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Gangavarapu KJ, Jowdy PF, Foster BA, Huss WJ. Role of prostate stem cells and treatment strategies in benign prostate hyperplasia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:154-169. [PMID: 35874288 PMCID: PMC9301063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a progressive disease with a direct correlation between incidence and age. Since the treatment and management of BPH involve harmful side effects and decreased quality of life for the patient, the primary focus of research should be to find better and longer-lasting therapeutic options. The mechanisms regulating prostate stem cells in development can be exploited to decrease prostate growth. BPH is defined as the overgrowth of the prostate, and BPH is often diagnosed when lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of urine storage or voiding symptoms cause patients to seek treatment. While multiple factors are involved in the hyperplastic growth of the stromal and epithelial compartments of the prostate, the clonal proliferation of stem cells is considered one of the main reasons for BPH initiation and regrowth of the prostate after therapies for BPH fail. Several theories explain possible reasons for the involvement of stem cells in the development, progression, and pathogenesis of BPH. The aim of the current review is to discuss current literature on the fundamentals of prostate development and the role of stem cells in BPH. This review examines the rationale for the hypothesis that unregulated stem cell properties can lead to BPH and therapeutic targeting of stem cells may reduce treatment-related side effects and prevent the regrowth of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan J Gangavarapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Peter F Jowdy
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at BuffaloBuffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Wendy J Huss
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Ademi H, Djari C, Mayère C, Neirijnck Y, Sararols P, Rands CM, Stévant I, Conne B, Nef S. Deciphering the origins and fates of steroidogenic lineages in the mouse testis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110935. [PMID: 35705036 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leydig cells (LCs) are the major androgen-producing cells in the testis. They arise from steroidogenic progenitors (SPs), whose origins, maintenance, and differentiation dynamics remain largely unknown. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal that the mouse steroidogenic lineage is specified as early as embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and has a dual mesonephric and coelomic origin. SPs specifically express the Wnt5a gene and evolve rapidly. At E12.5 and E13.5, they give rise first to an intermediate population of pre-LCs, and finally to fetal LCs. At E16.5, SPs possess the characteristics of the dormant progenitors at the origin of adult LCs and are also transcriptionally closely related to peritubular myoid cells (PMCs). In agreement with our in silico analysis, in vivo lineage tracing indicates that Wnt5a-expressing cells are bona fide progenitors of PMCs as well as fetal and adult LCs, contributing to most of the LCs present in the fetal and adult testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herta Ademi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Djari
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Mayère
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasmine Neirijnck
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Sararols
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris M Rands
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Stévant
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Conne
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Ma F, Arai S, Wang K, Calagua C, Yuan AR, Poluben L, Gu Z, Russo JW, Einstein DJ, Ye H, He MX, Liu Y, Van Allen E, Sowalsky AG, Bhasin MK, Yuan X, Balk SP. Autocrine Canonical Wnt Signaling Primes Noncanonical Signaling through ROR1 in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1518-1533. [PMID: 35131873 PMCID: PMC9018564 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling driven by genomic alterations in genes including APC and CTNNB, which encodes β-catenin, have been implicated in prostate cancer development and progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, nongenomic drivers and downstream effectors of Wnt signaling in prostate cancer and the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in prostate cancer have not been fully established. Here we analyzed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in prostate cancer and identified effectors distinct from those found in other tissues, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor and RUNX1, which are linked to stem cell maintenance, and ROR1, a noncanonical Wnt5a coreceptor. Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated increases in ROR1 enhanced noncanonical responses to Wnt5a. Regarding upstream drivers, APC genomic loss, but not its epigenetic downregulation commonly observed in prostate cancer, was strongly associated with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in clinical samples. Tumor cell upregulation of the Wnt transporter Wntless (WLS) was strongly associated with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity in primary prostate cancer but also associated with both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in mCRPC. IHC confirmed tumor cell WLS expression in primary prostate cancer and mCRPC, and patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts expressing WLS were responsive to treatment with Wnt synthesis inhibitor ETC-1922159. These findings reveal that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in prostate cancer drives stem cell maintenance and invasion and primes for noncanonical Wnt signaling through ROR1. They further show that autocrine Wnt production is a nongenomic driver of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in prostate cancer, which can be targeted with Wnt synthesis inhibitors to suppress tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE This work provides fundamental insights into Wnt signaling and prostate cancer cell biology and indicates that a subset of prostate cancer driven by autocrine Wnt signaling is sensitive to Wnt synthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Ma
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Seiji Arai
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Hospital; Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Carla Calagua
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amanda R. Yuan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Larysa Poluben
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zhongkai Gu
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joshua W. Russo
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David J. Einstein
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Meng Xiao He
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Program in System Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eliezer Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam G. Sowalsky
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manoj K. Bhasin
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Wei X, Roudier MP, Kwon OJ, Lee JD, Kong K, Dumpit R, True L, Morrissey C, Lin DW, Nelson PS, Xin L. Paracrine Wnt signaling is necessary for prostate epithelial proliferation. Prostate 2022; 82:517-530. [PMID: 35014711 PMCID: PMC8866211 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Wnt proteins play key roles in the development, homeostasis, and disease progression of many organs including the prostate. However, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Wnt proteins in prostate cell lineages at different developmental stages and in prostate cancer remain inadequately characterized. METHODS We isolated the epithelial and stromal cells in the developing and mature mouse prostate by flow cytometry and determined the expression levels of Wnt ligands. We used Visium spatial gene expression analysis to determine the spatial distribution of Wnt ligands in the mouse prostatic glands. Using laser-capture microscopy in combination with gene expression analysis, we also determined the expression patterns of Wnt signaling components in stromal and cancer cells in advanced human prostate cancer specimens. To investigate how the stroma-derived Wnt ligands affect prostate development and homeostasis, we used a Col1a2-CreERT2 mouse model to disrupt the Wnt transporter Wntless specifically in prostate stromal cells. RESULTS We showed that the prostate stromal cells are a major source of several Wnt ligands. Visium spatial gene expression analysis revealed a distinct spatial distribution of Wnt ligands in the prostatic glands. We also showed that Wnt signaling components are highly expressed in the stromal compartment of primary and advanced human prostate cancer. Blocking stromal Wnt secretion attenuated prostate epithelial proliferation and regeneration but did not affect cell survival and lineage maintenance. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates a critical role of stroma-derived Wnt ligands in prostate development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | | | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Justin Daho Lee
- Molecular Engineering Ph.D. Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Kevin Kong
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Lawrence True
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Daniel W. Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
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San Martin R, Das P, Dos Reis Marques R, Xu Y, Roberts JM, Sanders JT, Golloshi R, McCord RP. Chromosome compartmentalization alterations in prostate cancer cell lines model disease progression. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212899. [PMID: 34889941 PMCID: PMC8669499 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer aggressiveness and metastatic potential are influenced by gene expression and genomic aberrations, features that can be influenced by the 3D structure of chromosomes inside the nucleus. Using chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), we conducted a systematic genome architecture comparison on a cohort of cell lines that model prostate cancer progression, from normal epithelium to bone metastasis. We describe spatial compartment identity (A-open versus B-closed) changes with progression in these cell lines and their relation to gene expression changes in both cell lines and patient samples. In particular, 48 gene clusters switch from the B to the A compartment, including androgen receptor, WNT5A, and CDK14. These switches are accompanied by changes in the structure, size, and boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs). Further, compartment changes in chromosome 21 are exacerbated with progression and may explain, in part, the genesis of the TMPRSS2-ERG translocation. These results suggest that discrete 3D genome structure changes play a deleterious role in prostate cancer progression. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca San Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Priyojit Das
- University of Tennessee - Oak Ridge National Lab (UT-ORNL) Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Renata Dos Reis Marques
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Yang Xu
- University of Tennessee - Oak Ridge National Lab (UT-ORNL) Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Justin M Roberts
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancer, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jacob T Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Rosela Golloshi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Miyahira AK, Zarif JC, Coombs CC, Flavell RR, Russo JW, Zaidi S, Zhao D, Zhao SG, Pienta KJ, Soule HR. Prostate cancer research in the 21st century; report from the 2021 Coffey-Holden prostate cancer academy meeting. Prostate 2022; 82:169-181. [PMID: 34734426 PMCID: PMC8688282 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2021 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy (CHPCA) Meeting, "Prostate Cancer Research in the 21st Century," was held virtually, from June 24-25, 2021. METHODS The CHPCA Meeting is organized by the Prostate Cancer Foundation as a unique discussion-oriented meeting focusing on critical topics in prostate cancer research envisioned to bridge the next major advances in prostate cancer biology and treatment. The 2021 CHPCA Meeting was virtually attended by 89 investigators and included 31 talks over nine sessions. RESULTS Major topic areas discussed at the meeting included: cancer genomics and sequencing, functional genomic approaches to studying mediators of plasticity, emerging signaling pathways in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, Wnt signaling biology and the challenges of targeted therapy, clonal hematopoiesis, neuroendocrine cell plasticity and antitumor immunity, cancer immunotherapy and its synergizers, and imaging the tumor microenvironment and metabolism. DISCUSSION This meeting report summarizes the research presented at the 2021 CHPCA Meeting. We hope that publication of this knowledge will accelerate new understandings and the development of new biomarkers and treatments for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelani C. Zarif
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Catherine C. Coombs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joshua W. Russo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Samir Zaidi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shuang G. Zhao
- Department of Human Oncology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Morphometric Analysis of Rat Prostate Development: Roles of MEK/ERK and Rho Signaling Pathways in Prostatic Morphogenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121829. [PMID: 34944473 PMCID: PMC8698940 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying prostate development can provide clues for prostate cancer research. It has been demonstrated that MEK/ERK signaling downstream of androgen-targeted FGF10 signaling directly induces prostatic branching during development, while Rho/Rho-kinase can regulate prostate cell proliferation. MEK/ERK and Rho/Rho kinase regulate myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and MLCK regulates myosin light chain phosphorylation (MLC-P), which is critical for cell fate, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the roles and crosstalk of the MEK/ERK and Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways in prostatic morphogenesis have not been examined. In the present study, we used numerical and image analysis to characterize lobe-specific rat prostatic branching during postnatal organ culture and investigated the roles of FGF10-MEK/ERK and Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways in prostatic morphogenesis. Prostates exhibited distinctive lobe-specific growth and branching patterns in the ventral (VP) and lateral (LP) lobes, while exogenous FGF10 treatment shifted LP branching towards a VP branching pattern. Treatment with inhibitors of MEK1/2, Rho, Rho kinase, or MLCK significantly inhibited VP growth and blocked branching morphogenesis, further supporting critical roles for MEK/ERK and Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways in prostatic growth and branching during development. We propose that MLCK-regulated MLC-P may be a central downstream target of both signaling pathways in regulating prostate morphogenesis.
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Buskin A, Singh P, Lorenz O, Robson C, Strand DW, Heer R. A Review of Prostate Organogenesis and a Role for iPSC-Derived Prostate Organoids to Study Prostate Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313097. [PMID: 34884905 PMCID: PMC8658468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate is vulnerable to two major age-associated diseases, cancer and benign enlargement, which account for significant morbidity and mortality for men across the globe. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer reported in men, with over 1.2 million new cases diagnosed and 350,000 deaths recorded annually worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), characterised by the continuous enlargement of the adult prostate, symptomatically afflicts around 50% of men worldwide. A better understanding of the biological processes underpinning these diseases is needed to generate new treatment approaches. Developmental studies of the prostate have shed some light on the processes essential for prostate organogenesis, with many of these up- or downregulated genes expressions also observed in prostate cancer and/or BPH progression. These insights into human disease have been inferred through comparative biological studies relying primarily on rodent models. However, directly observing mechanisms of human prostate development has been more challenging due to limitations in accessing human foetal material. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide a suitable alternative as they can mimic embryonic cells, and iPSC-derived prostate organoids present a significant opportunity to study early human prostate developmental processes. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of prostate development and its relevance to prostate-associated diseases. Additionally, we detail the potential of iPSC-derived prostate organoids for studying human prostate development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Parmveer Singh
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Oliver Lorenz
- Newcastle University School of Computing, Digital Institute, Urban Sciences Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK;
| | - Craig Robson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Douglas W. Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.H.)
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9
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Alcantara MC, Suzuki K, Acebedo AR, Sakamoto Y, Nishita M, Minami Y, Kikuchi A, Yamada G. Stage-dependent function of Wnt5a during male external genitalia development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:212-219. [PMID: 34255394 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
External genitalia development in mice involves multiple developmental processes under the regulation of various signaling pathways. Wnt5a, one of the major Wnt ligands, is a crucial developmental regulator of outgrowing organs such as the limb, the mandible, and the external genitalia. Defects in Wnt5a signaling have been linked to Robinow syndrome, a genetic disorder in which male patients manifest a micropenis and defective urethral tube formation. Whereas Wnt5a is required for cell proliferation during embryonic external genitalia outgrowth, its role for urethral tube formation has yet to be understood. Here, we show that Wnt5a contributes to urethral tube formation as well as external genitalia outgrowth. Wnt5a is expressed in the embryonic external genitalia mesenchyme, and mesenchymal-specific conditional Wnt5a knockout mice resulted in hypospadias-like urethral defects. Early deletion of Wnt5a at E10.5 showed severe defects in both external genitalia outgrowth and urethral tube formation, along with reduced cell proliferation. The severe urethral tube defect persisted during later timing deletion of Wnt5a (E13.5). Further analyses revealed that loss of Wnt5a disrupted cell polarity and led to a reduction of the phosphorylated myosin light chain and the focal adhesion protein, vinculin. Altogether, these results suggest that Wnt5a coordinates cell proliferation and directed cell migration in a stage-dependent manner during male external genitalia development. Furthermore, Wnt5a may regulate cell polarity, focal adhesion formation, and cell contractility, leading to directed cell migration during male-type urethral formation in a manner that has not been reported in other organ fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa C Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Alvin R Acebedo
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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10
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Kaiser K, Jang A, Kompanikova P, Lun MP, Prochazka J, Machon O, Dani N, Prochazkova M, Laurent B, Gyllborg D, van Amerongen R, Fame RM, Gupta S, Wu F, Barker RA, Bukova I, Sedlacek R, Kozmik Z, Arenas E, Lehtinen MK, Bryja V. MEIS-WNT5A axis regulates development of fourth ventricle choroid plexus. Development 2021; 148:268365. [PMID: 34032267 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) produces cerebrospinal fluid and forms an essential brain barrier. ChP tissues form in each brain ventricle, each one adopting a distinct shape, but remarkably little is known about the mechanisms underlying ChP development. Here, we show that epithelial WNT5A is crucial for determining fourth ventricle (4V) ChP morphogenesis and size in mouse. Systemic Wnt5a knockout, or forced Wnt5a overexpression beginning at embryonic day 10.5, profoundly reduced ChP size and development. However, Wnt5a expression was enriched in Foxj1-positive epithelial cells of 4V ChP plexus, and its conditional deletion in these cells affected the branched, villous morphology of the 4V ChP. We found that WNT5A was enriched in epithelial cells localized to the distal tips of 4V ChP villi, where WNT5A acted locally to activate non-canonical WNT signaling via ROR1 and ROR2 receptors. During 4V ChP development, MEIS1 bound to the proximal Wnt5a promoter, and gain- and loss-of-function approaches demonstrated that MEIS1 regulated Wnt5a expression. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a dual function of WNT5A in ChP development and identify MEIS transcription factors as upstream regulators of Wnt5a in the 4V ChP epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Petra Kompanikova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Melody P Lun
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC 75361, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC 75281, Canada
| | - Daniel Gyllborg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Renee van Amerongen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Feizhen Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Ivana Bukova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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11
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Lee DH, Olson AW, Wang J, Kim WK, Mi J, Zeng H, Le V, Aldahl J, Hiroto A, Wu X, Sun Z. Androgen action in cell fate and communication during prostate development at single-cell resolution. Development 2021; 148:dev.196048. [PMID: 33318148 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Androgens/androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling pathways are essential for prostate development, morphogenesis and regeneration. Specifically, stromal AR signaling has been shown to be essential for prostatic initiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying AR-initiated mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in prostate development remain unclear. Here, using a newly generated mouse model, we have directly addressed the fate and role of genetically marked AR-expressing cells during embryonic prostate development. Androgen signaling-initiated signaling pathways were identified in mesenchymal niche populations at single-cell transcriptomic resolution. The dynamic cell-signaling networks regulated by stromal AR were additionally characterized in relation to prostatic epithelial bud formation. Pseudotime analyses further revealed the differentiation trajectory and fate of AR-expressing cells in both prostatic mesenchymal and epithelial cell populations. Specifically, the cellular properties of Zeb1-expressing progenitors were assessed. Selective deletion of AR signaling in a subpopulation of mesenchymal rather than epithelial cells dysregulated the expression of the master regulators and significantly impaired prostatic bud formation. These data provide novel, high-resolution evidence demonstrating the important role of mesenchymal androgen signaling in the cellular niche controlling prostate early development by initiating dynamic mesenchyme-epithelia cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Adam W Olson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Won Kyung Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jiaqi Mi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hong Zeng
- Transgenic, Knockout and Tumor Model Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vien Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joseph Aldahl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alex Hiroto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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12
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Prins GS. Developmental estrogenization: Prostate gland reprogramming leads to increased disease risk with aging. Differentiation 2021; 118:72-81. [PMID: 33478774 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While estrogens are involved in normal prostate morphogenesis and function, inappropriate early-life estrogenic exposures, either in type, dose or timing, can reprogram the prostate gland and lead to increased disease risk with aging. This process is referred to as estrogen imprinting or developmental estrogenization of the prostate gland. The present review discusses published and new evidence for prostatic developmental estrogenization that includes extensive research in rodent models combined with epidemiology findings that together have helped to uncover the architectural and molecular underpinnings that promote this phenotype. Complex interactions between steroid receptors, developmental morphoregulatory factors, epigenetic machinery and stem-progenitor cell targets coalesce to hard wire structural, cellular and epigenomic reorganization of the tissue which retains a life-long memory of early-life estrogens, ultimately predisposing the gland to prostatitis, hyperplasia and carcinogenesis with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Departments of Urology, Physiology and Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 S Wood Street, MC955, Chicago, 60612, IL, USA.
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13
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Heindel JJ, Belcher S, Flaws JA, Prins GS, Ho SM, Mao J, Patisaul HB, Ricke W, Rosenfeld CS, Soto AM, Vom Saal FS, Zoeller RT. Data integration, analysis, and interpretation of eight academic CLARITY-BPA studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:29-60. [PMID: 32682780 PMCID: PMC7365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity" (CLARITY-BPA) was a comprehensive "industry-standard" Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant 2-year chronic exposure study of bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity that was supplemented by hypothesis-driven independent investigator-initiated studies. The investigator-initiated studies were focused on integrating disease-associated, molecular, and physiological endpoints previously found by academic scientists into an industry standard guideline-compliant toxicity study. Thus, the goal of this collaboration was to provide a more comprehensive dataset upon which to base safety standards and to determine whether industry-standard tests are as sensitive and predictive as molecular and disease-associated endpoints. The goal of this report is to integrate the findings from the investigator-initiated studies into a comprehensive overview of the observed impacts of BPA across the multiple organs and systems analyzed. For each organ system, we provide the rationale for the study, an overview of methodology, and summarize major findings. We then compare the results of the CLARITY-BPA studies across organ systems with the results of previous peer-reviewed studies from independent labs. Finally, we discuss potential influences that contributed to differences between studies. Developmental exposure to BPA can lead to adverse effects in multiple organs systems, including the brain, prostate gland, urinary tract, ovary, mammary gland, and heart. As published previously, many effects were at the lowest dose tested, 2.5μg/kg /day, and many of the responses were non-monotonic. Because the low dose of BPA affected endpoints in the same animals across organs evaluated in different labs, we conclude that these are biologically - and toxicologically - relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 94924, United States.
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, United States
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Jiude Mao
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - William Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53705, United States
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Ana M Soto
- Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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14
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Nakamura N, Vijay V, Sloper DT. Gene expression profiling in dorsolateral prostates of prepubertal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats dosed with estradiol benzoate, estradiol, and testosterone. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:435-447. [PMID: 32741896 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The imbalance of testosterone to estradiol ratio has been related to the development of prostate diseases. Although rat models of prostate diseases induced by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and/or hormone exposure are commonly used to analyze gene expression profiles in the prostate, most studies utilize a single endpoint. In this study, microarray analysis was used for gene expression profiling in rat prostate tissue after exposure to EDCs and sex hormones over multiple time points (prepubertal through adulthood). We used dorsolateral prostate tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats (male offspring) and postnatally administered estradiol benzoate (EB) on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3, and 5, followed by treatment with additional hormones [estradiol (E) and testosterone (T)] on PNDs 90-200, as described by Ho et al. Microarray analysis was performed for gene expression profiling in the dorsolateral prostate, and the results were validated via qRT-PCR. The genes in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, and chemokines were upregulated in the EB+T+E group on PNDs 145 and 200. Moreover, early-stage downregulation of anti-inflammatory gene: bone morphogenetic protein 7 gene was observed. These findings suggest that exposure to EB, T, and E activates multiple pathways and simultaneously downregulates anti-inflammatory genes. Interestingly, these genes are reportedly expressed in prostate cancer tissues/cell lines. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism, including analyses using human prostate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakamura
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USA
| | - Vikrant Vijay
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USA
| | - Daniel T Sloper
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USA
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15
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Prostate cancer reactivates developmental epigenomic programs during metastatic progression. Nat Genet 2020; 52:790-799. [PMID: 32690948 PMCID: PMC10007911 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes govern prostate cancer (PCa) biology, as evidenced by the dependency of PCa cells on the androgen receptor (AR), a prostate master transcription factor. We generated 268 epigenomic datasets spanning two state transitions-from normal prostate epithelium to localized PCa to metastases-in specimens derived from human tissue. We discovered that reprogrammed AR sites in metastatic PCa are not created de novo; rather, they are prepopulated by the transcription factors FOXA1 and HOXB13 in normal prostate epithelium. Reprogrammed regulatory elements commissioned in metastatic disease hijack latent developmental programs, accessing sites that are implicated in prostate organogenesis. Analysis of reactivated regulatory elements enabled the identification and functional validation of previously unknown metastasis-specific enhancers at HOXB13, FOXA1 and NKX3-1. Finally, we observed that prostate lineage-specific regulatory elements were strongly associated with PCa risk heritability and somatic mutation density. Examining prostate biology through an epigenomic lens is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms underlying tumor progression.
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16
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Yu Y, Jiang W. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation as an emerging model to study human prostate development. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:285. [PMID: 32678004 PMCID: PMC7364497 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate development is a complex process, and knowledge about this process is increasingly required for both basic developmental biology studies and clinical prostate cancer research, as prostate tumorigenesis can be regarded as the restoration of development in the adult prostate. Using rodent animal models, scientists have revealed that the development of the prostate is mainly mediated by androgen receptor (AR) signaling and that some other signaling pathways also play indispensable roles. However, there are still many unknowns in human prostate biology, mainly due to the limited availability of proper fetal materials. Here, we first briefly review prostate development with a focus on the AR, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways is necessary for prostate budding/BMP signaling pathways. Based on the current progress in in vitro prostatic differentiation and organoid techniques, we propose human pluripotent stem cells as an emerging model to study human prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 116 East-Lake Road, District of Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 116 East-Lake Road, District of Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China. .,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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17
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Xie L, Hu WY, Hu DP, Shi G, Li Y, Yang J, Prins GS. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic on Human Prostate Stem-Progenitor Cell Transformation, Autophagic Flux Blockade, and NRF2 Pathway Activation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:67008. [PMID: 32525701 PMCID: PMC7289393 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is an environmental toxicant associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in chronically exposed populations worldwide. However, the biological mechanisms underlying iAs-induced prostate carcinogenesis remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We studied how iAs affects normal human prostate stem-progenitor cells (PrSPCs) and drives transformation and interrogated the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS PrSPCs were enriched by spheroid culture from normal human primary or immortalized prostate epithelial cells, and their differentiation capability was evaluated by organoid culture. Microarray analysis was conducted to identify iAs-dysregulated genes, and lentiviral infection was used for stable manipulation of identified genes. Soft agar colony growth assays were applied to examine iAs-induced transformation. For in vivo study, PrSPCs mixed with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme were grafted under the renal capsule of nude mice to generate prostatelike tissues, and mice were exposed to 5 ppm (∼65μM) iAs in drinking water for 3 months. RESULTS Low-dose iAs (1μM) disturbed PrSPC homeostasis in vitro, leading to increased self-renewal and suppressed differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that iAs activated oncogenic pathways in PrSPCs, including the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Further, iAs-exposed proliferative progenitor cells exhibited NRF2 pathway activation that was sustained in their progeny cells. Knockdown of NRF2 inhibited spheroid formation by driving PrSPC differentiation, whereas its activation enhanced spheroid growth. Importantly, iAs-induced transformation was suppressed by NRF2 knockdown. Mechanistically, iAs suppressed Vacuolar ATPase subunit VMA5 expression, impairing lysosome acidification and inhibiting autophagic protein degradation including p62, which further activated NRF2. In vivo, chronic iAs exposure activated NRF2 in both epithelial and stroma cells of chimeric human prostate grafts and induced premalignant events. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose iAs increased self-renewal and decreased differentiation of human PrSPCs by activating the p62-NRF2 axis, resulting in epithelial cell transformation. NRF2 is activated by iAs through specific autophagic flux blockade in progenitor cells, which may have potential therapeutic implications. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishi Xie
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianfu Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Pathology, College of Medicine; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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18
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Madueke I, Hu WY, Hu D, Swanson SM, Griend DV, Abern M, Prins GS. The role of WNT10B in normal prostate gland development and prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1692-1704. [PMID: 31433503 PMCID: PMC9639854 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNT signaling is implicated in embryonic development, and in adult tissue homeostasis, while its deregulation is evident in disease. This study investigates the unique roles of canonical WNT10B in both normal prostate development and prostate cancer (PCa) progression. METHODS Organ culture and rat ventral prostates (VPs) were used to study Wnt10b ontogeny and growth effect of WNT10B protein. PB-SV40 LTag rat VPs were utilized for Wnt expression polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and immunohistochemistry. Human localized PCa tissue microarrays (TMAs) were investigated for differential WNT10B expression. Human RNA-seq data sets were queried for differential expression of WNT10B in metastatic and localized PCa. Knockdown of WNT10B in PC3 cells was utilized to study its effects on proliferation, stemness, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and xenograft propagation. RESULTS Wnt10b expression was highest at birth and rapidly declined in the postnatal rat VP. Exogenous WNT10B addition to culture developing VPs decreased growth suggesting an antiproliferative role. VPs from PB-SV40 LTag rats with localized PCa showed a 25-fold reduction in Wnt10b messenger RNA (mRNA) expession, confirmed at the protein level. Human PCa TMAs revealed elevated WNT10B protein in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia compared with normal prostates but reduced levels in localized PCa specimens. In contrast, RNA-seq data set of annotated human PCa metastasis found a significant increase in WNT10B mRNA expression compared with localized tumors suggesting stage-specific functions of WNT10B. Similarly, WNT10B mRNA levels were increased in metastatic cell lines PC3, PC3M, as well as in HuSLC, a PCa stem-like cell line, as compared with disease-free primary prostate epithelial cells. WNT10B knockdown in PC3 cells reduced expression of EMT genes, MMP9 and stemness genes NANOG and SOX2 and markedly reduced the stem cell-like side population. Furthermore, loss of WNT10B abrogated the ability of PC3 cells to propagate tumors via serial transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest a dual role for WNT10B in normal development and in PCa progression with opposing functions depending on disease stage. We propose that decreased WNT10B levels in localized cancer allow for a hyperproliferative state, whereas increased levels in advanced disease confer a stemness and malignant propensity which is mitigated by knocking down WNT10B levels. This raises the potential for WNT10B as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna Madueke
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Danping Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven M. Swanson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Donald Vander Griend
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Abern
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
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19
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Wei X, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Kwon OJ, Zhang Y, Nguyen H, Dumpit R, True L, Nelson P, Dong B, Xue W, Birchmeier W, Taketo MM, Xu F, Creighton CJ, Ittmann MM, Xin L. Spatially Restricted Stromal Wnt Signaling Restrains Prostate Epithelial Progenitor Growth through Direct and Indirect Mechanisms. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:753-768.e6. [PMID: 30982770 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-autonomous Wnt signaling has well-characterized functions in controlling stem cell activity, including in the prostate. While niche cells secrete Wnt ligands, the effects of Wnt signaling in niche cells per se are less understood. Here, we show that stromal cells in the proximal prostatic duct near the urethra, a mouse prostate stem cell niche, not only produce multiple Wnt ligands but also exhibit strong Wnt/β-catenin activity. The non-canonical Wnt ligand Wnt5a, secreted by proximal stromal cells, directly inhibits proliefration of prostate epithelial stem or progenitor cells whereas stromal cell-autonomous canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling indirectly suppresses prostate stem or progenitor activity via the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway. Collectively, these pathways restrain the proliferative potential of epithelial cells in the proximal prostatic ducts. Human prostate likewise exhibits spatially restricted distribution of stromal Wnt/β-catenin activity, suggesting a conserved mechanism for tissue patterning. Thus, this study shows how distinct stromal signaling mechanisms within the prostate cooperate to regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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20
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Li S, Zheng X, Nie Y, Chen W, Liu Z, Tao Y, Hu X, Hu Y, Qiao H, Qi Q, Pei Q, Cai D, Yu M, Mou C. Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin. Front Genet 2019; 9:739. [PMID: 30761184 PMCID: PMC6363705 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The apocrine sweat gland is a unique skin appendage in humans compared to mouse and chicken models. The absence of apocrine sweat glands in chicken and murine skin largely restrains further understanding of the complexity of human skin biology and skin diseases, like hircismus. Sheep may serve as an additional system for skin appendage investigation owing to the distributions and histological similarities between the apocrine sweat glands of sheep trunk skin and human armpit skin. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin, transcriptome analyses were conducted to reveal 1631 differentially expressed genes that were mainly enriched in three functional groups (cellular component, molecular function and biological process), particularly in gland, epithelial, hair follicle and skin development. There were 7 Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched in epithelial cell migration and morphogenesis of branching epithelium that were potentially correlated with the wool follicle peg elongation. An additional 5 GO terms were enriched in gland morphogenesis (20 genes), gland development (42 genes), salivary gland morphogenesis and development (8 genes), branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis (6 genes) and mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation (4 genes). The enriched gland-related genes and two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway genes (WNT and TGF-β) were potentially involved in the induction of apocrine sweat glands. Genes named BMPR1A, BMP7, SMAD4, TGFB3, WIF1, and WNT10B were selected to validate transcript expression by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize markers for hair follicle (SOX2), skin fibroblast (PDGFRB), stem cells (SOX9) and BMP signaling (SMAD5) in sheepskin. SOX2 and PDGFRB were absent in apocrine sweat glands. SOX9 and SMAD5 were both observed in precursor cells of apocrine sweat glands and later in gland ducts. These results combined with the upregulation of BMP signaling genes indicate that apocrine sweat glands were originated from outer root sheath of primary wool follicle and positively regulated by BMP signaling. This report established the primary network regulating early development of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin and will facilitate the further understanding of histology and pathology of apocrine sweat glands in human and companion animal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangfan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingfeng Tao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Haisheng Qiao
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Quanqing Qi
- Sanjiaocheng Sheep Breeding Farm, Haibei, China
| | | | - Danzhuoma Cai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Haixi, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Mou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Madueke IC, Hu WY, Huang L, Prins GS. WNT2 is necessary for normal prostate gland cyto-differentiation and modulates prostate growth in an FGF10 dependent manner. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2018; 6:154-163. [PMID: 30246051 PMCID: PMC6146160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are highly conserved secreted morphogens that function in organ development across species. This study investigates the role(s) of Wnt2 during prostate gland development. Wnt2 mRNA ontogeny in the rat ventral prostate rapidly declines in expression from peak value at post-natal day (pnd) 1 to nadir levels sustained through adulthood. Wnt2 mRNA is expressed in prostate mesenchymal cells and Wnt2 protein localizes to both mesenchymal and epithelial cells. Sustained expression of Wnt2 by adenoviral expression during rat postnatal prostate gland development resulted in significant reduction in gland size confirming its necessary decline to permit normal development. Wnt2 overexpression in a murine embryonic urogenital sinus mesenchyme cell line, UGSM2 revealed Wnt2 modulated several growth factors including significant down-regulation of Fgf10, an essential stimulator of normal prostate gland branching morphogenesis. Growth inhibitory effects of Wnt2 were reversed by exogenous Fgf10 addition to developing rat ventral prostates. Renal grafts of Wnt2-/- male urogenital sinus revealed that Wnt2-/- grafts had a disruption in normal lateral polarity, disruption in cell to cell adhesion, and a reduction in the differentiated luminal cell marker, cytokeratin 8/18. Our results demonstrate that the growth inhibiting effects of sustained Wnt2 during prostate development are mediated, in part, by reduction in Fgf10 expression by mesenchymal cells and Wnt2 plays a role in normal prostate luminal cell differentiation and cell to cell integrity. These findings add to the body of work that highlights the unique roles of individual Wnts during prostate development and suggest that their deregulation may be implicated in prostate pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna C Madueke
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Liwei Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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22
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Abstract
The prostate is a male exocrine gland that secretes components of the seminal fluid. In men, prostate tumors are one of the most prevalent cancers. Studies on the development of the prostate have given a better understanding of the processes and genes that are important in the formation of this organ and have provided insights into the mechanisms of prostate tumorigenesis. These developmental studies have provided evidence that some of the genes and signaling pathways involved in development are reactivated or deregulated during prostate cancer. The prostate goes through a number of different stages during organogenesis, which include organ specification, epithelial budding, branching morphogenesis, canalization, and cytodifferentiation. During development, these processes are tightly regulated, many of which are controlled by the male hormone androgens. The majority of prostate tumors remain hormone regulated, and antiandrogen therapy is a first-line therapy, highlighting the important link between prostate organogenesis and cancer. In this review, we describe some of the data on genes that have important roles during prostate development that also have strong evidence linking them to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Francis
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Swain
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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23
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The Association of Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7698193. [PMID: 29581795 PMCID: PMC5822871 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7698193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Intrauterine sex hormone environment as indicated by the second to the fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D) can be associated with cancer risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of 2D : 4D with cancer diagnosis, malignancy, and age at presentation. Methods Studies that evaluated the association of 2D : 4D with cancer risk were collected from Pubmed/MEDLINE and Clarivate Analytics databases. Nineteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Results The 2D : 4D ratio was studied in prostate cancer, breast cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, oral cancer, brain tumors, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Low 2D : 4D was associated with prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and brain tumors, while high 2D : 4D, with breast cancer risk and cervical dysplasia. The 2D : 4D ratio was not associated with prostate, breast, and gastric cancer stage. Greater 2D : 4D ratio was associated with younger presentation of breast cancer and brain tumors. The meta-analyses demonstrated that testicular cancer was not associated with right-hand 2D : 4D ratio (p = 0.74) and gastric cancer was not associated with right-hand (p = 0.15) and left-hand (p = 0.95) 2D : 4D ratio. Conclusions Sex hormone environment during early development is associated with cancer risk later in life. Further studies exploring the link between intrauterine hormone environment and cancer risk are encouraged.
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24
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Montano M, Dinnon KH, Jacobs L, Xiang W, Iozzo RV, Bushman W. Dual regulation of decorin by androgen and Hedgehog signaling during prostate morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:679-685. [PMID: 29368411 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate ductal branching morphogenesis involves a complex spatiotemporal regulation of cellular proliferation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) around the developing ducts. Decorin (Dcn) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan known to sequester several growth factors and to act as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. RESULTS Dcn expression in the developing prostate paralleled branching morphogenesis and was dynamically regulated by androgen and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. DCN colocalized with collagen in the periductal stroma and acellular interstitium. Exogenous DCN decreased epithelial proliferation in ex vivo organ cultures of developing prostate, whereas genetic ablation of Dcn resulted in increased epithelial proliferation in the developing prostate. CONCLUSIONS Dcn expression and localization in the developing prostate is consistent with a primary role in organizing collagen around the developing ducts. Regulation of Dcn expression appears to be complex, involving both androgen and Hh signaling. The growth inhibitory effect of Dcn suggests a unique linkage between a structural proteoglycan and epithelial growth regulation. This may serve to coordinate two elements of the morphogenetic process: ductal growth and organization of the collagen matrix around the nascent duct. Developmental Dynamics 247:679-685, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montano
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- University of North Carolina, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Logan Jacobs
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William Xiang
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wade Bushman
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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25
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Montano M, Bushman W. Morphoregulatory pathways in prostate ductal development. Dev Dyn 2018; 246:89-99. [PMID: 27884054 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse prostate is a male sex-accessory gland comprised of a branched ductal network arranged into three separate bilateral lobes: the anterior, dorsolateral, and ventral lobes. Prostate ductal development is the primary morphogenetic event in prostate development and requires a complex regulation of spatiotemporal factors. This review provides an overview of prostate development and the major genetic regulators and signaling pathways involved. To identify new areas for further study, we briefly highlight the likely important, but relatively understudied, role of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Finally, we point out the potential importance of the ECM in influencing the behavior and prognosis of prostate cancer. Developmental Dynamics 246:89-99, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montano
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wade Bushman
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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26
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Toivanen R, Shen MM. Prostate organogenesis: tissue induction, hormonal regulation and cell type specification. Development 2017; 144:1382-1398. [PMID: 28400434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate organogenesis is a complex process that is primarily mediated by the presence of androgens and subsequent mesenchyme-epithelial interactions. The investigation of prostate development is partly driven by its potential relevance to prostate cancer, in particular the apparent re-awakening of key developmental programs that occur during tumorigenesis. However, our current knowledge of the mechanisms that drive prostate organogenesis is far from complete. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of prostate development, focusing on recent findings regarding sexual dimorphism, bud induction, branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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27
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Interaction of prostate carcinoma-associated fibroblasts with human epithelial cell lines in vivo. Differentiation 2017; 96:40-48. [PMID: 28779656 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interactions play a crucial and poorly understood role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions have a long history of research in relation to the development of organs. Models designed to study development are often also applicable to studies of benign and malignant disease. Tumor stroma is a complex mixture of cells that includes a fibroblastic component often referred to as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), desmoplasia or "reactive" stroma. Here we discuss the history of, and approaches to, understanding these interactions with particular reference to prostate cancer and to in vivo modeling using human cells and tissues. A series of studies have revealed a complex mixture of signaling molecules acting both within the stromal tissue and between the stromal and epithelial tissues. We are starting to understand the interactions of some of these pathways, however the work is still ongoing. This area of research provide a basis for new medical approaches aimed at stabilizing early stage cancers rendering them chronic rather than acute problems. Such work is especially relevant to slow growing tumors found in older patients, a class that would include many prostate cancers.
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28
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Park HJ, Bolton EC. RET-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling inhibits mouse prostate development. Development 2017; 144:2282-2293. [PMID: 28506996 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, the prostate gland develops from the embryonic urogenital sinus (UGS). The androgen receptor (AR) is thought to control the expression of morphogenetic genes in inductive UGS mesenchyme, which promotes proliferation and cytodifferentiation of the prostatic epithelium. However, the nature of the AR-regulated morphogenetic genes and the mechanisms whereby AR controls prostate development are not understood. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) binds GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) and signals through activation of RET tyrosine kinase. Gene disruption studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in development; however, its role in prostate development is unexplored. Here, we establish novel roles of GDNF signaling in mouse prostate development. Using an organ culture system for prostate development and Ret mutant mice, we demonstrate that RET-mediated GDNF signaling in UGS increases proliferation of mesenchyme cells and suppresses androgen-induced proliferation and differentiation of prostate epithelial cells, inhibiting prostate development. We also identify Ar as a GDNF-repressed gene and Gdnf and Gfrα1 as androgen-repressed genes in UGS, thus establishing reciprocal regulatory crosstalk between AR and GDNF signaling in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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29
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Pakula H, Xiang D, Li Z. A Tale of Two Signals: AR and WNT in Development and Tumorigenesis of Prostate and Mammary Gland. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E14. [PMID: 28134791 PMCID: PMC5332937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and among the leading causes of cancer deaths for men in industrialized countries. It has long been recognized that the prostate is an androgen-dependent organ and PCa is an androgen-dependent disease. Androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa. However, almost all advanced PCa cases progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after a period of ADT. A variety of mechanisms of progression from androgen-dependent PCa to CRPC under ADT have been postulated, but it remains largely unclear as to when and how castration resistance arises within prostate tumors. In addition, AR signaling may be modulated by extracellular factors among which are the cysteine-rich glycoproteins WNTs. The WNTs are capable of signaling through several pathways, the best-characterized being the canonical WNT/β-catenin/TCF-mediated canonical pathway. Recent studies from sequencing PCa genomes revealed that CRPC cells frequently harbor mutations in major components of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, the finding of an interaction between β-catenin and AR suggests a possible mechanism of cross talk between WNT and androgen/AR signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of both AR and WNT pathways in prostate development and tumorigenesis, and their interaction during development of CRPC. We also review the possible therapeutic application of drugs that target both AR and WNT/β-catenin pathways. Finally, we extend our review of AR and WNT signaling to the mammary gland system and breast cancer. We highlight that the role of AR signaling and its interaction with WNT signaling in these two hormone-related cancer types are highly context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Pakula
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 466, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 466, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 466, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Gietzmann W, Magrill DS, Symes A. Congenital absence of the prostate presenting as primary retrograde ejaculation. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415814548261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan S Magrill
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Andrew Symes
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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31
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Thiele S, Rachner TD, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC. WNT5A and Its Receptors in the Bone-Cancer Dialogue. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1488-96. [PMID: 27355180 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is critical for tumorigenesis and skeletal remodeling. However, its contribution to the formation of metastatic bone lesions remains poorly defined. One major challenge of unraveling its role in cancer progression is the high complexity of Wnt signaling, which includes numerous ligands, receptors, and inhibitors, with intricate biological effects and specific signaling pathways depending on the cellular context. In this perspective, we summarize the role of the noncanonical Wnt ligand WNT5A in the development and metastatic process of osteotropic cancer entities. We focus on its tumor-suppressive function in breast cancer, tumor promoting effects in melanoma, and ambiguous role in prostate cancer, and discuss potential challenges and opportunities that may be associated with targeting Wnt signaling for cancer therapy and treatment of bone metastases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Thiele
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
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32
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Waliszewski P. The Quantitative Criteria Based on the Fractal Dimensions, Entropy, and Lacunarity for the Spatial Distribution of Cancer Cell Nuclei Enable Identification of Low or High Aggressive Prostate Carcinomas. Front Physiol 2016; 7:34. [PMID: 26903883 PMCID: PMC4749702 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor grading, PSA concentration, and stage determine a risk of prostate cancer patients with accuracy of about 70%. An approach based on the fractal geometrical model was proposed to eliminate subjectivity from the evaluation of tumor aggressiveness and to improve the prediction. This study was undertaken to validate classes of equivalence for the spatial distribution of cancer cell nuclei in a larger, independent set of prostate carcinomas. Methods: The global fractal capacity D0, information D1 and correlation D2 dimension, the local fractal dimension (LFD) and the local connected fractal dimension (LCFD), Shannon entropy H and lacunarity λ were measured using computer algorithms in digitalized images of both the reference set (n = 60) and the test set (n = 208) of prostate carcinomas. Results: Prostate carcinomas were re-stratified into seven classes of equivalence. The cut-off D0-values 1.5450, 1.5820, 1.6270, 1.6490, 1.6980, 1.7640 defined the classes from C1 to C7, respectively. The other measures but the D1 failed to define the same classes of equivalence. The pairs (D0, LFD), (D0, H), (D0, λ), (D1, LFD), (D1, H), (D1, λ) characterized the spatial distribution of cancer cell nuclei in each class. The co-application of those measures enabled the subordination of prostate carcinomas to one out of three clusters associated with different tumor aggressiveness. For D0 < 1.5820, LFD < 1.3, LCFD > 1.5, H < 0.7, and λ > 0.8, the class C1 or C2 contains low complexity low aggressive carcinomas exclusively. For D0 > 1.6980, LFD > 1.7644, LCFD > 1.7051, H > 0.9, and λ < 0.7, the class C6 or C7 contains high complexity high aggressive carcinomas. Conclusions: The cut-off D0-values defining the classes of equivalence were validated in this study. The cluster analysis suggested that the number of the subjective Gleason grades and the number of the objective classes of equivalence could be decreased from seven to three without a loss of clinically relevant information. Two novel quantitative criteria based on the complexity and the diversity measures enabled the identification of low or high aggressive prostate carcinomas and should be verified in the future multicenter, randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Waliszewski
- Department of Urology, Alb Fils KlinikenGoeppingen, Germany; The Bȩdlewo Institute for Complexity ResearchPoznań, Poland
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33
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Khan MI, Hamid A, Adhami VM, Lall RK, Mukhtar H. Role of epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate tumorigenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:1240-8. [PMID: 25506896 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666141211120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the cancer associated deaths are generally attributed to the spread of cancerous cells or their features to the nearby or distant secondary organs by a process known as metastasis. Among other factors, the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells is attributed to the reactivation of an evolutionary conserved developmental program known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, fully differentiated epithelial cells undergo a series of dramatic changes in their morphology, along with loss of cell to cell contact and matrix remodeling into less differentiated and invasive mesenchymal cells. Many studies provide evidence for the existence of EMT like states in prostate cancer (PCa) and suggest its possible involvement in PCa progression and metastasis. At the same time, the lack of conclusive evidence regarding the presence of full EMT in human PCa samples has somewhat dampened the interest in the field. However, ongoing EMT research provides new perspectives and unveils the enormous potential of this field in tailoring new therapeutic regimens for PCa management. This review summarizes the role of many transcription factors and other molecules that drive EMT during prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Science Center, Rm B-25, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706.
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34
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Ghaffari Novin M, Mirfakhraie R, Nazarian H. Aberrant Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Testis of Azoospermic Men. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:373-7. [PMID: 26504759 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Importance and key role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in spermatogenesis is known. Abnormalities of this pathway in Sertoli and germ cells leads to infertility. Leydig cells play an important role in spermatogenesis and male reproduction. As of now, exact position of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway disorders in the tissue and possible involvement of Leydig cells has not been investigated. METHODS Samples of our previous study were used for common Y chromosome microdeletions screening and common CFTR gene mutations.1 β-catenin gene expression were evaluated and compared between testicular tissue obtained by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in two groups of obstructive (n=10) and non-obstructive (n=10) azoospermic infertile men. Location of β-catenin accumulation was detected by immunofluorescence technic and quantitatively compared in the tissue followed by counterstaining with anti-vimentin antibody. It was used as specific marker of leydig cells to determine and confirm the cells in which this gathering was occurred. RESULTS β-catenin gene expression does not have a significant difference between the obstructive azoospermia (0.998) and non-obstructive azoospermia group (0.891). β-catenin was abnormally aggregated in leydig cell of non-obstructive azoospermic men. CONCLUSION Gathering β-catenin in cytoplasm of leydig cells can disrupt spermatogenesis and cause infertility in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marefat Ghaffari Novin
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center (IRHRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nazarian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Thiele S, Göbel A, Rachner TD, Fuessel S, Froehner M, Muders MH, Baretton GB, Bernhardt R, Jakob F, Glüer CC, Bornhäuser M, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC. WNT5A has anti-prostate cancer effects in vitro and reduces tumor growth in the skeleton in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:471-80. [PMID: 25224731 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignancy in men, and a major cause of prostate cancer-related death is attributable to bone metastases. WNT5A is known to influence the clinical outcome of various cancer types, including prostate cancer, but the exact mechanisms remain unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the relevance of WNT5A for the development and progression of prostate cancer. WNT5A expression was determined in a cDNA and tissue microarray of primary tumor samples in well-defined cohorts of patients with prostate cancer. Compared with benign prostate tissue, the expression of WNT5A and its receptor Frizzled-5 was higher in prostate cancer, and patients with a WNT5A expression above the median had a higher probability of survival after 10 years. Using different osteotropic human prostate cancer cell lines, the influence of WNT5A overexpression and knock-down on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis was assessed. In vitro, WNT5A overexpression induced prostate cancer cell apoptosis and reduced proliferation and migration, whereas WNT5A knock-down showed opposite effects. In vivo, different xenograft models were used to determine the effects of WNT5A on tumor growth. Local tumor growth and tumor growth in the bone microenvironment was considerably diminished after WNT5A overexpression in PC3 cells. WNT5A exhibits antitumor effects in prostate cancer cells and may be suitable as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for prostate cancer and associated skeletal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Thiele
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Waliszewski P, Wagenlehner F, Gattenlöhner S, Weidner W. On the relationship between tumor structure and complexity of the spatial distribution of cancer cell nuclei: a fractal geometrical model of prostate carcinoma. Prostate 2015; 75:399-414. [PMID: 25545623 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A risk of the prostate cancer patient is defined by both the objective and subjective criteria, that is, PSA concentration, Gleason score, and pTNM-stage. The subjectivity of tumor grading influences the risk assessment owing to a large inter- and intra-observer variability. Pathologists propose a central prostate pathology review as a remedy for this problem; yet, the review cannot eliminate the subjectivity from the diagnostic algorithm. The spatial distribution of cancer cell nuclei changes during tumor progression. It implies changes in complexity measured by the capacity dimension D0, the information dimension D1, and the correlation dimension D2. METHODS The cornerstone of the approach is a model of prostate carcinomas composed of the circular fractals CF(4), CF(6 + 0), and CF(6 + 1). This model is both geometrical and analytical, that is, its structure is well-defined, the capacity fractal dimension D0 can be calculated for the infinite circular fractals, and the dimensions D0, D1, D2 can be computed for their finite counterparts representing distribution of cell nuclei. The model enabled both the calibration of the software and the validation of the measurements in 124 prostate carcinomas. The ROC analysis defined the cut-off D0 values for seven classes of complexity. RESULTS The Gleason classification matched in part with the classification based on the D0 values. The mean ROC sensitivity was 81.3% and the mean ROC specificity 75.2%. Prostate carcinomas were re-stratified into seven classes of complexity according to their D0 values. This increased both the mean ROC sensitivity and the mean ROC specificity to 100%. All homogeneous Gleason patterns were subordinated to the class C1, C4, or C7. D0 = 1.5820 was the cut-off D0 value between the complexity class C2 and C3 representing low-risk cancers and intermediate-risk cancers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The global fractal dimensions eliminate the subjectivity in the diagnostic algorithm of prostate cancer. Those complexity measures enable the objective subordination of carcinomas to the well-defined complexity classes, and define subgroups of carcinomas with very low malignant potential (complexity class C1) or at a large risk of progression (complexity ass C7).
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Park HJ, Bolton EC. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces cell proliferation in the mouse urogenital sinus. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:289-306. [PMID: 25549043 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a TGFβ family member, and GDNF signals through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface receptor (GFRα1) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF signaling plays crucial roles in urogenital processes, ranging from cell fate decisions in germline progenitors to ureteric bud outgrowth and renal branching morphogenesis. Gene ablation studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in urogenital development, although its role in prostate development is unclear. We investigated the functional role of GDNF signaling in the urogenital sinus (UGS) and the developing prostate of mice. GDNF, GFRα1, and RET show time-specific and cell-specific expression during prostate development in vivo. In the UGS, GDNF and GFRα1 are expressed in the urethral mesenchyme (UrM) and epithelium (UrE), whereas RET is restricted to the UrM. In each lobe of the developing prostate, GDNF and GFRα1 expression declines in the epithelium and becomes restricted to the stroma. Using a well-established organ culture system, we determined that exogenous GDNF increases proliferation of UrM and UrE cells, altering UGS morphology. With regard to mechanism, GDNF signaling in the UrM increased RET expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, inhibition of RET kinase activity or ERK kinases suppressed GDNF-induced proliferation of UrM cells but not UrE cells. We therefore propose that GDNF signaling in the UGS increases proliferation of UrM and UrE cells by different mechanisms, which are distinguished by the role of RET receptor tyrosine kinase and ERK kinase signaling, thus implicating GDNF signaling in prostate development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Huang L, Xiao A, Wecker A, McBride DA, Choi SY, Zhou W, Lipschutz JH. A possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease: knockdown of wnt5a causes cysts in zebrafish kidneys. J Vis Exp 2014:52156. [PMID: 25489842 PMCID: PMC4354438 DOI: 10.3791/52156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to "off-target" effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School;
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | - Andrea Wecker
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | | | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan
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Huang L, Xiao A, Choi SY, Kan Q, Zhou W, Chacon-Heszele MF, Ryu YK, McKenna S, Zuo X, Kuruvilla R, Lipschutz JH. Wnt5a is necessary for normal kidney development in zebrafish and mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128:80-8. [PMID: 25412793 DOI: 10.1159/000368411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt5a is important for the development of various organs and postnatal cellular function. Little is known, however, about the role of Wnt5a in kidney development, although WNT5A mutations were identified in patients with Robinow syndrome, a genetic disease which includes developmental defects in kidneys. Our goal in this study was to determine the role of Wnt5a in kidney development. METHODS Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to establish the expression pattern of Wnt5a during kidney development. Zebrafish with wnt5a knockdown and Wnt5a global knockout mice were used to identify kidney phenotypes. RESULTS In zebrafish, wnt5a knockdown resulted in glomerular cyst formation and dilated renal tubules. In mice, Wnt5a global knockout resulted in pleiotropic, but severe, kidney phenotypes, including agenesis, fused kidney, hydronephrosis and duplex kidney/ureter. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the important role of Wnt5a in kidney development. Disrupted Wnt5a resulted in kidney cysts in zebrafish and pleiotropic abnormal kidney development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Va., USA
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Lombardi APG, Royer C, Pisolato R, Cavalcanti FN, Lucas TFG, Lazari MFM, Porto CS. Physiopathological aspects of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the male reproductive system. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 3:e23181. [PMID: 23687614 PMCID: PMC3644045 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.23181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway controls several biological processes throughout development and adult life. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling underlies a wide range of pathologies in animals and humans, including cancer in different tissues. In this review, we provide an update of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the possible roles of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the biology of testis, epididymis and prostate. Data from our laboratory suggest the involvement of 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptors (ERs) on the regulation of β-catenin expression in rat Sertoli cells. We also provide emerging evidences of the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in testis and prostate cancer. Our understanding of the role of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in male reproductive tissues is still evolving, and several questions are open to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paola G Lombardi
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Schneider AJ, Branam AM, Peterson RE. Intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling in development, health, and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17852-85. [PMID: 25286307 PMCID: PMC4227194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and Wnt (wingless-related MMTV integration site) signaling pathways have been conserved throughout evolution. Appropriately regulated signaling through each pathway is necessary for normal development and health, while dysregulation can lead to developmental defects and disease. Though both pathways have been vigorously studied, there is relatively little research exploring the possibility of crosstalk between these pathways. In this review, we provide a brief background on (1) the roles of both AHR and Wnt signaling in development and disease, and (2) the molecular mechanisms that characterize activation of each pathway. We also discuss the need for careful and complete experimental evaluation of each pathway and describe existing research that explores the intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling. Lastly, to illustrate in detail the intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling, we summarize our recent findings which show that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced disruption of Wnt signaling impairs fetal prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schneider
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Amanda M Branam
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Richard E Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Abstract
While early-life estrogens are thought to play a physiologic role in prostate gland development, inappropriate estrogenic exposures either in dose, type or temporally can reprogram the prostate gland and increase susceptibility to abnormal prostate growth with aging including carcinogenesis. This review discusses the evidence for developmental estrogenic reprogramming that leads to adult prostate disease in a rat model. We propose that estrogen imprinting of the prostate is mediated through both structural reorganization of the gland early in life and epigenomic reprogramming that permits life-long memory of the inappropriate developmental exposures including heightened sensitivity to rising estradiol levels with aging. Complex interactions between early epigenetic programming and later-life experiences results in an emergence of multiple epigenomic outcomes, with some contributing to carcinogenesis with aging.
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43
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Omori A, Miyagawa S, Ogino Y, Harada M, Ishii K, Sugimura Y, Ogino H, Nakagata N, Yamada G. Essential roles of epithelial bone morphogenetic protein signaling during prostatic development. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2534-44. [PMID: 24731097 PMCID: PMC4060178 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate is a male sex-accessory organ. The prostatic epithelia consist primarily of basal and luminal cells that differentiate from embryonic urogenital sinus epithelia. Prostate tumors are believed to originate in the basal and luminal cells. However, factors that promote normal epithelial differentiation have not been well elucidated, particularly for bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling. This study shows that Bmp signaling prominently increases during prostatic differentiation in the luminal epithelia, which is monitored by the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8. To elucidate the mechanism of epithelial differentiation and the function of Bmp signaling during prostatic development, conditional male mutant mouse analysis for the epithelial-specific Bmp receptor 1a (Bmpr1a) was performed. We demonstrate that Bmp signaling is indispensable for luminal cell maturation, which regulates basal cell proliferation. Expression of the prostatic epithelial regulatory gene Nkx3.1 was significantly reduced in the Bmpr1a mutants. These results indicate that Bmp signaling is a key factor for prostatic epithelial differentiation, possibly by controlling the prostatic regulatory gene Nkx3.1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Epithelium/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Omori
- Department of Developmental Genetics (A.O., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (S.M., Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Science, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Clinical Anatomy (M.H.), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8591, Japan; Department of Oncologic Pathology (K.I.), and Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology (Y.S.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; Department of Animal Bioscience (H.O.), Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan; and Division of Reproductive Engineering (N.N.), Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Schneider AJ, Moore RW, Branam AM, Abler LL, Keil KP, Mehta V, Vezina CM, Peterson RE. In utero exposure to TCDD alters Wnt signaling during mouse prostate development: linking ventral prostate agenesis to downregulated β-catenin signaling. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:176-87. [PMID: 24928892 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes ventral prostate agenesis in C57BL/6J mice by preventing ventral prostatic budding in the embryonic urogenital sinus (UGS). TCDD (5 μg/kg, po) administered to pregnant dams on embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the UGS mesenchyme, disrupting the mesenchymally derived paracrine signaling that instructs epithelial prostatic budding. How TCDD alters the mesenchymal milieu is not well understood. We previously showed that TCDD disrupts some aspects of Wnt signaling in UGSs grown in vitro. Here we provide the first comprehensive, in vivo characterization of Wnt signaling in male E16.5 UGSs during normal development, and after in utero TCDD exposure. Vehicle- and TCDD-exposed UGSs were probed by in situ hybridization to assess relative abundance and localization of RNA from 46 genes that regulate Wnt signaling. TCDD altered the staining pattern of five genes, increasing staining for Wnt10a and Wnt16 and decreasing staining for Ror2, Rspo2, and Wif1. We also used immunohistochemistry to show, for the first time, activation of β-catenin (CTNNB1) signaling in ventral basal epithelium of control UGSs at E16.5. This onset of CTNNB1 signaling occurred immediately prior to the initiation of ventral prostatic budding and is characterized by a pronounced increase in CTNNB1 nuclear localization and subsequent expression of the CTNNB1 signaling target gene, Lef1. In utero TCDD exposure prevented the onset of CTNNB1 signaling and LEF1 expression in the ventral basal epithelium, thereby elucidating a likely mechanism by which TCDD contributes to failed prostatic budding in the ventral UGS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert W Moore
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Amanda M Branam
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Lisa L Abler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Vatsal Mehta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Chad M Vezina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Zhao H, Sun N, Young SR, Nolley R, Santos J, Wu JC, Peehl DM. Induced pluripotency of human prostatic epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64503. [PMID: 23717621 PMCID: PMC3661502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a valuable resource for discovery of epigenetic changes critical to cell type-specific differentiation. Although iPS cells have been generated from other terminally differentiated cells, the reprogramming of normal adult human basal prostatic epithelial (E-PZ) cells to a pluripotent state has not been reported. Here, we attempted to reprogram E-PZ cells by forced expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 using lentiviral vectors and obtained embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies at a frequency of 0.01%. These E-PZ-iPS-like cells with normal karyotype gained expression of pluripotent genes typical of iPS cells (Tra-1-81, SSEA-3, Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4) and lost gene expression characteristic of basal prostatic epithelial cells (CK5, CK14, and p63). E-PZ-iPS-like cells demonstrated pluripotency by differentiating into ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal cells in vitro, although lack of teratoma formation in vivo and incomplete demethylation of pluripotency genes suggested only partial reprogramming. Importantly, E-PZ-iPS-like cells re-expressed basal epithelial cell markers (CD44, p63, MAO-A) in response to prostate-specific medium in spheroid culture. Androgen induced expression of androgen receptor (AR), and co-culture with rat urogenital sinus further induced expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a hallmark of secretory cells, suggesting that E-PZ-iPS-like cells have the capacity to differentiate into prostatic basal and secretory epithelial cells. Finally, when injected into mice, E-PZ-iPS-like cells expressed basal epithelial cell markers including CD44 and p63. When co-injected with rat urogenital mesenchyme, E-PZ-iPS-like cells expressed AR and expression of p63 and CD44 was repressed. DNA methylation profiling identified epigenetic changes in key pathways and genes involved in prostatic differentiation as E-PZ-iPS-like cells converted to differentiated AR- and PSA-expressing cells. Our results suggest that iPS-like cells derived from prostatic epithelial cells are pluripotent and capable of prostatic differentiation; therefore, provide a novel model for investigating epigenetic changes involved in prostate cell lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Young
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Santos
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duan Z, Zou JX, Yang P, Wang Y, Borowsky AD, Gao AC, Chen HW. Developmental and androgenic regulation of chromatin regulators EZH2 and ANCCA/ATAD2 in the prostate Via MLL histone methylase complex. Prostate 2013; 73:455-66. [PMID: 23038103 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromatin regulators ANCCA and EZH2 are overexpressed in prostate cancer and play crucial roles in androgen-stimulated and castration-refractory prostate tumor growth and survival. However, how their expression is regulated in the tumors and whether they play a role in prostate development remains unclear. METHODS Prostate tissue from different developmental stages of mouse and human were examined by IHC, qRT-PCR and Western for expression of ANCCA, EZH2, and Ki-67. Animals were castrated and T-implanted for the expression response in normal prostate and tumors. siRNA knockdown and ChIP were performed for the mechanism of ANCCA regulation of EZH2. RESULTS In contrast to their very low level expression in adult prostate, ANCCA and EZH2 are strongly expressed in the epithelium and mesenchyme of mouse and human UGS. Their expression becomes more restricted to epithelial cells during later development and displays a second peak during puberty, which correlates with the proliferative status of the epithelium. Importantly, their expression in normal prostate and tumors is strongly suppressed by castration and markedly induced by testosterone replacement. While androgen suppresses EZH2 in CRPC cells, in LNCaP cells, physiological concentrations of androgen stimulate expression of PRC2 genes (EZH2, SUZ12, and EED), which is mediated by androgen-induced ANCCA and involves E2F and histone H3K4me3 methylase MLL1 complex. CONCLUSION EZH2 and ANCCA are androgen regulated and strongly expressed in early prostate morphogenesis and during puberty, suggesting their important role in prostate development. Regulation of EZH2 by ANCCA emphasizes bromodomain protein ANCCA as a potential therapeutic target against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Duan
- Cancer Center/Basic Sciences, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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47
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Simons BW, Hurley PJ, Huang Z, Ross AE, Miller R, Marchionni L, Berman DM, Schaeffer EM. Wnt signaling though beta-catenin is required for prostate lineage specification. Dev Biol 2012; 371:246-55. [PMID: 22960283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgens initiate a complex network of signals within the UGS that trigger prostate lineage commitment and bud formation. Given its contributions to organogenesis in other systems, we investigated a role for canonical Wnt signaling in prostate development. We developed a new method to achieve complete deletion of beta-catenin, the transcriptional coactivator required for canonical Wnt signaling, in early prostate development. Beta-catenin deletion abrogated canonical Wnt signaling and yielded prostate rudiments that exhibited dramatically decreased budding and failed to adopt prostatic identity. This requirement for canonical Wnt signaling was limited to a brief critical period during the initial molecular phase of prostate identity specification. Deletion of beta-catenin in the adult prostate did not significantly affect organ homeostasis. Collectively, these data establish that beta-catenin and Wnt signaling play key roles in prostate lineage specification and bud outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Simons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
The Wnts are secreted cysteine-rich glycoproteins that have important roles in the developing embryo as well as in tissue homeostasis in adults. Dysregulation of Wnt signalling can lead to several types of cancer, including prostate cancer. A hallmark of the signalling pathway is the stabilization of the transcriptional co-activator β-catenin, which not only regulates expression of many genes implicated in cancer but is also an essential component of cadherin cell adhesion complexes. β-catenin regulates gene expression by binding members of the T-cell-specific transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (TCF/LEF-1) family of transcription factors. In addition, β-catenin associates with the androgen receptor, a key regulator of prostate growth that drives prostate cancer progression. Wnt/β-catenin signalling can be controlled by secreted Wnt antagonists, many of which are downregulated in cancer. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has effects on prostate cell proliferation, differentiation and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is thought to regulate the invasive behaviour of tumour cells. However, whether targeting Wnt/β-catenin signalling is a good therapeutic option for prostate cancer remains unclear.
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49
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Mehta V, Vezina CM. Potential protective mechanisms of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2012; 82:211-9. [PMID: 21684673 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionarily conserved ligand activated transcription factor best known for its role in mediating toxic responses to dioxin-like environmental contaminants. However, AHR signaling has also emerged as an active participant in processes of normal development and disease progression. Here, we review the role of AHR signaling in prostate development and disease processes, with a particular emphasis on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Inappropriate AHR activation has recently been associated with a decreased risk of symptomatic BPH in humans and has been shown to impair prostate development and disrupt endocrine signaling in rodents. We highlight known physiological responses to AHR activation in prostate and other tissues and discuss potential mechanisms by which it may act in adult human prostate to protect against symptomatic BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsal Mehta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Chawengsaksophak K, Svingen T, Ng ET, Epp T, Spiller CM, Clark C, Cooper H, Koopman P. Loss of Wnt5a Disrupts Primordial Germ Cell Migration and Male Sexual Development in Mice1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:1-12. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.095232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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