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Qi XR, Zhang L. The Potential Role of Gut Peptide Hormones in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:73. [PMID: 32296309 PMCID: PMC7136424 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut peptide hormones are one group of secretory factors produced from gastrointestinal endocrine cells with potent functions in modulating digestive functions. In recent decades, they have been found across different brain regions, many of which are involved in autism-related social, emotional and cognitive deficits. Clinical studies have revealed possible correlation between those hormones and autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis. In animal models, gut peptide hormones modulate neurodevelopment, synaptic transmission and neural plasticity, explaining their behavioral relevance. This review article will summarize major findings from both clinical and basic research showing the role of gut peptide hormones in mediating autism-related neurological functions, and their potential implications in autism pathogenesis. The pharmaceutical value of gut hormones in alleviating autism-associated behavioral syndromes will be discussed to provide new insights for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Qi
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Watanabe J, Matsumoto M, Kageyama H, Murai N, Sasaki S, Hirako S, Wada N, Arata S, Shioda S. Ghrelin suppresses proliferation of fetal neural progenitor cells, and induces their differentiation into neurons. Peptides 2015; 69:40-6. [PMID: 25828736 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how the temporal and regional control of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) dictates their fate, their key regulators during neural development are still unknown. Ghrelin, which is isolated from porcine stomach extract, is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The widespread expression of ghrelin and GHS-R in the central nervous system during development suggests that ghrelin may be involved in developmental neural growth. However, its role in regulating fetal NPCs is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin on primary cultured NPCs derived from fetal mouse telencephalon. The expressions of both ghrelin and its receptor were observed in NPCs using RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunocytostaining. Interestingly, the exposure of fetal NPCs to ghrelin at concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-9)M suppressed their proliferation, and caused them to differentiate into neurons and to extend neurites. These results strongly suggest that ghrelin plays an autocrine modulatory role in fetal neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Minako Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Haruaki Kageyama
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Faculty of Health Care, Kiryu University, Midori City, Gunma 379-2392, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Murai
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoru Arata
- Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Targeting of glycine site on NMDA receptor as a possible new strategy for autism treatment. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:922-3. [PMID: 21210221 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The exact pathophysiology of the neurodevelopment disorder of autism is not clear and there is not any curative approach for it. There is only one FDA-approved medication for its management. Therefore, providing of novel treatments is highly required. The hypofunction of GABAergic system and glutamate toxicity are generally believed to have a causal role for autism. The antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate receptor improves autism. Glycine is required for the activation of NMDA receptor. The antagonist of glycine site decreases NMDA receptor conductance. It is hypothesis that glycine site antagonists can be tested as a new strategy for the management of autism.
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