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Maleksabet H, Rezaee E, Tabatabai SA. Host-Cell Surface Binding Targets in SARS-CoV-2 for Drug Design. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3583-3591. [PMID: 36420875 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221123111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a major public health threat to all countries worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 interactions with its receptor are the first step in the invasion of the host cell. The coronavirus spike protein (S) is crucial in binding to receptors on host cells. Additionally, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 viral receptors is considered a therapeutic option in this regard. In this review of literature, we summarized five potential host cell receptors, as host-cell surface bindings, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), neuropilin 1 (NRP-1), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78), and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these targets, ACE2 was recognized as the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor, expressed at a low/moderate level in the human respiratory system, which is also involved in SARS-CoV-2 entrance, so the virus may utilize other secondary receptors. Besides ACE2, CD147 was discovered as a novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor, CD147 appears to be an alternate receptor for SARSCoV- 2 infection. NRP-1, as a single-transmembrane glycoprotein, has been recently found to operate as an entrance factor and enhance SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection under in-vitro. DPP4, which was discovered as the first gene clustered with ACE2, may serve as a potential SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding target. GRP78 could be recognized as a secondary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 because it is widely expressed at substantially greater levels, rather than ACE2, in bronchial epithelial cells and the respiratory mucosa. This review highlights recent literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Maleksabet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Liu X, Tang Z, Jiang X, Wang T, Zhao L, Xu Z, Liu K. Cyclophilin A/CD147 signaling induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis in chronic allograft dysfunction by regulating p38 MAPK signaling. Ren Fail 2022; 44:1585-1594. [PMID: 36203223 PMCID: PMC9553177 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2126788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our study was designed to explore the role of Cyclophilin A (CyPA)/CD147 signaling in renal allograft fibrosis and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). Materials and methods A rat renal transplant model with significant CAD was successfully achieved. Renal allograft tissues and blood samples were collected. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s, and immunohistochemistry staining were performed. Since CD147 is mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cells, human HK-2 cells were used and intervened by specific concentrations of CyPA, and the total protein and mRNA were extracted. Western blot assay and polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore the protein and mRNA expression of CyPA, CD147, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related biomarkers. SiRNA-CD147 and specific inhibitors of p38 MAPK were used to explore the cellular mechanisms involved in the process. Results We have successfully established and validated a 20-week renal transplant CAD model. We observed significant distributed and expressed CyPA and CD147 in the renal allograft fibrotic tissues. We also found a significant expression of CD147 and EMT-related markers in the HK-2 cells stimulated by CyPA. The CD147 siRNA confirmed the previous in vitro results. The selective inhibition of MAPK suggested the notable role of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the CyP/CD147 signaling involved in renal allograft fibrosis. Conclusions Our study reported the positive relationship of CyPA-CD147 signaling with renal allograft dysfunction. The in vitro study suggested that CyPA-CD147 signaling induce the development of the EMT process by p38 MAPK signaling, thus contributing to renal allograft fibrosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhong Liu
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Zhiwang Tang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Zongyuan Xu
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
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Nordeng J, Schandiz H, Solheim S, Åkra S, Hoffman P, Roald B, Bendz B, Arnesen H, Helseth R, Seljeflot I. TIMP-1 expression in coronary thrombi associate with myocardial injury in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Coron Artery Dis 2022; 33:446-455. [PMID: 35102064 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) are considered important both in atherosclerosis and remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We aimed to study genetic expression and presence of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and the extracellular MMP-inducer (EMMPRIN) in coronary thrombi. Circulating levels and genetic expression in circulating leukocytes were also assessed, and relations to degree of myocardial injury measured by troponin T and time from symptom to PCI were explored. Expression of cell markers were also analyzed, indicating relations to cell types. METHODS Intracoronary thrombi were aspirated from 33 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Blood samples with Pax-gene tubes were drawn at end of PCI and the next day. RNA was isolated from thrombi and leukocytes, and genes were relatively quantified by RT-PCR. Each thrombus was preserved for histology and immunohistochemistry analyzes. RESULTS Genes coding for the five markers were present in 84-100% of thrombi and immunohistochemically stained in 96-100%. Expression of TIMP-1 in thrombi and in leukocytes correlated significantly to peak troponin T ( r = 0.393 P = 0.026, r = 0.469 P = 0.006, respectively). No significant correlations between genes expressed in thrombi and time from symptom to PCI were observed. TIMP-1 was connected mainly to monocytes/macrophages in the thrombi. CONCLUSION MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and EMMPRIN were highly expressed in human coronary thrombi. The correlation between troponin T and the expression of TIMP-1 both in thrombi and in leukocytes at time of PCI indicates that TIMP-1 plays a role in myocardial damage early post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostein Nordeng
- Center for Clinical Heart Research Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | | | - Svein Solheim
- Center for Clinical Heart Research Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
| | - Sissel Åkra
- Center for Clinical Heart Research Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
| | - Pavel Hoffman
- Section for Interventional Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
| | - Borghild Roald
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
| | - Bjørn Bendz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Ragnhild Helseth
- Center for Clinical Heart Research Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
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Rosa A, Butt E, Hopper CP, Loroch S, Bender M, Schulze H, Sickmann A, Vorlova S, Seizer P, Heinzmann D, Zernecke A. Cyclophilin A Is Not Acetylated at Lysine-82 and Lysine-125 in Resting and Stimulated Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031469. [PMID: 35163387 PMCID: PMC8836233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is widely expressed by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Upon activation, CyPA can be released into the extracellular space to engage in a variety of functions, such as interaction with the CD147 receptor, that contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. CyPA was recently found to undergo acetylation at K82 and K125, two lysine residues conserved in most species, and these modifications are required for secretion of CyPA in response to cell activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Herein we addressed whether acetylation at these sites is also required for the release of CyPA from platelets based on the potential for local delivery of CyPA that may exacerbate cardiovascular disease events. Western blot analyses confirmed the presence of CyPA in human and mouse platelets. Thrombin stimulation resulted in CyPA release from platelets; however, no acetylation was observed-neither in cell lysates nor in supernatants of both untreated and activated platelets, nor after immunoprecipitation of CyPA from platelets. Shotgun proteomics detected two CyPA peptide precursors in the recombinant protein, acetylated at K28, but again, no acetylation was found in CyPA derived from resting or stimulated platelets. Our findings suggest that acetylation of CyPA is not a major protein modification in platelets and that CyPA acetylation is not required for its secretion from platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Rosa
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Elke Butt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Christopher P. Hopper
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS), 44139 Dortmund, Germany; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS), 44139 Dortmund, Germany; (S.L.); (A.S.)
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Sandra Vorlova
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
| | | | - David Heinzmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.R.); (E.B.); (C.P.H.); (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-931-201-48331
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Sen S, Hallee L, Lam CK. The Potential of Gamma Secretase as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121294. [PMID: 34945766 PMCID: PMC8703931 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are some of the most common and pressing threats to human health worldwide. The American Heart Association and the National Institute of Health jointly work to annually update data on cardiac diseases. In 2018, 126.9 million Americans were reported as having some form of cardiac disorder, with an estimated direct and indirect total cost of USD 363.4 billion. This necessitates developing therapeutic interventions for heart diseases to improve human life expectancy and economic relief. In this review, we look into gamma-secretase as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac diseases. Gamma-secretase, an aspartyl protease enzyme, is responsible for the cleavage and activation of a number of substrates that are relevant to normal cardiac development and function as found in mutation studies. Some of these substrates are involved in downstream signaling processes and crosstalk with pathways relevant to heart diseases. Most of the substrates and signaling events we explored were found to be potentially beneficial to maintain cardiac function in diseased conditions. This review presents an updated overview of the current knowledge on gamma-secretase processing of cardiac-relevant substrates and seeks to understand if the modulation of gamma-secretase activity would be beneficial to combat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoita Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Logan Hallee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Chi Keung Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-3165
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Xia XY, Fang F, Liu Y, Che C, Ke JJ, Jiang SJ. [Expression of cyclophilin A in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its effect on cell proliferation and invasion]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:164-169. [PMID: 33834670 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of cyclophilin A (CyPA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explore the effect of downregulating the expression of CyPA gene on the proliferation and invasion of SCC-25 cells. METHODS A total of 77 cases of patients with OSCC were selected. The expression levels of CyPA proteins in OSCC and adjacent normal tissues were evaluated. SCC-25 cells were cultured and divided into the CyPA interference sequence group, negative control group, and blank group. The expression levels of CyPA mRNA and protein in cells were detected by using real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and plate colony formation assays. Cell invasion was detected by using Transwell assay. RESULTS The positive expression rate of CyPA protein in OSCC tissues was 76.62%, which was higher than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The positive expression rate of CyPA protein in TNM stage T3+T4, clinical stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ, moderately or poorly differentiated lymph node metastasis was increased (P<0.05). Compared with the negative control and blank groups, the CyPA interference sequence group had decreased relative expression levels of CyPA mRNA and protein (P<0.05); optical density va-lues of cells at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (P<0.05); and number of cell colonies and invasive cells (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The CyPA protein is highly expressed in OSCC tissues, and the downregulation of CyPA gene expression in SCC-25 cells can reduce cell proliferation and inhibit cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Xia
- Dept. of Stomatology, Hubei Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Dept. of Stomatology, Hubei Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dept. of Stomatology, Hubei Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Chao Che
- Dept. of Stomatology, Hubei Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Jin-Juan Ke
- Dept. of Stomatology, Hubei Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Jiang
- Dept. of Stomatology, Wuhan University People,s Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China
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Masre SF, Jufri NF, Ibrahim FW, Abdul Raub SH. Classical and alternative receptors for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic strategy. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:1-9. [PMID: 33368788 PMCID: PMC7883063 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecules that are essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) entry can provide insights into viral infection and dissemination. Recently, it has been identified from several studies that angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 are the main entry molecules for the SARS‐CoV‐2, which produced the pandemic of Covid‐19. However, additional evidence showed several other viral receptors and cellular proteases that are also important in facilitating viral entry and transmission in the target cells. In this review, we summarized the types of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry molecules and discussed their crucial roles for virus binding, protein priming and fusion to the cellular membrane important for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Fathiah Masre
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Farhana Jufri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farah Wahida Ibrahim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sayyidi Hamzi Abdul Raub
- Pantai Premier Pathology SDN BHD, Reference Specialised Laboratory, Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang K, Chen W, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Lian JQ, Du P, Wei D, Zhang Y, Sun XX, Gong L, Yang X, He L, Zhang L, Yang Z, Geng JJ, Chen R, Zhang H, Wang B, Zhu YM, Nan G, Jiang JL, Li L, Wu J, Lin P, Huang W, Xie L, Zheng ZH, Zhang K, Miao JL, Cui HY, Huang M, Zhang J, Fu L, Yang XM, Zhao Z, Sun S, Gu H, Wang Z, Wang CF, Lu Y, Liu YY, Wang QY, Bian H, Zhu P, Chen ZN. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020. [PMID: 33277466 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.14.988345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In face of the everlasting battle toward COVID-19 and the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2, no specific and effective drugs for treating this disease have been reported until today. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, mediates the virus infection by binding to spike protein. Although ACE2 is expressed in the lung, kidney, and intestine, its expressing levels are rather low, especially in the lung. Considering the great infectivity of COVID-19, we speculate that SARS-CoV-2 may depend on other routes to facilitate its infection. Here, we first discover an interaction between host cell receptor CD147 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The loss of CD147 or blocking CD147 in Vero E6 and BEAS-2B cell lines by anti-CD147 antibody, Meplazumab, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 amplification. Expression of human CD147 allows virus entry into non-susceptible BHK-21 cells, which can be neutralized by CD147 extracellular fragment. Viral loads are detectable in the lungs of human CD147 (hCD147) mice infected with SARS-CoV-2, but not in those of virus-infected wild type mice. Interestingly, virions are observed in lymphocytes of lung tissue from a COVID-19 patient. Human T cells with a property of ACE2 natural deficiency can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in a dose-dependent manner, which is specifically inhibited by Meplazumab. Furthermore, CD147 mediates virus entering host cells by endocytosis. Together, our study reveals a novel virus entry route, CD147-spike protein, which provides an important target for developing specific and effective drug against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jian-Qi Lian
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ding Wei
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiu-Xuan Sun
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li Gong
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xu Yang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jie-Jie Geng
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ruo Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Meng Zhu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Gang Nan
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian-Li Jiang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ling Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Peng Lin
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wan Huang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | | | - Zhao-Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jin-Lin Miao
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hong-Yong Cui
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Min Huang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiang-Min Yang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chun-Fu Wang
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yacheng Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qing-Yi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huijie Bian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Hajivalili M, Hosseini M, Haji-Fatahaliha M. Gaining insights on immune responses to the novel coronavirus, COVID-19 and therapeutic challenges. Life Sci 2020; 257:118058. [PMID: 32653518 PMCID: PMC7347333 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of coronaviruses that its sudden spreading put the health care system of most countries in a tremendous shock. For controlling of the new infection, COVID-19, many efforts have been done and are ongoing to defeat this virus in the combat field. In this review, we focused on how the immune system behaves toward the virus and the relative possible consequences during their interactions. Then the therapeutic steps and potential vaccine candidates have been described in a hope to provide a better prospective of effective treatment and preventive strategies to the novel SARS-CoV in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Hajivalili
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Zhou H, Fang Y, Xu T, Ni W, Shen A, Meng X. Potential therapeutic targets and promising drugs for combating SARS-CoV-2. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3147-3161. [PMID: 32368792 PMCID: PMC7267399 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As of April 9, 2020, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) had caused 89,931 deaths and 1,503,900 confirmed cases worldwide, which indicates an increasingly severe and uncontrollable situation. Initially, little was known about the virus. As research continues, we now know the genome structure, epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Based on this knowledge, potential targets involved in the processes of virus pathogenesis need to be identified, and the discovery or development of drugs based on these potential targets is the most pressing need. Here, we have summarized the potential therapeutic targets involved in virus pathogenesis and discuss the advances, possibilities, and significance of drugs based on these targets for treating SARS-CoV-2. This review will facilitate the identification of potential targets and provide clues for drug development that can be translated into clinical applications for combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wei‐Jian Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Ai‐Zong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xiao‐Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of PharmacyAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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11
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Jin W, Wu W, Yang K, Shen F, Fu N, Feng Y, Fu Y. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Chromosome 9p21 and CD147 Were Relevant with the Carotid Plaque Risk in Acute Cerebral Infarction Patients Among Chinese Han Population. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1282-1292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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