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Xue S, Du X, Yu M, Ju H, Tan L, Li Y, Liu J, Wang C, Wu X, Xu H, Shen Q. Overexpression of long noncoding RNA 4933425B07Rik leads to renal hypoplasia by inactivating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1267440. [PMID: 37915768 PMCID: PMC10616775 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1267440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) is a general term for a class of diseases that are mostly caused by intrauterine genetic development limitation. Without timely intervention, certain children with CAKUT may experience progressive decompensation and a rapid decline in renal function, which will ultimately result in end-stage renal disease. At present, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic signaling events of CAKUT is lacking. The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in renal development and disease have recently received much interest. In previous research, we discovered that mice overexpressing the lncRNA 4933425B07Rik (Rik) showed a range of CAKUT phenotypes, primarily renal hypoplasia. The current study investigated the molecular basis of renal hypoplasia caused by Rik overexpression. We first used Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to obtain the full-length sequence of Rik in Rik +/+;Hoxb7 mice. Mouse proximal renal tubule epithelial cells (MPTCs) line with Rik overexpression was constructed using lentiviral methods, and mouse metanephric mesenchyme cell line (MK3) with Rik knockout was then constructed by the CRISPR‒Cas9 method. We performed RNA-seq on the Rik-overexpressing cell line to explore possible differentially expressed molecules and pathways. mRNA expression was confirmed by qRT‒PCR. Reduced levels of Wnt10b, Fzd8, and β-catenin were observed when Rik was expressed robustly. On the other hand, these genes were more highly expressed when Rik was knocked out. These results imply that overabundance of Rik might inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which may result in renal hypoplasia. In general, such research might help shed light on CAKUT causes and processes and offer guidance for creating new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanjin Du
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixin Ju
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
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Perutina I, Kelam N, Maglica M, Racetin A, Ogorevc M, Filipović N, Katsuyama Y, Mišković J, Vukojević K. Disturbances in Switching between Canonical and Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Characterize Developing and Postnatal Kidneys of Dab1-/- ( yotari) Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051321. [PMID: 37238991 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the protein expression patterns of acetylated α-tubulin, inversin, dishevelled-1, Wnt5a/b, and β-catenin in developing (E13.5 and E15.5) and early postnatal (P4 and P14) kidneys of Dab1-/- (yotari) mice, their role in regulating the Wnt signaling pathway, and the possible relation to congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The analysis of target protein co-expression, observed in the renal vesicles/immature glomeruli, ampullae/collecting ducts, convoluted tubules, metanephric mesenchyme of developing kidneys, but proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and glomeruli of postnatal kidneys, was performed using double immunofluorescence and semi-quantitative methods. The overall expression of acetylated α-tubulin and inversin during normal kidney development increases with higher expression in yotari mice as the kidney acquires mature morphology. An increase in β-catenin and cytosolic DVL-1 levels, indicating a switch from non-canonical to canonical Wnt signaling, is found in the postnatal kidney of yotari mice. In contrast, healthy mouse kidney expresses inversin and Wnt5a/b in the postnatal period, thus activating non-canonical Wnt signaling. Target protein expression patterns in kidney development and the early postnatal period observed in this study could indicate that switching between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling is crucial for normal nephrogenesis, while the defective Dab1 gene product in yotari mice may promote CAKUT due to interfering with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Perutina
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nela Kelam
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirko Maglica
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anita Racetin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marin Ogorevc
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | - Josip Mišković
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
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3
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Zhou X, Torres VE. Emerging therapies for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with a focus on cAMP signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:981963. [PMID: 36120538 PMCID: PMC9478168 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.981963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), with an estimated genetic prevalence between 1:400 and 1:1,000 individuals, is the third most common cause of end stage kidney disease after diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Over the last 3 decades there has been great progress in understanding its pathogenesis. This allows the stratification of therapeutic targets into four levels, gene mutation and polycystin disruption, proximal mechanisms directly caused by disruption of polycystin function, downstream regulatory and signaling pathways, and non-specific pathophysiologic processes shared by many other diseases. Dysfunction of the polycystins, encoded by the PKD genes, is closely associated with disruption of calcium and upregulation of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, affecting most downstream regulatory, signaling, and pathophysiologic pathways altered in this disease. Interventions acting on G protein coupled receptors to inhibit of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production have been effective in preclinical trials and have led to the first approved treatment for ADPKD. However, completely blocking cAMP mediated PKA activation is not feasible and PKA activation independently from cAMP can also occur in ADPKD. Therefore, targeting the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway beyond cAMP production makes sense. Redundancy of mechanisms, numerous positive and negative feedback loops, and possibly counteracting effects may limit the effectiveness of targeting downstream pathways. Nevertheless, interventions targeting important regulatory, signaling and pathophysiologic pathways downstream from cAMP/PKA activation may provide additive or synergistic value and build on a strategy that has already had success. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the role of cAMP and PKA signaling and their multiple downstream pathways as potential targets for emergent therapies for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- *Correspondence: Xia Zhou, ; Vicente E. Torres,
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Djari C, Sahut-Barnola I, Septier A, Plotton I, Montanier N, Dufour D, Levasseur A, Wilmouth J, Pointud JC, Faucz FR, Kamilaris C, Lopez AG, Guillou F, Swain A, Vainio SJ, Tauveron I, Val P, Lefebvre H, Stratakis CA, Martinez A, Lefrançois-Martinez AM. Protein kinase A drives paracrine crisis and WNT4-dependent testis tumor in Carney complex. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146910. [PMID: 34850745 DOI: 10.1172/jci146910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors (LCCSCTs) are among the most frequent lesions occurring in male Carney complex (CNC) patients. Although they constitute a key diagnostic criterion for this rare multiple neoplasia syndrome resulting from inactivating mutations of the tumor suppressor PRKAR1A, leading to unrepressed PKA activity, LCCSCT pathogenesis and origin remain elusive. Mouse models targeting Prkar1a inactivation in all somatic populations or separately in each cell type were generated to decipher the molecular and paracrine networks involved in the induction of CNC testis lesions. We demonstrate that the Prkar1a mutation was required in both stromal and Sertoli cells for the occurrence of LCCSCTs. Integrative analyses comparing transcriptomic, immunohistological data and phenotype of mutant mouse combinations led to the understanding of human LCCSCT pathogenesis and demonstrated PKA-induced paracrine molecular circuits in which the aberrant WNT4 signal production is a limiting step in shaping intratubular lesions and tumor expansion both in a mouse model and in human CNC testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Djari
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Amandine Septier
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ingrid Plotton
- UM Pathologies Endocriniennes Rénales Musculaires et Mucoviscidose, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Nathanaëlle Montanier
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont-Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Dufour
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adrien Levasseur
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - James Wilmouth
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Crystal Kamilaris
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases and CIC-CRB 140h4, Rouen, France
| | | | - Amanda Swain
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Tauveron
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont-Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Val
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Lefebvre
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases and CIC-CRB 140h4, Rouen, France
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antoine Martinez
- iGReD, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Capuano I, Buonanno P, Riccio E, Amicone M, Pisani A. Therapeutic advances in ADPKD: the future awaits. J Nephrol 2021; 35:397-415. [PMID: 34009558 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder included in ciliopathies, representing the fourth cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD), with an estimated prevalence between 1:1000 and 1:2500. It is mainly caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes encoding for polycystin 1 (PC1) and polycystin 2 (PC2), which regulate differentiation, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and autophagy. The advances in the knowledge of multiple molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of ADPKD led to the development of several treatments which are currently under investigation. Recently, the widespread approval of tolvaptan and, in Italy, of long-acting release octreotide (octreotide-LAR), represents but the beginning of the new therapeutic management of ADPKD patients. Encouraging results are expected from ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are investigating not only drugs acting on the calcium/cyclic adenosin monoposphate (cAMP) pathway, the most studied target so far, but also molecules targeting specific pathophysiological pathways (e.g. epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and KEAP1-Nrf2) and sphingolipids. Moreover, studies on animal models and cultured cells have also provided further promising therapeutic strategies based on the role of intracellular calcium, cell cycle regulation, MAPK pathway, epigenetic DNA, interstitial inflammation, and cell therapy. Thus, in a near future, tailored therapy could be the key to changing the natural history of ADPKD thanks to the vigorous efforts that are being made to implement clinical and preclinical studies in this field. Our review aimed to summarize the spectrum of drugs that are available in the clinical practice and the most promising molecules undergoing clinical, animal, and cultured cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Capuano
- Chair of Nephrology "Federico II", Department of Public Health, University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Buonanno
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Riccio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Amicone
- Chair of Nephrology "Federico II", Department of Public Health, University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Chair of Nephrology "Federico II", Department of Public Health, University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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He J, Zhou H, Meng J, Zhang S, Li X, Wang S, Shao G, Jin W, Geng X, Zhu S, Yang B. Cardamonin retards progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease via inhibiting renal cyst growth and interstitial fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104751. [PMID: 32151678 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common monogenetic inherited kidney disease characterized by renal progressive fluid-filled cysts and interstitial fibrosis. Inhibiting renal cyst development and interstitial fibrosis has been proven effective in delaying the progression of ADPKD. The purpose of this study was to discover effective drugs from natural products for preventing and treating ADPKD. Candidate compounds were screened from a natural product library by virtual screening. The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cyst model, embryonic kidney cyst model, and orthologous mouse model of ADPKD were utilized to determine the pharmacological activities of the candidate compounds. Western blot and morphological analysis were used to investigate underlying mechanisms. The experimental results showed that 0.625, 2.5, and 10 μM cardamonin dose-dependently reduced formation and enlargement in MDCK cyst model. Cardamonin also significantly attenuated renal cyst enlargement in ex vivo mouse embryonic kidneys and PKD mouse kidneys. We found that cardamonin inhibited renal cyst development and interstitial fibrosis by downregulating the MAPK, Wnt, mTOR, and transforming growth factor-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathways. Cardamonin significantly inhibits renal cyst development and interstitial fibrosis, suggesting that cardamonin shows promise as a potential therapeutic drug for preventing and treating ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangying Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - William Jin
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Cisternas P, Zolezzi JM, Martinez M, Torres VI, Wong GW, Inestrosa NC. Wnt-induced activation of glucose metabolism mediates the in vivo neuroprotective roles of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer disease. J Neurochem 2019; 149:54-72. [PMID: 30300917 PMCID: PMC7680578 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated Wnt signaling is linked to major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD). In mouse models of AD, activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway improves learning/memory, but the mechanism for this remains unclear. The decline in brain function in AD patients correlates with reduced glucose utilization by neurons. Here, we test whether improvements in glucose metabolism mediate the neuroprotective effects of Wnt in AD mouse model. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were used to model AD, Andrographolide or Lithium was used to activate Wnt signaling, and cytochalasin B was used to block glucose uptake. Cognitive function was assessed by novel object recognition and memory flexibility tests. Glucose uptake and the glycolytic rate were determined using radiotracer glucose. The activities of key enzymes of glycolysis such as hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) levels and the pentose phosphate pathway and activity of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase were measured. Wnt activators significantly improved brain glucose utilization and cognitive performance in transgenic mice. Wnt signaling enhanced glucose metabolism by increasing the expression and/or activity of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and AMP-activated protein kinase. Inhibiting glucose uptake partially abolished the beneficial effects of Wnt signaling on learning/memory. Wnt activation also enhanced glucose metabolism in cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as brain slices derived from APPswe/PS1E9 transgenic mice. Combined, these data provide evidence that the neuroprotective effects of Wnt signaling in AD mouse models result, at least in part, from Wnt-mediated improvements in neuronal glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M. Zolezzi
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milka Martinez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana. I. Torres
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Liang CL, Zhang PC, Wu JB, Liu BH, Yu-He, Lu RR, Jie-Zhou, Zhou JY. Zhen-wu-tang attenuates Adriamycin-induced nephropathy via regulating AQP2 and miR-92b. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1296-1305. [PMID: 30551379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema. The disorder of sodium and water metabolism is a critical mechanism regulating the origination and progression of NS. Zhen-wu-tang (ZWT) has been traditionally used to treat edema disease in China and Japan. The present study was carried out to assess the protective effect of ZWT in Adriamycin-induced (ADR) NS rats and investigate the potential anti-NS mechanisms of ZWT. We found that ZWT treatment ameliorate impaired kidney function and regulate water balance of kidney. Importantly, ZWT increased the expression of Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) which play key roles in maintaining body water homeostasis. Additionally, we determined miRNAs expression patterns in NS rats. Using bioinformatics prediction and miR-92b mimic or inhibitor in vitro, we identified miR-92b as a possible modulator of AQP2. Also we found that ZWT can decrease the expression of miR-92b and reverse the effect of miR-92b on AQP2 in vitro. We further demonstrated that miR-92b directly regulated AQP2 expression by targeting 3'-UTR of AQP2. These finding suggest that ZWT may reduce renal edema in Adriamycin-induced nephropathy via regulating AQP2 and miR-92b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Liang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Chun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Biao Wu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Hao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui-Rui Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie-Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiu-Yao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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HGF promotes HTR-8/SVneo cell migration through activation of MAPK/PKA signaling leading to up-regulation of WNT ligands and integrins that target β-catenin. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 453:11-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Hettiaracchchi D, Bonnard C, Jayawardana SMA, Ng AYJ, Tohari S, Venkatesh B, Reversade B, Singaraja R, Dissanayake VHW. Cenani-Lenz syndactyly syndrome - a case report of a family with isolated syndactyly. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:125. [PMID: 30041615 PMCID: PMC6057103 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Cenani-Lenz Syndactyly (CLS) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by syndactyly and oligodactyly of fingers and toes, disorganization and fusion of metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges, radioulnar synostosis and mesomelic shortness of the limbs, with lower limbs usually being much less affected than upper limbs. Case presentation we report here two patients, born to consanguineous Sri Lankan parents, present with bilateral postaxial oligodactyly limited to upper limbs. While the proband has no noticeable facial dysmorphism, renal impairments or cognitive impairments, his affected sister displays a few mild facial dysmorphic features. Whole exome sequencing of the proband showed a novel deleterious homozygous mutation (c.1348A > G) in the LRP4 gene, resulting in an Ile450-to-Val (I450V) substitution. Conclusion This recessive mutation in LRP4 confirmed the diagnosis of CLS syndrome in two patients present with isolated hand syndactyly. This is the first reported case of CLS syndrome in a family of Sri Lankan origin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0646-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineshani Hettiaracchchi
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25 Kinsey Place, Colombo, 08, Sri Lanka.
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S M A Jayawardana
- Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Alvin Yu Jin Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumanty Tohari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - V H W Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25 Kinsey Place, Colombo, 08, Sri Lanka
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11
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Wang Y, Zhou CJ, Liu Y. Wnt Signaling in Kidney Development and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 153:181-207. [PMID: 29389516 PMCID: PMC6008255 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signal cascade is an evolutionarily conserved, developmental pathway that regulates embryogenesis, injury repair, and pathogenesis of human diseases. It is well established that Wnt ligands transmit their signal via canonical, β-catenin-dependent and noncanonical, β-catenin-independent mechanisms. Mounting evidence has revealed that Wnt signaling plays a key role in controlling early nephrogenesis and is implicated in the development of various kidney disorders. Dysregulations of Wnt expression cause a variety of developmental abnormalities and human diseases, such as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, cystic kidney, and renal carcinoma. Multiple Wnt ligands, their receptors, and transcriptional targets are upregulated during nephron formation, which is crucial for mediating the reciprocal interaction between primordial tissues of ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Renal cysts are also associated with disrupted Wnt signaling. In addition, Wnt components are important players in renal tumorigenesis. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin is instrumental for tubular repair and regeneration after acute kidney injury. However, sustained activation of this signal cascade is linked to chronic kidney diseases and renal fibrosis in patients and experimental animal models. Mechanistically, Wnt signaling controls a diverse array of biologic processes, such as cell cycle progression, cell polarity and migration, cilia biology, and activation of renin-angiotensin system. In this chapter, we have reviewed recent findings that implicate Wnt signaling in kidney development and diseases. Targeting this signaling may hold promise for future treatment of kidney disorders in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Youhua Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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12
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Puri P, Schaefer CM, Bushnell D, Taglienti ME, Kreidberg JA, Yoder BK, Bates CM. Ectopic Phosphorylated Creb Marks Dedifferentiated Proximal Tubules in Cystic Kidney Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:84-94. [PMID: 29107072 PMCID: PMC5745541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic cAMP signaling is pathologic in polycystic kidney disease; however, its spatiotemporal actions are unclear. We characterized the expression of phosphorylated Creb (p-Creb), a target and mediator of cAMP signaling, in developing and cystic kidney models. We also examined tubule-specific effects of cAMP analogs in cystogenesis in embryonic kidney explants. In wild-type mice, p-Creb marked nephron progenitors (NP), early epithelial NP derivatives, ureteric bud, and cortical stroma; p-Creb was present in differentiated thick ascending limb of Henle, collecting duct, and stroma; however, it disappeared in mature NP-derived proximal tubules. In Six2cre;Frs2αFl/Fl mice, a renal cystic model, ectopic p-Creb stained proximal tubule-derived cystic segments that lost the differentiation marker lotus tetragonolobus lectin. Furthermore, lotus tetragonolobus lectin-negative/p-Creb-positive cyst segments (re)-expressed Ncam1, Pax2, and Sox9 markers of immature nephron structures and dedifferentiated proximal tubules after acute kidney injury. These dedifferentiation markers were co-expressed with p-Creb in renal cysts in Itf88 knockout mice subjected to ischemia and Six2cre;Pkd1Fl/Fl mice, other renal cystogenesis models. 8-Br-cAMP addition to wild-type embryonic kidney explants induced proximal tubular cystogenesis and p-Creb expression; these effects were blocked by co-addition of protein kinase A inhibitor. Thus p-Creb/cAMP signaling is appropriate in NP and early nephron derivatives, but disappears in mature proximal tubules. Moreover, ectopic p-Creb expression/cAMP signaling marks dedifferentiated proximal tubular cystic segments. Furthermore, proximal tubules are predisposed to become cystic after cAMP stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Puri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Caitlin M Schaefer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Bushnell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary E Taglienti
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan A Kreidberg
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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13
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Tolg C, Yuan H, Flynn SM, Basu K, Ma J, Tse KCK, Kowalska B, Vulkanesku D, Cowman MK, McCarthy JB, Turley EA. Hyaluronan modulates growth factor induced mammary gland branching in a size dependent manner. Matrix Biol 2017; 63:117-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Teschendorff AE, Zheng SC, Feber A, Yang Z, Beck S, Widschwendter M. The multi-omic landscape of transcription factor inactivation in cancer. Genome Med 2016; 8:89. [PMID: 27562343 PMCID: PMC4997779 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypermethylation of transcription factor promoters bivalently marked in stem cells is a cancer hallmark. However, the biological significance of this observation for carcinogenesis is unclear given that most of these transcription factors are not expressed in any given normal tissue. METHODS We analysed the dynamics of gene expression between human embryonic stem cells, fetal and adult normal tissue, as well as six different matching cancer types. In addition, we performed an integrative multi-omic analysis of matched DNA methylation, copy number, mutational and transcriptomic data for these six cancer types. RESULTS We here demonstrate that bivalently and PRC2 marked transcription factors highly expressed in a normal tissue are more likely to be silenced in the corresponding tumour type compared with non-housekeeping genes that are also highly expressed in the same normal tissue. Integrative multi-omic analysis of matched DNA methylation, copy number, mutational and transcriptomic data for six different matching cancer types reveals that in-cis promoter hypermethylation, and not in-cis genomic loss or genetic mutation, emerges as the predominant mechanism associated with silencing of these transcription factors in cancer. However, we also observe that some silenced bivalently/PRC2 marked transcription factors are more prone to copy number loss than promoter hypermethylation, pointing towards distinct, mutually exclusive inactivation patterns. CONCLUSIONS These data provide statistical evidence that inactivation of cell fate-specifying transcription factors in cancer is an important step in carcinogenesis and that it occurs predominantly through a mechanism associated with promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Statistical Cancer Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Women's Cancer, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Andy Feber
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin Widschwendter
- Department of Women's Cancer, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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15
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Koushyar S, Grant GH, Uysal-Onganer P. The interaction of Wnt-11 and signalling cascades in prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13049-13057. [PMID: 27514543 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koushyar
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Guy H Grant
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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16
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Kumar N, Richter J, Cutts J, Bush KT, Trujillo C, Nigam SK, Gaasterland T, Brafman D, Willert K. Generation of an expandable intermediate mesoderm restricted progenitor cell line from human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26554899 PMCID: PMC4631902 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering entered a new era with the development of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which are capable of unlimited expansion whilst retaining the potential to differentiate into all mature cell populations. However, these cells harbor significant risks, including tumor formation upon transplantation. One way to mitigate this risk is to develop expandable progenitor cell populations with restricted differentiation potential. Here, we used a cellular microarray technology to identify a defined and optimized culture condition that supports the derivation and propagation of a cell population with mesodermal properties. This cell population, referred to as intermediate mesodermal progenitor (IMP) cells, is capable of unlimited expansion, lacks tumor formation potential, and, upon appropriate stimulation, readily acquires properties of a sub-population of kidney cells. Interestingly, IMP cells fail to differentiate into other mesodermally-derived tissues, including blood and heart, suggesting that these cells are restricted to an intermediate mesodermal fate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08413.001 The development of ‘human pluripotent stem cells’ has the potential to revolutionize the future of medicine. This is because these cells can both replicate themselves indefinitely (i.e., they can self-renew) and develop into any of the cell types found in the human body (a process that is referred to as differentiation). These abilities mean that the cells could in theory be used to replace any tissues or organs that have been damaged by disease or injury. Unfortunately, transplanting stem cells that are capable of developing into any type of cell comes with the significant risk that these cells will form into a tumor. Once a cell has started to differentiate it can typically only go on to generate a restricted number of cell types. However, these differentiating cells also generally lose their ability to self-renew. Kumar et al. set out to challenge this fundamental property of differentiating cells. A high throughput-screening approach was used to test thousands of combinations of bioactive molecules (i.e., molecules that are known to affect living cells in different ways) to identify some that could promote the self-renewal of cells with a restricted potential to differentiate. Kumar et al. found specific conditions that could cause a population of cells, which they referred to as ‘intermediate mesodermal progenitor cells’ (or IMP cells for short), to self renew. These cells resemble those found in the middle layer of a very early human embryo, which typically go on to develop into only a subset of tissue types in the body—for example, muscle, kidneys and blood vessels, but not brain or lungs. Yet, when Kumar et al. stimulated the self-renewing IMP cells, these cells only differentiated into the cell types that make up the kidney and not any other types of cell. This tight restriction on the differentiation potential of these cells is highly important, because it means that these cells could greatly advance methods to generate kidney cells or even whole kidneys in the laboratory that are suitable for transplantation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08413.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jenna Richter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Josh Cutts
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Cleber Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Scripps Genome Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - David Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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17
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Noël N, Rieu P. [Pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]. Nephrol Ther 2015; 11:213-25. [PMID: 26113401 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the leading genetic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Its prevalence is evaluated according to studies and population between 1/1000 and 1/4000 live births and it accounts for 6 to 8% of incident ESRD patients in developed countries. ADPKD is characterized by numerous cysts in both kidneys and various extrarenal manifestations that are detailed in this review. Clinico-radiological and genetic diagnosis are also discussed. Mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 codifying for polycystin-1 (PC-1) and polycystin-2 (PC-2) are responsible for the 85 and 15% of ADPKD cases, respectively. In primary cilia of normal kidney epithelial cells, PC-1 and PC-2 interact forming a complex involved in flow- and cilia-dependant signalling pathways where intracellular calcium and cAMP play a central role. Alteration of these multiple signal transduction pathways leads to cystogenesis accompanied by dysregulated planar cell polarity, excessive cell proliferation and fluid secretion, and pathogenic interactions of epithelial cells with an abnormal extracellular matrix. The mass effect of expanding cyst is responsible for the decline in glomerular filtration rate that occurs late in the course of the disease. For many decades, the treatment for ADPKD aims to lessen the condition's symptoms, limit kidney damage, and prevent complications. Recently, the development of promising specific treatment raises the hope to slow the growth of cysts and delay the disease. Treatment strategies targeting cAMP signalling such as vasopressin receptor antagonists or somatostatin analogs have been tested successfully in clinical trials with relative safety. Newer treatments supported by preclinical trials will become available in the next future. Recognizing early markers of renal progression (clinical, imaging, and genetic markers) to identify high-risk patients and multidrug approaches with synergistic effects may provide new opportunities for the treatment of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Noël
- Service de néphrologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Philippe Rieu
- Service de néphrologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, 51100 Reims, France.
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18
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LaRiviere WB, Irazabal MV, Torres VE. Novel therapeutic approaches to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transl Res 2015; 165:488-98. [PMID: 25438190 PMCID: PMC4363282 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the progressive growth of renal cysts that, over time, destroy the architecture of the renal parenchyma and typically lead to kidney failure by the sixth decade of life. ADPKD is common and represents a leading cause of renal failure worldwide. Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for the disease, and the existing standard of care is primarily supportive in nature. However, significant advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of the disease have inspired investigation into potential new therapies. Several drugs designed to slow or arrest the progression of ADPKD have shown promise in preclinical models and clinical trials, including vasopressin receptor antagonists and somatostatin analogs. This article examines the literature underlying the rationale for molecular therapies for ADPKD and reviews the existing clinical evidence for their indication for human patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wells B LaRiviere
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Maria V Irazabal
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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19
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Minuth WW, Denk L. Detection of abnormal extracellular matrix in the interstitium of regenerating renal tubules. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23240-54. [PMID: 25517030 PMCID: PMC4284763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells are promising candidates for the regeneration of parenchyma in acute and chronic renal failure. However, recent data exhibit that survival of stem/progenitor cells after implantation in diseased renal parenchyma is restricted. To elaborate basic parameters improving survival, cell seeding was simulated under advanced in vitro conditions. After isolation, renal stem/progenitor cells were mounted in a polyester interstitium for perfusion culture. During generation of tubules, chemically defined CO2 Independent Medium or Leibovitz’s L-15 Medium was applied. Specimens were then fixed for transmission electron microscopy to analyze morphological features in generated tubules. Fixation in conventional glutaraldehyde (GA) solution shows development of tubules each exhibiting a polarized epithelium, an intact basal lamina and an inconspicuous interstitium. In contrast, special fixation of specimens in GA solution containing cupromeronic blue, ruthenium red or tannic acid unveils previously not visible extracellular matrix. Control experiments elucidate that a comparable extracellular matrix is not present in the interstitium of the matured kidney. Thus, generation of renal tubules in combination with advanced fixation of specimens for electron microscopy demonstrates that development of abnormal features in the newly developed interstitium has to be considered, when repair of renal parenchyma is performed by implantation of stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Denk
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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20
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Faisy C, Grassin-Delyle S, Blouquit-Laye S, Brollo M, Naline E, Chapelier A, Devillier P. Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates human airway sensitization induced by β2-adrenoceptor stimulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111350. [PMID: 25360795 PMCID: PMC4216012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular use of β2-agonists may enhance non-specific airway responsiveness. The wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling pathways are responsible for several cellular processes, including airway inflammation and remodeling while cAMP–PKA cascade can activate the Wnt signaling. We aimed to investigate whether the Wnt signaling pathways are involved in the bronchial hyperresponsiveness induced by prolonged exposure to β2-adrenoceptor agonists in human isolated airways. Methods Bronchi were surgically removed from 44 thoracic surgery patients. After preparation, bronchial rings and primary cultures of bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with fenoterol (0.1 µM, 15 hours, 37°C), a β2-agonist with high intrinsic efficacy. The effects of inhibitors/blockers of Wnt signaling on the fenoterol-induced airway sensitization were examined and the impact of fenoterol exposure on the mRNA expression of genes interacting with Wnt signaling or cAMP–PKA cascade was assessed in complete bronchi and in cultured epithelial cells. Results Compared to paired controls, fenoterol-sensitization was abolished by inhibition/blockage of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, especially the cell-surface LRP5/6 co-receptors or Fzd receptors (1 µM SFRP1 or 1 µM DKK1) and the nuclear recruitment of TCF/LEF transcriptions factors (0.3 µM FH535). Wnt proteins secretion did not seem to be involved in the fenoterol-induced sensitization since the mRNA expression of Wnt remained low after fenoterol exposure and the inactivator of Wnt secretion (1 µM IWP2) had no effect on the fenoterol-sensitization. Fenoterol exposure did not change the mRNA expression of genes regulating Wnt signaling or cAMP–PKA cascade. Conclusions Collectively, our pharmacological investigations indicate that fenoterol-sensitization is modulated by the inhibition/blockage of canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting a phenomenon of biased agonism in connection with the β2-adrenoceptor stimulation. Future experiments based on the results of the present study will be needed to determine the impact of prolonged fenoterol exposure on the extra- and intracellular Wnt signaling pathways at the protein expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Faisy
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil 220, Université Versailles Saint–Quentin, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil 220, Université Versailles Saint–Quentin, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Sabine Blouquit-Laye
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil 220, Université Versailles Saint–Quentin, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil 220, Université Versailles Saint–Quentin, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil 220, Université Versailles Saint–Quentin, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Alain Chapelier
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Equipe d'Accueil 220, Université Versailles Saint–Quentin, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
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21
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Sussman CR, Ward CJ, Leightner AC, Smith JL, Agarwal R, Harris PC, Torres VE. Phosphodiesterase 1A modulates cystogenesis in zebrafish. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2222-30. [PMID: 24700876 PMCID: PMC4178429 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates the importance of elevated cAMP in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Accumulation of cAMP in cystic tissues may be, in part, caused by enhanced adenylyl cyclase activity, but inhibition of cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDE) likely has an important role, because cAMP is inactivated much faster than it is synthesized. PDE1 is the only PDE family activated by Ca(2+), which is reduced in PKD cells. To assess the contribution of the PDE1A subfamily to renal cyst formation, we examined the expression and function of PDE1A in zebrafish. We identified two splice isoforms with alternative starts corresponding to human PDE1A1 and PDE1A4. Expression of the two isoforms varied in embryos and adult tissues, and both isoforms hydrolyzed cAMP with Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependence. Depletion of PDE1A in zebrafish embryos using splice- and translation-blocking morpholinos (MOs) caused pronephric cysts, hydrocephalus, and body curvature. Human PDE1A RNA and the PKA inhibitors, H89 and Rp-cAMPS, partially rescued phenotypes of pde1a morphants. Additionally, MO depletion of PDE1A aggravated phenotypes in pkd2 morphants, causing more severe body curvature, and human PDE1A RNA partially rescued pkd2 morphant phenotypes, pronephric cysts, hydrocephalus, and body curvature. Together, these data indicate the integral role of PDE1A and cAMP signaling in renal development and cystogenesis, imply that PDE1A activity is altered downstream of polycystin-2, and suggest that PDE1A is a viable drug target for PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Sussman
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christopher J Ward
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amanda C Leightner
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jordan L Smith
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Reema Agarwal
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter C Harris
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Formosa R, Vassallo J. cAMP signalling in the normal and tumorigenic pituitary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:37-50. [PMID: 24845420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signalling plays a key role in the normal physiology of the pituitary gland, regulating cellular growth and proliferation, hormone production and release. Deregulation of the cAMP signalling pathway has been reported to be a common occurrence in pituitary tumorigenesis. Several mechanisms have been implicated including somatic mutations, gene-gene interactions and gene-environmental interactions. Somatic mutations in G-proteins and protein kinases directly alter cAMP signalling, while malfunctioning of other signalling pathways such as the Raf/MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt pathways which normally interact with the cAMP pathway may mediate indirect effects on cAMP and varying downstream effectors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway has been implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis and we review its role in general and specifically in relation to cAMP de-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Formosa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Level 0, Block A, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD2080, Malta.
| | - J Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Level 0, Block A, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD2080, Malta.
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Osmoregulation, vasopressin, and cAMP signaling in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 22:459-70. [PMID: 23736843 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e3283621510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most frequent inherited nephropathy. This review will focus on the vasopressin and 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathways in ADPKD and will discuss how these insights offer new possibilities for the follow-up and treatment of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS Defective osmoregulation is an early manifestation of ADPKD and originates from both peripheral (renal effect of vasopressin) and central (release of vasopressin) components. Copeptin, which is released from the vasopressin precursor, may identify ADPKD patients at risk for rapid disease progression. Increased levels of cAMP in tubular cells, reflecting modifications in intracellular calcium homeostasis and abnormal stimulation of the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R), play a central role in cystogenesis. Blocking the V2R lowers cAMP in cystic tissues, slows renal cystic progression and improves renal function in preclinical models. A phase III clinical trial investigating the effect of the V2R antagonist tolvaptan in ADPKD patients has shown that this treatment blunts kidney growth, reduces associated symptoms and slows kidney function decline when given over 3 years. SUMMARY These advances open perspectives for the understanding of cystogenesis in ADPKD, the mechanisms of osmoregulation, the role of polycystins in the brain, and the pleiotropic action of vasopressin.
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Halt K, Vainio S. Coordination of kidney organogenesis by Wnt signaling. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:737-44. [PMID: 24445433 PMCID: PMC3928513 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several Wnt proteins are expressed in the embryonic kidney during various stages of development. Gene knockout models and ex vivo studies have provided strong evidence that Wnt-mediated signals are essential in renal ontogeny. Perhaps the most critical factors, Wnt9b and Wnt4, function during the early phase when the cap mesenchyme is induced to undergo morphogenesis into a nephron. Wnt11 controls early ureteric bud branching and contributes to the final kidney size. In addition to its inductive role, later on Wnt9b plays a significant role in the convergent extension of the tubular epithelial cells, while Wnt4 signaling controls smooth muscle cell fates in the medulla. Wnt7b has a specific function together with its likely antagonist Dkk1 in controlling the morphogenesis of the renal medulla. The signal-transduction mechanisms of the Wnts in kidney ontogeny have not been resolved, but studies characterizing the downstream signaling pathways are emerging. Aberrant Wnt signaling may lead to kidney diseases ranging from fatal kidney agenesis to more benign phenotypes. Wnt-mediated signaling regulates several critical aspects of kidney development from the early inductive stages to later steps of tubular epithelial maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Halt
- The Centre of Excellence in Cell-Extracellular Matrix Research, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Vainio
- The Centre of Excellence in Cell-Extracellular Matrix Research, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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25
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Torres VE, Harris PC. Strategies targeting cAMP signaling in the treatment of polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:18-32. [PMID: 24335972 PMCID: PMC3871779 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a leading cause of ESRD worldwide. In PKD, excessive cell proliferation and fluid secretion, pathogenic interactions of mutated epithelial cells with an abnormal extracellular matrix and alternatively activated interstitial macrophages, and the disruption of mechanisms controlling tubular diameter contribute to cyst formation. Studies with animal models suggest that several diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms, including dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels and cAMP signaling, mediate these cystogenic mechanisms. This article reviews the evidence implicating calcium and cAMP as central players in a network of signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of PKD and considers the therapeutic relevance of treatment strategies targeting cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Kariminejad A, Stollfuß B, Li Y, Bögershausen N, Boss K, Hennekam RCM, Wollnik B. Severe Cenani-Lenz syndrome caused by loss of LRP4 function. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1475-9. [PMID: 23636941 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Limb patterning and growth are complex embryonic processes in which the elaborately orchestrated interplay of diverse endocrine and paracrine factors is crucial to limb integrity. LRP4 is a lipoprotein receptor known for its regulatory effects on LRP5- and LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling, a pathway that plays a pivotal role in limb development. Recessive mutations in LRP4 have been shown to cause Cenani-Lenz syndrome, which is characterized by severe limb malformations, an unusual face, and renal abnormalities. We report on a child with severe Cenani-Lenz syndrome caused by a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in LRP4. The severity of the phenotype in a patient with absent residual LRP4 function may point to a genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Gallegos TF, Martovetsky G, Kouznetsova V, Bush KT, Nigam SK. Organic anion and cation SLC22 "drug" transporter (Oat1, Oat3, and Oct1) regulation during development and maturation of the kidney proximal tubule. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40796. [PMID: 22808265 PMCID: PMC3396597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper physiological function in the pre- and post-natal proximal tubule of the kidney depends upon the acquisition of selective permeability, apical-basolateral epithelial polarity and the expression of key transporters, including those involved in metabolite, toxin and drug handling. Particularly important are the SLC22 family of transporters, including the organic anion transporters Oat1 (originally identified as NKT) and Oat3 as well as the organic cation transporter Oct1. In ex vivo cultures of metanephric mesenchyme (MM; the embryonic progenitor tissue of the nephron) Oat function was evident before completion of nephron segmentation and corresponded with the maturation of tight junctions as measured biochemically by detergent extractability of the tight junction protein, ZO-1. Examination of available time series microarray data sets in the context of development and differentiation of the proximal tubule (derived from both in vivo and in vitro/ex vivo developing nephrons) allowed for correlation of gene expression data to biochemically and functionally defined states of development. This bioinformatic analysis yielded a network of genes with connectivity biased toward Hnf4α (but including Hnf1α, hyaluronic acid-CD44, and notch pathways). Intriguingly, the Oat1 and Oat3 genes were found to have strong temporal co-expression with Hnf4α in the cultured MM supporting the notion of some connection between the transporters and this transcription factor. Taken together with the ChIP-qPCR finding that Hnf4α occupies Oat1, Oat3, and Oct1 proximal promoters in the in vivo differentiating rat kidney, the data suggest a network of genes with Hnf4α at its center plays a role in regulating the terminal differentiation and capacity for drug and toxin handling by the nascent proximal tubule of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Gallegos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gleb Martovetsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valentina Kouznetsova
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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