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Network Analysis Identifies Sex-Specific Gene Expression Changes in Blood of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137150. [PMID: 34281203 PMCID: PMC8269377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disease, is a major challenge. We used co-expression networks implemented by the SWitch Miner software to identify switch genes associated with drastic transcriptomic changes in the blood of ALS patients. Functional analyses revealed that switch genes were enriched in pathways related to the cell cycle, hepatitis C, and small cell lung cancer. Analysis of switch genes by sex revealed that switch genes from males were associated with metabolic pathways, including PI3K-AKT, sphingolipid, carbon metabolism, FOXO, and AMPK signaling. In contrast, female switch genes related to infectious diseases, inflammation, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, eight switch genes showed sex-specific gene expression patterns. Collectively, we identified essential genes and pathways that may explain sex differences observed in ALS. Future studies investigating the potential role of these genes in driving disease disparities between males and females with ALS are warranted.
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2
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Altara R, Zouein FA, Brandão RD, Bajestani SN, Cataliotti A, Booz GW. In Silico Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Three Common Rat Models of Diastolic Dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29556499 PMCID: PMC5850854 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have been unsuccessful, demonstrating that the contribution of the underlying diastolic dysfunction pathophysiology differs from that of systolic dysfunction in heart failure and currently is far from being understood. Complicating the investigation of HFpEF is the contribution of several comorbidities. Here, we selected three established rat models of diastolic dysfunction defined by three major risk factors associated with HFpEF and researched their commonalities and differences. The top differentially expressed genes in the left ventricle of Dahl salt sensitive (Dahl/SS), spontaneous hypertensive heart failure (SHHF), and diabetes 1 induced HFpEF models were derived from published data in Gene Expression Omnibus and used for a comprehensive interpretation of the underlying pathophysiological context of each model. The diversity of the underlying transcriptomic of the heart of each model is clearly observed by the different panel of top regulated genes: the diabetic model has 20 genes in common with the Dahl/SS and 15 with the SHHF models. Advanced analytics performed in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) revealed that Dahl/SS heart tissue transcripts triggered by upstream regulators lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy of heart, arrhythmia, and failure of heart. In the heart of SHHF, a total of 26 genes were closely linked to cardiovascular disease including cardiotoxicity, pericarditis, ST-elevated myocardial infarction, and dilated cardiomyopathy. IPA Upstream Regulator analyses revealed that protection of cardiomyocytes is hampered by inhibition of the ERBB2 plasma membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases. Cardioprotective markers such as natriuretic peptide A (NPPA), heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 (HSPB1), and angiogenin (ANG) were upregulated in the diabetes 1 induced model; however, the model showed a different underlying mechanism with a majority of the regulated genes involved in metabolic disorders. In conclusion, our findings suggest that multiple mechanisms may contribute to diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF, and thus drug therapies may need to be guided more by phenotypic characteristics of the cardiac remodeling events than by the underlying molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Altara
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Dias Brandão
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Saeed N Bajestani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Alessandro Cataliotti
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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3
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Fang Y, Liu Z, Chen Z, Xu X, Xiao M, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Du Y, Jiang C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Fan B, Terheyden-Keighley D, Liu Y, Shi L, Hui Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Feng H, Ma L, Zhang Q, Jin G, Yang Y, Xiang B, Liu L, Zhang X. Smad5 acts as an intracellular pH messenger and maintains bioenergetic homeostasis. Cell Res 2017; 27:1083-1099. [PMID: 28675158 PMCID: PMC5587853 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental cues and intracellular bioenergetic states profoundly affect intracellular pH (pHi). How a cell responds to pHi changes to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis remains elusive. Here we show that Smad5, a well-characterized downstream component of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling responds to pHi changes. Cold, basic or hypertonic conditions increase pHi, which in turn dissociates protons from the charged amino acid clusters within the MH1 domain of Smad5, prompting its relocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. On the other hand, heat, acidic or hypotonic conditions decrease pHi, blocking the nuclear export of Smad5, and thus causing its nuclear accumulation. Active nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smad5 induced by environmental changes and pHi fluctuation is independent of BMP signaling, carboxyl terminus phosphorylation and Smad4. In addition, ablation of Smad5 causes chronic and irreversible dysregulation of cellular bioenergetic homeostasis and disrupted normal neural developmental processes as identified in a differentiation model of human pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, these metabolic and developmental deficits in Smad5-deficient cells could be rescued only by cytoplasmic Smad5. Cytoplasmic Smad5 physically interacts with hexokinase 1 and accelerates glycolysis. Together, our findings indicate that Smad5 acts as a pHi messenger and maintains the bioenergetic homeostasis of cells by regulating cytoplasmic metabolic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiang Fang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengtao Xiao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Beibei Fan
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daniel Terheyden-Keighley
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hexi Feng
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Genetic polymorphism of SMAD5 is associated with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:601-7. [PMID: 24163009 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-013-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) proteins are intracellular mediators of members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which are activated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). On activation, SMAD5 forms heterometric SMAD complexes, which are translated to the nucleus where they regulate gene transcription. TGF-β induces T cell activation and cardiovascular disease, two important features of Kawasaki disease (KD), whereas BMP is associated with coronary artery disease. In this study, we hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SMAD5 may be associated with KD and coronary arterial lesions (CALs). Genotyping for 15 SNPs of the SMAD5 gene (rs3764941, rs10085013, rs6596284, rs7356756, rs13179769, rs13166063, rs1109158, rs4585442, rs4146185, rs12719481, rs6865297, rs3206634, rs6871224, rs1057898, and rs7031) was performed by direct sequencing of 105 KD patients and 303 healthy adult controls. We also compared the allele frequencies between a CAL group (n = 31) and a normal coronary group (n = 74). Results showed that among the 15 SNPs, rs3206634 was significantly associated with KD in a recessive model (odds ratio = 2.31, p = 0.019), whereas there was no association between any of the 15 SNPs and CALs. These findings may be used as a risk factors development of KD or for future generations of therapeutic treatments for KD.
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Casalena G, Daehn I, Bottinger E. Transforming growth factor-β, bioenergetics, and mitochondria in renal disease. Semin Nephrol 2012; 32:295-303. [PMID: 22835461 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family comprises more than 30 family members that are structurally related secreted dimeric cytokines, including TGF-β, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins/growth and differentiation factors. TGF-β are pluripotent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and adhesion of many different cell types. TGF-β pathways are highly evolutionarily conserved and control embryogenesis, tissue repair, and tissue homeostasis in invertebrates and vertebrates. Aberrations in TGF-β activity and signaling underlie a broad spectrum of developmental disorders and major pathologies in human beings, including cancer, fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases. Recent observations have indicated an emerging role for TGF-β in the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress responses characteristic of chronic degenerative diseases and aging. Conversely, energy and metabolic sensory pathways cross-regulate mediators of TGF-β signaling. Here, we review TGF-β and regulation of bioenergetic and mitochondrial functions, including energy and oxidant metabolism and apoptotic cell death, as well as their emerging relevance in renal biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Casalena
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wu S, Lin Y, Xu D, Chen J, Shu M, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Su X, Zhou Y, Qiu P, Yan G. MiR-135a functions as a selective killer of malignant glioma. Oncogene 2011; 31:3866-74. [PMID: 22139076 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common and fatal primary brain tumor. Thus far, therapeutic strategies to efficiently and specifically antagonize glioma are limited and poorly developed. Here we report that glia-enriched miR-135a, a microRNA that is dramatically downregulated in malignant glioma and correlated with the pathological grading, is capable of inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of malignant glioma by regulating various genes including STAT6, SMAD5 and BMPR2, as well as affecting the signaling pathway downstream. Moreover, this lethal effect is selectively towards malignant glioma cells, but not neurons and glial cells, through a novel mechanism. Our findings suggest an important role of miR-135a in glioma etiology and provide a potential candidate for malignant glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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7
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Yang SM, Guo WW, Hu YY, Sun YX, Hou ZH, Sun JH, Wang X, He DZ, Zhai SQ, Young WY, Han DY, Yang X. Smad5 haploinsufficiency leads to hair cell and hearing loss. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:153-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Qi X, Yang G, Yang L, Lan Y, Weng T, Wang J, Wu Z, Xu J, Gao X, Yang X. Essential role of Smad4 in maintaining cardiomyocyte proliferation during murine embryonic heart development. Dev Biol 2007; 311:136-46. [PMID: 17869237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-beta/BMP) signaling pathway is essential for embryonic and postnatal heart development and remodeling. The intracellular factor Smad4 plays a pivotal role in mediating TGF-beta/BMP signal transduction in the nucleus. To examine the function of Smad4 in embryonic cardiac development during mid-gestation, we specifically deleted the Smad4 gene in embryonic cardiomyocytes using the Cre-LoxP system. Deletion of Smad4 as early as E9.5, led to embryonic lethality between E12.5 and E15.5, and embryos exhibited severe morphological defects in the heart, including a thin compact layer, disorganized trabeculae, and ventricular septum defects (VSD). Smad4 deletion also led to a dramatic decrease in cardiomyocyte proliferation accompanied by downregulation of contractile protein-encoding genes such as alpha-myosin heavy chain, beta-myosin heavy chain, ventricular myosin light chain 2, and alpha-cardiac actin. In addition, deletion of Smad4 resulted in perturbation of TGF-beta/BMP ligand expression and signaling, and defects in expression of several cardiac transcription factor genes such as Nkx2.5, GATA4, and MEF2c. These results provide direct genetic evidences that Smad4 is essential for regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation during murine cardiogenesis, and provides new insights into potential causes of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, PR China
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9
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Lan Y, Liu B, Yao H, Li F, Weng T, Yang G, Li W, Cheng X, Mao N, Yang X. Essential role of endothelial Smad4 in vascular remodeling and integrity. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7683-92. [PMID: 17724086 PMCID: PMC2169040 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00577-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New blood vessels are formed through the assembly or sprouting of endothelial cells (ECs) and become stabilized by the formation of perivascular matrix and the association with supporting mural cells. To investigate the role of endothelial Smad4 in vascular development, we deleted the Smad4 gene specifically in ECs using the Cre-LoxP system. EC-specific Smad4 mutant mice died at embryonic day 10.5 due to cardiovascular defects, including attenuated vessels sprouting and remodeling, collapsed dorsal aortas, enlarged hearts with reduced trabeculae, and failed endocardial cushion formation. Noticeably, Smad4-deficient ECs demonstrated an intrinsic defect in tube formation in vitro. Furthermore, the mutant vascular ECs dissociated away from the surrounding cells and suffered from impaired development of vascular smooth muscle cells. The disturbed vascular integrity and maturation was associated with aberrant expression of angiopoietins and a gap junction component, connexin43. Collectively, we have provided direct functional evidence that Smad4 activity in the developing ECs is essential for blood vessel remodeling, maturation, and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lan
- Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
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10
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11
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Boncoeur E, Tabary O, Bonvin E, Muselet C, Fritah A, Lefait E, Redeuilh G, Clement A, Jacquot J, Henrion-Caude A. Oxidative stress response results in increased p21WAF1/CIP1 degradation in cystic fibrosis lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:75-86. [PMID: 16337881 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung epithelium in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is characterized by structural damage and altered repair due to oxidative stress. To gain insight into the oxidative stress-related damage in CF, we studied the effects of hyperoxia in CF and normal lung epithelial cell lines. In response to a 95% O2 exposure, both cell lines exhibited increased reactive oxygen species. Unexpectedly, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 protein was undetectable in CF cells under hyperoxia, contrasting with increased levels of p21WAF1/CIP1 in normal cells. In both cell lines, exposure to hyperoxia led to S-phase arrest. Apoptotic features including nuclear condensation, DNA laddering, Annexin V incorporation, and elevated caspase-3 activity were not readily observed in CF cells in contrast to normal cells. Interestingly, treatment of hyperoxia-exposed CF cells with two proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and lactacystin, restored p21WAF1/CIP1 protein and was associated with an increase of caspase-3 activity. Moreover, transfection of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein in CF cells led to increased caspase-3 activity and was associated with increased apoptotic cell death, specifically under hyperoxia. Taken together, our data suggest that modulating p21WAF1/CIP1 degradation may have the therapeutic potential of reducing lung epithelial damage related to oxidative stress in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Boncoeur
- Inserm U719, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Fg St Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
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12
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Asher D, Finberg R. CAR might provide a survival signal for myocardial cells. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5679; author reply 5679-80. [PMID: 16339965 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/ultrastructure
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/ultrastructure
- Fetal Death/genetics
- Fetal Death/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genomic Library
- Heart/embryology
- Heart/growth & development
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Myofibrils/pathology
- Myofibrils/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Virus/deficiency
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
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Wang J, Xu N, Feng X, Hou N, Zhang J, Cheng X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Yang X. Targeted Disruption ofSmad4in Cardiomyocytes Results in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Circ Res 2005; 97:821-8. [PMID: 16151019 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000185833.42544.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) are pleiotropic cytokines involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including heart development and heart disease. Smad4 is the central intracellular mediator of TGF-beta signaling. To investigate the function of Smad4 in heart development further, we generated a strain of cardiomyocyte-specific Smad4 knockout mice using the Cre-loxP system. Unexpectedly, the deletion of Smad4 in cardiomyocytes resulted in cardiac hypertrophy characterized by an increase in the size of cardiac myocytes, age-associated fibrosis, and reexpression of certain fetal genes. Approximately 70% of the Smad4 mutant mice died spontaneously between 5 and 12 months of age. Echocardiography and an invasive hemodynamic study of the left ventricle revealed markedly decreased cardiac contractility in Smad4 mutant mice compared with littermate controls. Moreover, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK (MEK) 1 were increased in the Smad4 mutants, suggesting that an upregulation of MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling as a consequence of deletion of Smad4 underlies the impaired cardiac function. These results reveal an important function of Smad4 in cardiac remodeling and suggest that an altered cellular response to TGF-beta could be a mechanism by which cardiac myocytes undergo hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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