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Zheng S, Guo G, Yang Z, Lu Y, Lu K, Fu W, Huang Q. Vasculogenic mimicry regulates immune infiltration and mutational status of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer to influence tumor prognosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2948-2960. [PMID: 38308456 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) refers to the direct formation of microcirculatory ducts by invasive malignant tumors via cellular phenotypic transformation. However, there is a lack of VM-based biomarkers for breast cancer. METHODS We obtained transcriptomic expression data, single cell sequencing data, and clinical data of patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database and GEO database, performed single cell analysis to obtain specific type annotations of breast cancer cells and analyzed their spatial expression analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analyses as well as Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analyses were performed to clarify the biological pathways and tumor functional enrichment relationships of the major expressed genes of VM in the breast cancer bulk data specimens. VM biomarkers were constructed. Meanwhile, the relationship between VM scores and tumor immune infiltration in breast cancer was analyzed using MCPcounter and ssGSEA methods. In addition, we assessed the specific relationship between NDRG1, a key VM gene in breast cancer, and tumor colonization, adhesion and invasion by biological experiments in breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS The main cell types of breast cancer (BRCA) samples were annotated by single cell transcriptome analysis. Most of the VM-high group was present in epithelial cells, whereas the VM-low group was present in immune and stromal cells. Multiple tumor pathways such as TGFβ p53 and MAPK were closely associated with VM-mediated breast cancer infiltration and invasion. A prognostic model of breast cancer based on VM key genes was constituted. Prognostic stratification of breast cancer was successfully achieved for the TCGA-BRCA and GSE58812 datasets. Through immune infiltration analysis, we found that differential expression of VM markers was associated with multiple immune cell regulation. In MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cell lines, we found that the NDRG1 gene significantly promoted colony formation of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our constructed VM-related gene-based model of breast cancer biology holds promise for prognostic prediction and patient stratification of breast cancer. This may provide a potentially clinically valuable aid in promoting a deeper understanding of the biological regulation of VM in breast cancer and exploring the specific mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Zheng
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guilong Guo
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiqiao Lu
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kangkang Lu
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weida Fu
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qidi Huang
- Department of Breast surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Kulus M, Farzaneh M, Bryja A, Zehtabi M, Azizidoost S, Abouali Gale Dari M, Golcar-Narenji A, Ziemak H, Chwarzyński M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Dzięgiel P, Zabel M, Mozdziak P, Bukowska D, Kempisty B, Antosik P. Phenotypic Transitions the Processes Involved in Regulation of Growth and Proangiogenic Properties of Stem Cells, Cancer Stem Cells and Circulating Tumor Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:967-979. [PMID: 38372877 PMCID: PMC11087301 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process with significance in the metastasis of malignant tumors. It is through the acquisition of plasticity that cancer cells become more mobile and gain the ability to metastasize to other tissues. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is the return to an epithelial state, which allows for the formation of secondary tumors. Both processes, EMT and MET, are regulated by different pathways and different mediators, which affects the sophistication of the overall tumorigenesis process. Not insignificant are also cancer stem cells and their participation in the angiogenesis, which occur very intensively within tumors. Difficulties in effectively treating cancer are primarily dependent on the potential of cancer cells to rapidly expand and occupy secondarily vital organs. Due to the ability of these cells to spread, the concept of the circulating tumor cell (CTC) has emerged. Interestingly, CTCs exhibit molecular diversity and stem-like and mesenchymal features, even when derived from primary tumor tissue from a single patient. While EMT is necessary for metastasis, MET is required for CTCs to establish a secondary site. A thorough understanding of the processes that govern the balance between EMT and MET in malignancy is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Artur Bryja
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mojtaba Zehtabi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahrokh Abouali Gale Dari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Golcar-Narenji
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hanna Ziemak
- Veterinary Clinic of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Chwarzyński
- Veterinary Clinic of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland.
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
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Jiao Y, Yu Y, Zheng M, Yan M, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Dormant cancer cells and polyploid giant cancer cells: The roots of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1567. [PMID: 38362620 PMCID: PMC10870057 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour cell dormancy is critical for metastasis and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) with giant or multiple nuclei and high DNA content have the properties of cancer stem cell and single PGCCs can individually generate tumours in immunodeficient mice. PGCCs represent a dormant form of cancer cells that survive harsh tumour conditions and contribute to tumour recurrence. Hypoxic mimics, chemotherapeutics, radiation and cytotoxic traditional Chinese medicines can induce PGCCs formation through endoreduplication and/or cell fusion. After incubation, dormant PGCCs can recover from the treatment and produce daughter cells with strong proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities via asymmetric cell division. Additionally, PGCCs can resist hypoxia or chemical stress and have a distinct protein signature that involves chromatin remodelling and cell cycle regulation. Dormant PGCCs form the cellular basis for therapeutic resistance, metastatic cascade and disease recurrence. This review summarises regulatory mechanisms governing dormant cancer cells entry and exit of dormancy, which may be used by PGCCs, and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting PGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jiao
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of PathologyTianjin Union Medical CenterTianjinChina
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of PathologyTianjin Union Medical CenterNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Man Yan
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Jiangping Wang
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of PathologyTianjin Union Medical CenterTianjinChina
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Chong Y, Xu S, Liu T, Guo P, Wang X, He D, Zhu G. Curcumin Inhibits Vasculogenic Mimicry via Regulating ETS-1 in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:1031-1046. [PMID: 38299401 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096277126240102060617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) poses a huge challenge once it has become resistant to targeted therapy. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a novel blood supply system formed by tumor cells that can circumvent molecular targeted therapies. As one of the herbal remedies, curcumin has been demonstrated to play antineoplastic effects in many different types of human cancers; however, its function and mechanism of targeting VM in RCC remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Here, in the work, we explored the role of curcumin and its molecular mechanism in the regulation of VM formation in RCC. METHODS RNA-sequencing analysis, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect E Twenty Six-1(ETS-1), vascular endothelial Cadherin (VE-Cadherin), and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) expressions in RCC cells and tissues. RNA sequencing was used to screen the differential expressed genes. Plasmid transfections were used to transiently knock down or overexpress ETS-1. VM formation was determined by tube formation assay and animal experiments. CD31-PAS double staining was used to label the VM channels in patients and xenograft samples. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that VM was positively correlated with RCC grades and stages using clinical patient samples. Curcumin inhibited VM formation in dose and time-dependent manner in vitro. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we discovered ETS-1 as a potential transcriptional factor regulating VM formation. Knocking down or overexpression of ETS-1 decreased or increased the VM formation, respectively and regulated the expression of VE-Cadherin and MMP9. Curcumin could inhibit VM formation by suppressing ETS-1, VE-Cadherin, and MMP9 expression both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our finding might indicate that curcumin could inhibit VM by regulating ETS-1, VE-Cadherin, and MMP9 expression in RCC cell lines. Curcumin could be considered as a potential anti-cancer compound by inhibiting VM in RCC progression.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Humans
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Animals
- Mice
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice, Nude
- Male
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Female
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Antigens, CD
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Fan L, Zheng M, Zhou X, Yu Y, Ning Y, Fu W, Xu J, Zhang S. Molecular mechanism of vimentin nuclear localization associated with the migration and invasion of daughter cells derived from polyploid giant cancer cells. J Transl Med 2023; 21:719. [PMID: 37833712 PMCID: PMC10576317 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), a specific type of cancer stem cells (CSCs), can be induced by hypoxic microenvironments, chemical reagents, radiotherapy, and Chinese herbal medicine. Moreover, PGCCs can produce daughter cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which leads to cancer recurrence and disseminated metastasis. Vimentin, a mesenchymal cell marker, is highly expressed in PGCCs and their daughter cells (PDCs) and drives migratory persistence. This study explored the molecular mechanisms by which vimentin synergistically regulates PGCCs to generate daughter cells with enhanced invasive and metastatic properties. METHODS Arsenic trioxide (ATO) was used to induce the formation of PGCCs in Hct116 and LoVo cells. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical assays were performed to determine the subcellular localization of vimentin. Cell function assays were performed to compare the invasive metastatic abilities of the PDCs and control cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying vimentin expression and nuclear translocation were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, cell function assays, cell transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, followed by sequencing. Finally, animal xenograft experiments and clinical colorectal cancer samples were used to study vimentin expression in tumor tissues. RESULTS Daughter cells derived from PGCCs showed strong proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities, in which vimentin was highly expressed and located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Vimentin undergoes small ubiquitin-like modification (SUMOylation) by interacting with SUMO1 and SUMO2/3, which are associated with nuclear translocation. P62 regulates nuclear translocation of vimentin by controlling SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 expression. In the nucleus, vimentin acts as a transcription factor that regulates CDC42, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D to promote PDC invasion and migration. Furthermore, animal experiments and human colorectal cancer specimens have confirmed the nuclear translocation of vimentin. CONCLUSION P62-dependent SUMOylation of vimentin plays an important role in PDC migration and invasion. Vimentin nuclear translocation and overexpressed P62 of cancer cells may be used to predict patient prognosis, and targeting vimentin nuclear translocation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yidi Ning
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenzheng Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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Morales-Guadarrama G, Méndez-Pérez EA, García-Quiroz J, Avila E, Ibarra-Sánchez MJ, Esparza-López J, García-Becerra R, Larrea F, Díaz L. The Inhibition of the FGFR/PI3K/Akt Axis by AZD4547 Disrupts the Proangiogenic Microenvironment and Vasculogenic Mimicry Arising from the Interplay between Endothelial and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13770. [PMID: 37762073 PMCID: PMC10531243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a process in which aggressive cancer cells form tube-like structures, plays a crucial role in providing nutrients and escape routes. Highly plastic tumor cells, such as those with the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) phenotype, can develop VM. However, little is known about the interplay between the cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and TNBC cells' VM capacity. In this study, we analyzed the ability of endothelial and stromal cells to induce VM when interacting with TNBC cells and analyzed the involvement of the FGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway in this process. VM was corroborated using fluorescently labeled TNBC cells. Only endothelial cells triggered VM formation, suggesting a predominant role of paracrine/juxtacrine factors from an endothelial origin in VM development. Via immunocytochemistry, qPCR, and secretome analyses, we determined an increased expression of proangiogenic factors as well as stemness markers in VM-forming cancer cells. Similarly, endothelial cells primed by TNBC cells showed an upregulation of proangiogenic molecules, including FGF, VEGFA, and several inflammatory cytokines. Endothelium-dependent TNBC-VM formation was prevented by AZD4547 or LY294002, strongly suggesting the involvement of the FGFR/PI3K/Akt axis in this process. Given that VM is associated with poor clinical prognosis, targeting FGFR/PI3K/Akt pharmacologically may hold promise for treating and preventing VM in TNBC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Morales-Guadarrama
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (G.M.-G.)
| | - Edgar A. Méndez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (G.M.-G.)
| | - Janice García-Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (G.M.-G.)
| | - Euclides Avila
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (G.M.-G.)
| | - María J. Ibarra-Sánchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica Dr. Guillermo Soberón Acevedo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - José Esparza-López
- Unidad de Bioquímica Dr. Guillermo Soberón Acevedo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (G.M.-G.)
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (G.M.-G.)
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