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Liu H, Wen J, Tian X, Li T, Zhao J, Cheng J, Huang L, Zhao Y, Cao Q, Jiang J. miR-125a-3p regulates the expression of FSTL1, a pro-inflammatory factor, during adipogenic differentiation, and inhibits adipogenesis in mice. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23146. [PMID: 37584664 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300851r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is tightly regulated by various factors, including genes and microRNAs. Excessive fat deposition is the key feature of obesity, which is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) has been reported to be an important mediator involved in various inflammatory diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of FSTL1 in preadipocyte differentiation and inflammatory response is still unclear. The current study was designed to explore the biological function and potential mechanism of FSTL1 in mouse subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation. We found that FSTL1 was highly expressed in the early stage of differentiation and subsequently decreased sharply, suggesting that FSTL1 played a possible role in adipogenesis. Meanwhile, the gain- and loss-of-function assays showed that FSTL1 was not only involved in the inflammatory response by inducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and CCL2 but also significantly attenuated preadipocyte differentiation, as evidenced by the reduction of lipid accumulation and the levels of adipogenic genes, including PPARγ and FABP4. In addition, the target gene prediction and luciferase reporter assay validated that miR-125a-3p targeted the 3' UTR region of FSTL1. These results demonstrated that miR-125a-3p negatively regulated the expression of FSTL1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, overexpressing miR-125a-3p in preadipocytes dramatically accelerated adipogenic differentiation and downregulated the levels of IL-1β and CCL2, which were in accordance with the knockdown of FSTL1. On the contrary, treatment with miR-125a-3p inhibitors attenuated adipogenesis but induced the expression of inflammatory genes. In summary, this study suggests a positive function of FSTL1 in adipocyte-induced inflammation and negatively regulates preadipocyte differentiation. Further studies demonstrated that miR-125a-3p could reverse the effect by targeting FSTL1, which might provide a better understanding of treating obesity-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanquan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Deep Learning-Assisted Repurposing of Plant Compounds for Treating Vascular Calcification: An In Silico Study with Experimental Validation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4378413. [PMID: 35035662 PMCID: PMC8754599 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4378413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Vascular calcification (VC) constitutes subclinical vascular burden and increases cardiovascular mortality. Effective therapeutics for VC remains to be procured. We aimed to use a deep learning-based strategy to screen and uncover plant compounds that potentially can be repurposed for managing VC. Methods We integrated drugome, interactome, and diseasome information from Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD), DrugBank, PubChem, Gene Ontology (GO), and BioGrid to analyze drug-disease associations. A deep representation learning was done using a high-level description of the local network architecture and features of the entities, followed by learning the global embeddings of nodes derived from a heterogeneous network using the graph neural network architecture and a random forest classifier established for prediction. Predicted results were tested in an in vitro VC model for validity based on the probability scores. Results We collected 6,790 compounds with available Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System (SMILES) data, 11,958 GO terms, 7,238 diseases, and 25,482 proteins, followed by local embedding vectors using an end-to-end transformer network and a node2vec algorithm and global embedding vectors learned from heterogeneous network via the graph neural network. Our algorithm conferred a good distinction between potential compounds, presenting as higher prediction scores for the compound categories with a higher potential but lower scores for other categories. Probability score-dependent selection revealed that antioxidants such as sulforaphane and daidzein were potentially effective compounds against VC, while catechin had low probability. All three compounds were validated in vitro. Conclusions Our findings exemplify the utility of deep learning in identifying promising VC-treating plant compounds. Our model can be a quick and comprehensive computational screening tool to assist in the early drug discovery process.
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Chen S, Zou Q, Chen Y, Kuang X, Wu W, Guo M, Cai Y, Li Q. Regulation of SPARC family proteins in disorders of the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:178-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Early modulation of macrophage ROS-PPARγ-NF-κB signalling by sonodynamic therapy attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in rabbits. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11638. [PMID: 32669704 PMCID: PMC7363872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of re-endothelialization and haemodynamic balance remains a critical side effect of drug-eluting stents (DES) for preventing intimal hyperplasia. Previously, we found that 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated sonodynamic therapy (ALA-SDT) suppressed macrophage-mediated inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the effects on intimal hyperplasia and re-endothelialization remain unknown. In this study, 56 rabbits were randomly assigned to control, ultrasound, ALA and ALA-SDT groups, and each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 7) on day 3 after right femoral artery balloon denudation combined with a hypercholesterolemic diet. Histopathological analysis revealed that ALA-SDT enhanced macrophage apoptosis and ameliorated inflammation from day 1. ALA-SDT inhibited neointima formation without affecting re-endothelialization, increased blood perfusion, decreased the content of macrophages, proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and collagen but increased elastin by day 28. In vitro, ALA-SDT induced macrophage apoptosis and reduced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β via the ROS-PPARγ-NF-κB signalling pathway, which indirectly inhibited human umbilical artery smooth muscle cell (HUASMC) proliferation, migration and IL-6 production. ALA-SDT effectively inhibits intimal hyperplasia without affecting re-endothelialization. Hence, its clinical application combined with bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation presents a potential strategy to decrease bleeding risk caused by prolonged dual-antiplatelet regimen after DES deployment.
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Peters MMC, Meijs TA, Gathier W, Doevendans PAM, Sluijter JPG, Chamuleau SAJ, Neef K. Follistatin-like 1 in Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1379-1389. [PMID: 30864520 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190312161551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), a secreted glycoprotein, has been shown to participate in regulating developmental processes and to be involved in states of disease and injury. Spatiotemporal regulation and posttranslational modifications contribute to its specific functions and make it an intriguing candidate to study disease mechanisms and potentially develop new therapies. With cardiovascular diseases as the primary cause of death worldwide, clarification of mechanisms underlying cardiac regeneration and revascularization remains essential. Recent findings on FSTL1 in both acute coronary syndrome and heart failure emphasize its potential as a target for cardiac regenerative therapy. With this review, we aim to shed light on the role of FSTL1 specifically in cardiovascular disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn M C Peters
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timion A Meijs
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Gathier
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter A M Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Steven A J Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Klaus Neef
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Zhao Y, Ou Q, Deng Y, Peng J, Li C, Li J, Zhao Q, Qiu M, Wan D, Fang Y, Pan Z. Determination of follistatin-like protein 1 expression in colorectal cancer and its association with clinical outcomes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:606. [PMID: 32047767 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) has been demonstrated to play a controversial role in cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of FSTL1 and its characteristics in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Gene expression microarray assays in 30 CRC patients and a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) of 22 patients were performed to compare the mRNA level of FSTL1 in tumor lesions and paired normal tissues. Also, 332 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed CRC were selected to detect FSTL1 expression by using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also applied to determine the serum level of FSTL1 in 60 CRC patients, as well as 34 healthy donors. Results Gene expression microarray assays and RT-qPCR in CRC tissues, as well as ELISA in the serum all, revealed that the expression level of FSTL1 was higher in cancer tissue of CRC patients compared with paired normal tissue or healthy donors. The IHC results suggested that FSTL1 was also higher in tumor tissues than in its normal counterparts, however interestingly, a narrow scan focusing on the stromal region indicated that FSTL1 was significantly higher in normal tissues than in cancerous tissues. Besides, higher FSTL1 expression in cancer tissue, as well as lower FSTL1 expression in cancer stroma, both correlated with a worse prognosis, and the latter was an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions Our results provide novel insight into the role of FSTL1 in CRC, and it might be an essential factor in CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuxiang Deng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jibin Li
- Department of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Miaozhen Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Desen Wan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yujing Fang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Shen H, Cui G, Li Y, Ye W, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Xu G, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Huang Z, Chen W, Shen Z. Follistatin-like 1 protects mesenchymal stem cells from hypoxic damage and enhances their therapeutic efficacy in a mouse myocardial infarction model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:17. [PMID: 30635025 PMCID: PMC6330478 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy remains the most promising approach against ischemic heart injury. However, poor survival of engrafted cells in ischemic sites diminishes its therapeutic efficacy. Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) is documented as a novel pro-survival cardiokine for cardiomyocytes, and it is protective during ischemic heart injury. In the present study, we characterize the potential of Fstl1 as an effective strategy to enhance hypoxia resistance of donor cells and optimize stem cell-based therapy. METHODS Murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were expanded in monolayer culture and characterized by flow cytometry. MSCs were subjected to hypoxia to mimic cardiac ischemic environment. Expression of Fstl1 was monitored 0, 24, and 48 h following hypoxia. Constitutive expression of Fstl1 in MSCs was achieved by lentivirus-mediated Fstl1 overexpression. Genetically modified MSCs were further collected for cell death and proliferation assay following 48 h of hypoxic treatment. Acute myocardial infarction (MI) model was created by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, while control MSCs (MSCs-mCherry) or Fstl1-overexpressing MSCs (MSCs-Fstl1) were injected into the peri-infarct zone simultaneously. Subsequently, retention of the donor cells was evaluated on post-therapy 1, 3, & 7 days. Finally, myocardial function, infarct size, inflammation, and neovascularization of the infarcted hearts were calculated thereafter. RESULTS Expression of Fstl1 in hypoxic MSCs declines dramatically in a time-dependent manner. In vitro study further demonstrated that Fstl1 promotes survival and proliferation of hypoxic MSCs. Moreover, Fstl1 significantly prolongs MSC survival/retention after implantation. Finally, transplantation with Fstl1-overexpressing MSCs significantly improves post-MI cardiac function by limiting scar formation, reducing inflammatory response, and enhancing neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest Fstl1 is an intrinsic cardiokine promoting survival and proliferation of MSCs, thereby optimizing their engraftment and therapeutic efficacy during cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Guanghao Cui
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Yanqiong Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Wenxue Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Yimin Sun
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Guiying Xu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Xiansheng Zeng
- Department of Cardiology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210000 China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
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Nie E, Miao F, Jin X, Wu W, Zhou X, Zeng A, Yu T, Zhi T, Shi Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu N, You Y. Fstl1/DIP2A/MGMT signaling pathway plays important roles in temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2018; 38:2706-2721. [PMID: 30542120 PMCID: PMC6484760 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide was recognized as the first-line therapy for glioblastoma to prolong the survival of patients noticeably, while recent clinical studies found that some patients were not sensitive to temozolomide treatment. The possible mechanisms seemed to be methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), mismatch repair, PARP, etc. And the abnormal expression of MGMT might be the most direct factor. In this study, we provide evidence that Fstl1 plays a vital role in temozolomide resistance by sequentially regulating DIP2A protein distribution, H3K9 acetylation (H3K9Ac), and MGMT transcription. As a multifunctional protein widely distributed in cells, DIP2A cooperates with the HDAC2-DMAP1 complex to enhance H3K9Ac deacetylation, prevent MGMT transcription, and increase temozolomide sensitivity. Fstl1, a glycoprotein highly expressed in glioblastoma, competitively binds DIP2A to block DIP2A nuclear translocation, so as to hinder DIP2A from binding the HDAC2-DMAP1 complex. The overexpression of Fstl1 promoted the expression of MGMT in association with increased promoter H3K9Ac. Upregulation of Fstl1 enhanced temozolomide resistance, whereas Fstl1 silencing obviously sensitized GBM cells to temozolomide both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, DIP2A depletion abolished the effects of Fstl1 on MGMT expression and temozolomide resistance. These findings highlight an important role of Fstl1 in the regulation of temozolomide resistance by modulation of DIP2A/MGMT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Faan Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Weining Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ailiang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tianfu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tongle Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Nanjing, 210029, China.
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9
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Mattiotti A, Prakash S, Barnett P, van den Hoff MJB. Follistatin-like 1 in development and human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2339-2354. [PMID: 29594389 PMCID: PMC5986856 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a secreted glycoprotein displaying expression changes during development and disease, among which cardiovascular disease, cancer, and arthritis. The cardioprotective role of FSTL1 has been intensively studied over the last years, though its mechanism of action remains elusive. FSTL1 is involved in multiple signaling pathways and biological processes, including vascularization and regulation of the immune response, a feature that complicates its study. Binding to the DIP2A, TLR4 and BMP receptors have been shown, but other molecular partners probably exist. During cancer progression and rheumatoid arthritis, controversial data have been reported with respect to the proliferative, apoptotic, migratory, and inflammatory effects of FSTL1. This controversy might reside in the extensive post-transcriptional regulation of FSTL1. The FSTL1 primary transcript also encodes for a microRNA (miR-198) in primates and multiple microRNA-binding sites are present in the 3'UTR. The switch between expression of the FSTL1 protein and miR-198 is an important regulator of tumour metastasis and wound healing. The glycosylation state of FSTL1 is a determinant of biological activity, in cardiomyocytes the glycosylated form promoting proliferation and the non-glycosylated working anti-apoptotic. Moreover, the glycosylation state shows differences between species and tissues which might underlie the differences observed in in vitro studies. Finally, regulation at the level of protein secretion has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mattiotti
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuti Prakash
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhou X, Xiao X, Huang T, Du C, Wang S, Mo Y, Ma N, Murata M, Li B, Wen W, Huang G, Zeng X, Zhang Z. Epigenetic inactivation of follistatin-like 1 mediates tumor immune evasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16433-44. [PMID: 26918942 PMCID: PMC4941326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Follistatin like-1 (FSTL1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in a series of physiological and pathological processes. However, its contribution to the development of cancer, especially the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), remains to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the dysregulation of FSTL1 and its possible function in NPC. FSTL1 was frequently downregulated in NPC cell lines and primary tumor biopsies by promoter hypermethylation. Ectopic expression of FSTL1 significantly suppressed the colony formation, proliferation, migration and invasion ability of NPC cells and induced cell apoptosis. Overexpression of FSTL1 decreased the tumorigenicity of NPC cells in vivo. In addition, the proliferation of NPC cells in vitro was inhibited by treatment with soluble recombinant FSTL1 protein. The protein level of FSTL1 was decreased in primary NPC tumors and was associated with downregulated interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Furthermore, recombinant human FSTL1 protein induced secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophage cultures, therefore FSTL1 might activate macrophages and attenuate the immune evasion of NPC cells. In conclusion, the epigenetic downregulation of FSTL1 may suppress the proliferation and migration of NPC cells, leading to dysfunctional innate responses in surrounding macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunping Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yingxi Mo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wensheng Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianjie Zeng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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11
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Ni X, Cao X, Wu Y, Wu J. FSTL1 suppresses tumor cell proliferation, invasion and survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2017; 39:13-20. [PMID: 29115636 PMCID: PMC5783594 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follistatin like-1 (FSTL1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in a series of physiological and pathological processes. However, its contribution to the development of cancer, especially the pathogenesis of NSCLC, remains to be elucidated. We explored the expression, function, and molecular mechanism of FSTL1 in NSCLC. In this study, we detected the expression of FSTL1 in a panel of NSCLC cell lines and lung normal epithelial cell line by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis and found that FSTL1 was downregulated in NSCLC cells compared with normal control. Knockdown of FSTL1 with different shRNA sequences result in increased cell proliferation and cell migration, invasion and reduced cell apoptosis in A549 cell line with high FSTL1 endogenous level. FSTL1 overexpression in H446 cell line with low FSTL1 endogenous level suppressed cell proliferation and migration, invasion and increased cell apoptosis. Knockdown and overexpression of FSTL1 caused altered cell cycle. Reduced cell apoptosis was revealed in FSTL1 knockdown cells accompanied by increased FAS expression and decreased FASL, cleaved caspase‑3 and ‑7 expression. By contrast, overexpression of FSTL1 caused reduced FAS level and increased activated caspase‑3 and ‑7 expression, which may lead to increased cell apoptosis. Moreover, the changed migration and invasion ability in FSTL1 sufficient or deficient cells may be caused by alterations in MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 expression. Altogether, our results revealed the critical tumor-suppression function of FSTL1 in NSCLC progression, suggesting that FSTL1 might be an important factor in NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ni
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
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12
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Huhtinen A, Hongisto V, Laiho A, Löyttyniemi E, Pijnenburg D, Scheinin M. Gene expression profiles and signaling mechanisms in α 2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:65. [PMID: 28659168 PMCID: PMC5490158 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptors are important regulators of vascular tone and blood pressure. Regulation of cell proliferation is a less well investigated consequence of α2-adrenoceptor activation. We have previously shown that α2B-adrenoceptor activation stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This may be important for blood vessel development and plasticity and for the pathology and therapeutics of cardiovascular disorders. The underlying cellular mechanisms have remained mostly unknown. This study explored pathways of regulation of gene expression and intracellular signaling related to α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation. RESULTS The cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways of α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of VSMCs are complex and include redundancy. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with α2B-adrenoceptor-regulated VSMC proliferation. They included the upregulated genes Egr1, F3, Ptgs2 and Serpine1 and the downregulated genes Cx3cl1, Cav1, Rhoa, Nppb and Prrx1. The most highly upregulated gene, Lypd8, represents a novel finding in the VSMC context. Inhibitor library screening and kinase activity profiling were applied to identify kinases in the involved signaling pathways. Putative upstream kinases identified by two different screens included PKC, Raf-1, Src, the MAP kinases p38 and JNK and the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and HGF/HGFR. As a novel finding, the Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. CONCLUSIONS α2B-adrenoceptors may mediate their pro-proliferative effects in VSMCs by promoting the activity of bFGF and PDGF and the growth factor receptors EGFR, HGFR and VEGFR-1/2. The Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. Lyn is known to be expressed in VSMCs and has been identified as an important regulator of GPCR trafficking and GPCR effects on cell proliferation. Identified Ser/Thr kinases included several PKC isoforms and the β-adrenoceptor kinases 1 and 2. Cross-talk between the signaling mechanisms involved in α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation thus appears to involve PKC activation, subsequent changes in gene expression, transactivation of EGFR, and modulation of kinase activities and growth factor-mediated signaling. While many of the identified individual signals were relatively small in terms of effect size, many of them were validated by combining pathway analysis and our integrated screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Huhtinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Liu X, Liu Y, Li X, Zhao J, Geng Y, Ning W. Follistatin like-1 (Fstl1) is required for the normal formation of lung airway and vascular smooth muscle at birth. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177899. [PMID: 28574994 PMCID: PMC5456059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fstl1, a secreted protein of the BMP antagonist class, has been implicated in the regulation of lung development and alveolar maturation. Here we generated a Fstl1-lacZ reporter mouse line as well as a Fstl1 knockout allele. We localized Fstl1 transcript in lung smooth muscle cells and identified Fstl1 as essential regulator of lung smooth muscle formation. Deletion of Fstl1 in mice led to postnatal death as a result of respiratory failure due to multiple defects in lung development. Analysis of the mutant phenotype showed impaired airway smooth muscle (SM) manifested as smaller SM line in trachea and discontinued SM surrounding bronchi, which were associated with decreased transcriptional factors myocardin/serum response factor (SRF) and impaired differentiation of SM cells. Fstl1 knockout mice also displayed abnormal vasculature SM manifested as hyperplasia SM in pulmonary artery. This study indicates a pivotal role for Fstl1 in early stage of lung airway smooth muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Zheng X, Qi C, Zhang S, Fang Y, Ning W. TGF-β1 induces Fstl1 via the Smad3-c-Jun pathway in lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L240-L251. [PMID: 28495857 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00523.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has long been regarded as a central mediator of tissue fibrosis. Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) is a crucial profibrotic glycoprotein that is upregulated in fibrotic lung tissues, and it promotes fibrogenesis via facilitating TGF-β signaling. Here we examined the signaling pathway by which TGF-β1 upregulates Fstl1 expression in mouse pulmonary fibroblasts. TGF-β1 regulated Fstl1 expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Although TGF-β1 rapidly activated the Smad, MAPK, and Akt pathways in lung fibroblasts, only Smad2/3 inhibition eliminated TGF-β1-induced Fstl1 expression. Analysis of the luciferase reporter activity identified a functional c-Jun transcription site in the Fstl1 promoter. Our results suggested a critical role for the Smad3-c-Jun pathway in the regulation of Fstl1 expression by TGF-β1 during fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Si Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinshan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Su S, Parris AB, Grossman G, Mohler JL, Wang Z, Wilson EM. Up-Regulation of Follistatin-Like 1 By the Androgen Receptor and Melanoma Antigen-A11 in Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:505-516. [PMID: 27976415 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High affinity androgen binding to the androgen receptor (AR) activates genes required for male sex differentiation and promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer. Human AR transcriptional activity involves interactions with coregulatory proteins that include primate-specific melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11), a coactivator that increases AR transcriptional activity during prostate cancer progression to castration-resistant/recurrent prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS Microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to identify androgen-regulated MAGE-A11-dependent genes in LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells after lentivirus shRNA knockdown of MAGE-A11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess androgen-dependent AR recruitment, and immunocytochemistry to localize an androgen-dependent protein in prostate cancer cells and tissue and in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft. RESULTS Microarray analysis of androgen-treated LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells indicated follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is up-regulated by MAGE-A11. Androgen-dependent up-regulation of FSTL1 was inhibited in LAPC-4 cells by lentivirus shRNA knockdown of AR or MAGE-A11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated AR recruitment to intron 10 of the FSTL1 gene that contains a classical consensus androgen response element. Increased levels of FSTL1 protein in LAPC-4 cells correlated with higher levels of MAGE-A11 relative to other prostate cancer cells. FSTL1 mRNA levels increased in CRPC and castration-recurrent CWR22 xenografts in association with predominantly nuclear FSTL1. Increased nuclear localization of FSTL1 in prostate cancer was suggested by predominantly cytoplasmic FSTL1 in benign prostate epithelial cells and predominantly nuclear FSTL1 in epithelial cells in CRPC tissue and the castration-recurrent CWR22 xenograft. AR expression studies showed nuclear colocalization of AR and endogenous FSTL1 in response to androgen. CONCLUSION AR and MAGE-A11 cooperate in the up-regulation of FSTL1 to promote growth and progression of CRPC. Prostate 77:505-516, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Su
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Amanda B Parris
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gail Grossman
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James L Mohler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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16
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Zhang W, Wang W, Liu J, Li J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Jin Y, Li J, Cao J, Wang C, Ning W, Wang J. Follistatin-like 1 protects against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45820. [PMID: 28361925 PMCID: PMC5374469 DOI: 10.1038/srep45820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a life-limiting disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodelling due to aberrant proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), thus leading to raised pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy. Secreted glycoprotein follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) has been reported to ameliorate tissue remodelling in cardiovascular injuries. However, the role of FSTL1 in deranged pulmonary arteries remains elusive. We found that there were higher serum levels of FSTL1 in patients with PH related to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and in mice model of hypoxia-induced PH (HPH). Haploinsufficiency of Fstl1 in mice contributed to an exacerbated HPH, as demonstrated by increased right ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary arterial muscularization and right ventricular hypertrophy index. Conversely, FSTL1 administration attenuated HPH. In cultured human PASMCs, hypoxia-promoted cellular viability, DNA synthesis and migration were suppressed by exogenous FSTL1 but enhanced by small interfering RNA targeting FSTL1. Additionally, FSTL1 inhibited the proliferation and migration of PASMCs via extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signal pathway. All these findings indicate that FSTL1 imposed a protective modulation on pulmonary vascular remodelling, thereby suggesting its role in the regulation of HPH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Follistatin-Related Proteins/administration & dosage
- Follistatin-Related Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Follistatin-Related Proteins/blood
- Follistatin-Related Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/blood
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypoxia/blood
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Mice
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jinna Li
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yankun Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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17
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Maruyama S, Nakamura K, Papanicolaou KN, Sano S, Shimizu I, Asaumi Y, van den Hoff MJ, Ouchi N, Recchia FA, Walsh K. Follistatin-like 1 promotes cardiac fibroblast activation and protects the heart from rupture. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:949-66. [PMID: 27234440 PMCID: PMC4967946 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Follistatin‐like 1 (Fstl1) is a secreted protein that is acutely induced in heart following myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we investigated cell type‐specific regulation of Fstl1 and its function in a murine model of MI. Fstl1 was robustly expressed in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the infarcted area compared to cardiac myocytes. The conditional ablation of Fstl1 in S100a4‐expressing fibroblast lineage cells (Fstl1‐cfKO mice) led to a reduction in injury‐induced Fstl1 expression and increased mortality due to cardiac rupture during the acute phase. Cardiac rupture was associated with a diminished number of myofibroblasts and decreased expression of extracellular matrix proteins. The infarcts of Fstl1‐cfKO mice displayed weaker birefringence, indicative of thin and loosely packed collagen. Mechanistically, the migratory and proliferative capabilities of cardiac fibroblasts were attenuated by endogenous Fstl1 ablation. The activation of cardiac fibroblasts by Fstl1 was mediated by ERK1/2 but not Smad2/3 signaling. This study reveals that Fstl1 is essential for the acute repair of the infarcted myocardium and that stimulation of early fibroblast activation is a novel function of Fstl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonomi Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuto Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyriakos N Papanicolaou
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soichi Sano
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasuhide Asaumi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurice J van den Hoff
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- Molecular Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Kim HJ, Kang WY, Seong SJ, Kim SY, Lim MS, Yoon YR. Follistatin-like 1 promotes osteoclast formation via RANKL-mediated NF-κB activation and M-CSF-induced precursor proliferation. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1137-1144. [PMID: 27234130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) functions as a pivotal modulator of inflammation and is implicated in many inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we report that FSTL1 is strongly upregulated and secreted during osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and that FSTL1 positively regulates osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and M-CSF. The overexpression of FSTL1 or treatment with recombinant FSTL1 (rFSTL1) in BMMs enhances the formation of multinuclear osteoclasts and the induction of c-Fos and NFATc1, transcription factors important for osteoclastogenesis. Conversely, knockdown of FSTL1 using a small hairpin RNA suppresses osteoclast formation and the expression of these transcription factors. While FSTL1 does not affect RANKL-stimulated activation of p38 MAPK, phosphorylation of IκBα, JNK, and ERK were increased by overexpression or addition of rFSTL1. Furthermore, rFSTL1 increased RANKL-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to its role in osteoclastogenesis, FSTL1 promotes proliferation of osteoclast precursors by increasing M-CSF-induced ERK activation, which in turn leads to accelerated osteoclast formation. Together, our findings demonstrate that FSTL1 is a secreted osteoclastogenic factor that plays a critical role in osteoclast formation via the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Youl Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Yoon Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Liu R, Yang Y, Shen J, Chen H, Zhang Q, Ba R, Wei Y, Li KC, Zhang X, Zhao C. Fstl1 is involved in the regulation of radial glial scaffold development. Mol Brain 2015; 8:53. [PMID: 26382033 PMCID: PMC4573935 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radial glial cells (RGCs), the instructive scaffolds for neuronal migration, are well characterized by their unique morphology and polarization; these cells extend elongated basal processes to the pial basement membrane (BM) and parallel to one another. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the developmental regulation and maintenance of this unique morphology. Results Here, by crossing Fstl1fl/fl mice with an EIIa-Cre line, we identified a new role for the secreted glycoprotein Follistatin like-1 (FSTL1). The ablation of Fstl1 in both of its cortical expression domains, the ventricular zone (VZ) and the pia mater, resulted in RGC morphologic disruption; basal processes were not parallel to each other, and endfeet exhibited greater density and branching. However, Fstl1 deletion in only the VZ in the Emx1IREScre; Fstl1fl/fl line did not affect RGC morphology, indicating that FSTL1 derived from the pia mater might be more important for RGC morphology. In addition, upper-layer projection neurons, not deeper-layer projection neurons, failed to reach their appropriate positions. We also found that BMP, AKT/PKB, Cdc42, GSK3β, integrin and reelin signals, which have previously been reported to regulate RGC development, were unchanged, indicating that Fstl1 may function through a unique mechanism. Conclusions In the present study, we identified a new role for FSTL1 in the development of radial glial scaffolds and the neuronal migration of upper-layer projection neurons. Our findings will improve understanding of the regulation of RGC development and neuronal migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0144-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Junhui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - He Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ru Ba
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kai-Cheng Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Mouillet JF, Mishima T, Paffaro AMDA, Parks TW, Ziegler JA, Chu T, Sadovsky Y. The expression and post-transcriptional regulation of FSTL1 transcripts in placental trophoblasts. Placenta 2015; 36:1231-8. [PMID: 26386648 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Follistatin-like-1 (FSTL1) is a widely expressed secreted protein with diverse but poorly understood functions. Originally described as a pro-inflammatory molecule, it has recently been reported to play a role in signaling pathways that regulate development and homeostasis. Distinctively, FSTL1 harbors within its 3'-UTR the sequence encoding microRNA-198 (miR-198), shown to be inversely regulated relative to FSTL1 expression and to exhibit opposite actions on cellular processes such as cell migration. We sought to investigate the expression of FSTL1 and to assess its interplay with miR-198 in human trophoblasts. METHODS We used a combination of northern blot analyses, quantitative PCR, small RNA sequencing, western blot and immunohistochemistry to characterize FSTL1 and miR-198 expression in placental trophoblasts. We also used reporter assays to examine the post-transcriptional regulation of FSTL1 and assess its putative regulation by miR-198. RESULTS We detected the expression of FSTL1 transcript in both the human extravillous trophoblast line HTR-8/SVneo and in primary term human villous trophoblasts. We also found that the expression of FSTL1 was largely restricted to extravillous trophoblasts. Hypoxia enhanced the expression of FSTL1 protein in cultured primary villous trophoblasts. Interestingly, we did not detect any evidence for expression or function of mature miR-198 in human trophoblasts. DISCUSSION Our data indicate that placental FSTL1 is expressed particularly in extravillous trophoblasts. We also found no evidence for placental expression of miR-198, or for its regulation of FSTL1, implying that the post-transcriptional regulation of FSTL1 by miR-198 is tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takuya Mishima
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Mollica do Amarante Paffaro
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Tony W Parks
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Judy A Ziegler
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Chen SX, Xu XE, Wang XQ, Cui SJ, Xu LL, Jiang YH, Zhang Y, Yan HB, Zhang Q, Qiao J, Yang PY, Liu F. Identification of colonic fibroblast secretomes reveals secretory factors regulating colon cancer cell proliferation. J Proteomics 2014; 110:155-71. [PMID: 25118038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stromal microenvironment influences tumor cell proliferation and migration. Fibroblasts represent the most abundant stromal constituents. Here, we established two pairs of normal fibroblast (NF) and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) cultures from colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and the normal counterparts. The NFs and CAFs were stained positive for typical fibroblast markers and inhibited colon cancer (CC) cell proliferation in in vitro cocultures and in xenograft mouse models. The fibroblast conditioned media were analyzed using LC-MS and 227 proteins were identified at a false discovery rate of 1.3%, including 131 putative secretory and 20 plasma membrane proteins. These proteins were enriched for functional categories of extracellular matrix, adhesion, cell motion, inflammatory response, redox homeostasis and peptidase inhibitor. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, transgelin, follistatin-related protein 1 (FSTL1) and decorin was abundant in the fibroblast secretome as confirmed by Western blot. Silencing of FSTL1 and transgelin in colonic fibroblast cell line CCD-18Co induced an accelerated proliferation of CC cells in cocultures. Exogenous FSTL1 attenuates CC cell proliferation in a negative fashion. FSTL1 was upregulated in CC patient plasma and cancerous tissues but had no implication in prognosis. Our results provided novel insights into the molecular signatures and modulatory role of CC associated fibroblasts. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, a label-free LC-MS was performed to analyze the secretomes of two paired primary fibroblasts, which were isolated from fresh surgical specimen of colorectal adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal colonic tissues and exhibited negative modulatory activity for colon cancer cell growth in in vitro cocultures and in vivo xenograph mouse models. Follistatin-related protein 1 was further revealed to be one of the stroma-derived factors of potential suppression role for colon cancer cell proliferation. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular signatures and the modulatory role of colon cancer associated fibroblasts, and establish a valuable resource for the development of therapeutic agents or novel clinic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Xia Chen
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-En Xu
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shu-Jian Cui
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lei-Lei Xu
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying-Hua Jiang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yan
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Sylva M, Moorman AFM, van den Hoff MJB. Follistatin-like 1 in vertebrate development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:61-9. [PMID: 23723173 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) is a member of the secreted protein acidic rich in cysteins (SPARC) family and has been implicated in many different signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. In many different developmental processes like, dorso-ventral axis establishment, skeletal, lung and ureter development, loss of function experiments have unveiled an important role for Fstl1. Fstl1 largely functions through inhibiting interactions with the BMP signaling pathway, although, in various disease models, different signaling pathways, like activation of pAKT, pAMPK, Na/K-ATPase, or innate immune responses, are linked to Fstl1. How Fstl1 inhibits BMP signaling remains unclear, although it is known that Fstl1 does not function through a scavenging mechanism, like the other known extracellular BMP inhibitors such as noggin. It has been proposed that Fstl1 interferes with BMP receptor complex formation and as such inhibits propagation of the BMP signal into the cell. Future challenges will encompass the identification of the factors that determine the mechanisms that underlie the fact that Fstl1 acts by interfering with BMP signaling during development, but through other signaling pathways during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sylva
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Follistatin-like 1: a potential mediator of inflammation in obesity. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:752519. [PMID: 24347831 PMCID: PMC3857907 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms that link obesity to inflammation are not fully understood. Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a novel proinflammatory cytokine that is expressed in adipose tissue and secreted by preadipocytes/adipocytes. We aimed to test whether FSTL1 could have a role in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. It was found that FSTL1 expression was markedly decreased during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but reinduced by TNF-α. Furthermore, a significant increase in FSTL1 levels was observed in adipose tissue of obese ob/ob mice, as well as in serum of overweight/obese subjects. Mechanistic studies revealed that FSTL1 induced inflammatory responses in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. The expression of proinflammatory mediators including IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 was upregulated by recombinant FSTL1 in a dose-dependent manner, paralleled with activation of the IKKβ-NFκB and JNK signaling pathways in the two cell lines. Moreover, FSTL1 impaired insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as revealed by attenuated phosphorylation of both Akt and IRS-1 in response to insulin stimulation. Together, our results suggest that FSTL1 is a potential mediator of inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.
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Gencel VB, Benjamin MM, Bahou SN, Khalil RA. Vascular effects of phytoestrogens and alternative menopausal hormone therapy in cardiovascular disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 2012; 12:149-74. [PMID: 22070687 DOI: 10.2174/138955712798995020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are estrogenic compounds of plant origin classified into different groups including isoflavones, lignans, coumestans and stilbenes. Isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein are the most studied and most potent phytoestrogens, and are found mainly in soy based foods. The effects of phytoestrogens are partly mediated via estrogen receptors (ERs): ERα, ERβ and possibly GPER. The interaction of phytoestrogens with ERs is thought to induce both genomic and non-genomic effects in many tissues including the vasculature. Some phytoestrogens such as genistein have additional non-ER-mediated effects involving signaling pathways such as tyrosine kinase. Experimental studies have shown beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix. Phytoestrogens may also affect other pathophysiologic vascular processes such as lipid profile, angiogenesis, inflammation, tissue damage by reactive oxygen species, and these effects could delay the progression of atherosclerosis. As recent clinical trials showed no vascular benefits or even increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CV events with conventional menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), phytoestrogens are being considered as alternatives to pharmacologic MHT. Epidemiological studies in the Far East population suggest that dietary intake of phytoestrogens may contribute to the decreased incidence of postmenopausal CVD and thromboembolic events. Also, the WHO-CARDIAC study supported that consumption of high soybean diet is associated with lower mortalities from coronary artery disease. However, as with estrogen, there has been some discrepancy between the experimental studies demonstrating the vascular benefits of phytoestrogens and the data from clinical trials. This is likely because the phytoestrogens clinical trials have been limited in many aspects including the number of participants enrolled, the clinical end points investigated, and the lack of long-term follow-up. Further investigation of the cellular mechanisms underlying the vascular effects of phytoestrogens and careful evaluation of the epidemiological evidence and clinical trials of their potential vascular benefits would put forward the use of phytoestrogens as an alternative MHT for the relief of menopausal symptoms and amelioration of postmenopausal CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Gencel
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chaly Y, Marinov AD, Oxburgh L, Bushnell DS, Hirsch R. FSTL1 promotes arthritis in mice by enhancing inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1082-8. [PMID: 22006268 DOI: 10.1002/art.33422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FSTL1 is a secreted glycoprotein that exacerbates murine arthritis and is overexpressed in human arthritis. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which FSTL1 promotes arthritis. METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis was induced in mice hypomorphic for FSTL1, generated with a gene trap-targeted mutant embryonic stem cell line. Arthritis was assessed by measuring paw swelling and using a qualitative arthritis index. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from hypomorphic mice, as well as mouse stromal ST2 cells transduced with short hairpin RNA to suppress FSTL1 expression, were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-17. The monocyte cell line U937, which does not express FSTL1, was transfected with a plasmid encoding FSTL1 and stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and lipopolysaccharide. Cell supernatants were assayed for IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and FSTL1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS FSTL1 hypomorphic mice had reduced levels of FSTL1 compared to littermate controls. Following induction of arthritis, a significant correlation was observed between serum FSTL1 levels and both paw swelling and the arthritis index. Similar correlations were observed between the amount of FSTL1 produced by mesenchymal stromal cells, stromal ST2 cells, and monocytes and the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that FSTL1 up-regulates proinflammatory mediators important in the pathology of arthritis, and that serum levels of FSTL1 correlate with severity of arthritis. The latter supports the possibility that FSTL1 might be a target for treatment of certain forms of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Chaly
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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Tanaka M, Murakami K, Ozaki S, Imura Y, Tong XP, Watanabe T, Sawaki T, Kawanami T, Kawabata D, Fujii T, Usui T, Masaki Y, Fukushima T, Jin ZX, Umehara H, Mimori T. DIP2 disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A (Drosophila) is a candidate receptor for follistatin-related protein/follistatin-like 1--analysis of their binding with TGF-β superfamily proteins. FEBS J 2010; 277:4278-89. [PMID: 20860622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Follistatin-related protein (FRP)/follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a member of the follistatin protein family, all of which share a characteristic structure unit found in follistatin, called the FS domain. Developmental studies have suggested that FRP regulates organ tissue formation in embryos. Immunological studies showed that FRP modifies joint inflammation in arthritic disease, and modulates allograft tolerance. However, the principle physiological function of FRP is currently unknown. To address this issue, we cloned four FRP-associated proteins using a two-hybrid cloning method: disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A from Drosophila (DIP2A), CD14, glypican 1 and titin. Only DIP2A was expected to be a membrane receptor protein with intracellular regions. Over-expression of FLAG epitope-tagged DIP2A augmented the suppressive effect of FRP on FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS) expression, and the Fab fragment of IgG to FLAG blocked this effect. Knockdown of Dip2a leaded to Fos gene up-regulation, and this was not affected by exogenous FRP. These in vitro experiments confirmed that DIP2A could be a cell-surface receptor protein and mediate a FOS down-regulation signal of FRP. Moreover, molecular interaction analyses using Biacore demonstrated that FRP bound to DIP2A and CD14, and also with proteins of the TGF-β superfamily, i.e. activin, TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 (BMP-2/4), their receptors and follistatin. FRP binding to DIP2A was blocked by CD14, follistatin, activin and BMP-2. FRP blocked the ligand-receptor binding of activin and BMP-2, but integrated itself with that of BMP-4. This multi-specific binding may reflect the broad physiological activity of FRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Tanaka
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Liu S, Shen H, Xu M, Liu O, Zhao L, Liu S, Guo Z, Du J. FRP inhibits ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis through an Akt-NF-{kappa}B-Bcl-2 pathway and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in an apoE-knockout mouse model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E351-63. [PMID: 20530739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00005.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cardiovascular diseases in the world. Although the development of atherosclerosis appears to be the result of multiple maladaptive pathways, a particularly important factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), which contributes to endothelial damage. Data from our laboratory and others show that follistatin-related protein (FRP), which is expressed in the vasculature, has cardioprotective effects, suggesting that loss of FRP protection might play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we determined whether FRP overexpression protects against endothelial cell (EC) damage, an intermediate end point for atherosclerosis. We bred apoE-knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice that were FRP(+) transgenic (they overexpressed FRP). We compared them with control mice (their littermates). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated and treated with ox-LDL and recombinant FRP. FRP-induced signal transduction and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein stability were analyzed. After 16 wk, apoE(-/-) FRP(+) mice had significantly fewer apoptotic ECs than controls. In vitro experiments showed that the effect of FRP on EC apoptosis was mediated by upregulation of expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In HUVECs, FRP upregulated Bcl-2 transcription via a PI3K-Akt-NF-kappaB pathway. We conclude that FRP overexpression maintains EC viability by preventing apoptosis via Bcl-2 upregulation. FRP may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of vascular EC injury and of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Dept. of Vascular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, China.
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Wu Y, Zhou S, Smas CM. Downregulated expression of the secreted glycoprotein follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) is a robust hallmark of preadipocyte to adipocyte conversion. Mech Dev 2010; 127:183-202. [PMID: 20043993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health crisis in the United States. Targeting preadipocyte to adipocyte conversion may be an effective approach to regulate adipose mass. Using differential screening we identified Fstl1, a secreted glycoprotein with roles in immunomodulation, cell growth, cardioprotection, and vascularization, as a "preadipokine". Fstl1 is highly expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and dramatically downregulated early in their differentiation to adipocytes. Northern blot analysis of murine tissues reveals white adipose tissue (WAT), lung and heart as primary sites of Fstl1 transcript expression. In WAT, Fstl1 transcript is restricted to the preadipocyte-containing stromal-vascular cell population. Time course studies in multiple adipogenesis models reveal downregulation of Fstl1 is a hallmark of white and brown adipocyte conversion. By Western blot, we show culture media of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes contains high levels of Fstl1 protein that rapidly decline in adipocyte conversion. Moreover, we observe a correlation between preadipocyte phenotype and Fstl1 expression in that TNFalpha-mediated de-differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes is accompanied by re-expression of Fstl1 transcript and protein. Treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with a panel of 18 hormones and other agents revealed the demethylating agent 5-aza-cytidine decreases Fstl1 transcript and protein levels by approximately 90%. Furthermore, of 10 additional preadipocyte-expressed genes analyzed we find Pref-1, Col1A1, Sca-1/Ly6a, Lox and Thbs2, are also downregulated by 5-aza-cytidine. Using luciferase reporter constructs containing 791 or 3922 bp of the Fstl1 5' flanking region, we determine negative transcriptional regulation by Kruppel-like factor 15. Together, our data suggest downregulation of Fstl1 expression may be an important feature of preadipocyte to adipocyte conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Le Luduec JB, Condamine T, Louvet C, Thebault P, Heslan JM, Heslan M, Chiffoleau E, Cuturi MC. An immunomodulatory role for follistatin-like 1 in heart allograft transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2297-306. [PMID: 18925901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific tolerance to heart allografts in the rat can be achieved by donor-specific blood transfusions (DST) before transplantation. We have previously reported that this tolerance is associated with strong leukocyte infiltration, and that host CD8(+) T cells and TGFbeta are required. In order to identify new molecules involved in the induction phase of tolerance, we compared tolerated and rejected heart allografts (suppressive subtractive hybridization) 5 days after transplantation. We identified overexpression of Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) transcript in tolerated allografts compared to rejected allografts or syngeneic grafts. We show that FSTL1 is overexpressed during both the induction and maintenance phase of tolerance, and appears to be specific to the tolerance model induced by DST. Analysis of graft-infiltrating cells revealed predominant expression of FSTL1 in CD8(+) T cells from tolerated grafts, and depletion of these cells prior to transplantation abrogated FSTL1 expression and heart allograft survival. Moreover, overexpression of FSTL1 by adenovirus gene transfer in vivo significantly prolonged allograft survival in association with inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL6, IL17 A and IFNgamma. Taken together, these results suggest that FSTL1 could be an active component of the mechanisms mediating heart allograft tolerance.
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Chan QK, Ngan HY, Ip PP, Liu VW, Xue W, Cheung AN. Tumor suppressor effect of follistatin-like 1 in ovarian and endometrial carcinogenesis—a differential expression and functional analysis. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:114-21. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Reddy SP, Britto R, Vinnakota K, Aparna H, Sreepathi HK, Thota B, Kumari A, Shilpa BM, Vrinda M, Umesh S, Samuel C, Shetty M, Tandon A, Pandey P, Hegde S, Hegde AS, Balasubramaniam A, Chandramouli BA, Santosh V, Kondaiah P, Somasundaram K, Rao MRS. Novel glioblastoma markers with diagnostic and prognostic value identified through transcriptome analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2978-87. [PMID: 18483363 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current methods of classification of astrocytoma based on histopathologic methods are often subjective and less accurate. Although patients with glioblastoma have grave prognosis, significant variability in patient outcome is observed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify glioblastoma diagnostic and prognostic markers through microarray analysis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We carried out transcriptome analysis of 25 diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma samples [WHO grade II--diffuse astrocytoma, grade III--anaplastic astrocytoma, and grade IV--glioblastoma (GBM)] using cDNA microarrays containing 18,981 genes. Several of the markers identified were also validated by real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analysis on an independent set of tumor samples (n = 100). Survival analysis was carried out for two markers on another independent set of retrospective cases (n = 51). RESULTS We identified several differentially regulated grade-specific genes. Independent validation by real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis found growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha (GADD45alpha) and follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) to be up-regulated in most GBMs (both primary and secondary), whereas superoxide dismutase 2 and adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 were up-regulated in the majority of primary GBM. Further, identification of the grade-specific expression of GADD45alpha and FSTL1 by immunohistochemical staining reinforced our findings. Analysis of retrospective GBM cases with known survival data revealed that cytoplasmic overexpression of GADD45alpha conferred better survival while the coexpression of FSTL1 with p53 was associated with poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that GADD45alpha and FSTLI are GBM-specific whereas superoxide dismutase 2 and adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 are primary GBM-specific diagnostic markers. Whereas GADD45alpha overexpression confers a favorable prognosis, FSTL1 overexpression is a hallmark of poor prognosis in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth P Reddy
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Dean RA, Butler GS, Hamma-Kourbali Y, Delbé J, Brigstock DR, Courty J, Overall CM. Identification of candidate angiogenic inhibitors processed by matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in cell-based proteomic screens: disruption of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/heparin affin regulatory peptide (pleiotrophin) and VEGF/Connective tissue growth factor angiogenic inhibitory complexes by MMP-2 proteolysis. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:8454-65. [PMID: 17908800 PMCID: PMC2169415 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00821-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) exert both pro- and antiangiogenic functions by the release of cytokines or proteolytically generated angiogenic inhibitors from extracellular matrix and basement membrane remodeling. In the Mmp2-/- mouse neovascularization is greatly reduced, but the mechanistic aspects of this remain unclear. Using isotope-coded affinity tag labeling of proteins analyzed by multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry we explored proteome differences between Mmp2-/- cells and those rescued by MMP-2 transfection. Proteome signatures that are hallmarks of proteolysis revealed cleavage of many known MMP-2 substrates in the cellular context. Proteomic evidence of MMP-2 processing of novel substrates was found. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, follistatin-like 1, and cystatin C protein cleavage by MMP-2 was biochemically confirmed, and the cleavage sites in heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP; pleiotrophin) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were sequenced by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. MMP-2 processing of HARP and CTGF released vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from angiogenic inhibitory complexes. The cleaved HARP N-terminal domain increased HARP-induced cell proliferation, whereas the HARP C-terminal domain was antagonistic and decreased cell proliferation and migration. Hence the unmasking of cytokines, such as VEGF, by metalloproteinase processing of their binding proteins is a new mechanism in the control of cytokine activation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dean
- University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, 4.401 Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Ozanne BW, Spence HJ, McGarry LC, Hennigan RF. Transcription factors control invasion: AP-1 the first among equals. Oncogene 2006; 26:1-10. [PMID: 16799638 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, the aggressive spread of a malignant tumor to distant organs, is a major cause of death in cancer patients. Despite this critical role in cancer outcomes, the molecular mechanisms that control this process are just beginning to be understood. Metastasis is largely dependent upon the ability of tumor cells to invade the barrier formed by the basement membrane and to migrate through neighboring tissues. This review will summarize the evidence that tumor cell invasion is the result of oncogene-mediated signal transduction pathways that control the expression of a specific set of genes that together mediate tumor cell invasion. We focus on the role of the transcription factor AP-1 to both induce the expression of genes that function as invasion effectors and repress other genes that function as invasion suppressors. This identifies AP-1 as a critical regulator of a complex program of gene expression that defines the invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Ozanne
- Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD Scotland, UK
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