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Leo A, Bosco F, Guarnieri L, De Sarro C, Rania V, Gallelli L, Citraro R, De Sarro G. Cenobamate enhances the anticonvulsant effect of other antiseizure medications in the DBA/2 mouse model of reflex epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176222. [PMID: 38029871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies documented that cenobamate (CNB) has a marked efficacy compared to other antiseizure medications (ASMs) in reducing focal seizures. To date, different aspects of CNB need to be clarified, including its efficacy against generalized seizures. Similarly, the pattern of drug-drug interactions between CNB and other ASMs also compels further investigation. This study aimed to detect the role of CNB on generalized seizures using the DBA/2 mouse model. We have also studied the effects of an adjunctive CNB treatment on the antiseizure properties of some ASMs against reflex seizures. The effects of this adjunctive treatment on motor performance, body temperature, and brain levels of ASMs were also evaluated. CNB was able to antagonize seizures in DBA/2 mice. CNB, at 5 mg/kg, enhanced the antiseizure activity of ASMs, such as diazepam, clobazam, levetiracetam, perampanel, phenobarbital, topiramate, and valproate. No synergistic effects were observed when CNB was co-administered with some Na+ channel blockers. The increase in antiseizure activity was associated with a comparable intensification in motor impairment; however, the therapeutic index of combined treatment of ASMs with CNB was more favorable than the combination with vehicle except for carbamazepine, phenytoin, and oxcarbazepine. Since CNB did not significantly influence the brain levels of the ASMs studied, we suggest that pharmacokinetic interactions seem not probable. Overall, this study shows the ability of CNB to counteract generalized reflex seizures in mice. Moreover, our data documented an evident synergistic antiseizure effect for the combination of CNB with ASMs including phenobarbital, benzodiazepines, valproate, perampanel, topiramate, and levetiracetam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Leo
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina De Sarro
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rania
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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2
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Bosco F, Guarnieri L, Leo A, Tallarico M, Gallelli L, Rania V, Citraro R, De Sarro G. Audiogenic epileptic DBA/2 mice strain as a model of genetic reflex seizures and SUDEP. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1223074. [PMID: 37681009 PMCID: PMC10481168 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1223074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by abnormal brain activity, which results in repeated spontaneous seizures. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of seizure-related premature death, particularly in drug-resistant epilepsy patients. The etiology of SUDEP is a structural injury to the brain that is not fully understood, but it is frequently associated with poorly controlled and repeated generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCSs) that cause cardiorespiratory and autonomic dysfunctions, indicating the involvement of the brainstem. Both respiratory and cardiac abnormalities have been observed in SUDEP, but not much progress has been made in their prevention. Owing to the complexity of SUDEP, experimental animal models have been used to investigate cardiac and/or respiratory dysregulation due to or associated with epileptic seizures that may contribute to death in humans. Numerous rodent models, especially mouse models, have been developed to better understand epilepsy and SUDEP physiopathology. This review synthesizes the current knowledge about dilute brown agouti coat color (DBA/2) mice as a possible SUDEP model because respiratory arrest (RA) and sudden death induced by audiogenic generalized seizures (AGSs) have been observed in these animals. Respiratory/cardiac dysfunction, brainstem arousal system dysfunction, and alteration of the neurotransmitter systems, which are observed in human SUDEP, have also been observed in these mice. In particular, serotonin (5-HT) alteration and adenosine neurotransmission appear to contribute to not only the pathophysiological mechanisms of medication but also seizure-related respiratory dysfunctions in this animal model. These neurotransmitter systems could be the relevant targets for medication development for chronic epilepsy and SUDEP prevention. We reviewed data on AGSs in DBA/2 mice and the relevance of this model of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy to human SUDEP. Furthermore, the advantages of using this strain prone to AGSs for the identification of possible new therapeutic targets and treatment options have also been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bosco
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rania
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Ryazanova MA, Plekanchuk VS, Prokudina OI, Makovka YV, Alekhina TA, Redina OE, Markel AL. Animal Models of Hypertension (ISIAH Rats), Catatonia (GC Rats), and Audiogenic Epilepsy (PM Rats) Developed by Breeding. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1814. [PMID: 37509453 PMCID: PMC10376947 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into genetic and physiological mechanisms of widespread disorders such as arterial hypertension as well as neuropsychiatric and other human diseases is urgently needed in academic and practical medicine and in the field of biology. Nevertheless, such studies have many limitations and pose difficulties that can be overcome by using animal models. To date, for the purposes of creating animal models of human pathologies, several approaches have been used: pharmacological/chemical intervention; surgical procedures; genetic technologies for creating transgenic animals, knockouts, or knockdowns; and breeding. Although some of these approaches are good for certain research aims, they have many drawbacks, the greatest being a strong perturbation (in a biological system) that, along with the expected effect, exerts side effects in the study. Therefore, for investigating the pathogenesis of a disease, models obtained using genetic selection for a target trait are of high value as this approach allows for the creation of a model with a "natural" manifestation of the pathology. In this review, three rat models are described: ISIAH rats (arterial hypertension), GC rats (catatonia), and PM rats (audiogenic epilepsy), which are developed by breeding in the Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Ryazanova
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladislava S Plekanchuk
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Prokudina
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yulia V Makovka
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Alekhina
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga E Redina
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Arcady L Markel
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Löscher W, White HS. Animal Models of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy as Tools for Deciphering the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacoresistance and Discovering More Effective Treatments. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091233. [PMID: 37174633 PMCID: PMC10177106 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 30 years, over 20 new anti-seizure medicines (ASMs) have been introduced into the market for the treatment of epilepsy using well-established preclinical seizure and epilepsy models. Despite this success, approximately 20-30% of patients with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The current approach to ASM discovery for DRE relies largely on drug testing in various preclinical model systems that display varying degrees of ASM drug resistance. In recent years, attempts have been made to include more etiologically relevant models in the preclinical evaluation of a new investigational drug. Such models have played an important role in advancing a greater understanding of DRE at a mechanistic level and for hypothesis testing as new experimental evidence becomes available. This review provides a critical discussion of the pharmacology of models of adult focal epilepsy that allow for the selection of ASM responders and nonresponders and those models that display a pharmacoresistance per se to two or more ASMs. In addition, the pharmacology of animal models of major genetic epilepsies is discussed. Importantly, in addition to testing chemical compounds, several of the models discussed here can be used to evaluate other potential therapies for epilepsy such as neurostimulation, dietary treatments, gene therapy, or cell transplantation. This review also discusses the challenges associated with identifying novel therapies in the absence of a greater understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to DRE. Finally, this review discusses the lessons learned from the profile of the recently approved highly efficacious and broad-spectrum ASM cenobamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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5
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Mulkey DK, Milla BM. Perspectives on the basis of seizure-induced respiratory dysfunction. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1033756. [PMID: 36605420 PMCID: PMC9807672 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1033756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is an umbrella term used to define a wide variety of seizure disorders and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in epilepsy. Although some SUDEP risk factors have been identified, it remains largely unpredictable, and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Most seizures start in the cortex, but the high mortality rate associated with certain types of epilepsy indicates brainstem involvement. Therefore, to help understand SUDEP we discuss mechanisms by which seizure activity propagates to the brainstem. Specifically, we highlight clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggesting how seizure activation of: (i) descending inhibitory drive or (ii) spreading depolarization might contribute to brainstem dysfunction. Furthermore, since epilepsy is a highly heterogenous disorder, we also considered factors expected to favor or oppose mechanisms of seizure propagation. We also consider whether epilepsy-associated genetic variants directly impact brainstem function. Because respiratory failure is a leading cause of SUDEP, our discussion of brainstem dysfunction focuses on respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Rodent Models of Audiogenic Epilepsy: Genetic Aspects, Advantages, Current Problems and Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112934. [PMID: 36428502 PMCID: PMC9687921 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of epilepsy are of great importance in epileptology. They are used to study the mechanisms of epileptogenesis, and search for new genes and regulatory pathways involved in the development of epilepsy as well as screening new antiepileptic drugs. Today, many methods of modeling epilepsy in animals are used, including electroconvulsive, pharmacological in intact animals, and genetic, with the predisposition for spontaneous or refractory epileptic seizures. Due to the simplicity of manipulation and universality, genetic models of audiogenic epilepsy in rodents stand out among this diversity. We tried to combine data on the genetics of audiogenic epilepsy in rodents, the relevance of various models of audiogenic epilepsy to certain epileptic syndromes in humans, and the advantages of using of rodent strains predisposed to audiogenic epilepsy in current epileptology.
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7
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Mantegazza M, Auvin S, Barker-Haliski M, Katsarou AM, Kubova H, Galanopoulou AS, Semple B, Reid CA. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for rodent genetic epilepsy models. A report of the TASK3-WG1B: Paediatric and genetic models working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational TASK force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35951766 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of epilepsy remain the cornerstone of research into the mechanisms underlying genetic epilepsy. Reproducibility of experiments using these rodent models, occurring across a diversity of laboratories and commercial vendors, remains an issue impacting the cost-effectiveness and scientific rigor of the studies performed. Here, we present two case report forms (CRFs) describing common data elements (CDE) for genetic rodent models, developed by the TASK3-WG1B Working Group of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)/American Epilepsy Society (AES) Joint Translational Task Force. The first CRF relates to genetic rodent models that have been engineered based on variants described in epilepsy patients. The second CRF encompasses both spontaneous and inbred rodent models. This companion piece describes the elements and discusses the important factors to consider before documenting each required element. These CRFs provide tools that allow investigators to more uniformly describe core experimental data on different genetic models across laboratories, with the aim of improving experimental reproducibility and thus translational impact of such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mantegazza
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Inserm, LabEx ICST, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Stėphane Auvin
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1141, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, APHP, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hana Kubova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominique P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Bridgette Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher A Reid
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Servilha-Menezes G, Garcia-Cairasco N. A complex systems view on the current hypotheses of epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S8-S22. [PMID: 35253410 PMCID: PMC9340300 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy remains to this day as a highly prevalent condition affecting around one-third of patients with epilepsy, despite all the research and the development of several new antiseizure medications (ASMs) over the last decades. Epilepsies are multifactorial complex diseases, commonly associated with psychiatric, neurological, and somatic comorbidities. Thus, to solve the puzzling problem of pharmacoresistance, the diagnosis and modeling of epilepsy and comorbidities need to change toward a complex system approach. In this review, we have summarized the sequence of events for the definition of epilepsies and comorbidities, the search for mechanisms, and the major hypotheses of pharmacoresistance, drawing attention to some of the many converging aspects between the proposed mechanisms, their supporting evidence, and comorbidities-related alterations. The use of systems biology applied to epileptology may lead to the discovery of new targets and the development of new ASMs, as may advance our understanding of the epilepsies and their comorbidities, providing much deeper insight on multidrug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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De Sarro C, Tallarico M, Pisano M, Gallelli L, Citraro R, De Sarro G, Leo A. Liraglutide chronic treatment prevents development of tolerance to antiseizure effects of diazepam in genetically epilepsy prone rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175098. [PMID: 35700834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that can regulate several neuronal functions. The modulation of GLP-1 receptors emerged as a potential target to treat several neurological diseases, such as epilepsy. Here, we studied the effects of acute and chronic treatment with liraglutide (LIRA), in genetically epilepsy prone rats (GEPR-9s). We have also investigated the possible development of tolerance to antiseizure effects of diazepam, and how LIRA could affect this phenomenon over the same period of treatment. The present data indicate that an acute treatment with LIRA did not diminish the severity score of audiogenic seizures (AGS) in GEPR-9s. By contrast, a chronic treatment with LIRA has shown only a modest antiseizure effect that was maintained until the end of treatment, in GEPR-9s. Not surprisingly, acute administration of diazepam reduced, in a dose dependent manner, the severity of the AGS in GEPR-9s. However, when diazepam was chronically administered, an evident development of tolerance to its antiseizure effects was detected. Interestingly, following an add-on treatment with LIRA, a reduced development of tolerance and an enhanced diazepam antiseizure effect was observed in GEPR-9s. Overall, an add-on therapy with LIRA demonstrate benefits superior to single antiseizure medications and could be utilized to treat epilepsy as well as associated issues. Therefore, the potential use of GLP1 analogs for the treatment of epilepsy in combination with existing antiseizure medications could thus add a new and long-awaited dimension to its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina De Sarro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Pisano
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Leo
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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10
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Activation of Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels Suppresses Inherited Seizure Susceptibility in Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020449. [PMID: 35203658 PMCID: PMC8962295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited seizure susceptibility in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-3s) is associated with increased voltage-gated calcium channel currents suggesting a massive calcium influx resulting in increased levels of intraneuronal calcium. Cytosolic calcium, in turn, activates many processes, including chloride channels, to restore normal membrane excitability and limit repetitive firing of the neurons. Here we used EACT and T16Ainh-A01, potent activator and inhibitor of calcium-activated channels transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A), respectively, to probe the role of these channels in the pathophysiology of acoustically evoked seizures in the GEPR-3s. We used adult male and female GEPR-3s. Acoustically evoked seizures consisted of wild running seizures (WRSs) that evolved into generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCSs) and eventually culminated into forelimb extension (partial tonic seizures). We found that acute EACT treatment at relatively higher tested doses significantly reduced the incidences of WRSs and GTCSs, and the seizure severity in male GEPR-3s. Furthermore, these antiseizure effects were associated with delayed seizure onset and reduced seizure duration. Interestingly, the inhibition of TMEM16A channels reversed EACT’s antiseizure effects on seizure latency and seizure duration. No notable antiseizure effects were observed in female GEPR-3s. Together, these findings suggest that activation of TMEM16A channels may represent a putative novel cellular mechanism for suppressing GTCSs.
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Wang Y, Wei P, Yan F, Luo Y, Zhao G. Animal Models of Epilepsy: A Phenotype-oriented Review. Aging Dis 2022; 13:215-231. [PMID: 35111370 PMCID: PMC8782545 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder characterized by abnormal, recurrent, and synchronous discharges in the brain. Long-term recurrent seizure attacks can cause serious damage to brain function, which is usually observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Controlling seizure attacks is vital for the treatment and prognosis of epilepsy. Animal models, such as the kindling model, which was the most widely used model in the past, allow the understanding of the potential epileptogenic mechanisms and selection of antiepileptic drugs. In recent years, various animal models of epilepsy have been established to mimic different seizure types, without clear merits and demerits. Accordingly, this review provides a summary of the views mentioned above, aiming to provide a reference for animal model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Penghu Wei
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kim HY, Suh PG, Kim JI. The Role of Phospholipase C in GABAergic Inhibition and Its Relevance to Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063149. [PMID: 33808762 PMCID: PMC8003358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal hyperexcitation of neurons. Recent studies have suggested that the imbalance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the central nervous system is closely implicated in the etiology of epilepsy. In the brain, GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a pivotal role in maintaining E/I balance. As such, altered GABAergic inhibition can lead to severe E/I imbalance, consequently resulting in excessive and hypersynchronous neuronal activity as in epilepsy. Phospholipase C (PLC) is a key enzyme in the intracellular signaling pathway and regulates various neuronal functions including neuronal development, synaptic transmission, and plasticity in the brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal PLC is critically involved in multiple aspects of GABAergic functions. Therefore, a better understanding of mechanisms by which neuronal PLC regulates GABAergic inhibition is necessary for revealing an unrecognized linkage between PLC and epilepsy and developing more effective treatments for epilepsy. Here we review the function of PLC in GABAergic inhibition in the brain and discuss a pathophysiological relationship between PLC and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (P.-G.S.)
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (P.-G.S.)
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (P.-G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-52-217-2458
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Voltage-independent GluN2A-type NMDA receptor Ca 2+ signaling promotes audiogenic seizures, attentional and cognitive deficits in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:59. [PMID: 33420383 PMCID: PMC7794508 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling during simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic activity is critically involved in synaptic plasticity and thus has a key role in the nervous system. In GRIN2-variant patients alterations of this coincidence detection provoked complex clinical phenotypes, ranging from reduced muscle strength to epileptic seizures and intellectual disability. By using our gene-targeted mouse line (Grin2aN615S), we show that voltage-independent glutamate-gated signaling of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors is associated with NMDAR-dependent audiogenic seizures due to hyperexcitable midbrain circuits. In contrast, the NMDAR antagonist MK-801-induced c-Fos expression is reduced in the hippocampus. Likewise, the synchronization of theta- and gamma oscillatory activity is lowered during exploration, demonstrating reduced hippocampal activity. This is associated with exploratory hyperactivity and aberrantly increased and dysregulated levels of attention that can interfere with associative learning, in particular when relevant cues and reward outcomes are disconnected in space and time. Together, our findings provide (i) experimental evidence that the inherent voltage-dependent Ca2+ signaling of NMDA receptors is essential for maintaining appropriate responses to sensory stimuli and (ii) a mechanistic explanation for the neurological manifestations seen in the NMDAR-related human disorders with GRIN2 variant-meidiated intellectual disability and focal epilepsy. Ilaria Bertocchi et al. use a mouse model of Grin2a dysfunction to show that activity-independent NMDA receptors are involved in audiogenic seizure generation. Their results suggest a role for NMDA receptors in maintaining an appropriate response to sensory stimuli and a potential mechanism for disease phenotypes in epilepsy patients with GRIN2A mutations.
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Krivopalov SA, Yushkov BG, Bykova MY, Zabegalov KN. [Gender differences in the pool of free amino acid neurotransmitters in Krushinsky-Molodkina rats]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:124-129. [PMID: 32420892 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of the role of neurotransmitter systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is one of the priorities of epileptology. New data on the functions of free neurotransmitter-like amino acid in the central nervous system are of the greatest importance and determine the prospects for the development of novel effective anticonvulsants. It is widely believed in clinical medicine that epilepsy has distinct gender characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the gender peculiarities in the content of neurotransmitter amino acids in the brain of Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats, which were used as model organisms for the study of genetically induced audiogenic epilepsy. The content of Asp, Glu, GABA, Gly, and Tau of the medulla oblongata, hippocampus and cerebral cortex were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in intact KM rats, KM rats exposed to a series of epileptiform seizures, and Wistar rats (control group). Both the Wistar and KM rats had gender distinctions in the distribution of free amino acids among the investigated brain parts. The audiogenic epilepsy was characterized by smoothing gender differences as well as differences between the concentrations of free amino acids in the cortex and medulla oblongata, specific for Wistar rats. The changes observed in male rats after the set of seizures included the increase in GABA concentration and a decrease in the Gly level in all investigated brain parts, as well as the decrease of the Tau content in the cortex and hippocampus. At the same time, the Glu content in cortex increased, while the Asp level decreased. After 6 days of audiogenic stimulations the female KM rats demonstrated the increase in the Glu level in all investigated brain parts, the increase in Gly and Asp levels in hippocampus, and no changes in the GABA content. Thus, after the set of epileptiform seizures the KM rats achieved a new steady state of the studied amino acids pool, which differed in males and females. In this case, gender differences significantly changed after the seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Krivopalov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - B G Yushkov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Institute of Medical Cell Technologies, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - M Yu Bykova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - K N Zabegalov
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Sánchez-Benito D, Hyppolito MA, Alvarez-Morujo AJ, López DE, Gómez-Nieto R. Morphological and molecular correlates of altered hearing sensitivity in the genetically audiogenic seizure-prone hamster GASH/Sal. Hear Res 2020; 392:107973. [PMID: 32402894 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of audiogenic seizures, in which seizures are precipitated by an abnormal response of the brain to auditory stimuli, are crucial to investigate the neural bases underlying ictogenesis. Despite significant advances in understanding seizure generation in the inferior colliculus, namely the epileptogenic nucleus, little is known about the contribution of lower auditory stations to the seizure-prone network. Here, we examined the cochlea and cochlear nucleus of the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal), a model of reflex epilepsy that exhibits generalized tonic-clonic seizures in response to loud sound. GASH/Sal animals under seizure-free conditions were compared with matched control hamsters in a multi-technical approach that includes auditory brainstem responses (ABR) testing, histology, scanning electron microscopy analysis, immunohistochemistry, quantitative morphometry and gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR). The cochlear histopathology of the GASH/Sal showed preservation of the sensory hair cells, but a significant loss of spiral ganglion neurons and mild atrophy of the stria vascularis. At the electron microscopy level, the reticular lamina exhibited disarray of stereociliary tufts with blebs, loss or elongated stereocilia as well as non-parallel rows of outer hair cells due to protrusions of Deiters' cells. At the molecular level, the abnormal gene expression patterns of prestin, cadherin 23, protocadherin 15, vesicular glutamate transporters 1 (Vglut1) and -2 (Vglut2) indicated that the hair-cell mechanotransduction and cochlear amplification were markedly altered. These were manifestations of a cochlear neuropathy that correlated to ABR waveform I alterations and elevated auditory thresholds. In the cochlear nucleus, the distribution of VGLUT2-immunolabeled puncta was differently affected in each subdivision, showing significant increases in magnocellular regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus and drastic reductions in the granule cell domain. This modified inputs lead to disruption of Vglut1 and Vglut2 gene expression in the cochlear nucleus. In sum, our study provides insight into the morphological and molecular traits associated with audiogenic seizure susceptibility in the GASH/Sal, suggesting an upward spread of abnormal glutamatergic transmission throughout the primary acoustic pathway to the epileptogenic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Benito
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel A Hyppolito
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Alvarez-Morujo
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dolores E López
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Garcia-Gomes MDSA, Zanatto DA, Galvis-Alonso OY, Mejia J, Antiorio ATFB, Yamamoto PK, Olivato MCM, Sandini TM, Flório JC, Lebrun I, Massironi SMG, Alexandre-Ribeiro SR, Bernardi MM, Ienne S, de Souza TA, Dagli MLZ, Mori CMC. Behavioral and neurochemical characterization of the spontaneous mutation tremor, a new mouse model of audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 105:106945. [PMID: 32109856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tremor mutant phenotype results from an autosomal recessive spontaneous mutation arisen in a Swiss-Webster mouse colony. The mutant mice displayed normal development until three weeks of age when they began to present motor impairment comprised by whole body tremor, ataxia, and decreased exploratory behavior. These features increased in severity with aging suggesting a neurodegenerative profile. In parallel, they showed audiogenic generalized clonic seizures. Results from genetic mapping identified the mutation tremor on chromosome 14, in an interval of 5 cM between D14Mit37 (33.21 cM) and D14Mit115 (38.21 cM), making Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) the main candidate gene. Comparing with wild type (WT) mice, the tremor mice showed higher hippocampal gene expression of Egr3 and Gabra1 and increased concentrations of noradrenalin (NOR; p = .0012), serotonin (5HT; p = .0083), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA; p = .0032), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA; p = .0123), glutamate (p = .0217) and aspartate (p = .0124). In opposition, the content of glycine (p = .0168) and the vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)/NOR ratio (p = .032) were decreased. Regarding to dopaminergic system, neither dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) contents nor the turnover rate of DA showed statistically significant differences between WT and mutant mice. Data demonstrated that audiogenic seizures of tremor mice are associated with progressive motor impairment as well as to hippocampal alterations of the Egr3 and Gabra1 gene expression and amino acid and monoamine content. In addition, the tremor mice could be useful for study of neurotransmission pathways as modulators of epilepsy and the pathogenesis of epilepsies occurring with generalized clonic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Albert Zanatto
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Mejia
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Kenzo Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thaísa Meira Sandini
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Camilo Flório
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo Lebrun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Gomes Massironi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | | | | | - Susan Ienne
- Core Facility for Scientific Research - University of São Paulo (CEFAP-USP/GENIAL (Genome Investigation and Analysis Laboratory), Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Díaz-Casado E, Gómez-Nieto R, de Pereda JM, Muñoz LJ, Jara-Acevedo M, López DE. Analysis of gene variants in the GASH/Sal model of epilepsy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229953. [PMID: 32168507 PMCID: PMC7069730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent seizures, which are caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities. Several animal models of epilepsy mimic the different symptoms of this disorder. In particular, the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal) animals exhibit sound-induced seizures similar to the generalized tonic seizures observed in epileptic patients. However, the genetic alterations underlying the audiogenic seizure susceptibility of the GASH/Sal model remain unknown. In addition, gene variations in the GASH/Sal might have a close resemblance with those described in humans with epilepsy, which is a prerequisite for any new preclinical studies that target genetic abnormalities. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in GASH/Sal animals and their corresponding controls to identify and characterize the mutational landscape of the GASH/Sal strain. After filtering the results, moderate- and high-impact variants were validated by Sanger sequencing, assessing the possible impact of the mutations by “in silico” reconstruction of the encoded proteins and analyzing their corresponding biological pathways. Lastly, we quantified gene expression levels by RT-qPCR. In the GASH/Sal model, WES showed the presence of 342 variations, in which 21 were classified as high-impact mutations. After a full bioinformatics analysis to highlight the high quality and reliable variants, the presence of 3 high-impact and 15 moderate-impact variants were identified. Gene expression analysis of the high-impact variants of Asb14 (ankyrin repeat and SOCS Box Containing 14), Msh3 (MutS Homolog 3) and Arhgef38 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 38) genes showed a higher expression in the GASH/Sal than in control hamsters. In silico analysis of the functional consequences indicated that those mutations in the three encoded proteins would have severe functional alterations. By functional analysis of the variants, we detected 44 significantly enriched pathways, including the glutamatergic synapse pathway. The data show three high-impact mutations with a major impact on the function of the proteins encoded by these genes, although no mutation in these three genes has been associated with some type of epilepsy until now. Furthermore, GASH/Sal animals also showed gene variants associated with different types of epilepsy that has been extensively documented, as well as mutations in other genes that encode proteins with functions related to neuronal excitability, which could be implied in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal. Our findings provide valuable genetic and biological pathway data associated to the genetic burden of the audiogenic seizure susceptibility and reinforce the need to validate the role of each key mutation in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. de Pereda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CSIC.—University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis J. Muñoz
- Animal facilities, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Dolores E. López
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Martin B, Dieuset G, Pawluski JL, Costet N, Biraben A. Audiogenic seizure as a model of sudden death in epilepsy: A comparative study between four inbred mouse strains from early life to adulthood. Epilepsia 2020; 61:342-349. [PMID: 31981213 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mouse models of sudden unexpected death in epileptic patients (SUDEP) using audiogenic seizures (AGS) are valuable because death can occur following a sound-induced seizure in the absence of any pharmacologic or electric component. However, only a few strains of mice are AGS prone, and the vast majority of studies involve DBA/2 or DBA/1 inbred strains. With the goal of characterizing the variation of AGS susceptibility with age, and of offering a larger panel of mice available for AGS studies, we performed a comparative study of the variability in AGS responses. METHODS The variation of AGS with age was determined in two classically used inbred strains of mice, DBA/2 and DBA/1, and two additional strains, BALB/c and 129/SvTer. As AGS-stimulated tonic seizures can be lethal or nonlethal, even in the same inbred strain, in a second experiment, we addressed whether there is an innate capacity to reproduce the same response after a tonic AGS, referred to as "determinism," in the DBA/2J, DBA/1J, and 129/SvTer mouse strains. RESULTS Results show that the 129/SvTer mouse is a more versatile model of SUDEP due to its wider age range of susceptibility compared to the DBA/2J and DBA/1J mouse strains. In addition, we show that determinism is not consistently evident in DBA/2J and 129/SvTer strains after AGS. Hence, one cannot be certain that a lethal AGS will always be lethal in successive testing after resuscitation and vice versa in these two mouse strains. SIGNIFICANCE These studies highlight the phenotypic variability of AGS in different mouse strains, show the value of an additional mouse strain, 129/SvTer, for studies using AGS, and thus provide valuable information for future studies of AGS and SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Martin
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI (Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image), UMR-1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Dieuset
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI (Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image), UMR-1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jodi L Pawluski
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI (Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image), UMR-1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Costet
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI (Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image), UMR-1099, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Biraben
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI (Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image), UMR-1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
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Takeuchi Y, Berényi A. Oscillotherapeutics - Time-targeted interventions in epilepsy and beyond. Neurosci Res 2020; 152:87-107. [PMID: 31954733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory brain activities support many physiological functions from motor control to cognition. Disruptions of the normal oscillatory brain activities are commonly observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety/trauma-related disorders, major depressive disorders, and drug addiction. Therefore, these disorders can be considered as common oscillation defects despite having distinct behavioral manifestations and genetic causes. Recent technical advances of neuronal activity recording and analysis have allowed us to study the pathological oscillations of each disorder as a possible biomarker of symptoms. Furthermore, recent advances in brain stimulation technologies enable time- and space-targeted interventions of the pathological oscillations of both neurological disorders and psychiatric disorders as possible targets for regulating their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; HCEMM-SZTE Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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20
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Khandai P, Forcelli PA, N'Gouemo P. Activation of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels suppresses seizure susceptibility in the genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 163:107865. [PMID: 31783064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels dampen neuronal excitability by contributing to slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that follows a series of action potentials, and therefore may represent an intrinsic inhibitory mechanism to prevent seizures. We have previously reported that susceptibility to acoustically evoked seizures was associated with downregulation of SK1 and SK3 subtypes of SK channels in the inferior colliculus of the moderated seizure severity strain of the genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-3s). Here, we evaluated the effects of 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), a potent activator of SK channels, on acoustically evoked seizures in both male and female adult GEPR-3s at various time points post-treatment. Systemic administration of 1-EBIO at various tested doses suppressed seizure susceptibility in both male and female GEPR-3s; however, the complete seizure suppression was only observed following administration of relatively higher doses of 1-EBIO in females. These findings indicate that activation of SK channels results in anticonvulsive action against generalized tonic-clonic seizures in both male and female GEPR-3s, with males exhibiting higher sensitivity than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Khandai
- Departments of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Prosper N'Gouemo
- Departments of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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21
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Holt AG, Kühl A, Braun RD, Altschuler R. The rat as a model for studying noise injury and otoprotection. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3681. [PMID: 31795688 DOI: 10.1121/1.5131344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for those studying noise-induced injury pre-clinically is the selection of an animal model. Noise injury models are particularly relevant in an age when people are constantly bombarded by loud noise due to occupation and/or recreation. The rat has been widely used for noise-related morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular assessment. Noise exposure resulting in a temporary (TTS) or permanent threshold shift (PTS) yields trauma in peripheral and central auditory related pathways. While the precise nature of noise-related injuries continues to be delineated, both PTS and TTS (with or without hidden hearing loss) result in homeostatic changes implicated in conditions such as tinnitus and hyperacusis. Compared to mice, rats generally tolerate exposure to loud sounds reasonably well, often without exhibiting other physical non-inner ear related symptoms such as death, loss of consciousness, or seizures [Skradski, Clark, Jiang, White, Fu, and Ptacek (2001). Neuron 31, 537-544; Faingold (2002). Hear. Res. 168, 223-237; Firstova, Abaimov, Surina, Poletaeva, Fedotova, and Kovalev (2012). Bull Exp. Biol. Med. 154, 196-198; De Sarro, Russo, Citraro, and Meldrum (2017). Epilepsy Behav. 71, 165-173]. This ability of the rat to thrive following noise exposure permits study of long-term effects. Like the mouse, the rat also offers a well-characterized genome allowing genetic manipulations (i.e., knock-out, viral-based gene expression modulation, and optogenetics). Rat models of noise-related injury also provide valuable information for understanding mechanistic changes to identify therapeutic targets for treatment. This article provides a framework for selection of the rat as a model for noise injury studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Genene Holt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 550 East Canfield Avenue, 454 Lande Building, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - André Kühl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 550 East Canfield Avenue, 454 Lande Building, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Rod D Braun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 550 East Canfield Avenue, 454 Lande Building, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Richard Altschuler
- Department of Otolaryngology; Cell and Developmental Biology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Damasceno S, Menezes NBD, Rocha CDS, Matos AHBD, Vieira AS, Moraes MFD, Martins AS, Lopes-Cendes I, Godard ALB. Transcriptome of the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain following audiogenic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2018; 147:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Perampanel chronic treatment does not induce tolerance and decreases tolerance to clobazam in genetically epilepsy prone rats. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), is a serious and common neurological disorder afflicting an estimated 1% of the population worldwide. Animal experiments, especially those utilizing small laboratory rodents, remain essential to understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying epilepsy and to prevent, diagnose, and treat this disease. While much attention has been focused on epileptogenesis in animal models of epilepsy, there is little discussion on SRS, the hallmark of epilepsy. This is in part due to the technical difficulties of rigorous SRS detection. In this review, we comprehensively summarize both genetic and acquired models of SRS and discuss the methodology used to monitor and detect SRS in mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Katherine A Dalton
- Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Sugimoto J, Tanaka M, Sugiyama K, Ito Y, Aizawa H, Soma M, Shimizu T, Mitani A, Tanaka K. Region-specific deletions of the glutamate transporter GLT1 differentially affect seizure activity and neurodegeneration in mice. Glia 2017; 66:777-788. [PMID: 29214672 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glial glutamate transporter GLT1 plays a key role in the maintenance of extracellular glutamate homeostasis. Recent human genetic studies have suggested that de novo mutations in GLT1 (EAAT2) cause early-onset epilepsy with multiple seizure types. Consistent with these findings, global GLT1 null mice show lethal spontaneous seizures. The consequences of GLT1 dysfunction vary between different brain regions, suggesting that the role of GLT1 dysfunction in epilepsy may also vary with brain regions. In this study, we generated region-specific GLT1 knockout mice by crossing floxed-GLT1 mice with mice that express the Cre recombinase in a particular domain of the ventricular zone. Selective deletion of GLT1 in the diencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord is sufficient to reproduce the phenotypes (excess mortality, decreased body weight, and lethal spontaneous seizure) of the global GLT1 null mice. By contrast, dorsal forebrain-specific GLT1 knockout mice showed nonlethal complex seizures including myoclonic jerks, hyperkinetic running, spasm and clonic convulsion via the activation of NMDA receptors during a limited period from P12 to P14 and selective neuronal death in cortical layer II/III and the hippocampus. Thus, GLT1 dysfunction in the dorsal forebrain is involved in the pathogenesis of infantile epilepsy and GLT1 in the diencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord may play a critical role in preventing seizure-induced sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Moeko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kaori Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Miho Soma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Physiology, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Mitani
- Laboratory of Physiology, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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26
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Bezençon O, Heidmann B, Siegrist R, Stamm S, Richard S, Pozzi D, Corminboeuf O, Roch C, Kessler M, Ertel EA, Reymond I, Pfeifer T, de Kanter R, Toeroek-Schafroth M, Moccia LG, Mawet J, Moon R, Rey M, Capeleto B, Fournier E. Discovery of a Potent, Selective T-type Calcium Channel Blocker as a Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Generalized Epilepsies. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9769-9789. [PMID: 29116786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report here the discovery and pharmacological characterization of N-(1-benzyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-phenylacetamide derivatives as potent, selective, brain-penetrating T-type calcium channel blockers. Optimization focused mainly on solubility, brain penetration, and the search for an aminopyrazole metabolite that would be negative in an Ames test. This resulted in the preparation and complete characterization of compound 66b (ACT-709478), which has been selected as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bezençon
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Romain Siegrist
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stamm
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Richard
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Corminboeuf
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Kessler
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Ertel
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Reymond
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Toeroek-Schafroth
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Luca G Moccia
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Mawet
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Richard Moon
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Capeleto
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Elvire Fournier
- Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology & Pre-clinical Development, Drug Discovery, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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27
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Genetic background contributes to the co-morbidity of anxiety and depression with audiogenic seizure propensity and responses to fluoxetine treatment. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 68:95-102. [PMID: 28135595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression are the most frequent comorbidities of different types of convulsive and non-convulsive epilepsies. Increased anxiety and depression-like phenotype have been described in the genetic absence epilepsy models as well as in models of limbic epilepsy and acquired seizure models, suggesting a neurobiological connection. However, whether anxiety and/or depression are comorbid to audiogenic epilepsy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether anxiety or depression-like behavior can be found in rat strains with different susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AS) and whether chronic fluoxetine treatment affects this co-morbidity. METHODS Behavior in the elevated plus-maze and the forced swimming test was studied in four strains: Wistar rats non-susceptible to AS; Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) strain, selectively bred for AS propensity from outbred Wistar rats; and a selection lines bred for maximal AS expression (strain "4") and for a lack of AS (strain "0") from KM×Wistar F2 hybrids. Effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on AS and behavior were also evaluated. RESULTS Anxiety and depression levels were higher in KM rats (with AS) compared with Wistar rats (without AS), indicating the comorbidity with AS. However, in strains "4" and "0" with contrasting AS expression, but with a genetic background close to KM rats, anxiety and depression were not as divergent as in KMs versus Wistars. Fluoxetine treatment exerted an antidepressant effect in all rat strains irrespective of its effect on AS. CONCLUSIONS Genetic background contributes substantively to the co-morbidity of anxiety and depression with AS propensity.
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28
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Hodges MR. Going to WAR: using a rat model of audiogenic seizure to uncover potential links to ventilatory dysfunction in epilepsy. J Physiol 2017; 595:617-618. [DOI: 10.1113/jp273443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hodges
- Department of Physiology; Medical College of Wisconsin; 8701 Watertown Plank Road; Milwaukee WI 53226 USA
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29
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Epilepsy in Humans and Animals: From Patients to Disease Models. Comp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47007-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The relations of epilepsy and the sensory systems are bidirectional. Epilepsy may act on sensory systems by producing sensory seizure symptoms, by altering sensory performance, and by epilepsy treatment causing sensory side effects. Sensory system activity may have an important role in both generation and inhibition of seizures.
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31
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Anticonvulsive Activity in Audiogenic DBA/2 Mice of 1,4-Benzodiazepines and 1,5-Benzodiazepines with Different Activities at Cerebellar Granule Cell GABAA Receptors. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:539-547. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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The Search for New Screening Models of Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy: Is Induction of Acute Seizures in Epileptic Rodents a Suitable Approach? Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1926-1938. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Italiano D, Striano P, Russo E, Leo A, Spina E, Zara F, Striano S, Gambardella A, Labate A, Gasparini S, Lamberti M, De Sarro G, Aguglia U, Ferlazzo E. Genetics of reflex seizures and epilepsies in humans and animals. Epilepsy Res 2016; 121:47-54. [PMID: 26875109 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reflex seizures are epileptic events triggered by specific motor, sensory or cognitive stimulation. This comprehensive narrative review focuses on the role of genetic determinants in humans and animal models of reflex seizures and epilepsies. METHODS References were mainly identified through MEDLINE searches until August 2015 and backtracking of references in pertinent studies. RESULTS Autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance was proven in several families with photosensitivity. Molecular genetic studies on EEG photoparoxysmal response identified putative loci on chromosomes 6, 7, 13 and 16 that seem to correlate with peculiar seizure phenotype. No specific mutation has been found in Papio papio baboon, although a genetic etiology is likely. Mutation in synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A was found in another animal model of photosensitivity (Fayoumi chickens). Autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance overlapping with a genetic background for IGE was proposed for some families with primary reading epilepsy. Musicogenic seizures usually occur in patients with focal symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsies, but they have been reported in rare genetic epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome. A single LGI1 mutation has been described in a girl with seizures evoked by auditory stimuli. Interestingly, heterozygous knockout (Lgi1(+/-)) mice show susceptibility to sound-triggered seizures. Moreover, in Frings and Black Swiss mice, the spontaneous mutations of MASS1 and JAMS1 genes, respectively, have been linked to audiogenic seizures. Eating seizures usually occur in symptomatic epilepsies but evidences for a genetic susceptibility were mainly provided by family report from Sri Lanka. Eating seizures were also reported in rare patients with MECP2 duplication or mutation. Hot water seizures are genetically heterogeneous but two loci at chromosomes 4 and 10 were identified in families with likely autosomal dominant inheritance. Startle-induced seizures usually occur in patients with symptomatic epilepsies but have also been reported in the setting chromosomal disorders or genetically inherited lysosomal storage diseases. DISCUSSION The genetic background of reflex seizures and epilepsies is heterogeneous and mostly unknown with no major gene identified in humans. The benefits offered by next-generation sequencing technologies should be merged with increasing information on animal models that represent an useful tool to study the mechanism underlying epileptogenesis. Finally, we expect that genetic studies will lead to a better understanding of the multiple factors involved in the pathophysiology of reflex seizures, and eventually to develop preventive strategies focused on seizure control and therapy optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Italiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neurosciences, Department of Neurosciences, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Lamberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy; Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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