1
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Hsu JY, Danis EP, Nance S, O'Brien JH, Gustafson AL, Wessells VM, Goodspeed AE, Talbot JC, Amacher SL, Jedlicka P, Black JC, Costello JC, Durbin AD, Artinger KB, Ford HL. SIX1 reprograms myogenic transcription factors to maintain the rhabdomyosarcoma undifferentiated state. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110323. [PMID: 35108532 PMCID: PMC8917510 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric muscle sarcoma characterized by expression of the myogenic lineage transcription factors (TFs) MYOD1 and MYOG. Despite high expression of these TFs, RMS cells fail to terminally differentiate, suggesting the presence of factors that alter their functions. Here, we demonstrate that the developmental TF SIX1 is highly expressed in RMS and critical for maintaining a muscle progenitor-like state. SIX1 loss induces differentiation of RMS cells into myotube-like cells and impedes tumor growth in vivo. We show that SIX1 maintains the RMS undifferentiated state by controlling enhancer activity and MYOD1 occupancy at loci more permissive to tumor growth over muscle differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that a gene signature derived from SIX1 loss correlates with differentiation status and predicts RMS progression in human disease. Our findings demonstrate a master regulatory role of SIX1 in repression of RMS differentiation via genome-wide alterations in MYOD1 and MYOG-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Etienne P Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Division of Molecular Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jenean H O'Brien
- Department of Biology, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Annika L Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Black
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam D Durbin
- Division of Molecular Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kristin B Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA.
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2
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Whittle J, Antunes L, Harris M, Upshaw Z, Sepich DS, Johnson AN, Mokalled M, Solnica-Krezel L, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. MYH3-associated distal arthrogryposis zebrafish model is normalized with para-aminoblebbistatin. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12356. [PMID: 33016623 PMCID: PMC7645368 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal arthrogryposis (DA) is group of syndromes characterized by congenital joint contractures. Treatment development is hindered by the lack of vertebrate models. Here, we describe a zebrafish model in which a common MYH3 missense mutation (R672H) was introduced into the orthologous zebrafish gene smyhc1 (slow myosin heavy chain 1) (R673H). We simultaneously created a smyhc1 null allele (smyhc1−), which allowed us to compare the effects of both mutant alleles on muscle and bone development, and model the closely related disorder, spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome. Heterozygous smyhc1R673H/+ embryos developed notochord kinks that progressed to scoliosis with vertebral fusions; motor deficits accompanied the disorganized and shortened slow‐twitch skeletal muscle myofibers. Increased dosage of the mutant allele in both homozygous smyhc1R673H/R673H and transheterozygous smyhc1R673H/− embryos exacerbated the notochord and muscle abnormalities, causing early lethality. Treatment of smyhc1R673H/R673H embryos with the myosin ATPase inhibitor, para‐aminoblebbistatin, which decreases actin–myosin affinity, normalized the notochord phenotype. Our zebrafish model of MYH3‐associated DA2A provides insight into pathogenic mechanisms and suggests a beneficial therapeutic role for myosin inhibitors in treating disabling contractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Whittle
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lilian Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mya Harris
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary Upshaw
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron N Johnson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mayssa Mokalled
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Maire P, Dos Santos M, Madani R, Sakakibara I, Viaut C, Wurmser M. Myogenesis control by SIX transcriptional complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:51-64. [PMID: 32247726 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive synergistically eye development through genetic and biochemical interactions. The role of the PSED network and SIX proteins in muscle formation in vertebrates was subsequently identified. Evolutionary conserved interactions with EYA and DACH proteins underlie the activity of SIX transcriptional complexes (STC) both during embryogenesis and in adult myofibers. Six genes are expressed throughout muscle development, in embryonic and adult proliferating myogenic stem cells and in fetal and adult post-mitotic myofibers, where SIX proteins regulate the expression of various categories of genes. In vivo, SIX proteins control many steps of muscle development, acting through feedforward mechanisms: in the embryo for myogenic fate acquisition through the direct control of Myogenic Regulatory Factors; in adult myofibers for their contraction/relaxation and fatigability properties through the control of genes involved in metabolism, sarcomeric organization and calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, during development and in the adult, SIX homeoproteins participate in the genesis and the maintenance of myofibers diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | - Rouba Madani
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Iori Sakakibara
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Viaut
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå universitet, Sweden
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4
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Duran BODS, Dal-Pai-Silva M, Garcia de la Serrana D. Rainbow trout slow myoblast cell culture as a model to study slow skeletal muscle, and the characterization of mir-133 and mir-499 families as a case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.216390. [PMID: 31871118 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.216390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fibres are classified as fast, intermediate and slow. In vitro myoblast cell culture model from fast muscle is a very useful tool to study muscle growth and development; however, similar models for slow muscle do not exist. Owing to the compartmentalization of fish muscle fibres, we have developed a slow myoblast cell culture for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Slow and fast muscle-derived myoblasts have similar morphology, but with differential expression of slow muscle markers such as slow myhc, sox6 and pgc-1α We also characterized the mir-133 and mir-499 microRNA families in trout slow and fast myoblasts as a case study during myogenesis and in response to electrostimulation. Three mir-133 (a-1a, a-1b and a-2) and four mir-499 (aa, ab, ba and bb) paralogues were identified for rainbow trout and named base on their phylogenetic relationship to zebrafish and Atlantic salmon orthologues. Omy-mir-499ab and omy-mir-499bb had 0.6 and 0.5-fold higher expression in slow myoblasts compared with fast myoblasts, whereas mir-133 duplicates had similar levels in both phenotypes and little variation during development. Slow myoblasts also showed increased expression for omy-mir-499b paralogues in response to chronic electrostimulation (7-fold increase for omy-mir-499ba and 2.5-fold increase for omy-mir-499bb). The higher expression of mir-499 paralogues in slow myoblasts suggests a role in phenotype determination, while the lack of significant differences of mir-133 copies during culture development might indicate a different role in fish compared with mammals. We have also found signs of sub-functionalization of mir-499 paralogues after electrostimulation, with omy-mir-499b copies more responsive to electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Oliveira da Silva Duran
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Morphology, Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Garcia de la Serrana
- University of St Andrews, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK.,University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Razy-Krajka F, Stolfi A. Regulation and evolution of muscle development in tunicates. EvoDevo 2019; 10:13. [PMID: 31249657 PMCID: PMC6589888 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, studies on tunicate muscle formation have revealed many principles of cell fate specification, gene regulation, morphogenesis, and evolution. Here, we review the key studies that have probed the development of all the various muscle cell types in a wide variety of tunicate species. We seize this occasion to explore the implications and questions raised by these findings in the broader context of muscle evolution in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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6
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Talbot JC, Teets EM, Ratnayake D, Duy PQ, Currie PD, Amacher SL. Muscle precursor cell movements in zebrafish are dynamic and require Six family genes. Development 2019; 146:dev171421. [PMID: 31023879 PMCID: PMC6550023 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Muscle precursors need to be correctly positioned during embryonic development for proper body movement. In zebrafish, a subset of hypaxial muscle precursors from the anterior somites undergo long-range migration, moving away from the trunk in three streams to form muscles in distal locations such as the fin. We mapped long-distance muscle precursor migrations with unprecedented resolution using live imaging. We identified conserved genes necessary for normal precursor motility (six1a, six1b, six4a, six4b and met). These genes are required for movement away from somites and later to partition two muscles within the fin bud. During normal development, the middle muscle precursor stream initially populates the fin bud, then the remainder of this stream contributes to the posterior hypaxial muscle. When we block fin bud development by impairing retinoic acid synthesis or Fgfr function, the entire stream contributes to the posterior hypaxial muscle indicating that muscle precursors are not committed to the fin during migration. Our findings demonstrate a conserved muscle precursor motility pathway, identify dynamic cell movements that generate posterior hypaxial and fin muscles, and demonstrate flexibility in muscle precursor fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Talbot
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emily M Teets
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dhanushika Ratnayake
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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Wu WJ, Liu KQ, Li BJ, Dong C, Zhang ZK, Li PH, Huang RH, Wei W, Chen J, Liu HL. Identification of an (AC)n microsatellite in the Six1 gene promoter and its effect on production traits in Pietrain × Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:17-26. [PMID: 29432614 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) gene is important for skeletal muscle growth and fiber specification; therefore, it is considered as a promising candidate gene that may influence porcine growth and meat quality traits. Nevertheless, the association of Six1 with these processes and the mechanisms regulating its expression remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to identify variant sites of Six1 in different pig breeds, conduct association analysis to evaluate the relationship between polymorphisms of these variants and porcine production traits in Pietrain × Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire commercial pigs, and explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of Six1 affecting production traits. A total of 12 variants were identified, including 10 single- nucleotide variations (SNVs), 1 insertion- deletion (Indel), and 1 (AC)n microsatellite. Association analysis demonstrated that the SNV, g.1595A>G, was significantly associated with meat color (redness, a*); individuals with the G allele had greater a* values (P < 0.05). Moreover, our results demonstrated that the (AC)n polymorphism in the Six1 promoter was significantly associated with weaning weight (P < 0.05), carcass weight (P < 0.05), and thoracic and lumbar back fat (P < 0.01).In addition, we found that the (AC)n variant was closely related with Six1 expression levels and demonstrated this polymorphism on promoter activity by in vitro experiments. Overall, this study provides novel evidence for elucidating the effects of Six1 on porcine production traits as promising candidate and describes two variants with these traits, which are potential reference markers for pig molecular breeding. In addition, our data on the relationship between porcine Six1 expression and the polymorphic (AC)n microsatellite in its promoter may facilitate similar studies in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K Q Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - B J Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - C Dong
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z K Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - P H Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - R H Huang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - W Wei
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H L Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Wei DW, Ma XY, Zhang S, Hong JY, Gui LS, Mei CG, Guo HF, Wang L, Ning Y, Zan LS. Characterization of the promoter region of the bovine SIX1 gene: Roles of MyoD, PAX7, CREB and MyoG. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12599. [PMID: 28974698 PMCID: PMC5626756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SIX1 gene belongs to the family of six homeodomain transcription factors (TFs), that regulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway and mediate skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Previous studies have demonstrated that SIX1 is positively correlated with body measurement traits (BMTs). However, the transcriptional regulation of SIX1 remains unclear. In the present study, we determined that bovine SIX1 was highly expressed in the longissimus thoracis. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in bovine SIX1 regulation, 2-kb of the 5' regulatory region were obtained. Sequence analysis identified neither a consensus TATA box nor a CCAAT box in the 5' flanking region of bovine SIX1. However, a CpG island was predicted in the region -235 to +658 relative to the transcriptional start site (TSS). An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay in combination with serial deletion constructs of the 5' flanking region, site-directed mutation and siRNA interference demonstrated that MyoD, PAX7 and CREB binding occur in region -689/-40 and play important roles in bovine SIX1 transcription. In addition, MyoG drives SIX1 transcription indirectly via the MEF3 motif. Taken together these interactions suggest a key functional role for SIX1 in mediating skeletal muscle growth in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yao Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Song- Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yun Hong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sheng Gui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Modern Cattle Biotechnology and Application of National-Local Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Gang Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Modern Cattle Biotechnology and Application of National-Local Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li- Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue- Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Duan Y, Li F, Tan B, Yao K, Yin Y. Metabolic control of myofibers: promising therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obes Rev 2017; 18:647-659. [PMID: 28391659 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of two major fibre types (I and II) that differ in terms of size, metabolism and contractile properties. In general, slow-twitch type I fibres are rich in mitochondria and have a greater insulin sensitivity than fast-twitch type II skeletal muscles. Although not widely appreciated, a forced induction of the slow skeletal muscle phenotype may inhibit the progress of obesity and diabetes. This potentially forms the basis for targeting slow/oxidative myofibers in the treatment of obesity. In this context, a better understanding of the molecular basis of fibre-type specification and plasticity may help to identify potential therapeutic targets for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, CICSAP, Changsha, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, CICSAP, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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10
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11
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Chechenova MB, Maes S, Cripps RM. Expression of the Troponin C at 41C Gene in Adult Drosophila Tubular Muscles Depends upon Both Positive and Negative Regulatory Inputs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144615. [PMID: 26641463 PMCID: PMC4671713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animals express multiple isoforms of structural muscle proteins to produce tissues with different physiological properties. In Drosophila, the adult muscles include tubular-type muscles and the fibrillar indirect flight muscles. Regulatory processes specifying tubular muscle fate remain incompletely understood, therefore we chose to analyze the transcriptional regulation of TpnC41C, a Troponin C gene expressed in the tubular jump muscles, but not in the fibrillar flight muscles. We identified a 300-bp promoter fragment of TpnC41C sufficient for the fiber-specific reporter expression. Through an analysis of this regulatory element, we identified two sites necessary for the activation of the enhancer. Mutations in each of these sites resulted in 70% reduction of enhancer activity. One site was characterized as a binding site for Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2. In addition, we identified a repressive element that prevents activation of the enhancer in other muscle fiber types. Mutation of this site increased jump muscle-specific expression of the reporter, but more importantly reporter expression expanded into the indirect flight muscles. Our findings demonstrate that expression of the TpnC41C gene in jump muscles requires integration of multiple positive and negative transcriptional inputs. Identification of the transcriptional regulators binding the cis-elements that we identified will reveal the regulatory pathways controlling muscle fiber differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Chechenova
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America
| | - Sara Maes
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America
| | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America
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12
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Cross-tissue and cross-species analysis of gene expression in skeletal muscle and electric organ of African weakly-electric fish (Teleostei; Mormyridae). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:668. [PMID: 26335922 PMCID: PMC4558960 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African weakly-electric fishes of the family Mormyridae are able to produce and perceive weak electric signals (typically less than one volt in amplitude) owing to the presence of a specialized, muscle-derived electric organ (EO) in their tail region. Such electric signals, also known as Electric Organ Discharges (EODs), are used for objects/prey localization, for the identification of conspecifics, and in social and reproductive behaviour. This feature might have promoted the adaptive radiation of this family by acting as an effective pre-zygotic isolation mechanism. Despite the physiological and evolutionary importance of this trait, the investigation of the genetic basis of its function and modification has so far remained limited. In this study, we aim at: i) identifying constitutive differences in terms of gene expression between electric organ and skeletal muscle (SM) in two mormyrid species of the genus Campylomormyrus: C. compressirostris and C. tshokwe, and ii) exploring cross-specific patterns of gene expression within the two tissues among C. compressirostris, C. tshokwe, and the outgroup species Gnathonemus petersii. RESULTS Twelve paired-end (100 bp) strand-specific RNA-seq Illumina libraries were sequenced, producing circa 330 M quality-filtered short read pairs. The obtained reads were assembled de novo into four reference transcriptomes. In silico cross-tissue DE-analysis allowed us to identify 271 shared differentially expressed genes between EO and SM in C. compressirostris and C.tshokwe. Many of these genes correspond to myogenic factors, ion channels and pumps, and genes involved in several metabolic pathways. Cross-species analysis has revealed that the electric organ transcriptome is more variable in terms of gene expression levels across species than the skeletal muscle transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicate that: i) the loss of contractile activity and the decoupling of the excitation-contraction processes are reflected by the down-regulation of the corresponding genes in the electric organ's transcriptome; ii) the metabolic activity of the EO might be specialized towards the production and turn-over of membrane structures; iii) several ion channels are highly expressed in the EO in order to increase excitability; iv) several myogenic factors might be down-regulated by transcription repressors in the EO.
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Sato S, Yajima H, Furuta Y, Ikeda K, Kawakami K. Activation of Six1 Expression in Vertebrate Sensory Neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136666. [PMID: 26313368 PMCID: PMC4551851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SIX1 homeodomain protein is one of the essential key regulators of sensory organ development. Six1-deficient mice lack the olfactory epithelium, vomeronasal organs, cochlea, vestibule and vestibuloacoustic ganglion, and also show poor neural differentiation in the distal part of the cranial ganglia. Simultaneous loss of both Six1 and Six4 leads to additional abnormalities such as small trigeminal ganglion and abnormal dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The aim of this study was to understand the molecular mechanism that controls Six1 expression in sensory organs, particularly in the trigeminal ganglion and DRG. To this end, we focused on the sensory ganglia-specific Six1 enhancer (Six1-8) conserved between chick and mouse. In vivo reporter assays using both animals identified an important core region comprising binding consensus sequences for several transcription factors including nuclear hormone receptors, TCF/LEF, SMAD, POU homeodomain and basic-helix-loop-helix proteins. The results provided information on upstream factors and signals potentially relevant to Six1 regulation in sensory neurons. We also report the establishment of a new transgenic mouse line (mSix1-8-NLSCre) that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of mouse Six1-8. Cre-mediated recombination was detected specifically in ISL1/2-positive sensory neurons of Six1-positive cranial sensory ganglia and DRG. The unique features of the mSix1-8-NLSCre line are the absence of Cre-mediated recombination in SOX10-positive glial cells and central nervous system and ability to induce recombination in a subset of neurons derived from the olfactory placode/epithelium. This mouse model can be potentially used to advance research on sensory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Yajima
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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14
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Li J, Yue Y, Dong X, Jia W, Li K, Liang D, Dong Z, Wang X, Nan X, Zhang Q, Zhao Q. Zebrafish foxc1a plays a crucial role in early somitogenesis by restricting the expression of aldh1a2 directly. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10216-28. [PMID: 25724646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxc1a is a member of the forkhead transcription factors. It plays an essential role in zebrafish somitogenesis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its controlling somitogenesis. To uncover how foxc1a regulates zebrafish somitogenesis, we generated foxc1a knock-out zebrafish using TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease) technology. The foxc1a null embryos exhibited defective somites at early development. Analyses on the expressions of the key genes that control processes of somitogenesis revealed that foxc1a controlled early somitogenesis by regulating the expression of myod1. In the somites of foxc1a knock-out embryos, expressions of fgf8a and deltaC were abolished, whereas the expression of aldh1a2 (responsible for providing retinoic acid signaling) was significantly increased. Once the increased retinoic acid level in the foxc1a null embryos was reduced by knocking down aldh1a2, the reduced expression of myod1 was partially rescued by resuming expressions of fgf8a and deltaC in the somites of the mutant embryos. Moreover, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay on zebrafish embryos revealed that Foxc1a bound aldh1a2 promoter directly. On the other hand, neither knocking down fgf8a nor inhibiting Notch signaling affected the expression of aldh1a2, although knocking down fgf8a reduced expression of deltaC in the somites of zebrafish embryos at early somitogenesis and vice versa. Taken together, our results demonstrate that foxc1a plays an essential role in early somitogenesis by controlling Fgf and Notch signaling through restricting the expression of aldh1a2 in paraxial mesoderm directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Li
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and the Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Yunyun Yue
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wenshuang Jia
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Kui Li
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Dong Liang
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Zhangji Dong
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xiaoxi Nan
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Qinxin Zhang
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- From the MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
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15
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Jackson HE, Ono Y, Wang X, Elworthy S, Cunliffe VT, Ingham PW. The role of Sox6 in zebrafish muscle fiber type specification. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:2. [PMID: 25671076 PMCID: PMC4323260 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-014-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor Sox6 has been implicated in regulating muscle fiber type-specific gene expression in mammals. In zebrafish, loss of function of the transcription factor Prdm1a results in a slow to fast-twitch fiber type transformation presaged by ectopic expression of sox6 in slow-twitch progenitors. Morpholino-mediated Sox6 knockdown can suppress this transformation but causes ectopic expression of only one of three slow-twitch specific genes assayed. Here, we use gain and loss of function analysis to analyse further the role of Sox6 in zebrafish muscle fiber type specification. Methods The GAL4 binary misexpression system was used to express Sox6 ectopically in zebrafish embryos. Cis-regulatory elements were characterized using transgenic fish. Zinc finger nuclease mediated targeted mutagenesis was used to analyse the effects of loss of Sox6 function in embryonic, larval and adult zebrafish. Zebrafish transgenic for the GCaMP3 Calcium reporter were used to assay Ca2+ transients in wild-type and mutant muscle fibres. Results Ectopic Sox6 expression is sufficient to downregulate slow-twitch specific gene expression in zebrafish embryos. Cis-regulatory elements upstream of the slow myosin heavy chain 1 (smyhc1) and slow troponin c (tnnc1b) genes contain putative Sox6 binding sites required for repression of the former but not the latter. Embryos homozygous for sox6 null alleles expressed tnnc1b throughout the fast-twitch muscle whereas other slow-specific muscle genes, including smyhc1, were expressed ectopically in only a subset of fast-twitch fibers. Ca2+ transients in sox6 mutant fast-twitch fibers were intermediate in their speed and amplitude between those of wild-type slow- and fast-twitch fibers. sox6 homozygotes survived to adulthood and exhibited continued misexpression of tnnc1b as well as smaller slow-twitch fibers. They also exhibited a striking curvature of the spine. Conclusions The Sox6 transcription factor is a key regulator of fast-twitch muscle fiber differentiation in the zebrafish, a role similar to that ascribed to its murine ortholog. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-014-0026-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E Jackson
- ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Republic of Singapore ; Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Yosuke Ono
- ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Republic of Singapore
| | - Xingang Wang
- ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Republic of Singapore
| | - Stone Elworthy
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Vincent T Cunliffe
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Philip W Ingham
- ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Republic of Singapore ; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Republic of Singapore ; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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16
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Wu W, Huang R, Wu Q, Li P, Chen J, Li B, Liu H. The role of Six1 in the genesis of muscle cell and skeletal muscle development. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:983-9. [PMID: 25210496 PMCID: PMC4159689 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor. In the past two decades, much research has indicated that Six1 is a powerful regulator participating in skeletal muscle development. In this review, we summarized the discovery and structural characteristics of Six1 gene, and discussed the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of Six1 in myogenesis and in the formation of skeletal muscle fibers. Finally, we proposed areas of future interest for understanding Six1 gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; ; 2. Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; ; 2. Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- 3. College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, China. ; 4. Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pinghua Li
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; ; 2. Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Jie Chen
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bojiang Li
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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17
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Gallant JR, Traeger LL, Volkening JD, Moffett H, Chen PH, Novina CD, Phillips GN, Anand R, Wells GB, Pinch M, Güth R, Unguez GA, Albert JS, Zakon HH, Samanta MP, Sussman MR. Nonhuman genetics. Genomic basis for the convergent evolution of electric organs. Science 2014; 344:1522-5. [PMID: 24970089 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic basis of convergent traits that originate repeatedly over broad taxonomic scales. The myogenic electric organ has evolved six times in fishes to produce electric fields used in communication, navigation, predation, or defense. We have examined the genomic basis of the convergent anatomical and physiological origins of these organs by assembling the genome of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and sequencing electric organ and skeletal muscle transcriptomes from three lineages that have independently evolved electric organs. Our results indicate that, despite millions of years of evolution and large differences in the morphology of electric organ cells, independent lineages have leveraged similar transcription factors and developmental and cellular pathways in the evolution of electric organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Gallant
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lindsay L Traeger
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D Volkening
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Howell Moffett
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Po-Hao Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Carl D Novina
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rene Anand
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregg B Wells
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483, USA
| | - Matthew Pinch
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Robert Güth
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Graciela A Unguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - James S Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Harold H Zakon
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | | | - Michael R Sussman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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18
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Zulian A, Rizzo E, Schiavone M, Palma E, Tagliavini F, Blaauw B, Merlini L, Maraldi NM, Sabatelli P, Braghetta P, Bonaldo P, Argenton F, Bernardi P. NIM811, a cyclophilin inhibitor without immunosuppressive activity, is beneficial in collagen VI congenital muscular dystrophy models. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5353-63. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Rossi G, Messina G. Comparative myogenesis in teleosts and mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3081-99. [PMID: 24664432 PMCID: PMC4111864 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis has been and is currently under extensive study in both mammals and teleosts, with the latter providing a good model for skeletal myogenesis because of their flexible and conserved genome. Parallel investigations of muscle studies using both these models have strongly accelerated the advances in the field. However, when transferring the knowledge from one model to the other, it is important to take into account both their similarities and differences. The main difficulties in comparing mammals and teleosts arise from their different temporal development. Conserved aspects can be seen for muscle developmental origin and segmentation, and for the presence of multiple myogenic waves. Among the divergences, many fish have an indeterminate growth capacity throughout their entire life span, which is absent in mammals, thus implying different post-natal growth mechanisms. This review covers the current state of the art on myogenesis, with a focus on the most conserved and divergent aspects between mammals and teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
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20
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O'Brien JH, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Artinger KB, Ford HL. MicroRNA-30a regulates zebrafish myogenesis through targeting the transcription factor Six1. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2291-301. [PMID: 24634509 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.143677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal regulation of the SIX1 homeoprotein is required to coordinate vital tissue development, including myogenesis. Whereas SIX1 is downregulated in most tissues following embryogenesis, it is re-expressed in numerous cancers, including tumors derived from muscle progenitors. Despite crucial roles in development and disease, the upstream regulation of SIX1 expression has remained elusive. Here, we identify the first direct mechanism for Six1 regulation in embryogenesis, through microRNA30a (miR30a)-mediated repression. In zebrafish somites, we show that miR30a and six1a and six1b (hereafter six1a/b) are expressed in an inverse temporal pattern. Overexpression of miR30a leads to a reduction in six1a/b levels, and results in increased apoptosis and altered somite morphology, which phenocopies six1a/b knockdown. Conversely, miR30a inhibition leads to increased Six1 expression and abnormal somite morphology, revealing a role for endogenous miR30a as a muscle-specific miRNA (myomiR). Importantly, restoration of six1a in miR30a-overexpressing embryos restores proper myogenesis. These data demonstrate a new role for miR30a at a key node in the myogenic regulatory gene network through controlling Six1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenean H O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Laura Hernandez-Lagunas
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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21
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Hetzler KL, Collins BC, Shanely RA, Sue H, Kostek MC. The homoeobox gene SIX1 alters myosin heavy chain isoform expression in mouse skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:415-28. [PMID: 24102895 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Six1 is necessary for the genesis of several tissues, but in adults, it is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle where its function is unclear. Overexpression of Six1 with a cofactor in skeletal muscle causes slow-to-fast fibre-type transition. We sought to characterize the effects of a physiologically relevant Six1 knockdown. METHODS The tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of C57BL/6 mice were electroporated with Six1 knockdown vector (siRNA) or empty vector. Muscles were collected at 2 or 14 days after transfection for Six1 and myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression analysis. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were grown in standard conditions. Cells were cotransfected with MHC promoter vectors and Six1 expression vectors. Cells were harvested after 4 days of differentiation. RESULTS In vivo, the Six1 siRNA caused a decreased expression of Six1,1.8-fold (±0.1, P < 0.05). With decreased Six1, MHC IIB expression decreased 2.7-fold (±0.7, P = 0.04). Proportion of muscle fibres expressing MHC IIB decreased (45.3 ± 4.8% vs. 65.1 ± 7.3% in control group, P = 0.04), and total area expressing MHC IIB decreased with decreased Six1 (59.6 ± 4.3% vs. 75.2 ± 5.4% in control group, P < 0.05). Decreased Six1 increased MHC IIA expression 1.9-fold (±0.3, P = 0.04). In vitro, Six1 overexpression increased promoter activation of MHC IIB 2.9-fold (±0.3, P < 0.01). Six1 knockdown repressed MHC IIB promoter 2.9-fold (±0.1, P < 0.05) and MHC IIX 3.7-fold (±0.08, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Six1 knockdown caused a fast-to-slow shift in MHC isoform, and this was confirmed by promoter activity of MHC genes. Six1 may ultimately control the contractile and metabolic properties that define muscle fibre phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Hetzler
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - B. C. Collins
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - R. A. Shanely
- Appalachian State University-North Carolina Research Campus Human Performance Laboratory; Appalachian State University; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - H. Sue
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - M. C. Kostek
- Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
- Department of Physical Therapy; Duquesne University; Pittsburgh PA USA
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22
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Bouldin CM, Snelson CD, Farr GH, Kimelman D. Restricted expression of cdc25a in the tailbud is essential for formation of the zebrafish posterior body. Genes Dev 2014; 28:384-95. [PMID: 24478331 PMCID: PMC3937516 DOI: 10.1101/gad.233577.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate body forms from a multipotent stem cell-like progenitor population that contributes newly differentiated cells to the posterior end of the embryo. Here, in vivo analyses show that proliferation is compartmentalized at the posterior end of the zebrafish embryo via regulated expression of mitotic factor Cdc25a. Furthermore, compartmentalization of proliferation during embryogenesis is critical to both body extension and muscle cell fate. This study reveals an unexpected link between precise regulation of the cell cycle and differentiation from multipotency in the vertebrate embryo. The vertebrate body forms from a multipotent stem cell-like progenitor population that progressively contributes newly differentiated cells to the most posterior end of the embryo. How the progenitor population balances proliferation and other cellular functions is unknown due to the difficulty of analyzing cell division in vivo. Here, we show that proliferation is compartmentalized at the posterior end of the embryo during early zebrafish development by the regulated expression of cdc25a, a key controller of mitotic entry. Through the use of a transgenic line that misexpresses cdc25a, we show that this compartmentalization is critical for the formation of the posterior body. Upon misexpression of cdc25a, several essential T-box transcription factors are abnormally expressed, including Spadetail/Tbx16, which specifically prevents the normal onset of myoD transcription, leading to aberrant muscle formation. Our results demonstrate that compartmentalization of proliferation during early embryogenesis is critical for both extension of the vertebrate body and differentiation of the multipotent posterior progenitor cells to the muscle cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney M Bouldin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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23
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Core promoter analysis of porcine Six1 gene and its regulation of the promoter activity by CpG methylation. Gene 2013; 529:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Jackson HE, Ingham PW. Control of muscle fibre-type diversity during embryonic development: the zebrafish paradigm. Mech Dev 2013; 130:447-57. [PMID: 23811405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate skeletal muscle is composed of distinct types of fibre that are functionally adapted through differences in their physiological and metabolic properties. An understanding of the molecular basis of fibre-type specification is of relevance to human health and fitness. The zebrafish provides an attractive model for investigating fibre type specification; not only are their rapidly developing embryos optically transparent, but in contrast to amniotes, the embryonic myotome shows a discrete temporal and spatial separation of fibre type ontogeny that simplifies its analysis. Here we review the current state of understanding of muscle fibre type specification and differentiation during embryonic development of the zebrafish, with a particular focus on the roles of the Prdm1a and Sox6 transcription factors, and consider the relevance of these findings to higher vertebrate muscle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E Jackson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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Wu W, Ren Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li H, Xiong Y. Overexpression of Six1 gene suppresses proliferation and enhances expression of fast-type muscle genes in C2C12 myoblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:23-32. [PMID: 23613228 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) homeodomain transcription factor is implicated in the genesis of muscle fiber type diversity, but its regulatory mechanisms on the formation of muscle fiber type are still poorly understood. To elucidate the biological roles of Six1 gene in muscle fiber formation, we established C2C12 cell line overexpressing Six1 and determined the effects of forced Six1 expression on muscle-specific genes expression, cell proliferation, and cell cycles. Our results indicated that Six1 overexpression could significantly promote the expression of fast-type muscle genes Atp2a1, Srl, and Mylpf. Furthermore, Six1 overexpressing C2C12 cells displayed a relative lower proliferative potential, and cell cycle analysis showed that Six1 exerted its role in cell cycle primarily through the regulation of G1/S and G2/M phases. In conclusion, Six1 plays an essential role in modulation of the fast-twitch muscle fiber phenotype through up-regulating fast-type muscle genes expression, and it could suppress the proliferation of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Nord H, Nygård Skalman L, von Hofsten J. Six1 regulates proliferation of Pax7-positive muscle progenitors in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1868-80. [PMID: 23444384 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the embryonic zebrafish, skeletal muscle fibres are formed from muscle progenitors in the paraxial mesoderm. The embryonic myotome is mostly constituted of fast-twitch-specific fibres, which are formed from a fast-specific progenitor cell pool. The most lateral fraction of the fast domain in the myotome of zebrafish embryos derives from the Pax7-positive dermomyotome-like cells. In this study, we show that two genes, belonging to the sine oculus class 1 (six1) genes (six1a and six1b), are both essential for the regulation of Pax7(+) cell proliferation and, consequently, in their differentiation during the establishment of the zebrafish dermomyotome. In both six1a and six1b morphant embryos, Pax7(+) cells are initially formed but fail to proliferate, as detected by reduced levels of the proliferation marker phosphohistone3 and reduced brdU incorporation. In congruence, overexpression of six1a or six1b leads to increased Pax7(+) cell number and reduced or alternatively delayed fibre cell differentiation. Bone morphogenetic protein signalling has previously been suggested to inhibit differentiation of Pax7(+) cells in the dermomyotome. Here we show that the remaining Pax7(+) cells in six1a and six1b morphant embryos also have significantly reduced pSmad1/5/8 levels and propose that this leads to a reduced proliferative activity, which may result in a premature differentiation of Pax7(+) cells in the zebrafish dermomyotome. In summary, we show a mechanism for Six1a and Six1b in establishing the Pax7(+) cell derived part of the fast muscle and suggest new important roles for Six1 in the regulation of the Pax7(+) muscle cell population through pSmad1/5/8 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nord
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, UCMM, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Garcia de la serrana D, Vieira VLA, Andree KB, Darias M, Estévez A, Gisbert E, Johnston IA. Development temperature has persistent effects on muscle growth responses in gilthead sea bream. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51884. [PMID: 23284803 PMCID: PMC3524095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially we characterised growth responses to altered nutritional input at the transcriptional and tissue levels in the fast skeletal muscle of juvenile gilthead sea bream. Fish reared at 21-22°C (range) were fed a commercial diet at 3% body mass d(-1) (non-satiation feeding, NSF) for 4 weeks, fasted for 4d (F) and then fed to satiation (SF) for 21d. 13 out of 34 genes investigated showed consistent patterns of regulation between nutritional states. Fasting was associated with a 20-fold increase in MAFbx, and a 5-fold increase in Six1 and WASp expression, which returned to NSF levels within 16h of SF. Refeeding to satiation was associated with a rapid (<24 h) 12 to 17-fold increase in UNC45, Hsp70 and Hsp90α transcripts coding for molecular chaperones associated with unfolded protein response pathways. The growth factors FGF6 and IGF1 increased 6.0 and 4.5-fold within 16 h and 24 h of refeeding respectively. The average growth in diameter of fast muscle fibres was checked with fasting and significant fibre hypertrophy was only observed after 13d and 21d SF. To investigate developmental plasticity in growth responses we used the same experimental protocol with fish reared at either 17.5-18.5°C (range) (LT) or 21-22°C (range) (HT) to metamorphosis and then transferred to 21-22°C. There were persistent effects of development temperature on muscle growth patterns with 20% more fibres of lower average diameter in LT than HT group of similar body size. Altering the nutritional input to the muscle to stimulate growth revealed cryptic changes in the expression of UNC45 and Hsp90α with higher transcript abundance in the LT than HT groups, whereas there were no differences in the expression of MAFbx and Six1. It was concluded that myogenesis and gene expression patterns during growth are not fixed, but can be modified by temperature during the early stages of the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia de la serrana
- Physiological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DGS); (IAJ)
| | - Vera L. A. Vieira
- Physiological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Darias
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alicia Estévez
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ian A Johnston
- Physiological and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DGS); (IAJ)
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Gordon BS, Delgado Díaz DC, White JP, Carson JA, Kostek MC. Six1 and Six1 cofactor expression is altered during early skeletal muscle overload in mice. J Physiol Sci 2012; 62:393-401. [PMID: 22700049 PMCID: PMC10717360 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-012-0214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Six1 is a transcription factor that, along with cofactors (Eya1, Eya3, and Dach2), regulates skeletal muscle fiber-type and development. SIX1 (human) gene expression decreases after overload, but the time course of Six1 expression, if protein is affected, and if the response differs between muscles with differing phenotypes, is not known. Our purpose was to examine Six1 gene and protein expression and co-factor gene expression during the initiation of muscle overload, and determine if the muscle phenotype altered this response. The plantaris and soleus were functionally overloaded by synergistic ablation of the gastrocnemius, and Six1 gene and protein, and Six1 cofactor gene expression was measured. Six1 gene expression decreased at 1 day of overload 48 ± 9 and 47 ± 20 % (p < 0.01) in the plantaris and soleus. After 3 days of overload, Six1 protein expression increased 73 ± 17 and 168 ± 57 % in the plantaris and soleus (p < 0.05). After 1 day of overload, Dach2 gene expression decreased 56 ± 9 and 35 ± 3 % in both muscles (p < 0.001), while Eya1 decreased 33 ± 5 % only in the soleus (p < 0.01). Eya3 gene expression increased 127 ± 26 % (p < 0.05) and 76 ± 16 % (p < 0.05) in the plantaris and soleus, while Dach2 gene expression decreased 71 ± 4 % (p < 0.05) in the soleus after 3 days of overload. Six1 and Six1 co-factor expression is responsive to muscle overload in both fast and slow muscles. This indicates that this molecular program may affect overload adaptation regardless of muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Gordon
- Department of Exercise Science, Public Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, 3rd Floor, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Subcellular localization of different regions of porcine Six1 gene and its expression analysis in C2C12 myoblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9995-10002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu Y, Nandi S, Martel A, Antoun A, Ioshikhes I, Blais A. Discovery, optimization and validation of an optimal DNA-binding sequence for the Six1 homeodomain transcription factor. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8227-39. [PMID: 22730291 PMCID: PMC3458543 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Six1 transcription factor is a homeodomain protein involved in controlling gene expression during embryonic development. Six1 establishes gene expression profiles that enable skeletal myogenesis and nephrogenesis, among others. While several homeodomain factors have been extensively characterized with regards to their DNA-binding properties, relatively little is known of the properties of Six1. We have used the genomic binding profile of Six1 during the myogenic differentiation of myoblasts to obtain a better understanding of its preferences for recognizing certain DNA sequences. DNA sequence analyses on our genomic binding dataset, combined with biochemical characterization using binding assays, reveal that Six1 has a much broader DNA-binding sequence spectrum than had been previously determined. Moreover, using a position weight matrix optimization algorithm, we generated a highly sensitive and specific matrix that can be used to predict novel Six1-binding sites with highest accuracy. Furthermore, our results support the idea of a mode of DNA recognition by this factor where Six1 itself is sufficient for sequence discrimination, and where Six1 domains outside of its homeodomain contribute to binding site selection. Together, our results provide new light on the properties of this important transcription factor, and will enable more accurate modeling of Six1 function in bioinformatic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sato S, Ikeda K, Shioi G, Nakao K, Yajima H, Kawakami K. Regulation of Six1 expression by evolutionarily conserved enhancers in tetrapods. Dev Biol 2012; 368:95-108. [PMID: 22659139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Six1 homeobox gene plays critical roles in vertebrate organogenesis. Mice deficient for Six1 show severe defects in organs such as skeletal muscle, kidney, thymus, sensory organs and ganglia derived from cranial placodes, and mutations in human SIX1 cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome, an autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by hearing loss and branchial defects. The present study was designed to identify enhancers responsible for the dynamic expression pattern of Six1 during mouse embryogenesis. The results showed distinct enhancer activities of seven conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs) retained in tetrapod Six1 loci. The activities were detected in all cranial placodes (excluding the lens placode), dorsal root ganglia, somites, nephrogenic cord, notochord and cranial mesoderm. The major Six1-expression domains during development were covered by the sum of activities of these enhancers, together with the previously identified enhancer for the pre-placodal region and foregut endoderm. Thus, the eight CNSs identified in a series of our study represent major evolutionarily conserved enhancers responsible for the expression of Six1 in tetrapods. The results also confirmed that chick electroporation is a robust means to decipher regulatory information stored in vertebrate genomes. Mutational analysis of the most conserved placode-specific enhancer, Six1-21, indicated that the enhancer integrates a variety of inputs from Sox, Pax, Fox, Six, Wnt/Lef1 and basic helix-loop-helix proteins. Positive autoregulation of Six1 is achieved through the regulation of Six protein-binding sites. The identified Six1 enhancers provide valuable tools to understand the mechanism of Six1 regulation and to manipulate gene expression in the developing embryo, particularly in the sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Johnston IA, Bower NI, Macqueen DJ. Growth and the regulation of myotomal muscle mass in teleost fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:1617-28. [PMID: 21525308 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Teleost muscle first arises in early embryonic life and its development is driven by molecules present in the egg yolk and modulated by environmental stimuli including temperature and oxygen. Several populations of myogenic precursor cells reside in the embryonic somite and external cell layer and contribute to muscle fibres in embryo, larval, juvenile and adult stages. Many signalling proteins and transcription factors essential for these events are known. In all cases, myogenesis involves myoblast proliferation, migration, fusion and terminal differentiation. Maturation of the embryonic muscle is associated with motor innervation and the development of a scaffold of connective tissue and complex myotomal architecture needed to generate swimming behaviour. Adult muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of several cell types that interact to affect growth patterns. The development of capillary and lymphatic circulations and extramuscular organs--notably the gastrointestinal, endocrine, neuroendocrine and immune systems--serves to increase information exchange between tissues and with the external environment, adding to the complexity of growth regulation. Teleosts often exhibit an indeterminate growth pattern, with body size and muscle mass increasing until mortality or senescence occurs. The dramatic increase in myotomal muscle mass between embryo and adult requires the continuous production of muscle fibres until 40-50% of the maximum body length is reached. Sarcomeric proteins can be mobilised as a source of amino acids for energy metabolism by other tissues and for gonad generation, requiring the dynamic regulation of muscle mass throughout the life cycle. The metabolic and contractile phenotypes of muscle fibres also show significant plasticity with respect to environmental conditions, migration and spawning. Many genes regulating muscle growth are found as multiple copies as a result of paralogue retention following whole-genome duplication events in teleost lineages. The extent to which indeterminate growth, ectothermy and paralogue preservation have resulted in modifications of the genetic pathways regulating muscle growth in teleosts compared to mammals largely remains unknown. This review describes the use of compensatory growth models, transgenesis and tissue culture to explore the mechanisms of muscle growth in teleosts and provides some perspectives on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Johnston
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY168LB, UK.
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Balancing cell numbers during organogenesis: Six1a differentially affects neurons and sensory hair cells in the inner ear. Dev Biol 2011; 357:191-201. [PMID: 21745464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While genes involved in the differentiation of the mechanosensory hair cells and the neurons innervating them have been identified, genes involved in balancing their relative numbers remain unknown. Six1a plays a dual role by promoting hair cell fate while inhibiting neuronal fate in these two lineages. Genes homologous to six1a act as either transcriptional activators or repressors, depending on the partners with which they interact. By assaying the in vivo and in vitro effects of mutations in presumptive protein-protein interacting and DNA-binding domains of Six1a, we show that, in the developing zebrafish inner ear, Six1a promotes hair cell fate by acting as a transcriptional activator and inhibits neuronal fate by acting as a transcriptional repressor. We also identify several potential partners for Six1a that differ between these two lineages. The dual role of Six1a in the developing otocyst provides a mechanism for balancing the relative number of hair cells and neurons during organogenesis of the inner ear.
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Wu W, Ren Z, Wang Y, Chao Z, Xu D, Xiong Y. Molecular characterization, expression patterns and polymorphism analysis of porcine Six1 gene. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2619-32. [PMID: 21082258 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Six1 belongs to the Six gene family that includes six members in mammals (from Six1 to Six6). It has been demonstrated that Six1 homeodomain transcription factor is implicated in myogenesis. However, the molecular characteristics of Six1 in pigs have not been reported. In this study, we isolated and characterized the porcine Six1 gene full-length cDNA, genomic DNA and proximal promoter sequence. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results confirmed that porcine Six1 was highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that porcine Six1 was highly expressed in embryonic stage and no significant expression differences is observed between Meishan and Yorkshire pigs. Furthermore, Six1 expression was significantly different among different developmental stages in Yorkshire pigs and the expression trend was up-regulated from 3 days to 180 days, reaching its highest expression level at 180 days. In addition, the data of Six1 expression in different muscles demonstrated that Six1 was a fast-twitch muscle high expression gene. PCR-HindII-RFLP was established to detect a C/T mutation and an A/G mutation which were present in promoter and intron, respectively. Meanwhile, their associations with economic traits were assessed in Meishan × Yorkshire F2 reference family. The statistical results revealed that the two HindII polymorphisms of porcine Six1 had significant associations with several meat quality traits (P<0.05). Taken together, these studies suggest that porcine Six1 may play an important role in skeletal muscle growth and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Key Lab of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Gundersen K. Excitation-transcription coupling in skeletal muscle: the molecular pathways of exercise. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:564-600. [PMID: 21040371 PMCID: PMC3170710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fibres have different properties with respect to force, contraction speed, endurance, oxidative/glycolytic capacity etc. Although adult muscle fibres are normally post-mitotic with little turnover of cells, the physiological properties of the pre-existing fibres can be changed in the adult animal upon changes in usage such as after exercise. The signal to change is mainly conveyed by alterations in the patterns of nerve-evoked electrical activity, and is to a large extent due to switches in the expression of genes. Thus, an excitation-transcription coupling must exist. It is suggested that changes in nerve-evoked muscle activity lead to a variety of activity correlates such as increases in free intracellular Ca2+ levels caused by influx across the cell membrane and/or release from the sarcoplasmatic reticulum, concentrations of metabolites such as lipids and ADP, hypoxia and mechanical stress. Such correlates are detected by sensors such as protein kinase C (PKC), calmodulin, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ), and oxygen dependent prolyl hydroxylases that trigger intracellular signaling cascades. These complex cascades involve several transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), myogenic differentiation factor (myoD), myogenin, PPARδ, and sine oculis homeobox 1/eyes absent 1 (Six1/Eya1). These factors might act indirectly by inducing gene products that act back on the cascade, or as ultimate transcription factors binding to and transactivating/repressing genes for the fast and slow isoforms of various contractile proteins and of metabolic enzymes. The determination of size and force is even more complex as this involves not only intracellular signaling within the muscle fibres, but also muscle stem cells called satellite cells. Intercellular signaling substances such as myostatin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) seem to act in a paracrine fashion. Induction of hypertrophy is accompanied by the satellite cells fusing to myofibres and thereby increasing the capacity for protein synthesis. These extra nuclei seem to remain part of the fibre even during subsequent atrophy as a form of muscle memory facilitating retraining. In addition to changes in myonuclear number during hypertrophy, changes in muscle fibre size seem to be caused by alterations in transcription, translation (per nucleus) and protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Gundersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1041, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Liu Y, Chu A, Chakroun I, Islam U, Blais A. Cooperation between myogenic regulatory factors and SIX family transcription factors is important for myoblast differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:6857-71. [PMID: 20601407 PMCID: PMC2978361 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of gene expression is crucial to myogenesis and is thought to require the cooperation of various transcription factors. On the basis of a bioinformatic analysis of gene regulatory sequences, we hypothesized that myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), key regulators of skeletal myogenesis, cooperate with members of the SIX family of transcription factors, known to play important roles during embryonic skeletal myogenesis. To this day little is known regarding the exact molecular mechanism by which SIX factors regulate muscle development. We have conducted a functional genomic study of the role played by SIX1 and SIX4 during the differentiation of skeletal myoblasts, a model of adult muscle regeneration. We report that SIX factors cooperate with the members of the MRF family to activate gene expression during myogenic differentiation, and that their function is essential to this process. Our findings also support a model where SIX factors function not only ‘upstream’ of the MRFs during embryogenesis, but also ‘in parallel’ to them during myoblast differentiation. We have identified new essential nodes that depend on SIX factor function, in the myogenesis regulatory network, and have uncovered a novel way by which MRF function is modulated during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Niro C, Demignon J, Vincent S, Liu Y, Giordani J, Sgarioto N, Favier M, Guillet-Deniau I, Blais A, Maire P. Six1 and Six4 gene expression is necessary to activate the fast-type muscle gene program in the mouse primary myotome. Dev Biol 2010; 338:168-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Buckingham M, Vincent SD. Distinct and dynamic myogenic populations in the vertebrate embryo. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:444-53. [PMID: 19762225 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myogenic cells in the body of vertebrates derive from the dorsal somite, the dermomyotome, where multipotent cells are present. Regulation of cell fate choice is discussed, as is that of progenitor cell self-renewal once cells have entered the myogenic programme. Ongoing research on the formation of the first skeletal muscle, the myotome, is presented with emphasis on mechanisms controlling the early segregation of slow and fast muscle lineages that characterizes this process in the zebrafish embryo. Further insights into myogenic populations that contribute to trunk and limb development at different stages are summarized and the distinct regulatory networks that underlie the formation of head muscles are discussed.
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The transcription factor Six1a plays an essential role in the craniofacial myogenesis of zebrafish. Dev Biol 2009; 331:152-66. [PMID: 19409884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Six1a plays important roles in morphogenesis, organogenesis, and cell differentiation. However, the role of Six1a during zebrafish cranial muscle development is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Six1a was required for sternohyoideus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and all pharyngeal arch muscle development. Although Six1a was also necessary for myod and myogenin expression in head muscles, it did not affect myf5 expression in cranial muscles that originate from head mesoderm. Overexpression of myod enabled embryos to rescue all the defects in cranial muscles induced by injection of six1a-morpholino (MO), suggesting that myod is directly downstream of six1a in controlling craniofacial myogenesis. However, overexpression of six1a was unable to rescue arch muscle defects in the tbx1- and myf5-morphants, suggesting that six1a is only involved in myogenic maintenance, not its initiation, during arch muscle myogenesis. Although the craniofacial muscle defects caused by pax3-MO phenocopied those induced by six1a-MO, injection of six1a, myod or myf5 mRNA did not rescue the cranial muscle defects in pax3 morphants, suggesting that six1a and pax3 do not function in the same regulatory network. Therefore, we proposed four putative regulatory pathways to understand how six1a distinctly interacts with either myf5 or myod during zebrafish craniofacial muscle development.
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Chong SW, Korzh V, Jiang YJ. Myogenesis and molecules - insights from zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:1693-1755. [PMID: 20735668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis is a fundamental process governing the formation of muscle in multicellular organisms. Recent studies in zebrafish Danio rerio have described the molecular events occurring during embryonic morphogenesis and have thus greatly clarified this process, helping to distinguish between the events that give rise to fast v. slow muscle. Coupled with the well-known Hedgehog signalling cascade and a wide variety of cellular processes during early development, the continual research on D. rerio slow muscle precursors has provided novel insights into their cellular behaviours in this organism. Similarly, analyses on fast muscle precursors have provided knowledge of the behaviour of a sub-set of epitheloid cells residing in the anterior domain of somites. Additionally, the findings by various groups on the roles of several molecules in somitic myogenesis have been clarified in the past year. In this study, the authors briefly review the current trends in the field of research of D. rerio trunk myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Chong
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling and Patterning, Genes and Development Division, A STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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