Cell migration during morphogenesis

De novo lipid synthesis and polarized prenylation drive cell invasion through basement membrane

To breach the basement membrane, cells in development and cancer use large, transient, specialized lipid-rich membrane protrusions. Using live imaging, endogenous protein tagging, and cell-specific RNAi during Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion, we demonstrate that the lipogenic SREBP transcription factor SBP-1 drives the expression of the fatty acid synthesis enzymes POD-2 and FASN-1 prior to invasion. We show that phospholipid-producing LPIN-1 and sphingomyelin synthase SMS-1, which use fatty acids as substrates, produce lysosome stores that build the AC's invasive protrusion, and that SMS-1 also promotes protrusion localization of the lipid raft partitioning ZMP-1 matrix metalloproteinase. Finally, we discover that HMG-CoA reductase HMGR-1, which generates isoprenoids for prenylation, localizes to the ER and enriches in peroxisomes at the AC invasive front, and that the final transmembrane prenylation enzyme, ICMT-1, localizes to endoplasmic reticulum exit sites that dynamically polarize to deliver prenylated GTPases for protrusion formation. Together, these results reveal a collaboration between lipogenesis and a polarized lipid prenylation system that drives invasive protrusion formation.

Effect of micropillar density on morphology and migration of low and high metastatic potential breast cancer cells

Study of cell migration in cancer is crucial to the comprehension of the processes and factors that govern tumor spread. Cancer cells migrate invading tissues, causing alterations in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and signaling pathways. Little is known about the physical attributes of cancer cells that change when interacting with microenvironments. In this work, the local topography of the ECM has been mimicked through micropillar array substrates. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, exhibiting high and low metastatic potential, respectively, were analyzed. Differences in morphology and migration of the cells were investigated by examining the cell spreading area, circularity, aspect ratio, migration speed, and migration path. This work encountered that none of the studied cell lines have preferential orientation migrating on uniform patterns. In contrast, cell migration on graded patterns shows preferential orientation along the longitudinal direction from sparser to denser zones which is significantly influenced by substrate stiffness and indicates that both cell lines can sense the spacing gradient and respond to this topographical cue. The migration speed of the breast cancer cell lines significantly decreases from the sparse to medium to dense zones, registering higher values for the MDA-MB-231.

Migrasome biogenesis: when biochemistry meets biophysics on membranes

Migrasomes, newly identified organelles, play crucial roles in intercellular communication, contributing to organ development and angiogenesis. These vesicles, forming on retraction fibers of migrating cells, showcase a sophisticated architecture. Recent research reveals that migrasome biogenesis is a complicated and highly regulated process. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing migrasome formation, proposing a model in which biogenesis is understood through the lens of membrane microdomain assembly. It underscores the critical interplay between biochemistry and biophysics. The biogenesis unfolds in three distinct stages: nucleation, maturation, and expansion, each characterized by unique morphological, biochemical, and biophysical features. We also explore the broader implications of migrasome research in membrane biology and outline key unanswered questions that represent important directions for future investigation.

Deficient GATA6-CXCR7 signaling leads to bicuspid aortic valve

The cardiac outflow tract (OFT) transiently links the ventricles to the aortic sac and forms the arterial valves. Abnormalities in these valves, such as bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), are common congenital anomalies. GATA6-inactivating variants cause cardiac OFT defects and BAV, but their mechanisms are unclear. We generated Gata6STOP/+ mice using CRISPR-Cas9, which show highly penetrant BAV (70%) and membranous ventricular septal defects (43%). These mice exhibited decreased proliferation and increased ISL1-positive progenitor cells in the OFT, indicating abnormal cardiovascular differentiation. Gata6 deletion with the Mef2cCre driver line recapitulated Gata6STOP/+ phenotypes, indicating a cell-autonomous role for Gata6 in the second heart field. Gata6STOP/+ mice showed reduced OFT length and caliber, associated with deficient cardiac neural crest cell contribution, which may cause valvulo-septal defects. RNA-sequencing analysis showed depletion in pathways related to cell proliferation and migration, highlighting Cxcr7 (also known as Ackr3) as a candidate gene. Reduced mesenchymal cell migration and invasion were observed in Gata6STOP/+ OFT tissue. CXCR7 agonists reduced mesenchymal cell migration and increased invasion in wild-type but not in Gata6STOP/+ explants, indicating the GATA6-dependent role of CXCR7 in OFT development and its potential link to BAV.

Steroid hormone signaling synchronizes cell migration machinery, adhesion and polarity to direct collective movement

Migratory cells - either individually or in cohesive groups - are critical for spatiotemporally regulated processes such as embryonic development and wound healing. Their dysregulation is the underlying cause of formidable health problems such as congenital abnormalities and metastatic cancers. Border cell behavior during Drosophila oogenesis provides an effective model to study temporally regulated, collective cell migration in vivo. Developmental timing in flies is primarily controlled by the steroid hormone ecdysone, which acts through a well-conserved, nuclear hormone receptor complex. Ecdysone signaling determines the timing of border cell migration, but the molecular mechanisms governing this remain obscure. We found that border cell clusters expressing a dominant-negative form of ecdysone receptor extended ineffective protrusions. Additionally, these clusters had aberrant spatial distributions of E-cadherin (E-cad), apical domain markers and activated myosin that did not overlap. Remediating their expression or activity individually in clusters mutant for ecdysone signaling did not restore proper migration. We propose that ecdysone signaling synchronizes the functional distribution of E-cadherin, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Discs large (Dlg1) and activated myosin post-transcriptionally to coordinate adhesion, polarity and contractility and temporally control collective cell migration.

Elastic fibers define embryonic tissue stiffness to enable buckling morphogenesis of the small intestine

During embryonic development, tissues must possess precise material properties to ensure that cell-generated forces give rise to the stereotyped morphologies of developing organs. However, the question of how material properties are established and regulated during development remains understudied. Here, we aim to address these broader questions through the study of intestinal looping, a process by which the initially straight intestinal tube buckles into loops, permitting ordered packing within the body cavity. Looping results from elongation of the tube against the constraint of an attached tissue, the dorsal mesentery, which is elastically stretched by the elongating tube to nearly triple its length. This elastic energy storage allows the mesentery to provide stable compressive forces that ultimately buckle the tube into loops. Beginning with a transcriptomic analysis of the mesentery, we identified widespread upregulation of extracellular matrix related genes during looping, including genes related to elastic fiber deposition. Combining molecular and mechanical analyses, we conclude that elastin confers tensile stiffness to the mesentery, enabling its mechanical role in organizing the developing small intestine. These results shed light on the role of elastin as a driver of morphogenesis that extends beyond its more established role in resisting cyclic deformation in adult tissues.

The RNF220 domain nuclear factor Teyrha-Meyrha (Tey) regulates the migration and differentiation of specific visceral and somatic muscles in Drosophila

Development of the visceral musculature of the Drosophila midgut encompasses a closely coordinated sequence of migration events of cells from the trunk and caudal visceral mesoderm that underlies the formation of the stereotypic orthogonal pattern of circular and longitudinal midgut muscles. Our study focuses on the last step of migration and morphogenesis of longitudinal visceral muscle precursors and shows that these multinucleated precursors utilize dynamic filopodial extensions to migrate in dorsal and ventral directions over the forming midgut tube. The establishment of maximal dorsoventral distances from one another, and anteroposterior alignments, lead to the equidistant coverage of the midgut with longitudinal muscle fibers. We identify Teyrha-Meyhra (Tey), a tissue-specific nuclear factor related to the RNF220 domain protein family, as a crucial regulator of this process of muscle migration and morphogenesis that is further required for proper differentiation of longitudinal visceral muscles. In addition, Tey is expressed in a single somatic muscle founder cell in each hemisegment, regulates the migration of this founder cell, and is required for proper pathfinding of its developing myotube to specific myotendinous attachment sites.

[I lead, follow me! How cells coordinate during collective migrations.]

During development and wound healing, cells frequently move in a so-called "collective cell migration" process. The same type of migration is used by some cancer cells during metastasis formation. A powerful model to study collective cell migration is the border cell cluster in Drosophila as it allows the observation and manipulation of a collective cell migration in its normal environment. This review describes the molecular machinery used by the border cells to migrate directionally, focusing on the mechanisms used to detect and reacts to chemoattractants, and to organise the group in leader and follower cells.

ELASTIC FIBERS DEFINE EMBRYONIC TISSUE STIFFNESS TO ENABLE BUCKLING MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

During embryonic development, tissues must possess precise material properties to ensure that cell-generated forces give rise to the stereotyped morphologies of developing organs. However, the question of how material properties are established and regulated during development remains understudied. Here, we aim to address these broader questions through the study of intestinal looping, a process by which the initially straight intestinal tube buckles into loops, permitting ordered packing within the body cavity. Looping results from elongation of the tube against the constraint of an attached tissue, the dorsal mesentery, which is elastically stretched by the elongating tube to nearly triple its length. This elastic energy storage allows the mesentery to provide stable compressive forces that ultimately buckle the tube into loops. Beginning with a transcriptomic analysis of the mesentery, we identified widespread upregulation of extracellular matrix related genes during looping, including genes related to elastic fiber deposition. Combining molecular and mechanical analyses, we conclude that elastin confers tensile stiffness to the mesentery, enabling its mechanical role in organizing the developing small intestine. These results shed light on the role of elastin as a driver of morphogenesis that extends beyond its more established role in resisting cyclic deformation in adult tissues.

Mouse CCL9 Chemokine Acts as Tumor Suppressor in a Murine Model of Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world. Despite extensive studies and apparent progress in modern strategies for disease control, the treatment options are still not sufficient and effective, mostly due to frequently encountered resistance to immunotherapy of colon cancer patients in common clinical practice. In our study, we aimed to uncover the CCL9 chemokine action employing the murine model of colon cancer to seek new, potential molecular targets that could be promising in the development of colon cancer therapy. Mouse CT26.CL25 colon cancer cell line was used for introducing lentivirus-mediated CCL9 overexpression. The blank control cell line contained an empty vector, while the cell line marked as CCL9+ carried the CCL9-overexpressing vector. Next, cancer cells with empty vector (control) or CCL9-overexpressing cells were injected subcutaneously, and the growing tumors were measured within 2 weeks. Surprisingly, CCL9 contributed to a decline in tumor growth in vivo but had no effect on CT26.CL25 cell proliferation or migration in vitro. Microarray analysis of the collected tumor tissues revealed upregulation of the immune system-related genes in the CCL9 group. Obtained results suggest that CCL9 reveals its anti-proliferative functions by interplay with host immune cells and mediators that were absent in the isolated, in vitro system. Under specific study conditions, we determined unknown features of the murine CCL9 that have so far bee reported to be predominantly pro-oncogenic.

Curvature induces active velocity waves in rotating spherical tissues

The multicellular organization of diverse systems, including embryos, intestines, and tumors relies on coordinated cell migration in curved environments. In these settings, cells establish supracellular patterns of motion, including collective rotation and invasion. While such collective modes have been studied extensively in flat systems, the consequences of geometrical and topological constraints on collective migration in curved systems are largely unknown. Here, we discover a collective mode of cell migration in rotating spherical tissues manifesting as a propagating single-wavelength velocity wave. This wave is accompanied by an apparently incompressible supracellular flow pattern featuring topological defects as dictated by the spherical topology. Using a minimal active particle model, we reveal that this collective mode arises from the effect of curvature on the active flocking behavior of a cell layer confined to a spherical surface. Our results thus identify curvature-induced velocity waves as a mode of collective cell migration, impacting the dynamical organization of 3D curved tissues.

Molecular divergence with major morphological consequences: development and evolution of organ size and shape

Understanding the causes of the morphological diversity among organisms is a topic of great interest to evolutionary developmental biologists. Although developmental biologists have had great success in identifying the developmental mechanisms and molecular processes that specify organ size and shape within species, only relatively recently have the molecular tools become available to study how variation in these mechanisms gives rise to the phenotypic differences that are observed among closely related species. In addition to these technological advances, researchers interested in understanding how molecular variation gives rise to phenotypic variation have used three primary strategies to identify the molecular differences underlying species-specific traits: the candidate gene approach, differential gene expression screens, and between-species genetic mapping experiments. In this review, we discuss how these approaches have been successful in identifying the genes and the cellular mechanisms by which they specify variation in one of the most recognizable examples of the evolution of organ size, the adaptive variation in beak morphology among Darwin's finches. We also discuss insect reproductive structures as a model with great potential to advance our understanding of the specification and evolution of organ size and shape differences among species. The results from these two examples, and those from other species, show that species-specific variation in organ size and shape typically evolves via changes in the timing, location, and amount of gene/protein expression that act on tissue growth processes.

Ameboid cell migration through regular arrays of micropillars under confinement

Migrating cells often encounter a wide variety of topographic features-including the presence of obstacles-when navigating through crowded biological environments. Unraveling the impact of topography and crowding on the dynamics of cells is key to better understand many essential physiological processes such as the immune response. We study the impact of geometrical cues on ameboid migration of HL-60 cells differentiated into neutrophils. A microfluidic device is designed to track the cells in confining geometries between two parallel plates with distance h, in which identical micropillars are arranged in regular pillar forests with pillar spacing e. We observe that the cells are temporarily captured near pillars, with a mean contact time that is independent of h and e. By decreasing the vertical confinement h, we find that the cell velocity is not affected, while the persistence reduces; thus, cells are able to preserve their velocity when highly squeezed but lose the ability to control their direction of motion. At a given h, we show that by decreasing the pillar spacing e in the weak lateral confinement regime, the mean escape time of cells from effective local traps between neighboring pillars grows. This effect, together with the increase of cell-pillar contact frequency, leads to the reduction of diffusion constant D. By disentangling the contributions of these two effects on D in numerical simulations, we verify that the impact of cell-pillar contacts on cell diffusivity is more pronounced at smaller pillar spacing.

Silencing the expression of lncRNA SNHG15 may be a novel therapeutic approach in human breast cancer through regulating miR-345-5p

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) short nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15) has been found to have an oncogenic function in numerous malignancies. Nevertheless, the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of SNHG15 in breast cancer have not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of SNHG15 and in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The expression of SNHG15 was silenced using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. The proliferation and migration of the cells were examined by colony formation assays, cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assays, and transwell assays. For the zebrafish xenograft injection experiments, cultured cells labelled with the fluorescent dye CM-DiI were injected into the perivitelline space of the larvae.

RESULTS

This present study revealed that the expression of lncRNA SNHG15 (lnc-SNHG15) was significantly upregulated in breast cancer cells, and its overexpression was associated with the tumor. The relative expression of lnc-SNHG15 could be downregulated using siRNAs, and silencing lnc-SNHG15 inhibited the proliferation and the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo experiments using the zebrafish xenograft model showed similar results. Mechanistically, the knockdown effect of lnc-SNHG15 could be restored by inhibiting the expression of the miR-345-5p, confirming the negative regulation between lnc-SNHG15 and miR-345-5p. Interestingly, cisplatin treatment combined with SNHG15 knockdown effectively inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and migration in the zebrafish xenograft compared to negative controls.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, lnc-SNHG15 knockdown increased miR-345-5p expression and negated cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells, and thus, lnc-SNHG15 may be a potential novel target for breast cancer therapy.

Model for active particles confined in a two-state micropattern

We propose a model, based on active Brownian particles, for the dynamics of cells confined in a two-state micropattern, composed of two rectangular boxes connected by a bridge, and investigate the transition statistics. A transition between boxes occurs when the active particle crosses the center of the bridge, and the time between subsequent transitions is the dwell time. By assuming that the rotational diffusion time τ is a function of the position, some experimental observations are qualitatively recovered as, for example, the shape of the survival function. τ controls the transition from a ballistic regime at short time scales to a diffusive regime at long time scales, with an effective diffusion coefficient proportional to τ. For small values of τ, the dwell time is determined by the characteristic diffusion timescale which is constant for very low values of τ, when the rotational diffusion is much faster than the translational one and decays with τ for intermediate values of τ. For large values of τ, the interaction with the walls dominates and the particle stays mostly at the corners of the boxes increasing the dwell time. We find that there is an optimal τ for which the dwell time is minimal and its value can be tuned by changing the geometry of the pattern.

IGDQ motogenic peptide gradient induces directional cell migration through integrin (αv)β3 activation in MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells

In the context of breast cancer metastasis study, we have shown in an in vitro model of cell migration that IGDQ-exposing (IsoLeu-Gly-Asp-Glutamine type I Fibronectin motif) monolayers (SAMs) on gold sustain the adhesion of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by triggering Focal Adhesion Kinase and integrin activation. Such tunable scaffolds are used to mimic the tumor extracellular environment, inducing and controlling cell migration. The observed migratory behavior induced by the IGDQ-bearing peptide gradient along the surface allows to separate cell subpopulations with a "stationary" or "migratory" phenotype. In this work, we knocked down the integrins α5(β1) and (αv)β since they are already known to be implicated in cell migration. To this aim, a whole proteomic analysis was performed in beta 3 integrin (ITGB3) or alpha 5 integrin (ITGA5) knock-down MDA-MB-231 cells, in order to highlight the pathways implied in the integrin-dependent cell migration. Our results showed that i) ITGB3 depletion influenced ITGA5 mRNA expression, ii) ITGB3 and ITGA5 were both necessary for IGDQ-mediated directional single cell migration and iii) integrin (αv)β3 was activated by IGDQ fibronectin type I motif. Finally, the proteomic analysis suggested that co-regulation of recycling transport of ITGB3 by ITGA5 is potentially necessary for directional IGDQ-mediated cell migration.

Orchestrated neuronal migration and cortical folding: A computational and experimental study

Brain development involves precisely orchestrated genetic, biochemical, and mechanical events. At the cellular level, neuronal proliferation in the innermost zone of the brain followed by migration towards the outermost layer results in a rapid increase in brain surface area, outpacing the volumetric growth of the brain, and forming the highly folded cortex. This work aims to provide mechanistic insights into the process of brain development and cortical folding using a biomechanical model that couples cell division and migration with volumetric growth. Unlike phenomenological growth models, our model tracks the spatio-temporal development of cohorts of neurons born at different times, with each cohort modeled separately as an advection-diffusion process and the total cell density determining the extent of volume growth. We numerically implement our model in Abaqus/Standard (2020) by writing user-defined element (UEL) subroutines. For model calibration, we apply in utero electroporation (IUE) to ferret brains to visualize and track cohorts of neurons born at different stages of embryonic development. Our calibrated simulations of cortical folding align qualitatively with the ferret experiments. We have made our experimental data and finite-element implementation available online to offer other researchers a modeling platform for future study of neurological disorders associated with atypical neurodevelopment and cortical malformations.

Brain development and cortical folding is a highly dynamic process that results from the interaction between gene expression, cellular mechanisms, and mechanical forces. Here, we expand on existing mathematical models of brain development and cortical folding to capture the behavior of multiple different subpopulations of neurons. By calibrating our biomechanical model to our novel experiments on ferrets, we can track the distribution of neurons over time and observe how the brain grows and develops its characteristic folds. Our calibrated model captures interactions between cell behavior and tissue deformation and offers more detailed information about the orchestrated migration of neuronal subpopulations. This work offers new mechanistic insights into brain development and opens the door to future investigations of atypical brain development caused by disrupted neuronal activities, particularly those alterations associated with injury, exposure, or treatment at a specific location or time during development. Finally, our experimental data and numerical implementations are provided as a resource online for the use of other researchers.

Leveraging the model-experiment loop: Examples from cellular slime mold chemotaxis

Interplay between models and experimental data advances discovery and understanding in biology, particularly when models generate predictions that allow well-designed experiments to distinguish between alternative mechanisms. To illustrate how this feedback between models and experiments can lead to key insights into biological mechanisms, we explore three examples from cellular slime mold chemotaxis. These examples include studies that identified chemotaxis as the primary mechanism behind slime mold aggregation, discovered that cells likely measure chemoattractant gradients by sensing concentration differences across cell length, and tested the role of cell-associated chemoattractant degradation in shaping chemotactic fields. Although each study used a different model class appropriate to their hypotheses - qualitative, mathematical, or simulation-based - these examples all highlight the utility of modeling to formalize assumptions and generate testable predictions. A central element of this framework is the iterative use of models and experiments, specifically: matching experimental designs to the models, revising models based on mismatches with experimental data, and validating critical model assumptions and predictions with experiments. We advocate for continued use of this interplay between models and experiments to advance biological discovery.

Label-free monitoring of spatiotemporal changes in the stem cell cytoskeletons in time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy

Investigation of the dynamic structural changes in the actin cytoskeleton during cell migration provides crucial information about the physiological conditions of a stem cell during in-vitro culture. Here we proposed a quantitative analytical model associated with texture extraction with cell tracking techniques for in situ monitoring of the cytoskeletal density change of stem cells in phase-contrast microscopy without fluorescence staining. The reliability of the model in quantifying the texture density with different orientation was first validated using a series of simulated textural images. The capability of the method to reflect the spatiotemporal regulation of the cytoskeletal structure of a living stem cell was further proved by applying it to a set of 72 h phase-contrast microscopic video of the growth dynamics of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro culture.

Role of senescent cells in the motile behavior of active, non-senescent cells in confluent populations

Characteristics of cell migration in a confluent population depend on the nature of cell-to-cell interactions as well as cell-intrinsic properties such as the directional persistence in crawling. In addition, biological tissues (or cell cultures) almost always carry anisotropies and they too can significantly affect cell motility. In the light of this viewpoint, the emergence of cellular senescences in a confluent population of active cells raises an interesting question. Cellular senescence is a process through which a cell enters a permanent growth-arrest state and generally exhibits a dramatic body expansion. Therefore, randomly emerging senescent cells transform an initially homogeneous cell population to a “binary mixture” of two distinct cell types. Here, using in vitro cultures of MDA-MB-231 cells we investigate how spatially localized cellular senescence affect the motility of active cells within a confluent population. Importantly, we estimate the intercellular surface energy of the interface between non-senescent and senescent MDA-MB-231 cells by combining the analysis on the motile behaviors of non-senescent cells encircling senescent cells and the result of extensive numerical simulations of a cellular Potts model. We find that the adhesion of normal cells to senescent cells is much weaker than that among normal cells and that the ‘arclength’ traveled by a normal cell along the boundary of a senescent cell, on average, is several times greater than the persistence length of normal cell in a densely packed homogeneous population. The directional persistent time of normal cell during its contact with a senescent cell also increases significantly. We speculate that the phenomenon could be a general feature associated with senescent cells as the enormous expansion of senescent cell’s membrane would inevitably decrease the density of cell adhesion molecules.

A pan-cancer analysis of molecular characteristics and oncogenic role of gasdermins

Background

The gasdermins (GSDMs) family is proposed to be pore-forming effector proteins that cause cell membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis. Despite our increasing knowledge of GSDMD, GSDME and GSDMB, the biological functions and the regulation of GSDM expression and activation remain elusive for most GSDMs. In this study, we analyzed the molecular characteristics and oncogenic role of GSDM family genes systematically.

Methods

TCGA, CCLE, cBioPortal, GEPIA, CellMiner and BioGRID databases were utilized in this study. Immunohistochemical analysis and a series of in vitro experiments were conducted.

Results

We found that, in cancer, GSDM genes and their expressions extensively changed, which were associated with patient survival. The expression of GSDMs was widely associated with cancer-related pathways, drug resistance, immune subtypes, tumor microenvironment and cancer cell stemness. However, an intra- and inter-cancer heterogeneity was discovered regarding the corresponding GSDM gene. We found that GSDMA and GSDMB regulated drug resistance to the opposite direction of GSDME. In colorectal cancer, GSDME might be a positive regulator in cell invasion and metastasis through cell migration and angiogenesis, while GSDMA, GSDMB and GSDMD might be a negatively regulator of cell migration.

Conclusions

GSDM family genes might play important roles in cancer other than pyroptosis. We suggest more efforts be made to investigate the GSDM family and each GSDM gene be studied as an entity in each type of cancer.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02483-4.

MigraR: An open-source, R-based application for analysis and quantification of cell migration parameters

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Cell migration is essential for many biological phenomena with direct impact on human health and disease. One conventional approach to study cell migration involves the quantitative analysis of individual cell trajectories recorded by time-lapse video microscopy. Dedicated software tools exist to assist the automated or semi-automated tracking of cells and translate these into coordinate positions along time. However, cell biologists usually bump into the difficulty of plotting and computing these data sets into biologically meaningful figures and metrics.

METHODS

This report describes MigraR, an intuitive graphical user interface executed from the RStudio^TM (via the R package Shiny), which greatly simplifies the task of translating coordinate positions of moving cells into measurable parameters of cell migration (velocity, straightness, and direction of movement), as well as of plotting cell trajectories and migration metrics. One innovative function of this interface is that it allows users to refine their data sets by setting limits based on time, velocity and straightness.

RESULTS

MigraR was tested on different data to assess its applicability. Intended users of MigraR are cell biologists with no prior knowledge of data analysis, seeking to accelerate the quantification and visualization of cell migration data sets delivered in the format of Excel files by available cell-tracking software.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the graphics it provides, MigraR is an useful tool for the analysis of migration parameters and cellular trajectories. Since its source code is open, it can be subject of refinement by expert users to best suit the needs of other researchers. It is available at GitHub and can be easily reproduced.

Using Live Imaging to Examine Early Cardiac Development in Zebrafish

Visualizing dynamic cellular behaviors using live imaging is critical to the study of cell movement and to the study of cellular and embryonic polarity. Similarly, live imaging can be vital to elucidating the pathology of genetic disorders and diseases. Model systems such as zebrafish, whose in vivo development is accessible to both the microscope and genetic manipulation, are particularly well-suited to the use of live imaging. Here we describe an overall approach to conducting live-imaging experiments with a specific emphasis on investigating cell movements during the early stages of heart development in zebrafish.

Abnormal Aggregation of Invasive Cancer Cells Induced by Collective Polarization and ECM-Mediated Mechanical Coupling in Coculture Systems

Studies on pattern formation in coculture cell systems can provide insights into many physiological and pathological processes. Here, we investigate how the extracellular matrix (ECM) may influence the patterning in coculture systems. The model coculture system we use is composed of highly motile invasive breast cancer cells, initially mixed with inert nonmetastatic cells on a 2D substrate and covered with a Matrigel layer introduced to mimic ECM. We observe that the invasive cells exhibit persistent centripetal motion and yield abnormal aggregation, rather than random spreading, due to a “collective pulling” effect resulting from ECM-mediated transmission of active contractile forces generated by the polarized migration of the invasive cells along the vertical direction. The mechanism we report may open a new window for the understanding of biological processes that involve multiple types of cells.

Factor quinolinone inhibitors alter cell morphology and motility by destabilizing interphase microtubules

Factor quinolinone inhibitors are promising anti-cancer compounds, initially characterized as specific inhibitors of the oncogenic transcription factor LSF (TFCP2). These compounds exert anti-proliferative activity at least in part by disrupting mitotic spindles. Herein, we report additional interphase consequences of the initial lead compound, FQI1, in two telomerase immortalized cell lines. Within minutes of FQI1 addition, the microtubule network is disrupted, resulting in a substantial, although not complete, depletion of microtubules as evidenced both by microtubule sedimentation assays and microscopy. Surprisingly, this microtubule breakdown is quickly followed by an increase in tubulin acetylation in the remaining microtubules. The sudden breakdown and partial depolymerization of the microtubule network precedes FQI1-induced morphological changes. These involve rapid reduction of cell spreading of interphase fetal hepatocytes and increase in circularity of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Microtubule depolymerization gives rise to FH-B cell compaction, as pretreatment with taxol prevents this morphological change. Finally, FQI1 decreases the rate and range of locomotion of interphase cells, supporting an impact of FQI1-induced microtubule breakdown on cell motility. Taken together, our results show that FQI1 interferes with microtubule-associated functions in interphase, specifically cell morphology and motility.

TNF-α Regulated Endometrial Stroma Secretome Promotes Trophoblast Invasion

Successful implantation requires the coordinated migration and invasion of trophoblast cells from out of the blastocyst and into the endometrium. This process relies on signals produced by cells in the maternal endometrium. However, the relative contribution of stroma cells remains unclear. The study of human implantation has major technical limitations, therefore the need of in vitro models to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. Using a recently described 3D in vitro models we evaluated the interaction between trophoblasts and human endometrial stroma cells (hESC), we assessed the process of trophoblast migration and invasion in the presence of stroma derived factors. We demonstrate that hESC promotes trophoblast invasion through the generation of an inflammatory environment modulated by TNF-α. We also show the role of stromal derived IL-17 as a promoter of trophoblast migration through the induction of essential genes that confer invasive capacity to cells of the trophectoderm. In conclusion, we describe the characterization of a cellular inflammatory network that may be important for blastocyst implantation. Our findings provide a new insight into the complexity of the implantation process and reveal the importance of inflammation for embryo implantation.

"Viscotaxis"- directed migration of mesenchymal stem cells in response to loss modulus gradient

Directed cell migration plays a crucial role in physiological and pathological conditions. One important mechanical cue, known to influence cell migration, is the gradient of substrate elastic modulus (E). However, the cellular microenvironment is viscoelastic and hence the elastic property alone is not sufficient to define its material characteristics. To bridge this gap, in this study, we investigated the influence of the gradient of viscous property of the substrate, as defined by loss modulus (G″) on cell migration. We cultured human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on a collagen-coated polyacrylamide gel with constant storage modulus (G') but with a gradient in the loss modulus (G″). We found hMSCs to migrate from high to low loss modulus. We have termed this form of directional cellular migration as "Viscotaxis". We hypothesize that the high loss modulus regime deforms more due to creep in the long timescale when subjected to cellular traction. Such differential deformation drives the observed Viscotaxis. To verify our hypothesis, we disrupted the actomyosin contractility with myosin inhibitor blebbistatin and ROCK inhibitor Y27632, and found the directional migration to disappear. Further, such time-dependent creep of the high loss material should lead to lower traction, shorter lifetime of the focal adhesions, and dynamic cell morphology, which was indeed found to be the case. Together, findings in this paper highlight the importance of considering the viscous modulus while preparing stiffness-based substrates for the field of tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While the effect of substrate elastic modulus has been investigated extensively in the context of cell biology, the role of substrate viscoelasticity is poorly understood. This omission is surprising as our body is not elastic, but viscoelastic. Hence, the role of viscoelasticity needs to be investigated at depth in various cellular contexts. One such important context is cell migration. Cell migration is important in morphogenesis, immune response, wound healing, and cancer, to name a few. While it is known that cells migrate when presented with a substrate with a rigidity gradient, cellular behavior in response to viscoelastic gradient has never been investigated. The findings of this paper not only reveal a completely novel cellular taxis or directed migration, it also improves our understanding of cell mechanics significantly.

Identification of Signaling Pathways for Early Embryonic Lethality and Developmental Retardation in Sephs1-/- Mice

Selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SEPHS1) plays an essential role in cell growth and survival. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the pathways regulated by SEPHS1 during gastrulation were determined by bioinformatical analyses and experimental verification using systemic knockout mice targeting Sephs1. We found that the coagulation system and retinoic acid signaling were most highly affected by SEPHS1 deficiency throughout gastrulation. Gene expression patterns of altered embryo morphogenesis and inhibition of Wnt signaling were predicted with high probability at E6.5. These predictions were verified by structural abnormalities in the dermal layer of Sephs1^−/− embryos. At E7.5, organogenesis and activation of prolactin signaling were predicted to be affected by Sephs1 knockout. Delay of head fold formation was observed in the Sephs1^−/− embryos. At E8.5, gene expression associated with organ development and insulin-like growth hormone signaling that regulates organ growth during development was altered. Consistent with these observations, various morphological abnormalities of organs and axial rotation failure were observed. We also found that the gene sets related to redox homeostasis and apoptosis were gradually enriched in a time-dependent manner until E8.5. However, DNA damage and apoptosis markers were detected only when the Sephs1^−/− embryos aged to E9.5. Our results suggest that SEPHS1 deficiency causes a gradual increase of oxidative stress which changes signaling pathways during gastrulation, and afterwards leads to apoptosis.

Migration of Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells in Response to Physiological Electric Signals

Restoration of proximal tubular cell integrity and function after ischemic injury involves cell migration and proliferation. Endogenous fields are present during embryonic development and wound healing. Electric field (EF)-induced effects on cell migration have been observed in many cell types. This study investigated the effect of physiological direct current EF (dc EF) on the motility of renal epithelial cells. Human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) and human-derived renal epithelial (HEK-293) cells were exposed to dc EF at physiological magnitude. Cell images were recorded and analyzed using an image analyzer. Cell lysates were used to detect protein expression by western blot. Scratch wounds were created in monolayers of HK-2 cells, and wound areas of cells were measured in response to EF exposure. Cells migrated significantly faster in the presence of an EF and toward the cathode. Application of an EF led to activation of the Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and Akt signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and Akt impaired EF-induced migratory responses, such as motility rate and directedness. In addition, exposure of the monolayers to EF enhanced EF-induced HK-2 wound healing. Our results suggest that EFs augment the rate of single renal epithelium migration and induce cell cathodal migration through activation of Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and Akt signaling. Moreover, exposure of the renal epithelium to EF facilitated closure of in vitro small wounds by enhancing cell migration.

Quantification of Myxococcus xanthus Aggregation and Rippling Behaviors: Deep-Learning Transformation of Phase-Contrast into Fluorescence Microscopy Images

Myxococcus xanthus bacteria are a model system for understanding pattern formation and collective cell behaviors. When starving, cells aggregate into fruiting bodies to form metabolically inert spores. During predation, cells self-organize into traveling cell-density waves termed ripples. Both phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy are used to observe these patterns but each has its limitations. Phase-contrast images have higher contrast, but the resulting image intensities lose their correlation with cell density. The intensities of fluorescence microscopy images, on the other hand, are well-correlated with cell density, enabling better segmentation of aggregates and better visualization of streaming patterns in between aggregates; however, fluorescence microscopy requires the engineering of cells to express fluorescent proteins and can be phototoxic to cells. To combine the advantages of both imaging methodologies, we develop a generative adversarial network that converts phase-contrast into synthesized fluorescent images. By including an additional histogram-equalized output to the state-of-the-art pix2pixHD algorithm, our model generates accurate images of aggregates and streams, enabling the estimation of aggregate positions and sizes, but with small shifts of their boundaries. Further training on ripple patterns enables accurate estimation of the rippling wavelength. Our methods are thus applicable for many other phenotypic behaviors and pattern formation studies.

Directional Persistence of Cell Migration in Schizophrenia Patient-Derived Olfactory Cells

Cell migration is critical for brain development and linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. We have shown previously that cell migration is dysregulated in olfactory neural stem cells from people with schizophrenia. Although they moved faster than control cells on plastic substrates, patient cells were insensitive to regulation by extracellular matrix proteins, which increase the speeds of control cells. As well as speed, cell migration is also described by directional persistence, the straightness of movement. The aim of this study was to determine whether directional persistence is dysregulated in schizophrenia patient cells and whether it is modified on extracellular matrix proteins. Directional persistence in patient-derived and control-derived olfactory cells was quantified from automated live-cell imaging of migrating cells. On plastic substrates, patient cells were more persistent than control cells, with straighter trajectories and smaller turn angles. On most extracellular matrix proteins, persistence increased in patient and control cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but patient cells remained more persistent. Patient cells therefore have a subtle but complex phenotype in migration speed and persistence on most extracellular matrix protein substrates compared to control cells. If present in the developing brain, this could lead to altered brain development in schizophrenia.

Creating stem cell-derived neuromuscular junctions in vitro

Recent development of novel therapies has improved mobility and quality of life for people suffering from inheritable neuromuscular disorders. Despite this progress, the majority of neuromuscular disorders are still incurable, in part due to a lack of predictive models of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) breakdown. Improvement of predictive models of a human NMJ would be transformative in terms of expanding our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin development, maintenance, and disease, and as a testbed with which to evaluate novel therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are emerging as a clinically relevant and non‐invasive cell source to create human NMJs to study synaptic development and maturation, as well as disease modeling and drug discovery. This review will highlight the recent advances and remaining challenges to generating an NMJ capable of eliciting contraction of stem cell‐derived skeletal muscle in vitro. We explore the advantages and shortcomings of traditional NMJ culturing platforms, as well as the pioneering technologies and novel, biomimetic culturing systems currently in use to guide development and maturation of the neuromuscular synapse and extracellular microenvironment. Then, we will explore how this NMJ‐in‐a‐dish can be used to study normal assembly and function of the efferent portion of the neuromuscular arc, and how neuromuscular disease‐causing mutations disrupt structure, signaling, and function.

Roles of leader and follower cells in collective cell migration

Collective cell migration is a widely observed phenomenon during animal development, tissue repair, and cancer metastasis. Considering its broad involvement in biological processes, it is essential to understand the basics behind the collective movement. Based on the topology of migrating populations, tissue-scale kinetics, called the “leader–follower” model, has been proposed for persistent directional collective movement. Extensive in vivo and in vitro studies reveal the characteristics of leader cells, as well as the special mechanisms leader cells employ for maintaining their positions in collective migration. However, follower cells have attracted increasing attention recently due to their important contributions to collective movement. In this Perspective, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the “leader–follower” model is reviewed with a special focus on the force transmission and diverse roles of leaders and followers during collective cell movement.

The interplay between matrix deformation and the coordination of turning events governs directed neutrophil migration in 3D matrices

Neutrophils migrating through extravascular spaces must negotiate narrow matrix pores without losing directional movement. We investigated how chemotaxing neutrophils probe matrices and adjust their migration to collagen concentration ([col]) changes by tracking 20,000 cell trajectories and quantifying cell-generated 3D matrix deformations. In low-[col] matrices, neutrophils exerted large deformations and followed straight trajectories. As [col] increased, matrix deformations decreased, and neutrophils turned often to circumvent rather than remodel matrix pores. Inhibiting protrusive or contractile forces shifted this transition to lower [col], implying that mechanics play a crucial role in defining migratory strategies. To balance frequent turning and directional bias, neutrophils used matrix obstacles as pivoting points to steer toward the chemoattractant. The Actin Related Protein 2/3 complex coordinated successive turns, thus controlling deviations from chemotactic paths. These results offer an improved understanding of the mechanisms and molecular regulators used by neutrophils during chemotaxis in restrictive 3D environments.

The expression and clinical prognostic value of protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit beta in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PAAD) is a common malignancy with a poor survival rate. The identification of novel biomarkers could improve clinical outcomes for patients with PAAD. Here we evaluated the expression and clinical significance of PPP1CB in PAAD. PPP1CB expression was higher in PAAD tissue than in matched paracancerous tissue (P < 0.05). We predicted a network of regulatory targets and protein interaction partners of PPP1CB, and identified a PPI network consisting of 39 node genes. The expression of 33 node genes was higher in PAAD tissue than in matching paracancerous tissue. High expression of the node genes ACTN4, ANLN, CLTB, IQGAP1, SPTAN1, and TMOD3 was associated with improved overall survival (P < 0.05). SiRNA knockdown of PPP1CB significantly reduced the migration and invasion of PAAD cells. A PPP1CB immunohistochemical staining was performed using a tissue microarray (TMA), consisting of tumor samples collected from 91 patients with PAAD (88 of which contained matched paracancerous tissues). The expression of PPP1CB in PAAD was significantly higher than in the matched paracancerous tissue, (P = 0.016). High PPP1CB expression was associated with patient sex (P = 0.048), alcohol use (P = 0.039), CEA (P= 0.038), N stage (P = 0.001), and invasion of nerve (P = 0.036). Furthermore, high PPP1CB expression was associated with significantly poorer overall survival (P = 0.022). Our data demonstrate that PPP1CB is associated with the migration and invasion of PAAD cells, and may be useful as an independent prognostic indicator for clinical outcome in patients with PAAD.

Long intergenic noncoding RNA 00473 promoting migration and invasion of trophoblastic cell line HTR-8/SVneo via regulating miR-424-5p-mediated wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious obstetric complication. Recent studies point out that the functions of long intergenic noncoding RNA 00473 (linc00473), miR-424-5p, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were involved in the invasion and migration of extravillous trophoblast. Here, we investigated the role and mechanism of linc00473 in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblastic cell line and its role in PE.

METHOD

The expression levels of linc00473 and miR-424-5p in placental tissues and the transfection efficiency of miR-424-5p were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion and proliferation were determined by transwell and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. The protein expressions of wnt3a, p-GSK3β, GSK3β, active β-catenin, and total β-catenin were detected by Western blot. The apoptosis and migration of HTR-8/SVneo cells were detected by flow cytometry and wound healing assays. The targeting relationships between linc00473, miR-424-5p, and wnt3a were predicted by ENCORI database and TargetScan V7.2 and were determined using dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

The expression level of linc00473 was low and miR-424-5p was high in placenta of PE patients. Linc00473 can target miR-424-5p, while miR-424-5p target wnt3a. High expression of linc00473 and wnt3a promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inhibited cell apoptosis. However, miR-424-5p mimic inhibited HTR-8/SVneo cells proliferation, migration, invasion, while promoted cell apoptosis, partially reversed the effect of linc00473, while wnt3a overexpression partially counteracted the effect of miR-424-5p mimic.

CONCLUSION

Linc00473 mediates the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by miR-424-5p to affect the invasion and migration ability of trophoblastic cell line HTR-8/SVneo. It indicated that linc00473 is involved in PE and could be a therapeutic target.

Self-organized cell migration across scales - from single cell movement to tissue formation

Self-organization is a key feature of many biological and developmental processes, including cell migration. Although cell migration has traditionally been viewed as a biological response to extrinsic signals, advances within the past two decades have highlighted the importance of intrinsic self-organizing properties to direct cell migration on multiple scales. In this Review, we will explore self-organizing mechanisms that lay the foundation for both single and collective cell migration. Based on in vitro and in vivo examples, we will discuss theoretical concepts that underlie the persistent migration of single cells in the absence of directional guidance cues, and the formation of an autonomous cell collective that drives coordinated migration. Finally, we highlight the general implications of self-organizing principles guiding cell migration for biological and medical research.

Observation of Cells on a Simulated Titanium Surface with Transparency

The main driving force of osseointegration on titanium implants is believed to be the calcification caused by cellular activity. However, owing to the opacity of bulk titanium, live cells on titanium surfaces cannot be observed using an inverted microscope. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a transparent titanium thin layer as a simulated titanium surface that allows live-cell observation from below. The titanium layer was fabricated on a polystyrene culture dish by magnetron DC sputtering using a pure Ti(JIS1) target. The titanium layer was characterized by transparency, composition, structure, and wettability. Osteoblast-like cells were cultured in the titanium-coated dishes. The cell culture was observed periodically using an inverted microscope, and the images were compiled into time-lapse videos. Cells on the titanium layer were characterized by movement speeds and doubling times. The titanium-coated dish was transparent gray, and its transmittance profile was consistent with that of the polystyrene dish. The titanium layer showed similarities to bulk titanium surfaces in terms of composition and structure; that is, it showed an oxidized titanium outermost layer and titanium metal basal layer. The wettability of the titanium layer was hydrophilic with mean contact angles of 67.52°. Osteoblast-like cells successfully adhered to the titanium layer and proliferated to confluence. The time-lapse videos demonstrated active movement of the cells on the titanium layer, which suggested the involvement of the titanium surface in cellular motility. The cell culture on the titanium layer can be considered cell culture on a titanium surface. In short, the titanium layer enabled the acquisition of information for living cells on titanium that has either been unknown or analogically understood based on cell culture on polystyrene dishes.

Temporally regulated cell migration is sensitive to variation in body size

Few studies have measured the robustness to perturbations of the final position of a long-range migrating cell. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the QR neuroblast migrates anteriorly, while undergoing three division rounds. We study the final position of two of its great-granddaughters, the end of migration of which was previously shown to depend on a timing mechanism. We find that the variance in their final position is similar to that of other long-range migrating neurons. As expected from the timing mechanism, the position of QR descendants depends on body size, which we varied by changing maternal age or using body size mutants. Using a mathematical model, we show that body size variation is partially compensated for. Applying environmental perturbations, we find that the variance in final position increased following starvation at hatching. The mean position is displaced upon a temperature shift. Finally, highly significant variation was found among C. elegans wild isolates. Overall, this study reveals that the final position of these neurons is quite robust to stochastic variation, shows some sensitivity to body size and to external perturbations, and varies in the species.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.

Migration of primordial germline cells is negatively regulated by surrounding somatic cells during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Cell migration is an important morphogenetic process necessary at different stages of individual development and body functioning. The initiation and maintenance of the cell movement state requires the activation of many factors involved in the regulation of transcription, signal transduction, adhesive interactions, modulation of membranes and the cytoskeleton. However, cell movement depends on the status of both migrating and surrounding cells, interacting with each other during movement. The surrounding cells or cell matrix not only form a substrate for movement, but can also participate in the spatio-temporal regulation of the migration. At present, there is no exact understanding of the genetic mechanisms of this regulation. To determine the role of the cell environment in the regulation of individual cell migration, we studied the migration of primordial germline cells (PGC) during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Normally, PGC are formed at the 3rd stage of embryogenesis at the posterior pole of the embryo. During gastrulation (stages 6-7), PGC as a consolidated cell group passively transfers into the midgut primordium. Further, PGC are individualized, acquire an amoeboid form, and actively move through the midgut epithelium and migrate to the 5-6 abdominal segment of the embryo, where they form paired embryonic gonads. We screened for genes expressed in the epithelium surrounding PGC during early embryogenesis and affecting their migration. We identified the myc, Hph, stat92E, Tre-1, and hop genes, whose RNA interference leads to premature active PGC migration at stages 4-7 of embryogenesis. These genes can be divided into two groups: 1) modulators of JAK/STAT pathway activity inducing PGC migration (stat92E, Tre-1, hop), and 2) myc and Hph involved in epithelial morphogenesis and polarization, i. e. modifying the permeability of the epithelial barrier. Since a depletion of each of these gene products resulted in premature PGC migration, we can conclude that, normally, the somatic environment negatively regulates PGC migration during early Drosophila embryogenesis.

Switching between blebbing and lamellipodia depends on the degree of non-muscle myosin II activity

Cells can adopt both mesenchymal and amoeboid modes of migration through membrane protrusive activities, namely formation of lamellipodia and blebbing. How the molecular players control the transition between lamellipodia and blebs is yet to be explored. Here, we show that addition of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or low doses of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II (NMII) ATPase activity and filament partitioning, induces blebbing to lamellipodia conversion (BLC), whereas addition of low doses of ML7, an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), induces lamellipodia to blebbing conversion (LBC) in human MDA-MB-231 cells. Similarly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ROCK and MLCK induces BLC and LBC, respectively. Interestingly, both blebs and lamellipodia membrane protrusions are able to maintain the ratio of phosphorylated to unphosphorylated regulatory light chain at cortices when MLCK and ROCK, respectively, are inhibited either pharmacologically or genetically, suggesting that MLCK and ROCK activities are interlinked in BLC and LBC. Such BLCs and LBCs are also inducible in other cell lines, including MCF7 and MCF10A. These studies reveal that the relative activity of ROCK and MLCK, which controls both the ATPase activity and filament-forming property of NMII, is a determining factor in whether a cell exhibits blebbing or lamellipodia.

Coordination between Cell Motility and Cell Cycle Progression in Keratinocyte Sheets via Cell-Cell Adhesion and Rac1

Regulations of cell motility and proliferation are essential for epithelial development and homeostasis. However, it is not fully understood how these cellular activities are coordinated in epithelial collectives. In this study, we find that keratinocyte sheets exhibit time-dependent coordination of collective cell movement and cell cycle progression after seeding cells. Cell movement and cell cycle progression are coordinately promoted by Rac1 in the “early phase” (earlier than ∼30 h after seeding cells), which is not abrogated by increasing the initial cell density to a saturated level. The Rac1 activity is gradually attenuated in the “late phase” (later than ∼30 h after seeding cells), leading to arrests in cell motility and cell cycle. Intact adherens junctions are required for normal coordination between cell movement and cell cycle progression in both early and late phases. Our results unveil a novel basis for integrating motile and proliferative behaviors of epithelial collectives.

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Cell motility and cell cycle progression in keratinocyte sheets are temporally coordinated

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Rac1 promotes both cell motility and cell cycle progression in keratinocyte sheets

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Arrest of cell motility and cell cycle is associated with Rac1 deactivation

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Adherens junction is required for coordinating cell motility and cell cycle

Modeling multicellular dynamics regulated by extracellular-matrix-mediated mechanical communication via active particles with polarized effective attraction

Collective cell migration is crucial to many physiological and pathological processes such as embryo development, wound healing, and cancer invasion. Recent experimental studies have indicated that the active traction forces generated by migrating cells in a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) can mechanically remodel the ECM, giving rise to bundlelike mesostructures bridging individual cells. Such fiber bundles also enable long-range propagation of cellular forces, leading to correlated migration dynamics regulated by the mechanical communication among the cells. Motivated by these experimental discoveries, we develop an active-particle model with polarized effective attractions (APPA) to investigate emergent multicellular migration dynamics resulting from ECM-mediated mechanical communications. In particular, the APPA model generalizes the classic active-Brownian-particle (ABP) model by imposing a pairwise polarized attractive force between the particles, which depends on the instantaneous dynamic states of the particles and mimics the effective mutual pulling between the cells via the fiber bundle bridge. The APPA system exhibits enhanced aggregation behaviors compared to the classic ABP system, and the contrast is more apparent at lower particle densities and higher rotational diffusivities. Importantly, in contrast to the classic ABP system where the particle velocities are not correlated for all particle densities, the high-density phase of the APPA system exhibits strong dynamic correlations, which are characterized by the slowly decaying velocity correlation functions with a correlation length comparable to the linear size of the high-density phase domain (i.e., the cluster of particles). The strongly correlated multicellular dynamics predicted by the APPA model is subsequently verified in in vitro experiments using MCF-10A cells. Our studies indicate the importance of incorporating ECM-mediated mechanical coupling among the migrating cells for appropriately modeling emergent multicellular dynamics in complex microenvironments.

Moving with purpose and direction: transcription factor movement and cell fate determination revisited

Cell diversity in a multicellular organism relies on cell-cell communication where cells must receive positional information as input signals to adopt their proper cell fate in the right place and at the right time. This process is achieved through triggering signaling cascades that drive cellular changes during development. In plants, signaling through mobile transcription factors (TF) plays a central role in development. Rather than acting cell-autonomously and exclusive to their expression domains, many TFs move between cells and deploy regulatory networks and cell type-specific effectors to achieve their biological functions. Here, we highlight a few examples of mobile TFs central to cell fate specification in Arabidopsis.

Prion Protein at the Leading Edge: Its Role in Cell Motility

Cell motility is a central process involved in fundamental biological phenomena during embryonic development, wound healing, immune surveillance, and cancer spreading. Cell movement is complex and dynamic and requires the coordinated activity of cytoskeletal, membrane, adhesion and extracellular proteins. Cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been implicated in distinct aspects of cell motility, including axonal growth, transendothelial migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, formation of lamellipodia, and tumor migration and invasion. The preferential location of PrPC on cell membrane favors its function as a pivotal molecule in cell motile phenotype, being able to serve as a scaffold protein for extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface receptors, and cytoskeletal multiprotein complexes to modulate their activities in cellular movement. Evidence points to PrPC mediating interactions of multiple key elements of cell motility at the intra- and extracellular levels, such as integrins and matrix proteins, also regulating cell adhesion molecule stability and cell adhesion cytoskeleton dynamics. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern cell motility is critical for tissue homeostasis, since uncontrolled cell movement results in pathological conditions such as developmental diseases and tumor dissemination. In this review, we discuss the relevant contribution of PrPC in several aspects of cell motility, unveiling new insights into both PrPC function and mechanism in a multifaceted manner either in physiological or pathological contexts.

Development and Analysis of a Quantitative Mathematical Model of Bistability in the Cross Repression System Between APT and SLBO Within the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway

Cell migration is a key component in development, homeostasis, immune function, and pathology. It is important to understand the molecular activity that allows some cells to migrate. Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model system because its genes are largely conserved with humans and it is straightforward to study biologically. The well-conserved transcriptional regulator Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) promotes cell migration, but its signaling is modulated by downstream targets Apontic (APT) and Slow Border Cells (SLBO). Inhibition of STAT activity by APT and cross-repression of APT and SLBO determines whether an epithelial cell in the Drosophila egg chamber becomes motile or remains stationary. Through mathematical modeling and analysis, we examine how the interaction of STAT, APT, and SLBO creates bistability in the Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway. In this paper, we update and analyze earlier models to represent mechanistically the processes of the JAK/STAT pathway. We utilize parameter, bifurcation, and phase portrait analyses, and make reductions to the system to produce a minimal three-variable quantitative model. We analyze the manifold between migratory and stationary steady states in this minimal model and show that when the initial conditions of our model are near this manifold, cell migration can be delayed.

NudCL2 regulates cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and LIS1 with Hsp90

Cell migration plays pivotal roles in many biological processes; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we find that NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2), a cochaperone of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), modulates cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and lissencephaly protein 1 (LIS1). Either knockdown or knockout of NudCL2 significantly increases single-cell migration, but has no significant effect on collective cell migration. Immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry and western blotting analyses reveal that NudCL2 binds to myosin-9 in mammalian cells. Depletion of NudCL2 not only decreases myosin-9 protein levels, but also results in actin disorganization. Ectopic expression of myosin-9 efficiently reverses defects in actin disorganization and single-cell migration in cells depleted of NudCL2. Interestingly, knockdown of myosin-9 increases both single and collective cell migration. Depletion of LIS1, a NudCL2 client protein, suppresses both single and collective cell migration, which exhibits the opposite effect compared with myosin-9 depletion. Co-depletion of myosin-9 and LIS1 promotes single-cell migration, resembling the phenotype caused by NudCL2 depletion. Furthermore, inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity also reduces the Hsp90-interacting protein myosin-9 stability and increases single-cell migration. Forced expression of Hsp90 efficiently reverses myosin-9 protein instability and the defects induced by NudCL2 depletion, but not vice versa. Taken together, these data suggest that NudCL2 plays an important role in the precise regulation of cell migration by stabilizing both myosin-9 and LIS1 via Hsp90 pathway.

The Biophysics of Cell Migration: Biasing Cell Motion with Feynman Ratchets

The concepts and frameworks of soft matter physics and the laws of thermodynamics can be used to describe relevant developmental, physiologic, and pathologic events in which directed cell migration is involved, such as in cancer. Typically, this directionality has been associated with the presence of soluble long-range gradients of a chemoattractant, synergizing with many other guidance cues to direct the motion of cells. In particular, physical inputs have been shown to strongly influence cell locomotion. However, this type of cue has been less explored despite the importance in biology. In this paper, we describe recent in vitro works at the interface between physics and biology, showing how the motion of cells can be directed by using gradient-free environments with repeated local asymmetries. This rectification of cell migration, from random to directed, is a process reminiscent of the Feynman ratchet; therefore, this framework can be used to explain the mechanism behind directed cell motion.

Adhesion-stabilizing long-distance transport of cells on tissue surface

The stable transport of migrating eukaryotic cells is essential in organ development and repair processes. However, the mechanism that preserves transport stability over long distances in organs is not fully understood. As the driving mechanism of cell migration, the expressions of heterophilic cell-cell adhesion between moving cells and scaffolding tissue have been observed in such transport. In this paper, we theoretically investigate this heterophilic adhesion, which is persistently polarized in the migrating cell, as a possible transport stabilization mechanism. The adhesion was examined on the basis of the cellular Potts model, and our results confirm the stabilization of the transport to be an effect of the persistence.

Collective Migrations of Drosophila Embryonic Trunk and Caudal Mesoderm-Derived Muscle Precursor Cells

Mesoderm migration in the Drosophila embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and visceral musculature. In this FlyBook chapter, we will compare and contrast the specification and migration of cells originating from the trunk and caudal mesoderm. Both cell types engage in collective migrations that enable cells to achieve new positions within developing embryos and form distinct tissues. To start, we will discuss specification and early morphogenetic movements of the presumptive mesoderm, then focus on the coordinate movements of the two subtypes trunk mesoderm and caudal visceral mesoderm, ending with a comparison of these processes including general insights gained through study.