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Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Dambrova M. Sigma-1 receptor and seizures. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106771. [PMID: 37068533 PMCID: PMC10176040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) has been recognized as a valid target for the treatment of seizure disorders and seizure-related comorbidities. Clinical trials with Sig1R ligands are underway testing therapies for the treatment of drug-resistant seizures, developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, and photosensitive epilepsy. However, the direct molecular mechanism by which Sig1R modulates seizures and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory pathways has not been fully elucidated. This review article aims to summarize existing knowledge of Sig1R and its involvement in seizures by focusing on the evidence obtained from Sig1R knockout animals and the anti-seizure effects of Sig1R ligands. In addition, this review article includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of existing compounds and describes the challenges and future perspectives on the use of Sig1R as a target for the treatment of seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edijs Vavers
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia; University of Tartu, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Liga Zvejniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradiņš University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Konsula 21, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
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Ha J, Son NH, Park YH, Lee E, Kim E, Jung Kim W. Association of cognitive enhancers and incident seizure risk in dementia: a population-based study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:480. [PMID: 35658833 PMCID: PMC9166339 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although individuals with dementia have a high risk of developing seizures, whether seizures are associated with cholinesterase inhibitors, which are commonly prescribed to treat individuals with dementia, remains unknown. This study investigated the risk of incident seizure following cholinesterase inhibitor use in patients with dementia.
Methods
A nationwide, nested case-control study was conducted using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) from 2014 through 2018. A total of 13,767 participants aged 65–95 years who experienced incident seizure were propensity score-matched for medical comorbidities and drug exposure at a 1:3 ratio with a control group of 39,084 participants. The study examined the incidence of seizures in patients diagnosed with dementia within one year after receiving cognitive enhancers. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for seizure incidence according to cholinesterase inhibitor use were analyzed using a multivariable conditional logistic regression model.
Results
There was no statistically significant association between duration of cholinesterase inhibitors use and seizure risk. Although there was slight increased seizure risk in patient after receiving donepezil for 1 year compared to memantine, subgroup analyses stratified age and sex did not reveal any significant association between cholinesterase inhibitors use and late-onset seizure.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest no immediate increase in seizure risk is associated with cholinesterase inhibitor use, although the risk of seizure in patients with dementia did increase after one year of continued medication intake. Further study is required to obtain confirmatory results on the seizure-related safety of cognitive enhancers in patients with dementia.
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Involvement of nitric oxide pathway in the acute anticonvulsant effect of salmon calcitonin in rats. Epilepsy Res 2022; 180:106864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mareš P, Kozlová L, Mikulecká A, Kubová H. The GluN2B-Selective Antagonist Ro 25-6981 Is Effective against PTZ-Induced Seizures and Safe for Further Development in Infantile Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091482. [PMID: 34575558 PMCID: PMC8469742 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors represents a perspective therapeutic target in various CNS pathologies, including epilepsy. Because of its predominant expression in the immature brain, selective GluN2B antagonists are expected to be more effective early in postnatal development. The aim of this study was to identify age-dependent differences in the anticonvulsant activity of the GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro 25-6981 and assess the safety of this drug for the developing brain. Anticonvulsant activity of Ro 25-6981 (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) was tested in a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model in infantile (12-day-old, P12) and juvenile (25-day-old, P25) rats. Ro 25-6981 (1 or 3 mg/kg/day) was administered from P7 till P11 to assess safety for the developing brain. Animals were then tested repeatedly in a battery of behavioral tests focusing on sensorimotor development, cognition, and emotionality till adulthood. Effects of early exposure to Ro 25-6981 on later seizure susceptibility were tested in the PTZ model. Ro 25-6981 was effective against PTZ-induced seizures in infantile rats, specifically suppressing the tonic phase of the generalized tonic-clonic seizures, but it failed in juveniles. Neither sensorimotor development nor cognitive abilities and emotionality were affected by early-life exposure to Ro 25-6981. Treatment cessation did not affect later seizure susceptibility. Our data are in line with the maturational gradient of the GluN2B-subunit of NMDA receptors and demonstrate developmental differences in the anti-seizure activity of the GluN2B-selective antagonist and its safety for the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mareš
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.)
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Medicine, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kozlová
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.)
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Medicine, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mikulecká
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Hana Kubová
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (L.K.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Yates JR, Campbell HL, Hawley LL, Horchar MJ, Kappesser JL, Wright MR. Effects of the GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro 63-1908 on acquisition and expression of methamphetamine conditioned place preference in male and female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108785. [PMID: 34052688 PMCID: PMC8282733 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine abuse has increased significantly in recent years. Currently, there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder. The goal of the current study was to determine if the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro 63-1908 can block the conditioned rewarding effects of methamphetamine as assessed in conditioned place preference (CPP). METHODS Two main experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, male (n = 24) and female (n = 24) rats received either vehicle or Ro 63-1908 (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to the posttest to determine if blocking the GluN2B subunit attenuates expression of methamphetamine CPP. In the second experiment, male (n = 18) and female (n = 18) rats received either vehicle or Ro 63-1908 (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to each conditioning session to determine if blocking the GluN2B subunit attenuates acquisition of methamphetamine CPP. RESULTS Ro 63-1908 (3.0 mg/kg) blocked acquisition of methamphetamine CPP in male rats, but only attenuated CPP in female rats. Ro 63-1908 did not alter expression of CPP in either sex. Increasing the dose of Ro 63-1908 (10.0 mg/kg) failed to block acquisition of CPP in an additional group of female rats (n = 6). A control experiment showed that Ro 63-1908 (3.0 mg/kg) did not produce CPP or conditioned place aversion in male rats (n = 6) or in female rats (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that Ro 63-1908 is able to decrease the conditioned rewarding effects of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Hunter L. Campbell
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Lauren L. Hawley
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Matthew J. Horchar
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Joy L. Kappesser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Makayla R. Wright
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
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Gholizadeh R, Abdolmaleki Z, Bahremand T, Ghasemi M, Gharghabi M, Dehpour AR. Involvement of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in the Anticonvulsive Effects of Licofelone on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Clonic Seizure in Mice. J Epilepsy Res 2021; 11:14-21. [PMID: 34395219 PMCID: PMC8357553 DOI: 10.14581/jer.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Licofelone is a dual 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor, with well-documented anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, which is used for treatment of osteoarthritis. Recent preclinical studies have also suggested neuroprotective and anti-oxidative properties of this drug in some neurological conditions such as seizure and epilepsy. We have recently demonstrated a role for nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the anti-epileptic activity of licofelone in two seizure models in rodents. Given the important role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) activation in the NO production and its function in the nervous system, in the present study, we further investigated the involvement of NMDAR in the effects of licofelone (1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) in an in vivo model of seizure in mice. METHODS Clonic seizures were induced in male NMRI mice by intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). RESULTS Acute administration of licofelone exerted anticonvulsant effects at 10 (p<0.01) and 20 mg/kg (p<0.001). A combined treatment with sub-effective doses of the selective NMDAR antagonist MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) and licofelone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p<0.001) exerted an anticonvulsant effect on the PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice. Notably, pre-treatment with the NMDAR co-agonist D-serine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) partially hindered the anticonvulsant effects of licofelone (20 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a possible role for the NMDAR in the anticonvulsant effects of licofelone on the clonic seizures induced by PTZ in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Taraneh Bahremand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Gharghabi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Davis MT, DellaGiogia N, Maruff P, Pietrzak RH, Esterlis I. Acute cognitive effects of single-dose intravenous ketamine in major depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:205. [PMID: 33833217 PMCID: PMC8032778 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been shown to reduce psychiatric distress in both major depressive (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the effect of ketamine on cognitive function in these disorders is not well understood. To address this gap, we examined the effect of a single dose of IV ketamine on cognition in individuals with MDD and/or PTSD relative to healthy controls (HC). Psychiatric (n = 29; 15 PTSD, 14 MDD) and sex- age- and IQ matched HC (n = 29) groups were recruited from the community. A single subanesthetic dose of IV ketamine was administered. Mood and cognitive measures were collected prior to, 2 h and 1 day post-ketamine administration. MDD/PTSD individuals evidenced a large-magnitude improvement in severity of depressive symptoms at both 2-hours and 1 day post-ketamine administration (p's < .001, Cohen d's = 0.80-1.02). Controlling for baseline performance and years of education, IV ketamine induced declines in attention (ATTN), executive function (EF), and verbal memory (VM) 2 h post-administration, all of which had resolved by 1 day post-ketamine across groups. The magnitude of cognitive decline was significantly larger in MDD/PTSD relative to HC on attention only (p = .012, d = 0.56). Ketamine did not affect working memory (WM) performance. Cognitive function (baseline, change from baseline to post-ketamine) was not associated with antidepressant response to ketamine. Results suggest that while ketamine may have an acute deleterious effect on some cognitive domains in both MDD/PTSD and HC individuals, most notably attention, this reduction is transient and there is no evidence of ketamine-related cognitive dysfunction at 1 day post-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T Davis
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, USA
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicole DellaGiogia
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, USA
| | | | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, USA.
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Washington, DC, USA.
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Anticonvulsant Action of GluN2A-Preferring Antagonist PEAQX in Developing Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030415. [PMID: 33808912 PMCID: PMC8003757 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluN2A subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors becomes dominant during postnatal development, overgrowing the originally dominant GluN2B subunit. The aim of our study was to show changes of anticonvulsant action of the GluN2A subunit-preferring antagonist during postnatal development of rats. Possible anticonvulsant action of GluN2A-preferring antagonist of NMDA receptors P = [[[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]amino](1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,3-dioxo-5-quinoxalinyl)methyl]phosphonic acid tetrasodium salt (PEAQX) (5, 10, 20 mg/kg s.c.) was tested in 12-, 18-, and 25-day-old rats in three models of convulsive seizures. Pentylenetetrazol-induced generalized seizures with a loss of righting reflexes generated in the brainstem were suppressed in all three age groups in a dose-dependent manner. Minimal clonic seizures with preserved righting ability exhibited only moderately prolonged latency after the highest dose of PEAQX. Anticonvulsant action of all three doses of PEAQX against cortical epileptic afterdischarges (generated in the forebrain) was found in the 25-day-old animals. The highest dose (20 mg/kg) was efficient also in the two younger groups, which might be due to lower specificity of PEAQX and its partial affinity to the GluN2B subunit. Our results are in agreement with the postero-anterior maturation gradient of subunit composition of NMDA receptors (i.e., an increase of GluN2A representation). In spite of the lower selectivity of PEAQX, our data demonstrate, for the first time, developmental differences in comparison with an antagonist of NMDA receptors with a dominant GluN2B subunit.
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Auvin S, Dozières-Puyravel B, Avbersek A, Sciberras D, Collier J, Leclercq K, Mares P, Kaminski RM, Muglia P. Radiprodil, a NR2B negative allosteric modulator, from bench to bedside in infantile spasm syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:343-352. [PMID: 32106360 PMCID: PMC7085998 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Infantile spasm syndrome (ISS) is an epileptic encephalopathy without established treatment after the failure to standard of care based on steroids and vigabatrin. Converging lines of evidence indicating a role of NR2B subunits of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor on the onset of spams in ISS patients, prompted us to test radiprodil, a negative allosteric NR2B modulator in preclinical seizure models and in infants with ISS. Methods Radiprodil has been tested in three models, including pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizures in rats across different postnatal (PN) ages. Three infants with ISS have been included in a phase 1b escalating repeated dose study. Results Radiprodil showed the largest protective seizure effects in juvenile rats (maximum at PN12, corresponding to late infancy in humans). Three infants resistant to a combination of vigabatrin and prednisolone received individually titrated doses of radiprodil for up to 34 days. Radiprodil was safe and well tolerated in all three infants, and showed the expected pharmacokinetic profile. One infant became spasm‐free and two showed clinical improvement without reaching spasm‐freedom. After radiprodil withdrawal, the one infant continued to be spasm‐free, while the two others experienced seizure worsening requiring the use of the ketogenic diet and other antiepileptic drugs. Interpretation Radiprodil showed prominent anti‐seizure effect in juvenile animals, consistent with the prevalent expression of NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor at this age in both rodents and humans. The clinical testing, although preliminary, showed that radiprodil is associated with a good safety and pharmacokinetic profile, and with the potential to control epileptic spasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Auvin
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U1141, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Dozières-Puyravel
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U1141, F-75019, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pavel Mares
- Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Synthesis, in-vitro cholinesterase inhibition, in-vivo anticonvulsant activity and in-silico exploration of N-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide analogs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Asadollahi M, Atazadeh M, Noroozian M. Seizure in Alzheimer's Disease: An Underestimated Phenomenon. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:81-88. [PMID: 30595042 PMCID: PMC10852457 DOI: 10.1177/1533317518813551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered as a potential risk factor for the development of seizure due to neurodegeneration and imbalance between stimulatory and inhibitory circuits in the brain. Seizure could occur in any point during the course of AD, and its presentation varies from fluctuation in cognitive domains to more typical seizures. The clinical diagnosis of seizure in patients with dementia may be challenging due to difficulty in history taking and clinical assessment. No paraclinic methods other than electroencephalogram (EEG) could provide arguments for the diagnosis of AD-related seizures (neither imaging modalities nor cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers). Standard 30-minute EEG may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect epileptiform discharges. In the present study, we aim to review different aspects of seizure in AD, including seizure prevalence, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, electroencephalographic findings, clinical presentations, impact of seizures on AD, and treatment options.
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Loss CM, da Rosa NS, Mestriner RG, Xavier LL, Oliveira DL. Blockade of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors reduces short-term brain damage induced by early-life status epilepticus. Neurotoxicology 2019; 71:138-149. [PMID: 30639357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) during developmental periods can cause short- and long-term consequences to the brain. Brain damage induced by SE is associated to NMDA receptors (NMDAR)-mediated excitotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate whether blockade of GluN2B-containing NMDAR is neuroprotective against SE-induced neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in young rats. Forty-eight Wistar rats (16 days of life) were injected with pilocarpine (60 mg/kg; i.p.) 12-18 h after LiCl (3 mEq/kg; i.p.). Fifteen minutes after pilocarpine administration, animals received i.p. injections of saline solution (0.9% NaCl; SE + SAL group), ketamine (a non-selective and noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist; 25 mg/kg; SE + KET), CI-1041 (a GluN2B-containing NMDAR antagonist; 10 mg/kg; SE + CI group) or CP-101,606 (a NMDAR antagonist with great selectivity for NMDAR composed by GluN1/GluN2B diheteromers; 10 mg/kg; SE + CP group). Seven days after SE, brains were removed for Fluoro-Jade C staining and Iba1/ED1 immunolabeling. GluN2B-containing NMDAR blockade by CI-1041 or CP-101,606 did not terminate LiCl-pilocarpine-induced seizures. SE + SAL group presented intense neurodegeneration and Iba1+/ED1+ double-labeling in hippocampus (CA1 and dentate gyrus; DG) and amygdala (MePV nucleus). Administration of CP-101,606 did not alter this pattern. However, GluN2B-containing NMDAR blockade by CI-1041 reduced neurodegeneration and Iba1+/ED1+ double-labeling in hippocampus and amygdala similar to the reduction observed for SE + KET group. Our results indicate that GluN2B-containing NMDAR are involved in SE-induced neurodegeneration and microglial recruitment and activation, and suggest that stopping epileptic activity is not a condition required to prevent short-term brain damage in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Morais Loss
- Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Natã Sehn da Rosa
- Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch Oliveira
- Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Amini-Khoei H, Kordjazy N, Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Haj-Mirzaian A, Shirzadian A, Hasanvand A, Balali-Dehkordi S, Hassanipour M, Dehpour AR. Anticonvulsant effect of minocycline on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice: involvement of nitric oxide and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:742-750. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticonvulsant effects of minocycline have been explored recently. This study was designed to examine the anticonvulsant effect of acute administration of minocycline on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mouse considering the possible role of the nitric oxide/N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) pathway. We induced seizure using intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazole. Our results showed that acute administration of minocycline increased the seizure threshold. Furthermore, co-administration of subeffective doses of the nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-l-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg) and the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (40 mg/kg) enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of subeffective doses of minocycline (40 mg/kg). We found that inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg) had no effect on the antiseizure effect of minocycline. Moreover, l-arginine (60 mg/kg), as a NOS substrate, reduced the anticonvulsant effect of minocycline. We also demonstrated that pretreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) increased the anticonvulsant effect of subeffective doses of minocycline. Results showed that minocycline significantly decreased the hippocampal nitrite level. Furthermore, co-administration of a neuronal NOS inhibitor like NMDA receptor antagonists augmented the effect of minocycline on the hippocampal nitrite level. In conclusion, we revealed that anticonvulsant effect of minocycline might be, at least in part, due to a decline in constitutive hippocampal nitric oxide activity as well as inhibition of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nastaran Kordjazy
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Armin Shirzadian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hasanvand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shima Balali-Dehkordi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hassanipour
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zenki KC, Kalinine E, Zimmer ER, dos Santos TG, Mussulini BHM, Portela LVC, de Oliveira DL. Memantine decreases neuronal degeneration in young rats submitted to LiCl-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Endocannabinoid control of glutamate NMDA receptors: the therapeutic potential and consequences of dysfunction. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55840-55862. [PMID: 27323834 PMCID: PMC5342457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is probably the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a calcium-gated channel that coordinates with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to establish the efficiency of the synaptic transmission. Cross-regulation between these receptors requires the concerted activity of the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) and of the sigma receptor type 1 (σ1R). Essential brain functions like learning, memory formation and consolidation, mood and behavioral responses to exogenous stimuli depend on the activity of NMDARs. In this biological context, endocannabinoids are released to retain NMDAR activity within physiological limits. The efficacy of such control depends on HINT1/σ1R assisting in the physical coupling between cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) and NMDARs to dampen their activity. Subsequently, the calcium-regulated HINT1/σ1R protein tandem uncouples CB1Rs to prevent NMDAR hypofunction. Thus, early recruitment or a disproportionate cannabinoid induced response can bring about excess dampening of NMDAR activity, impeding its adequate integration with GPCR signaling. Alternatively, this control circuit can apparently be overridden in situations where bursts of NMDAR overactivity provoke convulsive syndromes. In this review we will discuss the possible relevance of the HINT1/σ1R tandem and its use by endocannabinoids to diminish NMDAR activity and their implications in psychosis/schizophrenia, as well as in NMDAR-mediated convulsive episodes.
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16
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Abbasova K, Kubová H, Mareš P. Does status epilepticus modify the effect of ifenprodil on cortical epileptic afterdischarges in immature rats? Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:126-132. [PMID: 29355816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ifenprodil as a specific antagonist of NMDA receptors containing a dominant NR2B subunit exhibits age-dependent anticonvulsant action. Possible changes of this action due to status epilepticus (SE) elicited at early stage of development were studied using cortical epileptic afterdischarges (ADs) as a model. METHODS Lithium-pilocarpine SE was induced at postnatal day 12 and effects of ifenprodil were studied 3, 6, 9, and 13 days after SE in rat pups with implanted epidural electrodes. Controls (LiPAR) received saline instead of pilocarpine. ADs were elicited by low frequency stimulation of sensorimotor cortex. Intensity of stimulation current increased in 18 steps from 0.2 to 15 mA. Ifenprodil (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (ip) after the stimulation with 3.5-mA current. Threshold for four different phenomena as well as duration of ADs were evaluated. RESULTS The threshold for the transition into the limbic type of ADs was higher in 15-day-old SE rats than in LiPAR controls. Opposite difference was found in 18-day-old animals, older rats did not exhibit any difference. Isolated significant changes in total duration of ADs were found after high stimulation intensities. These changes appeared in 18-day-old rats where ADs were shorter in SE than in control LiPAR rats. CONCLUSIONS Changes in ifenprodil action were found only in the first week after SE but not in the second week. Interpretation of the results is complicated by failure of significant differences between SE and LiPAR rats probably due to a high dose of paraldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenul Abbasova
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hana Kubová
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mareš
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Mullier B, Wolff C, Sands ZA, Ghisdal P, Muglia P, Kaminski RM, André VM. GRIN2B gain of function mutations are sensitive to radiprodil, a negative allosteric modulator of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:322-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Hong N, Choi YS, Kim SY, Kim HJ. Neuroprotective effect of lithium after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 21:125-131. [PMID: 28066149 PMCID: PMC5214904 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is the most common serious neurological condition triggered by abnormal electrical activity, leading to severe and widespread cell loss in the brain. Lithium has been one of the main drugs used for the treatment of bipolar disorder for decades, and its anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties have been described in several neurological disease models. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying lithium's actions remain poorly understood. The muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine is used to induce status epilepticus, which is followed by hippocampal damage. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of lithium post-treatment on seizure susceptibility and hippocampal neuropathological changes following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Status epilepticus was induced by administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride (320 mg/kg, i.p.) in C57BL/6 mice at 8 weeks of age. Lithium (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 15 minutes after the pilocarpine injection. After the lithium injection, status epilepticus onset time and mortality were recorded. Lithium significantly delayed the onset time of status epilepticus and reduced mortality compared to the vehicle-treated group. Moreover, lithium effectively blocked pilocarpine-induced neuronal death in the hippocampus as estimated by cresyl violet and Fluoro-Jade B staining. However, lithium did not reduce glial activation following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. These results suggest that lithium has a neuroprotective effect and would be useful in the treatment of neurological disorders, in particular status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgue Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.; Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Yun-Sik Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Health and Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Seong Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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19
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Cruz SL, Gauthereau-Torres MY, Rivera-García MT. Structure-activity relationship for the anticonvulsant effects of organic solvents. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Anticonvulsant effect of dextrometrophan on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 65:49-55. [PMID: 27875784 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dextrometrophan (DM), widely used as an antitussive, has recently generated interest as an anticonvulsant drug. Some effects of dextrometrophan are associated with alterations in several pathways, such as inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of acute administration of dextrometrophan on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and the probable involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and NMDA receptors in this effect. For this purpose, seizures were induced by intravenous PTZ infusion. All drugs were administrated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route before PTZ injection. Our results demonstrate that acute DM treatment (10-100mg/kg) increased the seizure threshold. In addition, the nonselective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (10mg/kg) and the neural NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (40mg/kg), at doses that had no effect on seizure threshold, augmented the anticonvulsant effect of DM (3mg/kg), while the inducible NOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine (100mg/kg), did not affect the anticonvulsant effect of DM. Moreover, the NOS substrate l-arginine (60mg/kg) blunted the anticonvulsant effect of DM (100mg/kg). Also, NMDA antagonists, ketamine (0.5mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.05mg/kg), augmented the anticonvulsant effect of DM (3mg/kg). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the anticonvulsant effect of DM is mediated by a decline in neural nitric oxide activity and inhibition of NMDA receptors.
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21
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Giorgi FS, Guida M, Vergallo A, Bonuccelli U, Zaccara G. Treatment of epilepsy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:309-318. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1243469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Melania Guida
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Zaccara
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Florence Health Authority, Firenze, Italy
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22
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Foster TC, Kyritsopoulos C, Kumar A. Central role for NMDA receptors in redox mediated impairment of synaptic function during aging and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 322:223-232. [PMID: 27180169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased human longevity has magnified the negative impact that aging can have on cognitive integrity of older individuals experiencing some decline in cognitive function. Approximately 30% of the elderly will have cognitive problems that influence their independence. Impaired executive function and memory performance are observed in normal aging and yet can be an early sign of a progressive cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Brain regions that are vulnerable to aging exhibit the earliest pathology of AD. Senescent synaptic function is observed as a shift in Ca2+-dependent synaptic plasticity and similar mechanisms are thought to contribute to the early cognitive deficits associated with AD. In the case of aging, intracellular redox state mediates a shift in Ca2+ regulation including N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction and increased Ca2+ release from intracellular stores to alter synaptic plasticity. AD can interact with these aging processes such that molecules linked to AD, β-amyloid (Aβ) and mutated presenilin 1 (PS1), can also degrade NMDA receptor function, promote Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, and may increase oxidative stress. Thus, age is one of the most important predictors of AD and brain aging likely contributes to the onset of AD. The focus of this review article is to provide an update on mechanisms that contribute to the senescent synapse and possible interactions with AD-related molecules, with special emphasis on regulation of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.
| | - C Kyritsopoulos
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.
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23
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Abstract
With increasing age, the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy and seizures increases correspondingly. New-onset epilepsy in elderly people often has underlying etiology, including cerebrovascular diseases, primary neuron degenerative disorders, intracerebral tumors, and traumatic head injury. In addition, an acute symptomatic seizure cannot be called epilepsy, which manifests usually as a common symptom secondary to metabolic or toxicity factors in older people. In this review, we have mainly focused on the causes of new-onset epilepsy and seizures in elderly people. This knowledge will certainly help us to understand the reasons for high incidences of epilepsy and seizures in elderly people. We look forward to controlling epileptic seizures via the treatment of primary diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Eid T, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Lee TSW, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle in Epilepsy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:351-400. [PMID: 27885637 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex, multifactorial disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and an increased incidence of comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and sudden unexpected death. About 70 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from epilepsy, and up to one-third of all people with epilepsy are expected to be refractory to current medications. Development of more effective and specific antiepileptic interventions is therefore requisite. Perturbations in the brain's glutamate-glutamine cycle, such as increased extracellular levels of glutamate, loss of astroglial glutamine synthetase, and changes in glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase, are frequently encountered in patients with epilepsy. Hence, manipulations of discrete glutamate-glutamine cycle components may represent novel approaches to treat the disease. The goal of his review is to discuss some of the glutamate-glutamine cycle components that are altered in epilepsy, particularly neurotransmitters and metabolites, enzymes, amino acid transporters, and glutamate receptors. We will also review approaches that potentially could be used in humans to target the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Examples of such approaches are treatment with glutamate receptor blockers, glutamate scavenging, dietary intervention, and hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, 208035, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA.
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, 208035, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA
| | - Tih-Shih W Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Christian Danbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Szczurowska E, Mareš P. Different action of a specific NR2B/NMDA antagonist Ro 25-6981 on cortical evoked potentials and epileptic afterdischarges in immature rats. Brain Res Bull 2015; 111:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Dhir A, Chopra K. Memantine delayed N-methyl-D-aspartate -induced convulsions in neonatal rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 29:72-8. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- Institute of Research and Development; Gujarat Forensic Sciences University; Gandhinagar Gujarat 382007 India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Division; University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
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27
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Zaitsev AV, Kim KK, Frolova EV, Lavrent’eva VV, Lukomskaya NY, Magazanik LG. Anticonvulsant activities of antagonists of NMDA and calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in a model of maximum electroshock in rats. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Szczurowska E, Mareš P. An antagonist of calcium permeable AMPA receptors, IEM1460: Anticonvulsant action in immature rats? Epilepsy Res 2014; 109:106-13. [PMID: 25524849 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AMPA receptors lacking GluA2 subunit are widely distributed in developing brain. IEM1460 as a specific antagonist of these receptors might be a potential age-specific anticonvulsant. Possible anticonvulsant action was assessed in two models of epileptic seizures: pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) - induced convulsions and cortical afterdischarges elicited in 12-, 18- and 25-day-old rats. IEM1460 was administered intraperitoneally in doses of 3, 10 and 20mg/kg. Pretreatment with IEM1460 at the dose of 20mg/kg resulted in delayed onset of PTZ-induced minimal clonic seizures in all age groups. PTZ-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures were suppressed in 18- and 25-day-old rats by 10 and 20mg/kg doses of IEM1460. Duration of cortical afterdischarges progressively increased with repeated stimulations in control 12-day-old rats. The IEM1460 dose of 10mg/kg fully blocked this prolongation and the 20-mg/kg dose partly suppressed it. Administration of IEM1460 had moderate proconvulsant effect on 18- and 25-day-old animals - afterdischarges were prolonged with repeated stimulations. The duration of cortical epileptic afterdischarges in adult (80-day-old) animals was not affected by IEM1460. Effects of IEM1460 are dependent on the model of seizures used, their ictogenic structures and developmental changes in subunit composition of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczurowska
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Mareš
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Zaitsev AV, Kim KK, Vasilev DS, Lukomskaya NY, Lavrentyeva VV, Tumanova NL, Zhuravin IA, Magazanik LG. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers prevent pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions and morphological changes in rat brain neurons. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:454-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V. Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Kira Kh. Kim
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Vasilev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Nera Ya. Lukomskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Valeria V. Lavrentyeva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Natalia L. Tumanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Igor A. Zhuravin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Lev G. Magazanik
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Russia
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30
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Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission (Dingeldine et al. 1999). The high level of glutamatergic excitation allows the neonatal brain (the 2(nd) postnatal week in rat) to develop quickly but it also makes it highly prone to age-specific seizures that can cause lifelong neurological and cognitive disability (Haut et al. 2004). There are three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors (ligand-gated ion channels) named according to their prototypic agonists: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) and kainate (KA). During early stages of postnatal development glutamate receptors of NMDA and AMPA type undergo intensive functional changes owing to modifications in their subunit composition (Carter et al. 1988, Watanabe et al. 1992, Monyer et al. 1994, Wenzel et al. 1997, Sun et al. 1998, Lilliu et al. 2001, Kumar et al. 2002, Matsuda et al. 2002, Wee et al. 2008, Henson et al. 2010, Pachernegg et al. 2012, Paoletti et al. 2013). Participation and role of these receptors in mechanisms of seizures and epilepsy became one of the main targets of intensive investigation (De Sarro et al. 2005, Di Maio et al. 2012, Rektor 2013). LiCl/Pilocarpine (LiCl/Pilo) induced status epilepticus is a model of severe seizures resulting in development temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This review will consider developmental changes and contribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors in LiCl/Pilo model of status epilepticus in immature rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szczurowska
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Age and activation determines the anticonvulsant effect of ifenprodil in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 387:753-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effects of Ionotropic Glutamate Channel Blockers on Audiogenic Seizure Reactions in Krushinskii–Molodkina Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-013-9877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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He S, Bausch SB. Synaptic plasticity in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission following chronic memantine treatment in an in vitro model of limbic epileptogenesis. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:379-86. [PMID: 24184417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade with high affinity competitive and uncompetitive antagonists can lead to seizure exacerbation, presumably due to an imbalance in glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. Acute administration of the moderate affinity NMDAR antagonist memantine in vivo has been associated with pro- and anticonvulsive properties. Chronic treatment with memantine can exacerbate seizures. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic memantine treatment would increase glutamatergic and decrease GABAergic transmission, similar to high affinity competitive and uncompetitive antagonists. To test this hypothesis, organotypic hippocampal slice culture were treated for 17-21 days with memantine and then subjected to electrophysiological recordings. Whole-cell recordings from dentate granule cells revealed that chronic memantine treatment slightly, but significantly increased sEPSC frequency, mEPSC amplitude and mEPSC charge transfer, consistent with minimally increased glutamatergic transmission. Chronic memantine treatment also increased both sIPSC and mIPSC frequency and amplitude, suggestive of increased GABAergic transmission. Results suggest that a simple imbalance between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission may not underlie memantine's ictogenic properties. That said, glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission were assayed independently of one another in the current study. More complex interactions between glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission may prevail under conditions of intact circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin He
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Suzanne B Bausch
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Johnsen E, Fasmer OB, van Wageningen H, Hugdahl K, Hauge E, Jørgensen HA. The influence of glutamatergic antagonism on motor variability, and comparison to findings in schizophrenia patients. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:105-12. [PMID: 25287312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2012.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this explorative study was to investigate the influence of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine on motor activity in healthy subjects. Secondarily, we wanted to compare these data to findings in a sample of schizophrenia patients. METHODS The healthy subjects acted as their own controls in an open-within-subject design. Motor activity was recorded with an actigraph worn for 24 h in the drug-free, and steady-state memantine conditions, respectively. Motor activity levels for 1-min intervals were analysed by means of both linear and nonlinear methods. The schizophrenia patients were monitored only once, without memantine manipulation. RESULTS The root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) and the RMSSD/SD ratio were increased by memantine, and memantine was also associated with lower autocorrelation (lag 1) but in recordings from the right arm only. These movement patterns partly corresponded to those found in a sample of drug-treated schizophrenia patients. Total activity level, standard deviation (SD) and sample entropy were not significantly different in the memantine versus drug-free condition. CONCLUSION The findings suggest a role for the NMDA receptor in the regulation of motor activity in healthy individuals as memantine increased the variability in the motor recordings and the alterations between adjacent motor recordings. It is suggested that the findings may be relevant to the role played by glutamate and the NMDA receptor functioning to the motor disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Johnsen
- 1 Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole Bernt Fasmer
- 1 Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi van Wageningen
- 3 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- 1 Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Hauge
- 4 Olaviken Psychiatric Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hugo A Jørgensen
- 2 Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Imfeld P, Bodmer M, Schuerch M, Jick SS, Meier CR. Seizures in patients with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia: a population-based nested case-control analysis. Epilepsia 2012; 54:700-7. [PMID: 23215680 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have an increased risk of developing seizures or epilepsy. Little is known about the role of risk factors and about the risk of developing seizures/epilepsy in patients with vascular dementia (VD). The aim of this study was to assess incidence rates (IRs) of seizures/epilepsy in patients with AD, VD, or without dementia, and to identify potential risk factors of seizures or epilepsy. METHODS We conducted a follow-up study with a nested case-control analysis using the United Kingdom-based General Practice Research Database (GPRD). We identified patients aged ≥65 years with an incident diagnosis of AD or VD between 1998 and 2008 and a matched comparison group of dementia-free patients. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of developing seizures/epilepsy in patients with AD or VD, stratified by age at onset and duration of dementia as well as by use of antidementia drugs. KEY FINDINGS Among 7,086 cases with AD, 4,438 with VD, and 11,524 matched dementia-free patients, we identified 180 cases with an incident diagnosis of seizures/epilepsy. The IRs of epilepsy/seizures for patients with AD or VD were 5.6/1,000 person-years (py) (95% CI 4.6-6.9) and 7.5/1,000 py (95% CI 5.7-9.7), respectively, and 0.8/1,000 py (95% CI 0.6-1.1) in the dementia-free group. In the nested case-control analysis, patients with longer standing (≥3 years) AD had a slightly higher risk of developing seizures or epilepsy than those with a shorter disease duration, whereas in patients with VD the contrary was observed. SIGNIFICANCE Seizures or epilepsy were substantially more common in patients with AD and VD than in dementia-free patients. The role of disease duration as a risk factor for seizures/epilepsy seems to differ between AD and VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Imfeld
- Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Borre Y, Bosman E, Lemstra S, Westphal KG, Olivier B, Oosting RS. Memantine partly rescues behavioral and cognitive deficits in an animal model of neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2010-7. [PMID: 22248638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, is used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and off-label as an anti-depressant. Here we investigated possible anti-depressant, cognitive enhancing and neuroprotective effects of memantine in the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rat. OBX is used as a screening model for antidepressants and shows cognitive disturbances. In Experiment I, memantine treatment started 14 days after OBX surgery (this setup is similar to what we use for screening of potential antidepressants) and 2 days before surgery in experiment II. In both experiments, memantine (20 mg/kg, p.o) was administered once daily for 28 days. Animals were tested in the open field (locomotor activity), passive avoidance (fear learning and memory), and holeboard (spatial acquisition and memory) before and after the bulbectomy. Memantine, when administered before surgery, prevented OBX-induced hyperactivity and partly fear memory loss. These behavioral effects were present for at least 3 weeks after cessation of treatment. Memantine, however did not improve spatial memory. When administered 2 weeks after OBX surgery, memantine was ineffective in normalizing open field hyperactivity and improving cognitive deficits. Interestingly, after the animals were retrained in passive avoidance, memantine- treated OBX rats (both in experiment I and II) showed improved fear learning and memory. Our findings suggest that memantine has both neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects without antidepressant-like properties in the OBX rat. Based on our results, we propose that memantine may be more beneficial to AD patients when administered early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Borre
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ghasemi M, Schachter SC. The NMDA receptor complex as a therapeutic target in epilepsy: a review. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:617-40. [PMID: 22056342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A substantial amount of research has shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) may play a key role in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Animal models of epilepsy and clinical studies demonstrate that NMDAR activity and expression can be altered in association with epilepsy and particularly in some specific seizure types. NMDAR antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. There is some evidence that conventional antiepileptic drugs may also affect NMDAR function. In this review, we describe the evidence for the involvement of NMDARs in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and provide an overview of NMDAR antagonists that have been investigated in clinical trials and animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Many studies have shown that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are at increased risk for developing seizures and epilepsy. However, reported prevalence and incidence of seizures and relationship of seizures to disease measures such as severity, outcome, and progression vary widely between studies. We performed a literature review of the available clinical and epidemiological data on the topic of seizures in patients with AD. We review seizure rates and types, risk factors for seizures, electroencephalogram (EEG) studies, and treatment responses. Finally, we consider limitations and methodological issues. There is considerable variability in the reported prevalence and incidence of seizures in patients with AD-with reported lifetime prevalence rates of 1.5-64%. More recent, prospective, and larger studies in general report lower rates. Some, but not all, studies have noted increased seizure risk with increasing dementia severity or with younger age of AD onset. Generalized convulsive seizures are the most commonly reported type, but often historical information is the only basis used to determine seizure type and the manifestation of seizures may be difficult to distinguish from other behaviors common in demented patients. EEG has infrequently been performed and reported. Data on treatment of seizures in AD are extremely limited. Similarly, the relationship between seizures and cognitive impairment in AD is unclear. We conclude that the literature on seizures and epilepsy in AD, including diagnosis, risk factors, and response to treatment suffers from methodological limitations and gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Friedman
- New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Cakil D, Yildirim M, Ayyildiz M, Agar E. The effect of co-administration of the NMDA blocker with agonist and antagonist of CB1-receptor on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Epilepsy Res 2011; 93:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ghasemi A, Saberi M, Ghasemi M, Shafaroodi H, Moezi L, Bahremand A, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Ziai P, Dehpour AR. Administration of lithium and magnesium chloride inhibited tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 19:568-74. [PMID: 20920846 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although morphine has an anticonvulsant effect in several animal models of seizures, its potential clinical application in epilepsy may be hindered by its adverse effects like opioid tolerance. The present study evaluated the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine in a model of clonic seizures induced with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in male Swiss mice. We also examined whether administration of either lithium chloride (LiCl) or magnesium chloride (MgCl(2)) was able to prevent the probable tolerance. Our data demonstrated that the anticonvulsant effect of a potent dose of morphine (1mg/kg) was abolished in chronic morphine-treated mice (mice administered the same dose of morphine intraperitoneally twice daily for 4 days). Four days of pretreatment with low and noneffective doses of MgCl(2) (2 and 5mg/kg) and LiCl (5mg/kg) inhibited the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine (1mg/kg, ip). Moreover, a single acute injection of the aforementioned agents at the same doses reversed the expression of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of morphine (1mg/kg, ip). Chronic 17-day treatment with LiCl (600 mg/L in drinking water) also inhibited the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of 1mg/kg morphine. These results demonstrate that the anticonvulsant effect of morphine is subject to tolerance after repeated administration. Both development and expression of tolerance are inhibited by either LiCl or MgCl(2). As both LiCl and MgCl(2) can modulate the function of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, we discuss how NMDA receptor functioning might be involved in the effects of LiCl and MgCl(2) on the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghasemi M, Shafaroodi H, Nazarbeiki S, Meskar H, Ghasemi A, Bahremand A, Ziai P, Dehpour AR. Inhibition of NMDA receptor/NO signaling blocked tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Epilepsy Res 2010; 91:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vataev SI, Zhabko EP, Lukomskaya NY, Oganesyan GA, Magazanik LG. Effects of Memantine on Convulsive Reactions and the Organization of Sleep in Krushinskii–Molodkina Rats with an Inherited Predisposition to Audiogenic Convulsions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 40:913-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-010-9345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ghasemi M, Shafaroodi H, Nazarbeiki S, Meskar H, Heydarpour P, Ghasemi A, Talab SS, Ziai P, Bahremand A, Dehpour AR. Voltage-dependent calcium channel and NMDA receptor antagonists augment anticonvulsant effects of lithium chloride on pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizures in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 18:171-8. [PMID: 20605531 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although lithium is still a mainstay in the treatment of bipolar disorder, its underlying mechanisms of action have not been completely elucidated. Several studies have shown that lithium can also modulate seizure susceptibility in a variety of models. In the present study, using a model of clonic seizures induced with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in male Swiss mice, we investigated whether there is any interaction between lithium and either calcium channel blockers (CCBs: nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (ketamine and MK-801) in modulating seizure threshold. Acute lithium administration (5-100mg/kg, ip) significantly (P<0.01) increased seizure threshold. CCBs and NMDA receptor antagonists also exerted dose-dependent anticonvulsant effects on PTZ-induced seizures. Noneffective doses of CCBs (5mg/kg, ip), when combined with a noneffective dose of lithium (5mg/kg, ip), exerted significant anticonvulsant effects. Moreover, co-administration of a noneffective dose of either MK-801 (0.05mg/kg, ip) or ketamine (5mg/kg, ip) with a noneffective dose of lithium (5mg/kg, ip) significantly increased seizure threshold. Our findings demonstrate that lithium increases the clonic seizure threshold induced by PTZ in mice and interacts with either CCBs or NMDA receptor antagonists in exerting this effect, suggesting a role for Ca(2+) signaling in the anticonvulsant effects of lithium in the PTZ model of clonic seizures in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Epileptogenesis is defined as the process of developing epilepsy-a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures-following an initial insult. Seizure incidence during the human lifespan is at its highest in infancy and childhood. Animal models of epilepsy and human tissue studies suggest that epileptogenesis involves a cascade of molecular, cellular and neuronal network alterations. Within minutes to days following the initial insult, there are acute early changes in neuronal networks, which include rapid alterations to ion channel kinetics as a result of membrane depolarization, post-translational modifications to existing functional proteins, and activation of immediate early genes. Subacute changes occur over hours to weeks, and include transcriptional events, neuronal death and activation of inflammatory cascades. The chronic changes that follow over weeks to months include anatomical changes, such as neurogenesis, mossy fiber sprouting, network reorganization, and gliosis. These epileptogenic processes are developmentally regulated and might contribute to differences in epileptogenesis between adult and developing brains. Here we review the factors responsible for enhanced seizure susceptibility in the developing brain, and consider age-specific mechanisms of epileptogenesis. An understanding of these factors could yield potential therapeutic targets for the prevention of epileptogenesis and also provide biomarkers for identifying patients at risk of developing epilepsy or for monitoring disease progression.
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Hansen KB, Mullasseril P, Dawit S, Kurtkaya NL, Yuan H, Vance KM, Orr AG, Kvist T, Ogden KK, Le P, Vellano KM, Lewis I, Kurtkaya S, Du Y, Qui M, Murphy TJ, Snyder JP, Bräuner-Osborne H, Traynelis SF. Implementation of a fluorescence-based screening assay identifies histamine H3 receptor antagonists clobenpropit and iodophenpropit as subunit-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:650-62. [PMID: 20197375 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.166256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate a slow, Ca(2+)-permeable component of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and play a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity, neuronal development, and several neurological diseases. We describe a fluorescence-based assay that measures NMDA receptor-mediated changes in intracellular calcium in a BHK-21 cell line stably expressing NMDA receptor NR2D with NR1 under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter (Tet-On). The assay selectively identifies allosteric modulators by using supramaximal concentrations of glutamate and glycine to minimize detection of competitive antagonists. The assay is validated by successfully identifying known noncompetitive, but not competitive NMDA receptor antagonists among 1800 screened compounds from two small focused libraries, including the commercially available library of pharmacologically active compounds. Hits from the primary screen are validated through a secondary screen that used two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings on recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This strategy identified several novel modulators of NMDA receptor function, including the histamine H3 receptor antagonists clobenpropit and iodophenpropit, as well as the vanilloid receptor transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine. These compounds are noncompetitive antagonists and the histamine H3 receptor ligand showed submicromolar potency at NR1/NR2B NMDA receptors, which raises the possibility that compounds can be developed that act with high potency on both glutamate and histamine receptor systems simultaneously. Furthermore, it is possible that some actions attributed to histamine H3 receptor inhibition in vivo may also involve NMDA receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Burket JA, Mastropaolo J, Rosse RB, Katz EU, Deutsch SI. NMDA NR2B subtype-selective receptor antagonists fail to antagonize electrically-precipitated seizures and elicit popping in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:207-10. [PMID: 20022475 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
NR2B-subtype-selective antagonists differ from MK-801, a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist. MK-801 antagonizes electrical seizures at doses as low as 0.1 to 0.18mg/kg and elicits popping at doses as low as 0.5mg/kg, whereas ifenprodil and Ro 8-4304 were unable to do so at the doses tested. Ro 25-6981, however, was able to antagonize electrically-precipitated tonic hindlimb extension at 100mg/kg, but was not able to elicit popping behavior at this dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Burket
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 710, Norfolk, Virginia 23507-1912, United States
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Mareš P, Stehlíková M. Anticonvulsant doses of ganaxolone do not compromise motor performance in immature rats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 469:396-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The lifespan risk of seizures is highest in the neonatal period. Current therapies have limited efficacy. Although the treatment of neonatal seizures has not changed significantly in the last several decades, there has been substantial progress in understanding developmental mechanisms that influence seizure generation and responsiveness to anticonvulsants. This article provides an overview of current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures, and some of the recent insights about the pathophysiology of neonatal seizures that may provide the foundation for better treatment are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Jensen
- Children's Hospital Boston, CLS 14073, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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