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Anupama C, Shettar A, Ranganath SH, Srinivas SP. Experimental Oxidative Stress Breaks Down the Barrier Function of the Corneal Endothelium. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:70-79. [PMID: 36346320 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The fluid pump and barrier functions of the corneal endothelium maintain stromal deturgescence required for corneal transparency. The effect of oxidative stress, a hallmark of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), on the endothelial barrier function has been investigated. Methods: The endothelium of porcine corneas ex vivo was exposed to (1) membrane permeable oxidants (H2O2, 100 μM, 1 h; tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, 100 μM, 1 h), or (2) ultraviolet A (UVA) with photosensitizers for 15 min, riboflavin (50 μM) or tryptophan (Trp) (100 μM). The effects on the apical junction complex were analyzed by (1) immunostaining the perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) and ZO-1 and (2) assessment of paracellular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-avidin across cultured endothelial cells grown on biotinylated-gelatin film. The extent of oxidative stress was quantified by changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in addition to lipid peroxidation and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Results: Both methods of oxidative stress led to the disruption of PAMR and ZO-1 concurrent with changes in ROS levels, depolarization of MMP, increased lipid peroxidation, elevated LDH release, and increased permeability of FITC-avidin. The effects of direct oxidants were opposed by SB-203580 [p38 mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor; 10 μM]. The damage by UVA+photosensitizers was blocked by extracellular catalase (10,000 U/mL). Conclusions: (1) Acute oxidative stress breaks down the barrier function through destruction of PAMR in a p38 MAP kinase-dependent manner. (2) UVA+photosensitizers elicit the breakdown of PAMR via type I reactions, involving H2O2 release. (3) Blocking the oxidative stress prevents loss of barrier function, which could be helpful in the therapeutics of FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anupama
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India.,Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - Abhijith Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sudhir H Ranganath
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
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Chai C, Jin B, Yan Y, Yuan Q, Wen H, Tao W, Cui X, Shan C, Yu S. Anti-depressant effect of Zhi-zi-chi decoction on CUMS mice and elucidation of its signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113283. [PMID: 32827659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhi-zi-chi decoction (ZZCD) is used for treating depression as an effectively traditional Chinese medicine. Until now, studies on pharmacological research of ZZCD have mostly been centered in pharmacokinetic level. Little was known about its pharmacological mechanism of relieving depression. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to evaluate the effect of ZZCD on relieving depression via behavioral tests, serum metabolomics and signaling target expression analysis on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CUMS exposure lasted 7 consecutive weeks. The mice were administrated with ZZCD for the last 3 weeks. Behavioral tests were applied and a serum metabolomics method based on UFLC/Q-TOF-MS with multivariate statistical and global metabolic network analysis was performed to identify relevant metabolites and pathways. Finally, the protein expressions in mouse hippocampi were determined by western blot to verify the metabolomics deduction. RESULTS Behavioral parameters were visibly changed after modeling, while high and medium dosage groups showed status improvement compared to the model group. Seventy six metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers from the metabolomics profiles in C18 and HILIC systems. In addition, 9 significant pathways related to changed biomarkers were conducted. The pathways were closely connected by some key targets, which were significantly reduced in the model group compared with those in control group, while ZZCD treated groups showed corrections after 3-week administration. The results revealed that the anti-depression efficacy of ZZCD might be associated with PKA-CREB-BDNF-TrkB-PSD-95 pathway influenced by metabolic changes, verifying the pathway annotation speculation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that ZZCD had a positive treatment effect on CUMS depression model mice. Metabolomics results revealed the holistic and interconnected metabolic changes of ZZCD in CUMS mice. The metabolic pathway annotation suggested that the anti-depression mechanism of ZZCD might be related to signaling pathway in brain. PKA-CREB-BDNF-TrkB-PSD-95 signaling expression was a verification and complement to the metabolomics results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jin
- China Mobile Group Jiangsu Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
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Ferreira AGK, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Sidegum DSV, Loureiro SO, Figueiró F, Wyse ATS. Effect of Proline on Cell Death, Cell Cycle, and Oxidative Stress in C6 Glioma Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:327-334. [PMID: 33196952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since proline metabolism has been implicated to play an underlying role in apoptotic signaling and cancer, and hyperprolinemic patients present susceptibility to tumors development, this study investigated the effect of proline on cell death, cell cycle, antioxidant enzymes activities, and immunocontent/activity of proteins involved in cell death/survival signaling pathways in C6 glioma cells. C6 cells were incubated with proline (0-5 mM) for 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 7 days. Proline in high concentrations slightly decreased LDH release, and no cytotoxic effect was seen by Annexin-PI staining. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased by proline (1 mM) after 72 h, suggesting an increase in reactive species levels. Acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by proline at 1, 3, and 5 mM. The cell cycle progression was not altered. Results from Western blot analyses showed that proline at 1 mM after 72 h increased p-NF-ĸB and decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent but did not altered AKT, p-AKT, GSK3β, and p-GSK3β. Taken together, the data suggest that high proline levels seems to favor the signaling pathways towards cell proliferation, since acetylcholinesterase, which may act as tumor suppressor, is inhibited by proline. Also, p-NF-κB is increased by proline treatment and its activation is related to tumor cell proliferation and cellular response to oxidants. Proline also induced oxidative stress, but it appears to be insufficient to induce a significant change in cell cycle progression. These data may be related, at least in part, to the increased susceptibility to tumor development in hyperprolinemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Gisiane Kurek Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniele Susana Volkart Sidegum
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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Yang C, Wang L, Weng W, Wang S, Ma Y, Mao Q, Gao G, Chen R, Feng J. Steered migration and changed morphology of human astrocytes by an applied electric field. Exp Cell Res 2018; 374:282-289. [PMID: 30508512 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct current electric field (DC EF) plays a role in influencing the biological behaviors and functions of cells. We hypothesize that human astrocytes (HAs) could also be influenced in EF. Astrocytes, an important type of nerve cells with a high proportion quantitatively, are generally activated and largely decide the brain repair results after brain injury. So far, no electrotaxis study on HAs has been performed. We here obtained HAs derived from brain trauma patients. After purification and identification, HAs were seeded in the EF chamber and recorded in a time-lapse image system. LY294002 and U0126 were then used to probe the role of PI3K or ERK signaling pathway on cellular behaviors. The results showed that HAs could be guided to migrate to the anode in DC EFs, in a voltage-dependent manner. The HAs displayed elongated cell bodies and reoriented perpendicularly to the EF in morphology. When treated with LY294002 or U0126, alternation of parameters such as cellular verticality, track speed, displacement speed, long axis, vertical length and circularity were inhibited partly as expected, while the EF-induced directedness was not terminated even at a high drug dosage which was not consistent with previous electrotaxis studies. In conclusion, applied EFs steered the patient-derived HAs directional migration and changed morphology, in which PI3K and ERK pathways at least partially participate. The characteristics of HAs to EF stimulation may be involved in wound healing and neural regeneration, which could be utilized as a novel treatment strategy in brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiji Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Li Y, Jia Y, Wei C, Xu H, Guo R, Li Y, Jia J, Qi X, Gao X. Imbalance in amino acid and purine metabolisms at the hypothalamus in inflammation-associated depression by GC-MS. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2715-2728. [PMID: 29160327 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00494j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a key factor in depression; increasing evidence highlights neuroinflammation abnormalities as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters and the purinergic system in the pathophysiology of depression. However, little is known about the metabolomic changes in the hypothalamus of depressed patients with neuroinflammation. Herein, taking advantage of the well-established lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression mouse model, we measured metabolic changes in the hypothalamus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) were conducted to assess our depressive model. To better understand the metabolic disturbances occurring in the hypothalamus of depressed mice, multivariate statistics were applied to analyse the clinical significance of differentially expressed metabolites in the hypothalamus of mice with LPS-induced depression. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to detect potential relationships among the changed metabolites. The data confirmed that mice with LPS-induced depression were good mimics of depression patients in some characteristic symptoms such as decreased sucrose intake and increased immobility. In our study, 27 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the hypothalamus of mice with LPS-induced depression. Herein, seventeen of these metabolites decreased, whereas 10 metabolites increased. These molecular changes were closely related to perturbations in the amino acid and purine metabolisms. Our data indicate that dysfunction of amino acid and purine metabolisms is one of main characteristics of inflammation-mediated depression. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying depression, which may shed some light on the role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of inflammation-mediated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Mani R, Natesan V. Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 145:187-196. [PMID: 29161583 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, public and scientific interest in plant flavonoids has tremendously increased because of their postulated health benefits. This review was mainly focuses on the flavone chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), which occurs naturally in many plants, honey, and propolis. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the therapeutic effects of chrysin against various diseases. In general, chrysin exhibits many biological activities and pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. Moreover, many studies have reported on the bioavailability of chrysin. Because of its compromised bioavailability and enhanced protein stability, chrysin solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) synthesis avoids proteolytic degradation and sustained release of drug delivery. To clarify the mechanism of action of chrysin, researchers have investigated the structural binding relationship of chrysin through the docking computation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Mani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, India
| | - Vijayakumar Natesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, India.
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Zhao Y, Pu D, Sun Y, Chen J, Luo C, Wang M, Zhou J, Lv A, Zhu S, Liao Z, Zhao K, Xiao Q. High glucose-induced defective thrombospondin-1 release from astrocytes via TLR9 activation contributes to the synaptic protein loss. Exp Cell Res 2017; 363:171-178. [PMID: 29294308 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, is known to induce synaptic degeneration in the brain, thereby resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Thrombospondin-1(TSP-1), the secreted protein produced by astrocytes, plays a crucial role in promoting synapse formation. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been widely known to initiate the innate immune response. We recently reported TLR9 activation in neurons results in tau hyperphosphorylation induced by HG in vitro. Its activation has been also considered to mediate oxidative stress and astrocytic dysfunction under pathological circumstance. However, whether astrocytic TSP-1 alteration plays a role in synaptic protein loss under high glucose condition and whether TLR9 activation is involved in this process have not been reported. In this study, we found that primary mouse astrocytes incubated in high glucose (30mM) induced a significant decreased TSP-1 secretion and increased intracellular contents of TSP-1 without affecting transcription level. Addition of conditioned medium from high glucose (30mM) treated astrocytes to the primary neurons exhibited reduced synaptic proteins expression, which was attenuated by treatment with exogenous rTSP-1. In addition, we demonstrated that TLR9 activation along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in astrocytes was induced by high glucose (30mM). Furthermore, we explored the relationship between TLR9 activation and TSP-1 production. Both TLR9 deficiency and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment improved altered intra- and extracellular TSP-1 levels under high glucose condition. Together, our findings suggest that high glucose (30mM) impairs TSP-1 secretion from astrocytes, which depends on astrocytic dysfunction associated with TLR9 activation mediated ROS signaling, ultimately contributing to the synaptic proteins loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Die Pu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meili Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ankang Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhiyin Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kexiang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Pierozan P, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Schmitz F, Ferreira F, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Synergistic Toxicity of the Neurometabolites Quinolinic Acid and Homocysteine in Cortical Neurons and Astrocytes: Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2017; 34:147-163. [PMID: 29124681 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain of patients affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops progressive neurodegeneration linked to the formation of proteins aggregates. However, their single actions cannot explain the extent of brain damage observed in this disorder, and the characterization of co-adjuvant involved in the early toxic processes evoked in AD is essential. In this line, quinolinic acid (QUIN) and homocysteine (Hcy) appear to be involved in the AD neuropathogenesis. Herein, we investigate the effects of QUIN and Hcy on early toxic events in cortical neurons and astrocytes. Exposure of primary cortical cultures to these neurometabolites for 24 h induced concentration-dependent neurotoxicity. In addition, QUIN (25 μM) and Hcy (30 μM) triggered ROS production, lipid peroxidation, diminished of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and morphologic alterations, culminating in reduced neuronal viability by necrotic cell death. In astrocytes, QUIN (100 μM) and Hcy (30 μM) induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and morphologic alterations through oxidative status imbalance. To establish specific mechanisms, we preincubated cell cultures with different protective agents. The combined toxicity of QUIN and Hcy was attenuated by melatonin and Trolox in neurons and by NMDA antagonists and glutathione in astrocytes. Cellular death and morphologic alterations were prevented when co-culture was treated with metabolites, suggesting the activation of protector mechanisms dependent on soluble factors and astrocyte and neuron communication through gap junctions. These findings suggest that early damaging events involved in AD can be magnified by synergistic toxicity of the QUIN and Hcy. Therefore, this study opens new possibilities to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of neuron-astrocyte interactions and their role in neuroprotection against QUIN and Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pierozan
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Isquemia Cerebral e Psicobiologia dos Transtornos Mentais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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Zhou X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Pu J, Yang L, Zhou C, Yuan S, Zhang H, Xie P. Metabolomics identifies perturbations in amino acid metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of the learned helplessness rat model of depression. Neuroscience 2016; 343:1-9. [PMID: 27919695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a serious psychiatric condition associated with high rates of suicide and is a leading cause of health burden worldwide. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of major depression are still essentially unclear. In our study, a non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach was used to investigate metabolic changes in the prefrontal cortex of the learned helplessness (LH) rat model of depression. Body-weight measurements and behavioral tests including the active escape test, sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, elevated plus-maze and open field test were used to assess changes in the behavioral spectrum after inescapable footshock stress. Rats in the stress group exhibited significant learned helpless and depression-like behaviors, while without any significant change in anxiety-like behaviors. Using multivariate and univariate statistical analysis, a total of 18 differential metabolites were identified after the footshock stress protocol. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and MetaboAnalyst were applied for predicted pathways and biological functions analysis. "Amino Acid Metabolism, Molecule Transport, Small Molecule Biochemistry" was the most significantly altered network in the LH model. Amino acid metabolism, particularly glutamate metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, was significantly perturbed in the prefrontal cortex of LH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lining Yang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Pierozan P, Biasibetti H, Schmitz F, Ávila H, Fernandes CG, Pessoa-Pureur R, Wyse ATS. Neurotoxicity of Methylmercury in Isolated Astrocytes and Neurons: the Cytoskeleton as a Main Target. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5752-5767. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Calcium signaling mechanisms disrupt the cytoskeleton of primary astrocytes and neurons exposed to diphenylditelluride. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2510-2520. [PMID: 27475002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diphenylditelluride (PhTe)2 is a potent neurotoxin disrupting the homeostasis of the cytoskeleton. METHODS Cultured astrocytes and neurons were incubated with (PhTe)2, receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors followed by measurement of the incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into intermediate filaments (IFs). RESULTS (PhTe)2 caused hyperphosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and neurofilament subunits (NFL, NFM and NFH) from primary astrocytes and neurons, respectively. These mechanisms were mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-VDCCs) as well as metabotropic glutamate receptors upstream of phospholipase C (PLC). Upregulated Ca(2+) influx activated protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in astrocytes causing hyperphosphorylation of GFAP and vimentin. Hyperphosphorylated (IF) together with RhoA-activated stress fiber formation, disrupted the cytoskeleton leading to altered cell morphology. In neurons, the high intracellular Ca(2+) levels activated the MAPKs, Erk and p38MAPK, beyond PKA and PKC, provoking hyperphosphorylation of NFM, NFH and NFL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that intracellular Ca(2+) is one of the crucial signals that modulate the action of (PhTe)2 in isolated cortical astrocytes and neurons modulating the response of the cytoskeleton against the insult. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cytoskeletal misregulation is associated with neurodegeneration. This compound could be a valuable tool to induce molecular changes similar to those found in different pathologies of the brain.
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NMDA Receptors and Oxidative Stress Induced by the Major Metabolites Accumulating in HMG Lyase Deficiency Mediate Hypophosphorylation of Cytoskeletal Proteins in Brain From Adolescent Rats: Potential Mechanisms Contributing to the Neuropathology of This Disease. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:239-52. [PMID: 26174040 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurological symptoms and cerebral abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HMG lyase) deficiency, which is biochemically characterized by predominant tissue accumulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (HMG), 3-methylglutaric (MGA), and 3-methylglutaconic (MGT) acids. Since the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly known, the present study evaluated the effects of these compounds on the cytoskeleton phosphorylating system in rat brain. HMG, MGA, and MGT caused hypophosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and of the neurofilament subunits NFL, NFM, and NFH. HMG-induced hypophosphorylation was mediated by inhibiting the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on Ser55 residue of NFL and c-Jun kinase (JNK) by acting on KSP repeats of NFM and NFH subunits. We also evidenced that the subunit NR2B of NMDA receptor and Ca(2+) was involved in HMG-elicited hypophosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins. Furthermore, the antioxidants L-NAME and TROLOX fully prevented both the hypophosphorylation and the inhibition of PKA and JNK caused by HMG, suggesting that oxidative damage may underlie these effects. These findings indicate that the main metabolites accumulating in HMG lyase deficiency provoke hypophosphorylation of cytoskeleton neural proteins with the involvement of NMDA receptors, Ca(2+), and reactive species. It is presumed that these alterations may contribute to the neuropathology of this disease.
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Crosstalk Among Disrupted Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Homeostasis and Inflammatory Response in Mechanisms Elicited by Proline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1065-1079. [PMID: 25579384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro.
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Effect of staurosporine in the morphology and viability of cerebellar astrocytes: role of reactive oxygen species and NADPH oxidase. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:678371. [PMID: 25215174 PMCID: PMC4151592 DOI: 10.1155/2014/678371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death implies morphological changes that may contribute to the progression of this process. In astrocytes, the mechanisms involving the cytoskeletal changes during cell death are not well explored. Although NADPH oxidase (NOX) has been described as being a critical factor in the production of ROS, not much information is available about the participation of NOX-derived ROS in the cell death of astrocytes and their role in the alterations of the cytoskeleton during the death of astrocytes. In this study, we have evaluated the participation of ROS in the death of cultured cerebellar astrocytes using staurosporine (St) as death inductor. We found that astrocytes express NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4. Also, St induced an early ROS production and NOX activation that participate in the death of astrocytes. These findings suggest that ROS produced by St is generated through NOX1 and NOX4. Finally, we showed that the reorganization of tubulin and actin induced by St is ROS independent and that St did not change the level of expression of these cytoskeletal proteins. We conclude that ROS produced by a NOX is required for cell death in astrocytes, but not for the morphological alterations induced by St.
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An L, Li Z, Zhang T. Reversible effects of vitamins C and E combination on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in melamine-treated PC12 cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:239-50. [PMID: 24182201 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.861598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high nitrogen content, melamine was deliberately added to raw milk for increasing the apparent protein content. Previous studies showed that melamine-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage on PC12 cells and rats' hippocampus. Several evidences suggested that vitamin antioxidant reduced oxidative stress and improved organic function. Whether treatments with antioxidant vitamins C or E, otherwise combination of them can attenuate oxidative stress after melamine administration remains to be elucidated. In this study, the reversible effects of vitamin antioxidants was investigated on melamine-induced neurotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells, an in vitro model of neuronal cells. When comparing vitamin C and E, the combination of both statistically increased PC12 cells viability. The results further showed that vitamin complex has effectively reduced the formation of reaction oxygen species, decreased the level of malondialdehyde, and elevated the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis showed that vitamin combination treatment effectively prevented PC12 cells from this melamine-induced apoptosis. It revealed the apoptotic nuclear features of the melamine-induced cell death. Additionally, a combination treatment of vitamins effectively inhibited apoptosis via blocking the increased activation of caspase-3. In summary, the vitamin E and C combination treatment could rescue PC12 cells from the injury induced by melamine through the downregulation of oxidative stress and prevention of melamine-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L An
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin , P. R. China
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