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Filipova A, Seifrtova M, Mokry J, Dvorak J, Rezacova M, Filip S, Diaz-Garcia D. Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells: A Mini-Review. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1636.17886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Filipova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové
| | - Martina Seifrtova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové
| | - Jaroslav Mokry
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové
| | - Josef Dvorak
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rezacova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové
| | - Stanislav Filip
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Diaz-Garcia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Králové
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Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance of Bone Sarcomas: Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets for Bone Sarcoma Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2603092. [PMID: 28115942 PMCID: PMC5223039 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2603092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are heterogeneous malignant tumors that exhibit clinical, histological, and molecular heterogeneity. Recent progress in their multimodal treatment has gradually improved patient prognosis; however, drug resistance and distant metastasis remain unresolved clinical problems. Recent investigations have suggested the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in bone sarcomas, which represent a subpopulation of tumor cells with high tumor-forming ability. The hallmarks of CSCs include tumor- and metastasis-forming potential and drug resistance, which are responsible for poor prognoses of bone sarcoma patients. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CSCs and identification of therapeutic targets could contribute to novel treatment strategies for bone sarcomas and improve patient prognosis. This paper provides an overview of the accumulating knowledge on bone sarcoma stem cells and preclinical analyses to overcome their lethal phenotypes, in addition to a discussion of their potential for novel therapeutics for bone sarcomas.
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Prasanphanich AF, White DE, Gran MA, Kemp ML. Kinetic Modeling of ABCG2 Transporter Heterogeneity: A Quantitative, Single-Cell Analysis of the Side Population Assay. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005188. [PMID: 27851764 PMCID: PMC5113006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The side population (SP) assay, a technique used in cancer and stem cell research, assesses the activity of ABC transporters on Hoechst staining in the presence and absence of transporter inhibition, identifying SP and non-SP cell (NSP) subpopulations by differential staining intensity. The interpretation of the assay is complicated because the transporter-mediated mechanisms fail to account for cell-to-cell variability within a population or adequately control the direct role of transporter activity on staining intensity. We hypothesized that differences in dye kinetics at the single-cell level, such as ABCG2 transporter-mediated efflux and DNA binding, are responsible for the differential cell staining that demarcates SP/NSP identity. We report changes in A549 phenotype during time in culture and with TGFβ treatment that correlate with SP size. Clonal expansion of individually sorted cells re-established both SP and NSPs, indicating that SP membership is dynamic. To assess the validity of a purely kinetics-based interpretation of SP/NSP identity, we developed a computational approach that simulated cell staining within a heterogeneous cell population; this exercise allowed for the direct inference of the role of transporter activity and inhibition on cell staining. Our simulated SP assay yielded appropriate SP responses for kinetic scenarios in which high transporter activity existed in a portion of the cells and little differential staining occurred in the majority of the population. With our approach for single-cell analysis, we observed SP and NSP cells at both ends of a transporter activity continuum, demonstrating that features of transporter activity as well as DNA content are determinants of SP/NSP identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F. Prasanphanich
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. White
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Gran
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Optimized Stem Cell Detection Using the DyeCycle-Triggered Side Population Phenotype. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1652389. [PMID: 26798352 PMCID: PMC4699066 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1652389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue and cancer stem cells are highly attractive target populations for regenerative medicine and novel potentially curative anticancer therapeutics. In order to get a better understanding of stem cell biology and function, it is essential to reproducibly identify these stem cells from biological samples for subsequent characterization or isolation. ABC drug transporter expression is a hallmark of stem cells. This is utilized to identify (cancer) stem cells by exploiting their dye extrusion properties, which is referred to as the "side population assay." Initially described for high-end flow cytometers equipped with ultraviolet lasers, this technique is now also amenable for a broader scientific community, owing to the increasing availability of violet laser-furnished cytometers and the advent of DyeCycle Violet (DCV). Here, we describe important technical aspects of the DCV-based side population assay and discuss potential pitfalls and caveats helping scientists to establish a valid and reproducible DCV-based side population assay. In addition, we investigate the suitability of blue laser-excitable DyeCycle dyes for side population detection. This knowledge will help to improve and standardize detection and isolation of stem cells based on their expression of ABC drug transporters.
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Khan MI, Czarnecka AM, Helbrecht I, Bartnik E, Lian F, Szczylik C. Current approaches in identification and isolation of human renal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26377541 PMCID: PMC4574074 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor initiating cells (TICs) have been identified inside different tumors. However, currently used anti-cancer therapies are mostly directed against somatic tumor cells without targeting CSCs/TICs. CSCs/TICs also gain resistance to chemotherapies/radiotherapies. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, choosing the best method for isolation and characterization of CSCs/TICs is still debated among the scientific community. In this review, we summarize recent data concerning isolation techniques for CSCs using magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. The review focuses on the strategies for sample preparation during flow cytometric analysis, elaborating biomarkers such as CXCR4, CD105, and CD133. In addition, functional properties characteristic of CSCs/TICs using side population selection through Hoechst 33342 dye, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, dye-cycle violet, and rhodamine 123 are also discussed. We also include a special focus on enriching CSCs/TICs using three-dimensional cell culture models such as agarose–agarose microbeads and sphere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Helbrecht
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fei Lian
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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Ueda K, Ogasawara S, Akiba J, Nakayama M, Todoroki K, Ueda K, Sanada S, Suekane S, Noguchi M, Matsuoka K, Yano H. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 identifies cells with cancer stem cell-like properties in a human renal cell carcinoma cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75463. [PMID: 24116047 PMCID: PMC3792959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) or cancer stem cell-like cells (CSC-LCs) have been identified in many malignant tumors. CSCs are proposed to be related with drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis and are considered as a new target for cancer treatment; however, there are only a few reports on CSCs or CSC-LCs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Different approaches have been reported for CSC identification, but there are no universal markers for CSC. We used two different approaches, the traditional side population (SP) approach, and the enzymatic (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)) approach to identify CSC-LC population in two RCC cell lines, ACHN and KRC/Y. We found that ACHN and KRC/Y contain 1.4% and 1.7% SP cells, respectively. ACHN SP cells showed a higher sphere forming ability, drug resistance, and a slightly higher tumorigenic ability in NOD/SCID mice than Non-SP (NSP) cells, suggesting that cells with CSC-LC properties are included in ACHN SP cells. KRC/Y SP and NSP cells showed no difference in such properties. ALDH1 activity analysis revealed that ACHN SP cells expressed a higher level of activity than NSP cells (SP vs. NSP: 32.7% vs 14.6%). Analysis of ALDH1-positive ACHN cells revealed that they have a higher sphere forming ability, self-renewal ability, tumorigenicity and express higher mRNA levels of CSC-LC property-related genes (e.g., ABC transporter genes, self-replication genes, anti-apoptosis genes, and so forth) than ALDH1-negative cells. Drug treatment or exposure to hypoxic condition induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in number of ALDH1-positive cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that the ALDH1-positive cell population rather than SP cells show CSC-LC properties in a RCC cell line, ACHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masamichi Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Todoroki
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakiko Sanada
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Suekane
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Noguchi
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in women with a high incidence of recurrence or treatment failure. Growing evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) most likely contribute to tumour progression, spread and therapy failure. However, despite extensive research and the tremendous clinical potential of such cells in possible therapeutic management, the real nature of CSCs remains an enigma. In this review, we discuss the fundamental properties and molecular target of CSCs and focus on recent advances regarding the identification of CSC markers with emphasis on breast cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism of CSC phenotypes. We also discuss experimental evidence of targeting molecular pathways in order to modulate breast CSC behaviour in tumourigenesis and the controversies associated with it that potentially weaken the CSC model in breast cancer and other cancers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Smith PJ, Wiltshire M, Chappell SC, Cosentino L, Burns PA, Pors K, Errington RJ. Kinetic analysis of intracellular Hoechst 33342-DNA interactions by flow cytometry: Misinterpretation of side population status? Cytometry A 2012; 83:161-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mayle A, Luo M, Jeong M, Goodell MA. Flow cytometry analysis of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Cytometry A 2012; 83:27-37. [PMID: 22736515 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain the most well-characterized adult stem cell population both in terms of markers for purification and assays to assess functional potential. However, despite over 40 years of research, working with HSCs in the mouse remains challenging because of the relative abundance (or lack thereof) of these cells in the bone marrow. The frequency of HSCs in murine bone marrow is about 0.01% of total nucleated cells and ∼5,000 can be isolated from an individual mouse depending on the age, sex, and strain of mice as well as purification scheme utilized. Adding to the challenge is the continual reporting of new markers for HSC purification, which makes it difficult for the uninitiated in the field to know which purification strategies yield the highest proportion of long-term, multilineage HSCs. In this updated version of our review from 2009, we review different strategies for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell identification and purification. We will also discuss methods for rapid flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cell types, and novel strategies for working with rare cell populations such as HSCs in the analysis of cell cycle status by BrdU, Ki-67, and Pyronin Y staining. The purpose of updating this review is to provide insight into some of the recent experimental and technical advances in mouse hematopoietic stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Mayle
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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10
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Jyothsna K. Development of cell culture samples for drug screening with bone marrow stem cells. APOLLO MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apme.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Greve B, Kelsch R, Spaniol K, Eich HT, Götte M. Flow cytometry in cancer stem cell analysis and separation. Cytometry A 2012; 81:284-93. [PMID: 22311742 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a special type of cancer cell--the cancer stem cell (CSC)--has been identified and characterized for different tumors. CSCs may be responsible for the recurrence of a tumor following a primarily successful therapy and are thought to bear a high metastatic potential. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, the establishment of reliable methods for the identification and effective isolation of CSCs is imperative. Similar to their stem cell counterparts in bone marrow or small intestine, different cluster of differentiation surface antigens have been characterized, thus enabling researchers to identify them within the tumor bulk and to determine their degree of differentiation. In addition, functional properties characteristic of stem cells can be measured. Side population analysis is based on the stem cell-specific activity of certain ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, which are able to transport fluorescent dyes out of the cells. Furthermore, the stem cell-specific presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 can be used for CSC labeling. However, the flow cytometric analysis of these CSC functional features requires specific technical adjustments. This review focuses on the principles and strategies of the flow cytometric analysis of CSCs and provides an overview of current protocols as well as technical requirements and pitfalls. A special focus is set on side population analysis and analysis of ALDH activity. Flow cytometry-based sorting principles and future flow cytometric applications for CSC analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Factors influencing the abundance of the side population in a human myeloma cell line. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2011; 2011:524845. [PMID: 22046565 PMCID: PMC3196862 DOI: 10.1155/2011/524845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Side population (SP) refers to a group of cells, which is capable to efflux Hoechst 33342, a DNA-binding dye. SP cells exist both in normal and tumor tissues. Although SP abundance has been used as an indicator for disease prognostic and drug screening in many research projects, few studies have systematically examined the factors influencing SP analysis. In this study we aim to develop a more thorough understanding of the multiple factors involved in SP analysis including Hoechst 33342 staining and cell culture. RPMI-8226, a high SP percentage (SP%) human myeloma cell line was employed here. The results showed that SP% was subject to staining conditions including: viable cell proportion, dye concentration, staining cell density, incubation duration, staining volume, and mix interval. In addition, SP% was highest in day one after passage, while dropped steadily over time. This study shows that both staining conditions and culture duration can significantly affect SP%. In this case, any conclusions based on SP% should be interpreted cautiously. The relation between culture duration and SP% suggests that the incidence of SP cells may be related to cell proliferation and cell cycle phase. Maintaining these technical variables consistently is essential in SP research.
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Battke C, Kremmer E, Mysliwietz J, Gondi G, Dumitru C, Brandau S, Lang S, Vullo D, Supuran C, Zeidler R. Generation and characterization of the first inhibitory antibody targeting tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase XII. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:649-58. [PMID: 21298264 PMCID: PMC11028429 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) constitute a family of almost ubiquitous enzymes of significant importance for many physiological and pathological processes. CAs reversely catalyse the conversion of CO(2) + H(2)O to HCO(3) (-) and H(+), thereby contributing to the regulation of intracellular pH. Above all, CAs are of key importance for cells that perform glycolysis that inevitably leads to the intracellular accumulation of lactate. CA XII is a plasma membrane-associated isoform of the enzyme, which is induced by hypoxia and oestrogen and, consequently, expressed at high levels on various types of cancer and, intriguingly, on cancer stem cells. The enzyme is directly involved in tumour progression, and its inhibition has an anti-tumour effect. Apart from its role in carcinogenesis, the enzyme contributes to various other diseases like glaucoma and arteriosclerotic plaques, among others. CA XII is therefore regarded as promising target for specific therapies. We have now generated the first monoclonal antibody (6A10) that binds to the catalytic domain of CA XII on vital tumour cells and inhibits CA XII enzyme activity at nanomolar concentrations and thus much more effective than acetazolamide. In vitro results demonstrate that inhibition of CA XII by 6A10 inhibits the growth of tumour cells in 3-dimensional structures. In conclusion, we generated the first specific and efficient biological inhibitor of tumour-associated CA XII. This antibody may serve as a valuable tool for in vivo diagnosis and adjuvant treatment of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Battke
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz-Center, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mysliwietz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabor Gondi
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz-Center, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Dumitru
- ENT-Department, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- ENT-Department, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- ENT-Department, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- ENT-Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, c/o Helmholtz-Center, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Cancer stem cells and side population cells in breast cancer and metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2106-30. [PMID: 24212798 PMCID: PMC3757406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer it is never the primary tumour that is fatal; instead it is the development of metastatic disease which is the major cause of cancer related mortality. There is accumulating evidence that suggests that Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) may play a role in breast cancer development and progression. Breast cancer stem cell populations, including side population cells (SP), have been shown to be primitive stem cell-like populations, being long-lived, self-renewing and highly proliferative. SP cells are identified using dual wavelength flow cytometry combined with Hoechst 33342 dye efflux, this ability is due to expression of one or more members of the ABC transporter family. They have increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and apoptotic stimuli and have increased migratory potential above that of the bulk tumour cells making them strong candidates for the metastatic spread of breast cancer. Treatment of nearly all cancers usually involves one first-line agent known to be a substrate of an ABC transporter thereby increasing the risk of developing drug resistant tumours. At present there is no marker available to identify SP cells using immunohistochemistry on breast cancer patient samples. If SP cells do play a role in breast cancer progression/Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC), combining chemotherapy with ABC inhibitors may be able to destroy both the cells making up the bulk tumour and the cancer stem cell population thus preventing the risk of drug resistant disease, recurrence or metastasis.
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Takahashi RU, Takeshita F, Fujiwara T, Ono M, Ochiya T. Cancer stem cells in breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1311-28. [PMID: 24212663 PMCID: PMC3756415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory is generally acknowledged as an important field of cancer research, not only as an academic matter but also as a crucial aspect of clinical practice. CSCs share a variety of biological properties with normal somatic stem cells in self-renewal, the propagation of differentiated progeny, the expression of specific cell markers and stem cell genes, and the utilization of common signaling pathways and the stem cell niche. However, CSCs differ from normal stem cells in their chemoresistance and their tumorigenic and metastatic activities. In this review, we focus on recent reports regarding the identification of CSC markers and the molecular mechanism of CSC phenotypes to understand the basic properties and molecular target of CSCs. In addition, we especially focus on the CSCs of breast cancer since the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy can lead to the enrichment of CSCs in patients with that disease. The identification of CSC markers and an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of CSC phenotypes should lead to progress in cancer therapy and improved prognoses for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou-u Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (R.T.); (F.T.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Fumitaka Takeshita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (R.T.); (F.T.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (R.T.); (F.T.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Ono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (R.T.); (F.T.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (R.T.); (F.T.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-3542-2511 ext. 4800; Fax: +81-3-5565-0727
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17
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Preffer F, Dombkowski D. Advances in complex multiparameter flow cytometry technology: Applications in stem cell research. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 76:295-314. [PMID: 19492350 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry and cell sorting are critical tools in stem cell research. Recent advances in flow cytometric hardware, reagents, and software have synergized to permit the stem cell biologist to more fully identify and isolate rare cells based on their immunofluorescent and light scatter characteristics. Some of these improvements include physically smaller air-cooled lasers, new designs in optics, new fluorescent conjugate-excitation pairs, and improved software to visualize data, all which combine to open up new horizons in the study of stem cells, by enhancing the resolution and specificity of inquiry. In this review, these recent improvements in technology will be outlined and important cell surface and functional antigenic markers useful for the study of stem cells described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Preffer
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Abstract
As our understanding of pancreatic cancer evolves, evidence is growing to support a role for cancer stem cells in this devastating disease. Cancer stem cells constitute a distinct subpopulation in the tumor and are considered to drive both tumorigenesis and metastasis; these cells are thought to be highly resistant to standard treatment modalities. Here we review the current knowledge on pancreatic cancer stem cells and the implementation of cancer stem cell markers as prognostic or predictive biomarkers. We also discuss prospects for the use of cancer stem cells as targets for future therapeutic regimens in pancreatic cancer.
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Ibrahim SF, van den Engh G. Flow cytometry and cell sorting. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 106:19-39. [PMID: 17728993 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry and cell sorting are well-established technologies in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. Heterogeneous mixtures of cells are placed in suspension and passed single file across one or more laser interrogation points. Light signals emitted from the particles are collected and correlated to entities such as cell morphology, surface and intracellular protein expression, gene expression, and cellular physiology. Based on user-defined parameters, individual cells can then be diverted from the fluid stream and collected into viable, homogeneous fractions at exceptionally high speeds and a purity that approaches 100%. As such, the cell sorter becomes the launching point for numerous downstream studies. Flow cytometry is a cornerstone in clinical diagnostics, and cheaper, more versatile machines are finding their way into widespread and varied uses. In addition, advances in computing and optics have led to a new generation of flow cytometers capable of processing cells at orders of magnitudes faster than their predecessors, and with staggering degrees of complexity, making the cytometer a powerful discovery tool in biotechnology. This chapter will begin with a discussion of basic principles of flow cytometry and cell sorting, including a technical description of factors that contribute to the performance of these instruments. The remaining sections will then be divided into clinical- and research-based applications of flow cytometry and cell sorting, highlighting salient studies that illustrate the versatility of this indispensable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrif F Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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