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Bell I, Khan H, Stutt N, Horn M, Hydzik T, Lum W, Rea V, Clapham E, Hoeg L, Van Raay TJ. Nkd1 functions downstream of Axin2 to attenuate Wnt signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar93. [PMID: 38656801 PMCID: PMC11244159 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-02-0059-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a crucial developmental pathway involved in early development as well as stem-cell maintenance in adults and its misregulation leads to numerous diseases. Thus, understanding the regulation of this pathway becomes vitally important. Axin2 and Nkd1 are widely utilized negative feedback regulators in Wnt signaling where Axin2 functions to destabilize cytoplasmic β-catenin, and Nkd1 functions to inhibit the nuclear localization of β-catenin. Here, we set out to further understand how Axin2 and Nkd1 regulate Wnt signaling by creating axin2gh1/gh1, nkd1gh2/gh2 single mutants and axin2gh1/gh1;nkd1gh2/gh2 double mutant zebrafish using sgRNA/Cas9. All three Wnt regulator mutants were viable and had impaired heart looping, neuromast migration defects, and behavior abnormalities in common, but there were no signs of synergy in the axin2gh1/gh1;nkd1gh2/gh2 double mutants. Further, Wnt target gene expression by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq, and protein expression by mass spectrometry demonstrated that the double axin2gh1/gh1;nkd1gh2/gh2 mutant resembled the nkd1gh2/gh2 phenotype demonstrating that Nkd1 functions downstream of Axin2. In support of this, the data further demonstrates that Axin2 uniquely alters the properties of β-catenin-dependent transcription having novel readouts of Wnt activity compared with nkd1gh2/gh2 or the axin2gh1/gh1;nkd1gh2/gh2 double mutant. We also investigated the sensitivity of the Wnt regulator mutants to exacerbated Wnt signaling, where the single mutants displayed characteristic heightened Wnt sensitivity, resulting in an eyeless phenotype. Surprisingly, this phenotype was rescued in the double mutant, where we speculate that cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity pathways could lead to altered Wnt signaling in some scenarios. Collectively, the data emphasizes both the commonality and the complexity in the feedback regulation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Haider Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Stutt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew Horn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Teesha Hydzik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Whitney Lum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Clapham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Hoeg
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Terence J. Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada
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2
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Derrick CJ, Szenker-Ravi E, Santos-Ledo A, Alqahtani A, Yusof A, Eley L, Coleman AHL, Tohari S, Ng AYJ, Venkatesh B, Alharby E, Mansard L, Bonnet-Dupeyron MN, Roux AF, Vaché C, Roume J, Bouvagnet P, Almontashiri NAM, Henderson DJ, Reversade B, Chaudhry B. Functional analysis of germline VANGL2 variants using rescue assays of vangl2 knockout zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:150-169. [PMID: 37815931 PMCID: PMC10772043 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies have shown that the evolutionarily conserved Wnt Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway is essential for the development of a diverse range of tissues and organs including the brain, spinal cord, heart and sensory organs, as well as establishment of the left-right body axis. Germline mutations in the highly conserved PCP gene VANGL2 in humans have only been associated with central nervous system malformations, and functional testing to understand variant impact has not been performed. Here we report three new families with missense variants in VANGL2 associated with heterotaxy and congenital heart disease p.(Arg169His), non-syndromic hearing loss p.(Glu465Ala) and congenital heart disease with brain defects p.(Arg135Trp). To test the in vivo impact of these and previously described variants, we have established clinically-relevant assays using mRNA rescue of the vangl2 mutant zebrafish. We show that all variants disrupt Vangl2 function, although to different extents and depending on the developmental process. We also begin to identify that different VANGL2 missense variants may be haploinsufficient and discuss evidence in support of pathogenicity. Together, this study demonstrates that zebrafish present a suitable pipeline to investigate variants of unknown significance and suggests new avenues for investigation of the different developmental contexts of VANGL2 function that are clinically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Derrick
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahlam Alqahtani
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Amirah Yusof
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, 60 Biopolis St, 138672, Singapore
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair H L Coleman
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumanty Tohari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Alvin Yu-Jin Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
- MGI Tech Singapore Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Rd, 138567, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Essa Alharby
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, 7534 Abdul Muhsin Ibn Abdul Aziz, Al Ihn, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42318, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, Tayba, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke Mansard
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, 80 Av. Augustin Fliche, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anne-Francoise Roux
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, 80 Av. Augustin Fliche, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Vaché
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, 80 Av. Augustin Fliche, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Département de Génétique, CHI Poissy, St Germain-en-Laye, 10 Rue du Champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Patrice Bouvagnet
- CPDPN, Hôpital MFME, CHU de Martinique, Fort de France, Fort-de-France 97261, Martinique, France
| | - Naif A M Almontashiri
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, 7534 Abdul Muhsin Ibn Abdul Aziz, Al Ihn, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42318, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, Tayba, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, 60 Biopolis St, 138672, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
- Smart-Health Initiative, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç Hospital Davutpaşa Caddesi 34010 Topkapı Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
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3
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Du J, Li SK, Guan LY, Guo Z, Yin JF, Gao L, Kawanishi T, Shimada A, Zhang QP, Zheng LS, Liu YY, Feng XQ, Zhao L, Chen DY, Takeda H, Fan YB. Mechanically sensitive HSF1 is a key regulator of left-right symmetry breaking in zebrafish embryos. iScience 2023; 26:107864. [PMID: 37766982 PMCID: PMC10520531 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The left-right symmetry breaking of vertebrate embryos requires nodal flow. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the asymmetric gene expression regulation under nodal flow remain elusive. Here, we report that heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is asymmetrically activated in the Kupffer's vesicle of zebrafish embryos in the presence of nodal flow. Deficiency in HSF1 expression caused a significant situs inversus and disrupted gene expression asymmetry of nodal signaling proteins in zebrafish embryos. Further studies demonstrated that HSF1 is a mechanosensitive protein. The mechanical sensation ability of HSF1 is conserved in a variety of mechanical stimuli in different cell types. Moreover, cilia and Ca2+-Akt signaling axis are essential for the activation of HSF1 under mechanical stress in vitro and in vivo. Considering the conserved expression of HSF1 in organisms, these findings unveil a fundamental mechanism of gene expression regulation by mechanical clues during embryonic development and other physiological and pathological transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu-Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liu-Yuan Guan
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Yin
- College of life science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of life science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Sha Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi-Yao Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dong-Yan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu-Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Wei S, Lin L, Jiang W, Chen J, Gong G, Sui D. Naked cuticle homolog 1 prevents mouse pulmonary arterial hypertension via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin and oxidative stress. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11114-11130. [PMID: 37857014 PMCID: PMC10637826 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a poorly prognostic cardiopulmonary disease characterized by abnormal contraction and remodeling of pulmonary artery (PA). Excessive proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are considered as the major etiology of PA remodeling. As a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, naked cuticle homolog 1 (NKD1) is originally involved in the tumor growth and metastasis via affecting the proliferation and migration of different types of cancer cells. However, the effect of NKD1 on PAH development has not been investigated. In the current study, downregulated NKD1 was identified in hypoxia-challenged PASMCs. NKD1 overexpression by adenovirus carrying vector encoding Nkd1 (Ad-Nkd1) repressed hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Mechanistically, upregulating NKD1 inhibited excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and β-catenin expression in PASMCs after hypoxia stimulus. Both inducing ROS and recovering β-catenin expression abolished NKD1-mediated suppression of proliferation and migration in PASMCs. In vivo, we also observed decreased expression of NKD1 in dissected PAs of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH model. Upregulating NKD1 by Ad-Nkd1 transfection attenuated the increase in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI), pulmonary vascular wall thickening, and vascular β-catenin expression after MCT treatment. After recovering β-catenin expression by SKL2001, the vascular protection of external expression of NKD1 was also abolished. Taken together, our data suggest that NKD1 inhibits the proliferation, migration of PASMC, and PAH via inhibition of β-catenin and oxidative stress. Thus, targeting NKD1 may provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwu Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Outpatient, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Gu Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Daming Sui
- Department of Pain Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
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5
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Forrest K, Barricella AC, Pohar SA, Hinman AM, Amack JD. Understanding laterality disorders and the left-right organizer: Insights from zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1035513. [PMID: 36619867 PMCID: PMC9816872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vital internal organs display a left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement that is established during embryonic development. Disruption of this LR asymmetry-or laterality-can result in congenital organ malformations. Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a complete concordant reversal of internal organs that results in a low occurrence of clinical consequences. Situs ambiguous, which gives rise to Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX), is characterized by discordant development and arrangement of organs that is associated with a wide range of birth defects. The leading cause of health problems in HTX patients is a congenital heart malformation. Mutations identified in patients with laterality disorders implicate motile cilia in establishing LR asymmetry. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SIT and HTX are not fully understood. In several vertebrates, including mouse, frog and zebrafish, motile cilia located in a "left-right organizer" (LRO) trigger conserved signaling pathways that guide asymmetric organ development. Perturbation of LRO formation and/or function in animal models recapitulates organ malformations observed in SIT and HTX patients. This provides an opportunity to use these models to investigate the embryological origins of laterality disorders. The zebrafish embryo has emerged as an important model for investigating the earliest steps of LRO development. Here, we discuss clinical characteristics of human laterality disorders, and highlight experimental results from zebrafish that provide insights into LRO biology and advance our understanding of human laterality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadeen Forrest
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Alexandria C. Barricella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Sonny A. Pohar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anna Maria Hinman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, NY, United States
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6
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Wang Y, Yang C, Li W, Shen Y, Deng J, Lu W, Jin J, Liu Y, Liu Q. Identification of colon tumor marker NKD1 via integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Cancer Med 2021; 10:7383-7394. [PMID: 34547189 PMCID: PMC8525156 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is an important death‐related disease in the worldwide. However, specific colon cancer tumor markers currently used for diagnosis and treatment are few. The purpose of this study is to screen the potential colon cancer markers by bioinformatics and verify the results with experiments. Methods Gene expression data were downloaded from two different databases: TCGA database and GEO datasets, which were then analyzed by two different methods (difference analysis and WGCNA method). Venn and PPI analysis obtained the potential core genes, which were then performed the GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. Expressions levels of NKD1 in colon carcinoma tissues were further confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays. Moreover, the function was measured by MTT, clone formation, and tumor transplantation experiments. Importantly, co‐immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and protein stability assays were further performed to explore the underlying mechanism of NKD1 promoting cell proliferation. Results Nine potential core genes highly expressed in colon cancer samples were screened out by bioinformatics analysis. NKD1, one of the hub genes, highly expressed in the colon carcinoma tissues could enhance the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Mechanism research demonstrated that NKD1 was essential for the combination between Wnt signalosome (DVL) and β‐catenin, and that NKD1 knockout remarkably decreased the β‐catenin expression. Immunofluorescence assays further implied that NKD1 knockout significantly inhibited β‐catenin nuclear accumulation. Importantly, the stability of β‐catenin proteins was maintained by NKD1 in the colon cancer cells. Conclusion We believe that NKD1 well expressed in the colorectal carcinoma tissues can enhance the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the functions that NKD1 may have in colon cancer cells should be different from that NKD1 has played in the zebrafish. Thus, NKD1 could be a specific colorectal cancer marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, Changzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianzhong Deng
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenbin Lu
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Smith KA, Uribe V. Getting to the Heart of Left-Right Asymmetry: Contributions from the Zebrafish Model. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:64. [PMID: 34199828 PMCID: PMC8230053 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8060064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is laterally asymmetric. Not only is it positioned on the left side of the body but the organ itself is asymmetric. This patterning occurs across scales: at the organism level, through left-right axis patterning; at the organ level, where the heart itself exhibits left-right asymmetry; at the cellular level, where gene expression, deposition of matrix and proteins and cell behaviour are asymmetric; and at the molecular level, with chirality of molecules. Defective left-right patterning has dire consequences on multiple organs; however, mortality and morbidity arising from disrupted laterality is usually attributed to complex cardiac defects, bringing into focus the particulars of left-right patterning of the heart. Laterality defects impact how the heart integrates and connects with neighbouring organs, but the anatomy of the heart is also affected because of its asymmetry. Genetic studies have demonstrated that cardiac asymmetry is influenced by left-right axis patterning and yet the heart also possesses intrinsic laterality, reinforcing the patterning of this organ. These inputs into cardiac patterning are established at the very onset of left-right patterning (formation of the left-right organiser) and continue through propagation of left-right signals across animal axes, asymmetric differentiation of the cardiac fields, lateralised tube formation and asymmetric looping morphogenesis. In this review, we will discuss how left-right asymmetry is established and how that influences subsequent asymmetric development of the early embryonic heart. In keeping with the theme of this issue, we will focus on advancements made through studies using the zebrafish model and describe how its use has contributed considerable knowledge to our understanding of the patterning of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Smith
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
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8
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Moreno-Ayala R, Olivares-Chauvet P, Schäfer R, Junker JP. Variability of an Early Developmental Cell Population Underlies Stochastic Laterality Defects. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108606. [PMID: 33440143 PMCID: PMC7809618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development seemingly proceeds with almost perfect precision. However, it is largely unknown how much underlying microscopic variability is compatible with normal development. Here, we quantify embryo-to-embryo variability in vertebrate development by studying cell number variation in the zebrafish endoderm. We notice that the size of a sub-population of the endoderm, the dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs, which later form the left-right organizer), exhibits significantly more embryo-to-embryo variation than the rest of the endoderm. We find that, with incubation of the embryos at elevated temperature, the frequency of left-right laterality defects is increased drastically in embryos with a low number of DFCs. Furthermore, we observe that these fluctuations have a large stochastic component among fish of the same genetic background. Hence, a stochastic variation in early development leads to a remarkably strong macroscopic phenotype. These fluctuations appear to be associated with maternal effects in the specification of the DFCs. High embryo-to-embryo variability of dorsal forerunner cell numbers Fluctuations of dorsal forerunner cells have a large stochastic component Embryos with fewer dorsal forerunner cells frequently develop laterality defects Variability of dorsal forerunner cell numbers is associated to maternal effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Moreno-Ayala
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Hannoversche Strasse 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro Olivares-Chauvet
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Hannoversche Strasse 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronny Schäfer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Hannoversche Strasse 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Junker
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Hannoversche Strasse 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Gammons MV, Renko M, Flack JE, Mieszczanek J, Bienz M. Feedback control of Wnt signaling based on ultrastable histidine cluster co-aggregation between Naked/NKD and Axin. eLife 2020; 9:e59879. [PMID: 33025907 PMCID: PMC7581431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback control is a universal feature of cell signaling pathways. Naked/NKD is a widely conserved feedback regulator of Wnt signaling which controls animal development and tissue homeostasis. Naked/NKD destabilizes Dishevelled, which assembles Wnt signalosomes to inhibit the β-catenin destruction complex via recruitment of Axin. Here, we discover that the molecular mechanism underlying Naked/NKD function relies on its assembly into ultra-stable decameric core aggregates via its conserved C-terminal histidine cluster (HisC). HisC aggregation is facilitated by Dishevelled and depends on accumulation of Naked/NKD during prolonged Wnt stimulation. Naked/NKD HisC cores co-aggregate with a conserved histidine cluster within Axin, to destabilize it along with Dishevelled, possibly via the autophagy receptor p62, which binds to HisC aggregates. Consistent with this, attenuated Wnt responses are observed in CRISPR-engineered flies and human epithelial cells whose Naked/NKD HisC has been deleted. Thus, HisC aggregation by Naked/NKD provides context-dependent feedback control of prolonged Wnt responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa V Gammons
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Miha Renko
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Joshua E Flack
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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10
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Green DG, Whitener AE, Mohanty S, Mistretta B, Gunaratne P, Yeh AT, Lekven AC. Wnt signaling regulates neural plate patterning in distinct temporal phases with dynamic transcriptional outputs. Dev Biol 2020; 462:152-164. [PMID: 32243887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The process that partitions the nascent vertebrate central nervous system into forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord after neural induction is of fundamental interest in developmental biology, and is known to be dependent on Wnt/β-catenin signaling at multiple steps. Neural induction specifies neural ectoderm with forebrain character that is subsequently posteriorized by graded Wnt signaling: embryological and mutant analyses have shown that progressively higher levels of Wnt signaling induce progressively more posterior fates. However, the mechanistic link between Wnt signaling and the molecular subdivision of the neural ectoderm into distinct domains in the anteroposterior (AP) axis is still not clear. To better understand how Wnt mediates neural AP patterning, we performed a temporal dissection of neural patterning in response to manipulations of Wnt signaling in zebrafish. We show that Wnt-mediated neural patterning in zebrafish can be divided into three phases: (I) a primary AP patterning phase, which occurs during gastrulation, (II) a mes/r1 (mesencephalon-rhombomere 1) specification and refinement phase, which occurs immediately after gastrulation, and (III) a midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) morphogenesis phase, which occurs during segmentation stages. A major outcome of these Wnt signaling phases is the specification of the major compartment divisions of the developing brain: first the MHB, then the diencephalic-mesencephalic boundary (DMB). The specification of these lineage divisions depends upon the dynamic changes of gene transcription in response to Wnt signaling, which we show primarily involves transcriptional repression or indirect activation. We show that otx2b is directly repressed by Wnt signaling during primary AP patterning, but becomes resistant to Wnt-mediated repression during late gastrulation. Also during late gastrulation, Wnt signaling becomes both necessary and sufficient for expression of wnt8b, en2a, and her5 in mes/r1. We suggest that the change in otx2b response to Wnt regulation enables a transition to the mes/r1 phase of Wnt-mediated patterning, as it ensures that Wnts expressed in the midbrain and MHB do not suppress midbrain identity, and consequently reinforce formation of the DMB. These findings integrate important temporal elements into our spatial understanding of Wnt-mediated neural patterning and may serve as an important basis for a better understanding of neural patterning defects that have implications in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Green
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5001, USA
| | - Amy E Whitener
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3258, USA
| | - Saurav Mohanty
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5001, USA
| | - Brandon Mistretta
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5001, USA
| | - Preethi Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5001, USA
| | - Alvin T Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
| | - Arne C Lekven
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5001, USA.
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11
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Zhou S, Wei Z, Chu T, Yu H, Li S, Zhang W, Gui W. Transcriptomic analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess integrated biotoxicity of Xitiaoxi River waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:42-53. [PMID: 29958174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the toxicity posed by mixtures of unknown chemicals to aquatic organisms is challenging. In this study, water samples from six cross-sections along the Xitiaoxi River Basin (XRB) were monthly or bimonthly collected in 2014. The year-period physiochemical parameters as well as one-month-water sample based acute biotoxicity tests showed that the river water quality of the year was generally in a good status. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) screening based on one-month-water samples suggested that the organic pollutants might be non-to-moderately-polar chemicals in very low concentrations. One-month-water sample based RNA-seq was performed to measure the mRNA differential expression profile of zebrafish larvae to furtherly explore the potential bioeffect and the spatial water quality change of the river. Result indicated that the number of deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) tended to increase along the downstream direction of the river. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis implied that the key pollutants might mainly be the function disruptors of biological processes. Principle components analysis (PCA) combining with transcripts and one-month-water sample based physiochemical parameters indicated that the pollution might be similar at TP, DP and CTB sites while pollution homology existed on some extent between YBQ and JW sites. Although the water quality of the river had a complex time-space alternation during the year, and the one-month-data based RNA-seq could not reflex the whole year-water quality of a watershed, the gene expression profile via RNA-seq provided an alternative way for assessing integrated biotoxicity of surface water, and it was relatively fit for early-warning of water quality of a watershed with unobservable acute toxicity. However, the identification of detail toxicants and the links between DEGs and pollution level as well as physiological-biochemical toxicity needed further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Tianyi Chu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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12
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Wingless Signaling: A Genetic Journey from Morphogenesis to Metastasis. Genetics 2018; 208:1311-1336. [PMID: 29618590 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This FlyBook chapter summarizes the history and the current state of our understanding of the Wingless signaling pathway. Wingless, the fly homolog of the mammalian Wnt oncoproteins, plays a central role in pattern generation during development. Much of what we know about the pathway was learned from genetic and molecular experiments in Drosophila melanogaster, and the core pathway works the same way in vertebrates. Like most growth factor pathways, extracellular Wingless/Wnt binds to a cell surface complex to transduce signal across the plasma membrane, triggering a series of intracellular events that lead to transcriptional changes in the nucleus. Unlike most growth factor pathways, the intracellular events regulate the protein stability of a key effector molecule, in this case Armadillo/β-catenin. A number of mysteries remain about how the "destruction complex" destabilizes β-catenin and how this process is inactivated by the ligand-bound receptor complex, so this review of the field can only serve as a snapshot of the work in progress.
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13
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Marsden AN, Derry SW, Schneider I, Scott CA, Westfall TA, Brastrom LK, Shea MA, Dawson DV, Slusarski DC. The Nkd EF-hand domain modulates divergent wnt signaling outputs in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2018; 434:63-73. [PMID: 29180104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins regulate diverse biological responses by initiating two general outcomes: β-catenin-dependent transcription and β-catenin-independent activation of signaling cascades, the latter including modulation of calcium and regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics (Planar Cell Polarity, PCP). It has been difficult to elucidate the mechanisms by which Wnt signals are directed to effect one or the other outcome due to shared signaling proteins between the β-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways, such as the Dishevelled binding protein Naked. While all Naked paralogs contain a putative calcium-binding domain, the EF-Hand, Drosophila Naked does not bind calcium. Here we find a lineage-specific evolutionary change within the Drosophila Naked EF-hand that is not shared with other insects or vertebrates. We demonstrate the necessary role of the EF-hand for Nkd localization changes in calcium fluxing cells and using in vivo assays, we identify a role for the zebrafish Naked EF-hand in PCP but not in β-catenin antagonism. In contrast, Drosophila-like Nkd does not function in PCP, but is a robust antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This work reveals that the zebrafish Nkd1 EF-hand is essential to balance Wnt signaling inputs and modulate the appropriate outputs, while the Drosophila-like EF-Hand primarily functions in β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn N Marsden
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah W Derry
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
| | - Igor Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - C Anthony Scott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Trudi A Westfall
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lindy K Brastrom
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Madeline A Shea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, UA 52242, USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry&Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - Diane C Slusarski
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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14
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Xu G, Li Z, Xiao J, Li F, Ye W, Zhao H, Zhou Q, Zhong X. Expression pattern and functional analysis of fundc1 in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Gene 2017; 626:149-157. [PMID: 28495578 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fundc1 is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein and plays important roles in mitochondria fission and hypoxia-induced mitophagy in mammalian cells. However, there is no relevant report of fundc1 in fish. In the present study, we cloned a 942bp fundc1 cDNA from rare minnow. The cDNA, designated as Grfundc1 cDNA, contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 459bp which encodes a polypeptide of 152 amino acid residues. Comparisons of deduced amino acid sequences demonstrated that Grfundc1 was highly homologous with those of other vertebrates. RT-PCR and real time PCR detection revealed that the transcripts of Grfundc1 were not detectable in the unfertilized eggs and had high levels at blastula and gastrula stages. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis observed that Grfundc1 was ubiquitously expressed at early stage and later riched in specific regions, such as brain, branchial arch, eye and somite during embryogenesis. Grfundc1 was expressed in all the tissues of rare minnow adult, including brain, liver, gill, eyes, heart, kidney, intestine, muscle, testis and ovary. The expression of Grfundc1 in the brain, gill, heart and eye of rare minnow adult was significantly down-regulated by hypoxia. Similar hypoxic response was observed in the rare minnow embryos at 48hpf following hypoxia exposure. Functional analysis showed that knockdown of Grfundc1 significantly caused defects in the body axis and dorsal neural tissues of rare minnow embryos. These results indicate that Grfundc1 may play important roles in embryogenesis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyu Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jinwen Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Fangqing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Weiyuan Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qingchun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xueping Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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15
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Kim S, Nie H, Nesin V, Tran U, Outeda P, Bai CX, Keeling J, Maskey D, Watnick T, Wessely O, Tsiokas L. The polycystin complex mediates Wnt/Ca(2+) signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:752-764. [PMID: 27214281 PMCID: PMC4925210 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
WNT ligands induce Ca2+ signaling on target cells. PKD1 (Polycystin 1) is considered an orphan, atypical G protein coupled receptor complexed with TRPP2 (Polycystin 2 or PKD2), a Ca2+-permeable ion channel. Inactivating mutations in their genes cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common genetic diseases. Here, we show that WNTs bind to the extracellular domain of PKD1 and induce whole cell currents and Ca2+ influx dependent on TRPP2. Pathogenic PKD1 or PKD2 mutations that abrogate complex formation, compromise cell surface expression of PKD1, or reduce TRPP2 channel activity suppress activation by WNTs. Pkd2−/− fibroblasts lack WNT-induced Ca2+ currents and are unable to polarize during directed cell migration. In Xenopus embryos, PKD1, Dishevelled 2 (DVL2), and WNT9A act within the same pathway to preserve normal tubulogenesis. These data define PKD1 as a WNT (co)receptor and implicate defective WNT/Ca2+ signaling as one of the causes of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hongguang Nie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Liaoning Shenyang, 110001 China (H.N)
| | - Vasyl Nesin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Uyen Tran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Baltimore PKD Research and Clinical Core Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chang-Xi Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Advanced Research on Mongolian Medicine, Research Institute for Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China (CB)
| | - Jacob Keeling
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dipak Maskey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Baltimore PKD Research and Clinical Core Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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16
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Zhu P, Xu X, Lin X. Both ciliary and non-ciliary functions of Foxj1a confer Wnt/β-catenin signaling in zebrafish left-right patterning. Biol Open 2015; 4:1376-86. [PMID: 26432885 PMCID: PMC4728341 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is implicated in left-right (LR) axis determination; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Prompted by our recent discovery that Wnt signaling regulates ciliogenesis in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle (KV) via Foxj1a, a ciliogenic transcription factor, we decided to elucidate functions of Foxj1a in Wnt-regulated LR pattern formation. We showed that targeted injection of wnt8a mRNA into a single cell at the 128-cell stage is sufficient to induce ectopic foxj1a expression and ectopic cilia. By interrogating the transcription circuit of foxj1a regulation, we found that both Lef1 and Tcf7 bind to a consensus element in the foxj1a promoter region. Depletion of Lef1 and Tcf7 inhibits foxj1a transcription in the dorsal forerunner cells, downregulates cilia length and number in KV, and randomizes LR asymmetry. Targeted overexpression of a constitutively active form of Lef1 also induced an ectopic protrusion that contains ectopic transcripts for sox17, foxj1a, and charon, and ectopic monocilia. Further genetic studies using this ectopic expression platform revealed two distinct functions of Foxj1a; mediating Wnt-governed monocilia length elongation as well as charon transcription. The novel Foxj1a-charon regulation is conserved in KV, and importantly, it is independent of the canonical role of Foxj1a in the biosynthesis of motile cilia. Together with the known function of motile cilia movement in generating asymmetric expression of charon, our data put forward a hypothesis that Foxj1a confers both ciliary and non-ciliary functions of Wnt signaling, which converge on charon to regulate LR pattern formation. Summary: Using a targeted overexpression platform, we showed that Wnt activation induces ectopic foxj1a expression and ectopic cilia formation, and revealed two distinct roles of Foxj1a in conferring Wnt-governed left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Larraguibel J, Weiss ARE, Pasula DJ, Dhaliwal RS, Kondra R, Van Raay TJ. Wnt ligand-dependent activation of the negative feedback regulator Nkd1. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2375-84. [PMID: 25904337 PMCID: PMC4462952 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nkd1, a negative feedback regulator of the Wnt pathway, localizes with Dvl2 to the putative Wnt signalosome, where it becomes activated by Wnt. Activated Nkd1 moves away from the membrane to become more cytosolic, where it interacts with β-catenin to prevent nuclear accumulation. Misregulation of Wnt signaling is at the root of many diseases, most notably colorectal cancer, and although we understand the activation of the pathway, we have a very poor understanding of the circumstances under which Wnt signaling turns itself off. There are numerous negative feedback regulators of Wnt signaling, but two stand out as constitutive and obligate Wnt-induced regulators: Axin2 and Nkd1. Whereas Axin2 behaves similarly to Axin in the destruction complex, Nkd1 is more enigmatic. Here we use zebrafish blastula cells that are responsive Wnt signaling to demonstrate that Nkd1 activity is specifically dependent on Wnt ligand activation of the receptor. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that Nkd1 is recruited to the Wnt signalosome with Dvl2, where it becomes activated to move into the cytoplasm to interact with β-catenin, inhibiting its nuclear accumulation. Comparison of these results with Nkd function in Drosophila generates a unified and conserved model for the role of this negative feedback regulator in the modulation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahdiel Larraguibel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander R E Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel J Pasula
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rasmeet S Dhaliwal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Roman Kondra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Terence J Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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18
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Zhang S, Li J, Yin ZY, Liu PG, Zhao WX, Xie CR, Zhao BX, Wang XM. Expression pattern and clinicopathologic significance of NKD1 in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. APMIS 2015; 123:315-20. [PMID: 25706354 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery; XieHe Hospital; Fujian Medical University; Fujian China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Ping-Guo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Cheng-Rong Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
| | - Bi-Xin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of General Surgery; XieHe Hospital; Fujian Medical University; Fujian China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; ZhongShan Hospital; Xiamen University; Fujian China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital; Xiamen Fujian China
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19
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Stancikova J, Krausova M, Kolar M, Fafilek B, Svec J, Sedlacek R, Neroldova M, Dobes J, Horazna M, Janeckova L, Vojtechova M, Oliverius M, Jirsa M, Korinek V. NKD1 marks intestinal and liver tumors linked to aberrant Wnt signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 27:245-56. [PMID: 25446263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the Wnt pathway undergoes complex regulation to ensure proper functioning of this principal signaling mechanism during development of adult tissues. The regulation may occur at several levels and includes both positive and negative feedback loops. In the present study we employed one of such negative feedback regulators, naked cuticle homolog 1 (Nkd1), to follow the Wnt pathway activity in the intestine and liver and in neoplasia originated in these organs. Using lineage tracing in transgenic mice we localized Nkd1 mRNA to the bottom parts of the small intestinal crypts and hepatocytes surrounding the central vein of the hepatic lobule. Furthermore, in two mouse models of intestinal tumorigenesis, Nkd1 expression levels were elevated in tumors when compared to healthy tissue. We utilized a collection of human intestinal polyps and carcinomas to confirm that NKD1 represents a robust marker of neoplastic growth. In addition, expression analysis of NKD1 in liver cancer showed that high expression levels of the gene distinguish a subclass of hepatocellular carcinomas related to aberrant Wnt signaling. Finally, our results were confirmed by bioinformatic analysis of large publicly available datasets that included gene expression profiling and high-throughput sequencing data of human colon and liver cancer specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Stancikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Krausova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Fafilek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Svec
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Neroldova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dobes
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Horazna
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Janeckova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vojtechova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Oliverius
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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20
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Itch is required for lateral line development in zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111799. [PMID: 25369329 PMCID: PMC4219781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish posterior lateral line is formed during early development by the deposition of neuromasts from a migrating primordium. The molecular mechanisms regulating the regional organization and migration of the primordium involve interactions between Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the establishment of specific cxcr4b and cxcr7b cytokine receptor expression domains. Itch has been identified as a regulator in several different signaling pathways, including Wnt and Cxcr4 signaling. We identified two homologous itch genes in zebrafish, itcha and itchb, with generalized expression patterns. By reducing itchb expression in particular upon morpholino knockdown, we demonstrated the importance of Itch in regulating lateral line development by perturbing the patterns of cxcr4b and cxcr7b expression. Itch knockdown results in a failure to down-regulate Wnt signaling and overexpression of cxcr4b in the primordium, slowing migration of the posterior lateral line primordium and resulting in abnormal development of the lateral line.
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Kim MJ, Rhee M, Ro H. Lnx2b, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in dorsal forerunner cells and Kupffer's vesicle is required for specification of zebrafish left–right laterality. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.968205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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22
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Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time RT-PCR normalization in the half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) at different developmental stages, in various tissue types and on exposure to chemicals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91715. [PMID: 24667563 PMCID: PMC3965400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real time RT-PCR has been described as the most sensitive method for the detection of low abundance mRNA. To date, no reference genes have been screened in the half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The aim of this study was to select the most stable genes for quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Eight housekeeping genes (18S, TUBA, B2M, ACTB, EF1A, GAPDH, RPL17 and UBCE) were tested at different developmental stages, in different tissues, and following exposure to the drug SB-431542. Using geNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder software, GAPDH/B2M, GAPDH/18S and UBCE/GAPDH were identified as the most suitable genes from samples taken of different developmental stages while 18S/RPL17 were consistently ranked as the best reference genes for different tissue types. Furthermore, TUBA/B2M, TUBA/UBCE and B2M/TUBA were found to be the most suitable genes in samples treated with the drug, SB-431542 by geNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder respectively. Across both different developmental stages and tissue types, the combination of 18S and GAPDH was the most stable reference gene analyzed by Ref-Finder. To test and verify the screened reference genes, the expression profiles of LEFTY-normalized to the combination of GAPDH/18S and ACTB were presented. These results will be useful for future gene-expression studies in the half-smooth tongue sole.
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Abstract
Many internal organs develop distinct left and right sides that are essential for their functions. In several vertebrate embryos, motile cilia generate an asymmetric fluid flow that plays an important role in establishing left-right (LR) signaling cascades. These ‘LR cilia’ are found in the ventral node and posterior notochordal plate in mammals, the gastrocoel roof plate in amphibians and Kupffer’s vesicle in teleost fish. I consider these transient ciliated structures as the ‘organ of asymmetry’ that directs LR patterning of the developing embryo. Variations in size and morphology of the organ of asymmetry in different vertebrate species have raised questions regarding the fundamental features that are required for LR determination. Here, I review current models for how LR asymmetry is established in vertebrates, discuss the cellular architecture of the ciliated organ of asymmetry and then propose key features of this organ that are critical for orienting the LR body axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; State University of New York; Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY USA
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24
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Khodiyar VK, Howe D, Talmud PJ, Breckenridge R, Lovering RC. From zebrafish heart jogging genes to mouse and human orthologs: using Gene Ontology to investigate mammalian heart development. F1000Res 2013; 2:242. [PMID: 24627794 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-242.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the majority of organs in developing vertebrate embryos, left-right asymmetry is controlled by a ciliated region; the left-right organizer node in the mouse and human, and the Kuppfer's vesicle in the zebrafish. In the zebrafish, laterality cues from the Kuppfer's vesicle determine asymmetry in the developing heart, the direction of 'heart jogging' and the direction of 'heart looping'. 'Heart jogging' is the term given to the process by which the symmetrical zebrafish heart tube is displaced relative to the dorsal midline, with a leftward 'jog'. Heart jogging is not considered to occur in mammals, although a leftward shift of the developing mouse caudal heart does occur prior to looping, which may be analogous to zebrafish heart jogging. Previous studies have characterized 30 genes involved in zebrafish heart jogging, the majority of which have well defined orthologs in mouse and human and many of these orthologs have been associated with early mammalian heart development. We undertook manual curation of a specific set of genes associated with heart development and we describe the use of Gene Ontology term enrichment analyses to examine the cellular processes associated with heart jogging. We found that the human, mouse and zebrafish 'heart jogging orthologs' are involved in similar organ developmental processes across the three species, such as heart, kidney and nervous system development, as well as more specific cellular processes such as cilium development and function. The results of these analyses are consistent with a role for cilia in the determination of left-right asymmetry of many internal organs, in addition to their known role in zebrafish heart jogging. This study highlights the importance of model organisms in the study of human heart development, and emphasises both the conservation and divergence of developmental processes across vertebrates, as well as the limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha K Khodiyar
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Doug Howe
- The Zebrafish Model Organism Database, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-5291, USA
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ross Breckenridge
- Centre for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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25
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Khodiyar VK, Howe D, Talmud PJ, Breckenridge R, Lovering RC. From zebrafish heart jogging genes to mouse and human orthologs: using Gene Ontology to investigate mammalian heart development. F1000Res 2013; 2:242. [PMID: 24627794 PMCID: PMC3931453 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-242.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For the majority of organs in developing vertebrate embryos, left-right asymmetry is controlled by a ciliated region; the left-right organizer node in the mouse and human, and the Kuppfer’s vesicle in the zebrafish. In the zebrafish, laterality cues from the Kuppfer’s vesicle determine asymmetry in the developing heart, the direction of ‘heart jogging’ and the direction of ‘heart looping’. ‘Heart jogging’ is the term given to the process by which the symmetrical zebrafish heart tube is displaced relative to the dorsal midline, with a leftward ‘jog’. Heart jogging is not considered to occur in mammals, although a leftward shift of the developing mouse caudal heart does occur prior to looping, which may be analogous to zebrafish heart jogging. Previous studies have characterized 30 genes involved in zebrafish heart jogging, the majority of which have well defined orthologs in mouse and human and many of these orthologs have been associated with early mammalian heart development. We undertook manual curation of a specific set of genes associated with heart development and we describe the use of Gene Ontology term enrichment analyses to examine the cellular processes associated with heart jogging. We found that the human, mouse and zebrafish ‘heart jogging orthologs’ are involved in similar organ developmental processes across the three species, such as heart, kidney and nervous system development, as well as more specific cellular processes such as cilium development and function. The results of these analyses are consistent with a role for cilia in the determination of left-right asymmetry of many internal organs, in addition to their known role in zebrafish heart jogging. This study highlights the importance of model organisms in the study of human heart development, and emphasises both the conservation and divergence of developmental processes across vertebrates, as well as the limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha K Khodiyar
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Doug Howe
- The Zebrafish Model Organism Database, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-5291, USA
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ross Breckenridge
- Centre for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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26
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Wnt11b is involved in cilia-mediated symmetry breakage during Xenopus left-right development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73646. [PMID: 24058481 PMCID: PMC3772795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakage of bilateral symmetry in amphibian embryos depends on the development of a ciliated epithelium at the gastrocoel roof during early neurulation. Motile cilia at the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP) give rise to leftward flow of extracellular fluids. Flow is required for asymmetric gene expression and organ morphogenesis. Wnt signaling has previously been involved in two steps, Wnt/ß-catenin mediated induction of Foxj1, a regulator of motile cilia, and Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) dependent cilia polarization to the posterior pole of cells. We have studied Wnt11b in the context of laterality determination, as this ligand was reported to activate canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling. Wnt11b was found to be expressed in the so-called superficial mesoderm (SM), from which the GRP derives. Surprisingly, Foxj1 was only marginally affected in loss-of-function experiments, indicating that another ligand acts in this early step of laterality specification. Wnt11b was required, however, for polarization of GRP cilia and GRP morphogenesis, in line with the known function of Wnt/PCP in cilia-driven leftward flow. In addition Xnr1 and Coco expression in the lateral-most GRP cells, which sense flow and generate the first asymmetric signal, was attenuated in morphants, involving Wnt signaling in yet another process related to symmetry breakage in Xenopus.
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27
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Angonin D, Van Raay TJ. Nkd1 functions as a passive antagonist of Wnt signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74666. [PMID: 24009776 PMCID: PMC3756965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is involved in many aspects of development and in the homeostasis of stem cells. Its importance is underscored by the fact that misregulation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in numerous diseases, especially colorectal cancer. However, how Wnt signaling regulates itself is not well understood. There are several Wnt negative feedback regulators, which are active antagonists of Wnt signaling, but one feedback regulator, Nkd1, has reduced activity compared to other antagonists, yet is still a negative feedback regulator. Here we describe our efforts to understand the role of Nkd1 using Wnt signaling compromised zebrafish mutant lines. In several of these lines, Nkd1 function was not any more active than it was in wild type embryos. However, we found that Nkd1’s ability to antagonize canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was enhanced in the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity mutants silberblick (slb/wnt11) and trilobite (tri/vangl2). While slb and tri mutants do not display alterations in canonical Wnt signaling, we found that they are hypersensitive to it. Overexpression of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin ligand Wnt8a in slb or tri mutants resulted in dorsalized embryos, with tri mutants being much more sensitive to Wnt8a than slb mutants. Furthermore, the hyperdorsalization caused by Wnt8a in tri could be rescued by Nkd1. These results suggest that Nkd1 functions as a passive antagonist of Wnt signaling, functioning only when homeostatic levels of Wnt signaling have been breached or when Wnt signaling becomes destabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Angonin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence J. Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Vandenberg LN, Levin M. A unified model for left-right asymmetry? Comparison and synthesis of molecular models of embryonic laterality. Dev Biol 2013; 379:1-15. [PMID: 23583583 PMCID: PMC3698617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how and when the left-right (LR) axis is first established is a fundamental question in developmental biology. A popular model is that the LR axis is established relatively late in embryogenesis, due to the movement of motile cilia and the resultant directed fluid flow during late gastrulation/early neurulation. Yet, a large body of evidence suggests that biophysical, molecular, and bioelectrical asymmetries exist much earlier in development, some as early as the first cell cleavage after fertilization. Alternative models of LR asymmetry have been proposed that accommodate these data, postulating that asymmetry is established due to a chiral cytoskeleton and/or the asymmetric segregation of chromatids. There are some similarities, and many differences, in how these various models postulate the origin and timing of symmetry breaking and amplification, and these events' linkage to the well-conserved subsequent asymmetric transcriptional cascades. This review examines experimental data that lend strong support to an early origin of LR asymmetry, yet are also consistent with later roles for cilia in the amplification of LR pathways. In this way, we propose that the various models of asymmetry can be unified: early events are needed to initiate LR asymmetry, and later events could be utilized by some species to maintain LR-biases. We also present an alternative hypothesis, which proposes that individual embryos stochastically choose one of several possible pathways with which to establish their LR axis. These two hypotheses are both tractable in appropriate model species; testing them to resolve open questions in the field of LR patterning will reveal interesting new biology of wide relevance to developmental, cell, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Vandenberg
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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29
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Peterson AG, Wang X, Yost HJ. Dvr1 transfers left-right asymmetric signals from Kupffer's vesicle to lateral plate mesoderm in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2013; 382:198-208. [PMID: 23791819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An early step in establishing left-right (LR) symmetry in zebrafish is the generation of asymmetric fluid flow by Kupffer's vesicle (KV). As a result of fluid flow, a signal is generated and propagated from the KV to the left lateral plate mesoderm, activating a transcriptional response of Nodal expression in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). The mechanisms and molecules that aid in this transfer of information from the KV to the left LPM are still not clear. Here we provide several lines of evidence demonstrating a role for a member of the TGFβ family member, Dvr1, a zebrafish Vg1 ortholog. Dvr1 is expressed bilaterally between the KV and the LPM. Knockdown of Dvr1 by morpholino causes dramatically reduced or absent expression of southpaw (spaw, a Nodal homolog), in LPM, and corresponding loss of downstream Lefty (lft1 and lft) expression, and aberrant brain and heart LR patterning. Dvr1 morphant embryos have normal KV morphology and function, normal expression of southpaw (spaw) and charon (cha) in the peri-KV region and normal expression of a variety of LPM markers in LPM. Additionally, Dvr1 knockdown does not alter the capability of LPM to respond to signals that initiate and propagate spaw expression. Co-injection experiments in Xenopus and zebrafish indicate that Dvr1 and Spaw can enhance each other's ability to activate the Nodal response pathway and co-immunoprecipitation experiments reveal differential relationships among activators and inhibitors in this pathway. These results indicate that Dvr1 is responsible for enabling the transfer of a left-right signal from KV to the LPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annita G Peterson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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30
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Noh HJ, Ponting CP, Boulding HC, Meader S, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Pinto D, Marshall CR, Lionel AC, Scherer SW, Webber C. Network topologies and convergent aetiologies arising from deletions and duplications observed in individuals with autism. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003523. [PMID: 23754953 PMCID: PMC3675007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and characterised by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. Considering four sets of de novo copy number variants (CNVs) identified in 181 individuals with autism and exploiting mouse functional genomics and known protein-protein interactions, we identified a large and significantly interconnected interaction network. This network contains 187 genes affected by CNVs drawn from 45% of the patients we considered and 22 genes previously implicated in ASD, of which 192 form a single interconnected cluster. On average, those patients with copy number changed genes from this network possess changes in 3 network genes, suggesting that epistasis mediated through the network is extensive. Correspondingly, genes that are highly connected within the network, and thus whose copy number change is predicted by the network to be more phenotypically consequential, are significantly enriched among patients that possess only a single ASD-associated network copy number changed gene (p = 0.002). Strikingly, deleted or disrupted genes from the network are significantly enriched in GO-annotated positive regulators (2.3-fold enrichment, corrected p = 2×10−5), whereas duplicated genes are significantly enriched in GO-annotated negative regulators (2.2-fold enrichment, corrected p = 0.005). The direction of copy change is highly informative in the context of the network, providing the means through which perturbations arising from distinct deletions or duplications can yield a common outcome. These findings reveal an extensive ASD-associated molecular network, whose topology indicates ASD-relevant mutational deleteriousness and that mechanistically details how convergent aetiologies can result extensively from CNVs affecting pathways causally implicated in ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterised by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. ASD are highly heritable and many different stretches of DNA have been found to be duplicated or deleted in individuals with ASD. We found that an unusually high number of genes affected by these DNA deletions/duplications are associated with the functioning of synaptic transmission between nerve cells. The proteins made by many of these genes are known to interact with each other and, together with proteins from other deleted/duplicated genes, form a large interlinked biological network. This network was affected by almost 50% of the deletions/duplications in the ASD patients considered. Many individual ASD patients had deletions or duplications of multiple genes within this network, but for those patients with just a single gene from the network changed, that single gene appeared to play an important role. Furthermore, the network predicts that the effects arising from the genes in the deletions are similar to the effects arising from the genes in the duplications. Thus, the way that this ASD-associated network is wired together contributes to the understanding of the impact of these DNA deletions and duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Noh
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P. Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah C. Boulding
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Meader
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM U952, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7224, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anath C. Lionel
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caleb Webber
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Wang G, Yost HJ, Amack JD. Analysis of gene function and visualization of cilia-generated fluid flow in Kupffer's vesicle. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23567922 DOI: 10.3791/50038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal organs such as the heart, brain, and gut develop left-right (LR) asymmetries that are critical for their normal functions. Motile cilia are involved in establishing LR asymmetry in vertebrate embryos, including mouse, frog, and zebrafish. These 'LR cilia' generate asymmetric fluid flow that is necessary to trigger a conserved asymmetric Nodal (TGF-β superfamily) signaling cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm, which is thought to provide LR patterning information for developing organs. Thus, to understand mechanisms underlying LR patterning, it is essential to identify genes that regulate the organization of LR ciliated cells, the motility and length of LR cilia and their ability to generate robust asymmetric flow. In the zebrafish embryo, LR cilia are located in Kupffer's vesicle (KV). KV is comprised of a single layer of monociliated epithelial cells that enclose a fluid-filled lumen. Fate mapping has shown that KV is derived from a group of ~20-30 cells known as dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) that migrate at the dorsal blastoderm margin during epiboly stages. During early somite stages, DFCs cluster and differentiate into ciliated epithelial cells to form KV in the tailbud of the embryo. The ability to identify and track DFCs-in combination with optical transparency and rapid development of the zebrafish embryo-make zebrafish KV an excellent model system to study LR ciliated cells. Interestingly, progenitors of the DFC/KV cell lineage retain cytoplasmic bridges between the yolk cell up to 4 hr post-fertilization (hpf), whereas cytoplasmic bridges between the yolk cell and other embryonic cells close after 2 hpf(8). Taking advantage of these cytoplasmic bridges, we developed a stage-specific injection strategy to deliver morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) exclusively to DFCs and knockdown the function of a targeted gene in these cells. This technique creates chimeric embryos in which gene function is knocked down in the DFC/KV lineage developing in the context of a wild-type embryo. To analyze asymmetric fluid flow in KV, we inject fluorescent microbeads into the KV lumen and record bead movement using videomicroscopy. Fluid flow is easily visualized and can be quantified by tracking bead displacement over time. Here, using the stage-specific DFC-targeted gene knockdown technique and injection of fluorescent microbeads into KV to visualize flow, we present a protocol that provides an effective approach to characterize the role of a particular gene during KV development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Nakamura T, Hamada H. Left-right patterning: conserved and divergent mechanisms. Development 2012; 139:3257-62. [PMID: 22912409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.061606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The left-right (LR) asymmetry of visceral organs is fundamental to their function and position within the body. Over the past decade or so, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of such LR asymmetry have been revealed in many vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms. These studies have identified a gene network that contributes to this process and is highly conserved from sea urchin to mouse. By contrast, some specific steps of the process, such as the symmetry-breaking event and situs-specific organogenesis, appear to have diverged during evolution. Here, we summarize the common and divergent mechanisms by which LR asymmetry is established in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakamura
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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33
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Saunders CJ, Miller NA, Soden SE, Dinwiddie DL, Noll A, Alnadi NA, Andraws N, Patterson ML, Krivohlavek LA, Fellis J, Humphray S, Saffrey P, Kingsbury Z, Weir JC, Betley J, Grocock RJ, Margulies EH, Farrow EG, Artman M, Safina NP, Petrikin JE, Hall KP, Kingsmore SF. Rapid whole-genome sequencing for genetic disease diagnosis in neonatal intensive care units. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:154ra135. [PMID: 23035047 PMCID: PMC4283791 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic diseases are frequent causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and disease presentations are often undifferentiated at birth. More than 3500 monogenic diseases have been characterized, but clinical testing is available for only some of them and many feature clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Hence, an immense unmet need exists for improved molecular diagnosis in infants. Because disease progression is extremely rapid, albeit heterogeneous, in newborns, molecular diagnoses must occur quickly to be relevant for clinical decision-making. We describe 50-hour differential diagnosis of genetic disorders by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) that features automated bioinformatic analysis and is intended to be a prototype for use in neonatal intensive care units. Retrospective 50-hour WGS identified known molecular diagnoses in two children. Prospective WGS disclosed potential molecular diagnosis of a severe GJB2-related skin disease in one neonate; BRAT1-related lethal neonatal rigidity and multifocal seizure syndrome in another infant; identified BCL9L as a novel, recessive visceral heterotaxy gene (HTX6) in a pedigree; and ruled out known candidate genes in one infant. Sequencing of parents or affected siblings expedited the identification of disease genes in prospective cases. Thus, rapid WGS can potentially broaden and foreshorten differential diagnosis, resulting in fewer empirical treatments and faster progression to genetic and prognostic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Jean Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Neil Andrew Miller
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Soden
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Darrell Lee Dinwiddie
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Aaron Noll
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Noor Abu Alnadi
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Nevene Andraws
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Melanie LeAnn Patterson
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Lisa Ann Krivohlavek
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Joel Fellis
- Illumina Inc., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL Essex, UK
| | - Sean Humphray
- Illumina Inc., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL Essex, UK
| | - Peter Saffrey
- Illumina Inc., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL Essex, UK
| | - Zoya Kingsbury
- Illumina Inc., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL Essex, UK
| | | | - Jason Betley
- Illumina Inc., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL Essex, UK
| | | | | | - Emily Gwendolyn Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Michael Artman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Nicole Pauline Safina
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Joshua Erin Petrikin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Kevin Peter Hall
- Illumina Inc., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL Essex, UK
| | - Stephen Francis Kingsmore
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Hüsken U, Carl M. The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway establishes neuroanatomical asymmetries and their laterality. Mech Dev 2012; 130:330-5. [PMID: 23022991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain is an immensely complex structure, which exhibits numerous morphological and functional asymmetries. The best described brain asymmetries are found in the diencephalic epithalamus, where the habenulae and the dorso-laterally adjacent pineal complex are lateralized in many species. Research in the past decade has shed light on the establishment of the laterality of these structures as well as their asymmetry per se. In particular work in zebrafish (Danio rerio) has substantially contributed to our understanding, which genetic pathways are involved in these processes. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway has turned out to play a pivotal role in the regulation of brain laterality and asymmetry and acts reiteratively during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hüsken
- Department of Cell- and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Lin SC, Meng A. β-Catenin 1 and β-catenin 2 play similar and distinct roles in left-right asymmetric development of zebrafish embryos. Development 2012; 139:2009-19. [PMID: 22535411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Catenin-mediated canonical Wnt signaling has been found to be required for left-right (LR) asymmetric development. However, the implication of endogenous β-catenin in LR development has not been demonstrated by loss-of-function studies. In zebrafish embryos, two β-catenin genes, β-catenin 1 (ctnnb1) and β-catenin 2 (ctnnb2) are maternally expressed and their zygotic expression occurs in almost all types of tissues, including Kupffer's vesicle (KV), an essential organ that initiates LR development in teleost fish. We demonstrate here that morpholino-mediated knockdown of ctnnb1, ctnnb2, or both, in the whole embryo or specifically in dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) interrupts normal asymmetry of the heart, liver and pancreas. Global knockdown of ctnnb2 destroys the midline physical and molecular barrier, while global knockdown of ctnnb1 impairs the formation of the midline molecular barrier. Depletion of either gene or both in DFCs/KV leads to poor KV cell proliferation, abnormal cilia formation and disordered KV fluid flow with downregulation of ntl and tbx16 expression. ctnnb1 and ctnnb2 in DFCs/KV differentially regulate the expression of charon, a Nodal antagonist, and spaw, a key Nodal gene for laterality development in zebrafish. Loss of ctnnb1 in DFCs/KV inhibits the expression of charon around KV and of spaw in the posterior lateral plate mesoderm, while ctnnb2 knockdown results in loss of spaw expression in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm with little alteration of charon expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that ctnnb1 and ctnnb2 regulate multiple processes of laterality development in zebrafish embryos through similar and distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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36
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Tariq M, Belmont JW, Lalani S, Smolarek T, Ware SM. SHROOM3 is a novel candidate for heterotaxy identified by whole exome sequencing. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R91. [PMID: 21936905 PMCID: PMC3308054 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-9-r91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterotaxy-spectrum cardiovascular disorders are challenging for traditional genetic analyses because of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and non-penetrance. In this study, high-resolution SNP genotyping and exon-targeted array comparative genomic hybridization platforms were coupled to whole-exome sequencing to identify a novel disease candidate gene. Results SNP genotyping identified absence-of-heterozygosity regions in the heterotaxy proband on chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 13, 15, 18, consistent with parental consanguinity. Subsequently, whole-exome sequencing of the proband identified 26,065 coding variants, including 18 non-synonymous homozygous changes not present in dbSNP132 or 1000 Genomes. Of these 18, only 4 - one each in CXCL2, SHROOM3, CTSO, RXFP1 - were mapped to the absence-of-heterozygosity regions, each of which was flanked by more than 50 homozygous SNPs, confirming recessive segregation of mutant alleles. Sanger sequencing confirmed the SHROOM3 homozygous missense mutation and it was predicted as pathogenic by four bioinformatic tools. SHROOM3 has been identified as a central regulator of morphogenetic cell shape changes necessary for organogenesis and can physically bind ROCK2, a rho kinase protein required for left-right patterning. Screening 96 sporadic heterotaxy patients identified four additional patients with rare variants in SHROOM3. Conclusions Using whole exome sequencing, we identify a recessive missense mutation in SHROOM3 associated with heterotaxy syndrome and identify rare variants in subsequent screening of a heterotaxy cohort, suggesting SHROOM3 as a novel target for the control of left-right patterning. This study reveals the value of SNP genotyping coupled with high-throughput sequencing for identification of high yield candidates for rare disorders with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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37
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Lum WM, Robertson JK, Van Raay TJ. Dishevelled2 is a stable protein during early zebrafish development. Zebrafish 2011; 8:65-71. [PMID: 21663448 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a major player during development and its misregulation often leads to disease, especially cancer. The negative feedback Wnt regulator homologs, Nkd1 and Nkd2, have been shown to inhibit Wnt signaling during development, and current evidence suggests that Nkds degrade Dvl proteins to antagonize Wnt signaling. Here, we demonstrate that during early zebrafish development Nkd1 does not alter either endogenous or exogenous levels of Dvl2. Furthermore, Dvl2 does not affect the levels of Nkd1. Cumulatively, these results demonstrate that Dvl2 is a ubiquitous and stable protein and that Nkds may not always function to degrade Dvl proteins as a method of inhibiting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Lum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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