCID: PMC3819192 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease of the cardiac muscle, and one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young people. Many mutations in cardiac troponin T (cTnT) lead to a complex form of HCM with varying degrees of ventricular hypertrophy and ~65% of all cTnT mutations occur within or flanking the elongated N-terminal TNT1 domain. Biophysical studies have predicted that distal TNT1 mutations, including Δ160E, cause disease by a novel, yet unknown mechanism as compared to N-terminal mutations. To begin to address the specific effects of this commonly observed cTnT mutation we generated two independent transgenic mouse lines carrying variant doses of the mutant transgene. Hearts from the 30% and 70% cTnT Δ160E lines demonstrated a highly unique, dose-dependent disruption in cellular and sarcomeric architecture and a highly progressive pattern of ventricular remodeling. While adult ventricular myocytes isolated from Δ160E transgenic mice exhibited dosage-independent mechanical impairments, decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium load and SERCA2a calcium uptake activity, the observed decreases in calcium transients were dosage-dependent. The latter findings were concordant with measures of calcium regulatory protein abundance and phosphorylation state. Finally, studies of whole heart physiology in the isovolumic mode demonstrated dose-dependent differences in the degree of cardiac dysfunction. We conclude that the observed clinical severity of the cTnT Δ160E mutation is caused by a combination of direct sarcomeric disruption coupled to a profound dysregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis at the cellular level that results in a unique and highly progressive pattern of ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Ullmann, Room 316, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Endogenous cardiac troponin T modulates Ca(2+)-mediated smooth muscle contraction. Sci Rep 2012; 2:979. [PMID: 23248744 PMCID: PMC3522072 DOI: 10.1038/srep00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms linked to actin filaments have long been thought to cooperate in smooth muscle contraction, although key molecules were unclear. We show evidence that cardiac troponin T (cTnT) substantially contributes to Ca2+-mediated contraction in a physiological range of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). cTnT was detected in various smooth muscles of the aorta, trachea, gut and urinary bladder, including in humans. Also, cTnT was distributed along with tropomyosin in smooth muscle cells, suggesting that these proteins are ready to cause smooth muscle contraction. In chemically permeabilised smooth muscle of cTnT+/− mice in which cTnT reduced to ~50%, the Ca2+-force relationship was shifted toward greater [Ca2+]i, indicating a sizeable contribution of cTnT to smooth muscle contraction at [Ca2+]i < 1 μM. Furthermore, addition of supplemental TnI and TnC reconstructed a troponin system to enhance contraction. The results indicated that a Tn/Tn-like system on actin-filaments cooperates together with the thick-filament pathway.
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46
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Li L, Morimoto S, Take S, Zhan DY, Du CK, Wang YY, Fan XL, Yoshihara T, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Katafuchi T, Sasaguri T. Role of brain serotonin dysfunction in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:760-7. [PMID: 22921782 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inherited or non-inherited dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients develop varied disease phenotypes leading to death after developing congestive heart failure (HF) or sudden death with mild or no overt HF symptoms, suggesting that environmental and/or genetic factors may modify the disease phenotype of DCM. In this study, we sought to explore unknown genetic factors affecting the disease phenotype of monogenic inherited human DCM. Knock-in mice bearing a sarcomeric protein mutation that causes DCM were created on different genetic backgrounds; BALB/c and C57Bl/6. DCM mice on the BALB/c background showed cardiac enlargement and systolic dysfunction and developed congestive HF before died. In contrast, DCM mice on the C57Bl/6 background developed no overt HF symptoms and died suddenly, although they showed considerable cardiac enlargement and systolic dysfunction. BALB/c mice have brain serotonin dysfunction due to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2). Brain serotonin dysfunction plays a critical role in depression and anxiety and BALB/c mice exhibit depression- and anxiety-related behaviors. Since depression is common and associated with poor prognosis in HF patients, we examined therapeutic effects of anti-depression drug paroxetine and anti-anxiety drug buspirone that could improve the brain serotonin function in mice. Both drugs reduced cardiac enlargement and improved systolic dysfunction and symptoms of severe congestive HF in DCM mice on the BALB/c background. These results strongly suggest that genetic backgrounds involving brain serotonin dysfunction, such as TPH2 gene SNP, may play an important role in the development of congestive HF in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Formation, contraction, and mechanotransduction of myofribrils in cardiac development: clues from genetics. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:504906. [PMID: 22720160 PMCID: PMC3376475 DOI: 10.1155/2012/504906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in humans. It is a leading infant mortality factor worldwide, caused by defective cardiac development. Mutations in transcription factors, signalling and structural molecules have been shown to contribute to the genetic component of CHD. Recently, mutations in genes encoding myofibrillar proteins expressed in the embryonic heart have also emerged as an important genetic causative factor of the disease, which implies that the contraction of the early heart primordium contributes to its morphogenesis. This notion is supported by increasing evidence suggesting that not only contraction but also formation, mechanosensing, and mechanotransduction of the cardiac myofibrillar proteins influence heart development. In this paper, we summarize the genetic clues supporting this idea.
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Granados-Riveron JT, Brook JD. The impact of mechanical forces in heart morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:132-42. [PMID: 22337926 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.961086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Granados-Riveron
- Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Taubenschmid J, Weitzer G. Mechanisms of cardiogenesis in cardiovascular progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:195-267. [PMID: 22251563 PMCID: PMC7615846 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing cells of the vertebrate heart have become a major subject of interest in the past decade. However, many researchers had a hard time to argue against the orthodox textbook view that defines the heart as a postmitotic organ. Once the scientific community agreed on the existence of self-renewing cells in the vertebrate heart, their origin was again put on trial when transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming could no longer be excluded as potential sources of self-renewal in the adult organ. Additionally, the presence of self-renewing pluripotent cells in the peripheral blood challenges the concept of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. Leaving these unsolved problems aside, it seems very desirable to learn about the basic biology of this unique cell type. Thus, we shall here paint a picture of cardiovascular progenitor cells including the current knowledge about their origin, basic nature, and the molecular mechanisms guiding proliferation and differentiation into somatic cells of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Zhang L, Lu D, Zhang W, Quan X, Dong W, Xu Y, Zhang L. Cardioprotection by Hepc1 in cTnT(R141W) transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:867-78. [PMID: 22198484 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin 1 (Hepc1) is a peptide hormone secreted by the liver in response to iron loading. It is expressed in the heart and is thought to play a role in the regulation of iron homeostasis in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. We have shown that expression of Hepc1 is strongly down-regulated in the heart of the cTnT(R141W) transgenic mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) at 3 months of age. Transgenic mice with heart tissue-specific Hepc1 expression alone or in combination with the cTnT(R141W) mutation were produced to study the effects of Hepc1 on DCM. Transgenic expression of Hepc1 was found to be nonlethal and resulted in decreased mortality in cTnT(R141W) transgenic mice, from 29.6 to 7.4%(n = 27; P < 0.05), through 7 months of age. Expression of Hepc1 also brought about increases in the left ventricular wall, as well as ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In addition, the expression of Hepc1 inhibited the fibrosis and ultra-structural alterations seen in cTnT(R141W) transgenic mice. Furthermore, transgenic expression of Hepc1 restored the iron level and phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the heart tissues of cTnT(R141W) transgenic mice. It was concluded that transgenic expression of Hepc1 compensated for the loss of Hepc1 expression and the release of iron and brought about a marked improvement in the pathologic phenotype of DCM, in which the ERK1/2 signal pathway might play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
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