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Jiang B, Lu S, Li Y, Badran MF, Dong Y, Xu P, Qiang J, Tao Y. Integrative analysis of miRNA-mRNA expression in the brain during high temperature-induced masculinization of female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Genomics 2024; 116:110856. [PMID: 38734154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important non-genetic sex differentiation factors for fish. The technique of high temperature-induced sex reversal is commonly used in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture, although the molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. The brain is an essential organ for the regulation of neural signals involved in germ cell differentiation and gonad development. To investigate the regulatory roles of miRNAs-mRNAs in the conversion of female to male Nile tilapia gender under high-temperature stress, we compared RNA-Seq data from brain tissues between a control group (28 °C) and a high temperature-treated group (36 °C). The result showed that a total of 123,432,984 miRNA valid reads, 288,202,524 mRNA clean reads, 1128 miRNAs, and 32,918 mRNAs were obtained. Among them, there were 222 significant differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and 810 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) between the two groups. Eight DE miRNAs and eight DE mRNAs were randomly selected, and their expression patterns were validated by qRT-PCR. The miRNA-mRNA co-expression network demonstrated that 40 DE miRNAs targeted 136 protein-coding genes. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that these genes were involved in several gonadal differentiation pathways, including the oocyte meiosis signaling pathway, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation signaling pathway, cell cycle signaling pathway and GnRH signaling pathway. Then, an interaction network was constructed for 8 miRNAs (mir-137-5p, let-7d, mir-1388-5p, mir-124-4-5p, mir-1306, mir-99, mir-130b and mir-21) and 10 mRNAs (smc1al, itpr2, mapk1, ints8, cpeb1b, bub1, fbxo5, mmp14b, cdk1 and hrasb) involved in the oocyte meiosis signaling pathway. These findings provide novel information about the mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated sex reversal in female Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - M F Badran
- Aquatic Hatchery Production Department, Fish Farming and Technology Institute, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yalun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yifan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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Sajwan-Khatri M, Senthilkumaran B. MPTP induces neurodegeneration by modulating dopaminergic activity in catfish brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 95:107146. [PMID: 36481438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is an allosteric rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine (CA) biosynthesis. The CAs, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine are important neurotransmitters wherein DA contributes a key role in the central nervous system of vertebrates. The present study evaluated DA and Th's significance in DA-ergic activity and neurodegeneration upon 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposure in catfish. Further, the expression of certain brain-and ovary-related genes measured through qPCR were downregulated upon MPTP treatment which is in accordance with the decreased levels of L-Dopa, DA, and NE levels estimated through HPLC-ECD. Additionally, TEM analysis depicted structural disarray of brain upon MPTP exposure and also decreased serum levels of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and estradiol-17β. MPTP treatment, in vitro, using primary brain cell culture resulted in diminished cell viability and increased ROS levels leading to elevated apoptotic cells significantly. Consequently, the study highlights the MPTP-induced neurodegeneration of the Th and DA-ergic activity in corroboration with female brain-related genes downregulation, also gonadal function as evidenced by depleted sex steroids level and low expression of ovary-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Sajwan-Khatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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Sexual plasticity in bony fishes: Analyzing morphological to molecular changes of sex reversal. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Senthilkumaran B, Kar S. Advances in Reproductive Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Research Using Catfish Models. Cells 2021; 10:2807. [PMID: 34831032 PMCID: PMC8616529 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Catfishes, belonging to the order siluriformes, represent one of the largest groups of freshwater fishes with more than 4000 species and almost 12% of teleostean population. Due to their worldwide distribution and diversity, catfishes are interesting models for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Incidentally, catfish emerged as an excellent animal model for aquaculture research because of economic importance, availability, disease resistance, adaptability to artificial spawning, handling, culture, high fecundity, hatchability, hypoxia tolerance and their ability to acclimate to laboratory conditions. Reproductive system in catfish is orchestrated by complex network of nervous, endocrine system and environmental factors during gonadal growth as well as recrudescence. Lot of new information on the molecular mechanism of gonadal development have been obtained over several decades which are evident from significant number of scientific publications pertaining to reproductive biology and neuroendocrine research in catfish. This review aims to synthesize key findings and compile highly relevant aspects on how catfish can offer insight into fundamental mechanisms of all the areas of reproduction and its neuroendocrine regulation, from gametogenesis to spawning including seasonal reproductive cycle. In addition, the state-of-knowledge surrounding gonadal development and neuroendocrine control of gonadal sex differentiation in catfish are comprehensively summarized in comparison with other fish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India;
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Fageera W, Sengupta SM, Fortier MÈ, Grizenko N, Babienco S, Labbe A, Joober R. Sex-dependent complex association of TPH2 with multiple dimensions of ADHD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110296. [PMID: 33677046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin in the brain. This study aims to investigate the role of a functional variant in TPH2 (rs17110747) in the pathophysiology of ADHD. This variant has been implicated in mood disorders in recent meta-analysis. This study uses a comprehensive approach that combines association testing and pharmaco-dynamic evaluation of behaviour, in a large sample of children with ADHD (n = 570). METHODS The association between various ADHD relevant traits and rs17110747 was analyzed using family-based association tests (FBAT). Children were assessed by parents, teachers and research staff under three experimental conditions (EC): baseline, placebo, and methylphenidate using a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. OUTCOMES FBAT analysis conducted in a sample stratified based on sex of the proband, showed that there was a highly significant overtransmission of the G allele from parents to affected girls. In addition, significant association with several behavioral and cognitive dimensions of ADHD was observed only when the proband was female. Further, girls with the G/G genotype (rs17110747) had greater response to placebo when evaluated by parents. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that there may be a complex association of TPH2 in the etiology of ADHD, with a sex-specific effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weam Fageera
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarojini M Sengupta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Fortier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Svetlana Babienco
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurelie Labbe
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Geffroy B, Gesto M, Clota F, Aerts J, Darias MJ, Blanc MO, Ruelle F, Allal F, Vandeputte M. Parental selection for growth and early-life low stocking density increase the female-to-male ratio in European sea bass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13620. [PMID: 34193934 PMCID: PMC8245542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), as in many other fish species, temperature is known to influence the sex of individuals, with more males produced at relatively high temperatures. It is however unclear to what extent growth or stress are involved in such a process, since temperature is known to influence both growth rate and cortisol production. Here, we designed an experiment aiming at reducing stress and affecting early growth rate. We exposed larvae and juveniles originating from both captive and wild parents to three different treatments: low stocking density, food supplemented with tryptophan and a control. Low stocking density and tryptophan treatment respectively increased and decreased early growth rate. Each treatment influenced the stress response depending on the developmental stage, although no clear pattern regarding the whole-body cortisol concentration was found. During sex differentiation, fish in the low-density treatment exhibited lower expression of gr1, gr2, mr, and crf in the hypothalamus when compared to the control group. Fish fed tryptophan displayed lower crf in the hypothalamus and higher level of serotonin in the telencephalon compared to controls. Overall, fish kept at low density produced significantly more females than both control and fish fed tryptophan. Parents that have been selected for growth for three generations also produced significantly more females than parents of wild origin. Our findings did not allow to detect a clear effect of stress at the group level and rather point out a key role of early sexually dimorphic growth rate in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Techn Section for Aquaculture, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Willemoesvej 2, 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Fréderic Clota
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Maria J Darias
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marie-Odile Blanc
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - François Ruelle
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Tenugu S, Pranoty A, Mamta SK, Senthilkumaran B. Development and organisation of gonadal steroidogenesis in bony fishes - A review. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mamta SK, Sudhakumari C, Kagawa H, Dutta-Gupta A, Senthilkumaran B. Controlled release of sex steroids through osmotic pump alters brain GnRH1 and catecholaminergic system dimorphically in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:325-333. [PMID: 32860867 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate osmotic pump-mediated controlled release of estrogen in males and androgen in females to analyze the impact on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1), catecholamines (CAs) and other associated genes in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. During pre-spawning phase, catfish were separately implanted osmotic pumps loaded with 17β-estradiol (E2) in males and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) in females at a dose of 10 μg/100 μl or saline (100 μl) controls into both sexes to release for 21 days and all fishes were maintained as per the duration. Further, GnRH1 expression levels were analysed in the discrete regions of brain after E2 and MT treatments in male and female catfish, respectively using qPCR which revealed that GnRH1 expression was significantly higher in E2 treated male as compared to the control. On the other hand, GnRH1 expression was lower in MT treated female when compared to the control in the discrete regions of brain. In addition, certain brain and monoaminergic system related genes showed a differential response. Catfish GnRH1 could be localized in preoptic area-hypothalamus (POA-HYP) that correlated with the expression profile in the discrete regions of catfish brain. Serum levels of sex steroids in the treated male fish indicated that the treatment of E2 could maintain and impart feminization effect even in the presence of endogenous androgen during gonadal recrudescence while such an effect was not seen in females with androgen treatment. Measurement of CAs, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the male and female brain after the controlled release of E2 and MT, respectively confirmed the modulation of neurotransmitters in the E2treated male than MT treated female fish. These results collectively suggest the severity of estrogenic over androgenic compounds to alter reproductive status even at a minimal dose by targeting CAs and GnRH1 at the level of brain of catfish. This study provides insights into the reproductive toxicity of sex steroid analogues at the level of brain GnRH1 and CA-ergic system in addition to serum T, 11-KT and E2 levels during gonadal recrudescence, which is a crucial period of gametogenesis preceding spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajwan-Khatri Mamta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Chenichery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Hirohiko Kagawa
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Aparna Dutta-Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Yıldırım A, Kraimi N, Constantin P, Mercerand F, Leterrier C. Effects of tryptophan and probiotic supplementation on growth and behavior in quail. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5206-5213. [PMID: 33142436 PMCID: PMC7647826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In laying hens, a diet supplemented with tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to affect their pecking behavior. However, unlike this positive effect, Trp is also involved in negative effects on behavior and stress through indolic pathways. Indole production can be reduced by probiotics (Pro), thus we hypothesized that Pro may prevent negative effects of Trp and increase beneficial effects on behavior in birds. Combined effects of Pro and Trp were also expected. To investigate the effects on behavior in birds of supplementing with a high level of Trp with or without Pro, Japanese quail were used because their behavior can be influenced by Pediococcus acidilactici, and they can be highly aggressive. Quails (n = 120) were assigned to 4 groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design for 55 d: C-C (control diet with usual Trp level, 0.3%; without Pro; n = 30), Trp-C (Trp: 2%; without Pro; n = 30), C-Pro (control diet; with Pro: 1 x 109 CFU/L P. acidilactici in drinking water; n = 30), and Trp-Pro (Trp 2%; with Pro; n = 30). Body weight was measured every week, and different tests were conducted to investigate behavioral characteristics of each quail. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was almost no interaction between Trp and Pro treatments. Tryptophan supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced live weight up to 27 d, whereas Pro treatment had no effect. There was no significant difference between groups for tonic immobility variables (P > 0.05). The birds fed the high Trp diet spent significantly less time in the periphery of the open field than those fed the control diet and moved less in the arena during the social isolation test. Interindividual distances were significantly lower in males fed with Trp 2% than with the control diet, whereas Trp and Pro supplements interacted in females. The treatments did not affect sexual motivation in males. These results indicate that a high level of Trp reduced growth and appeared to enhance emotional reactivity in quails and that supplementing with Pro did not reduce these effects. In conclusion, feeding high Trp for 55 d cannot be recommended as a strategy to improve social behavior unlike effects observed in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yıldırım
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60000 Tokat, Turkey
| | - N Kraimi
- UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Center Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - P Constantin
- UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Center Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - F Mercerand
- UE PEAT, INRAE, Center Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C Leterrier
- UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Center Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Zou Y, Wu Z, Fan Z, Liang D, Wang L, Song Z, You F. Analyses of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq of the brain reveal the sex differences of gene expression and regulation before and during gonadal differentiation in 17β-estradiol or 17α-methyltestosterone-induced olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 87:78-90. [PMID: 31788912 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is a commercially important flatfish species cultured in East Asia. Female flounders generally grow more rapidly than males, therefore control of the sex ratio seems to be a proposed way to increase production. However, the sex determination gene and sex determination mechanism have yet been elucidated. The brain is an important organ that is involved in gonadal development. To explore the sex differences of gene expression in the brain before and during the flounder gonadal differentiation, we used messenger RNA (mRNA)-seq technology to investigate transcriptomes of male and female brains. Between female and male brains, 103 genes were differentially expressed before ovarian differentiation, 16 genes were differentially expressed before testicular differentiation, and 64 genes were differentially expressed during gonadal differentiation. According to annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes information, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in circadian rhythm, circadian rhythm-fly, circadian entrainment, dopaminergic synapse, calcium signaling, glutamatergic synapse, taste transduction, herpes simplex infection, long-term depression, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and the synaptic vesicle cycle pathways. MicroRNA (miRNA)-seq was performed during the gonadal differentiation and the target genes of miRNAs were predicted. Integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq showed that 29 of the 64 DEGs were regulated by the differentially expressed miRNAs during the gonadal differentiation. Our study provides a basis for further studies of brain sex differentiation and the molecular mechanism of sex determination in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaofei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongcheng Song
- Shenghang Aquatic Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Weihai, China
| | - Feng You
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Okubo K, Miyazoe D, Nishiike Y. A conceptual framework for understanding sexual differentiation of the teleost brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 284:113129. [PMID: 30825478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate brains are sexually differentiated, giving rise to differences in various physiological and behavioral phenotypes between the sexes. In developing mammals and birds, the neural substrate underlying sex-dependent physiology and behavior undergoes an irreversible process of sexual differentiation due to the effects of perinatal gonadal steroids and sex chromosome complement. The differentiated neural substrate is then activated in the adult by the sex-specific steroid milieu to facilitate the expression of sex-typical phenotypes. However, this well-established concept does not hold for teleost fish, whose sexual phenotypes (behavioral or otherwise) are highly labile throughout life and can be reversed even in adulthood. Indeed, the available evidence suggests that, in teleosts, neither gonadal steroids early in development nor the sex chromosome complement contribute much to brain sexual differentiation; instead, steroids in adulthood serve to both differentiate the neural substrate and activate it to elicit sex-typical phenotypes in a transient and reversible manner. Evidence further suggests that marked sexual dimorphisms and adult steroid-dependent lability in the neural expression of sex steroid receptors constitute the primary molecular basis for sexual differentiation and lability of the teleost brain. The consequent sexually dimorphic but reversible steroid sensitivity in response to the adult steroid milieu may enable the teleost brain to maintain lifelong sexual lability and to undergo phenotypic sex reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kataaki Okubo
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Daichi Miyazoe
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishiike
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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GDNF family receptor α-1 in the catfish: Possible implication to brain dopaminergic activity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:270-280. [PMID: 29758254 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)is a potent trophic factor that preferentially binds to GDNF family receptor α-1 (GFRα-1)by regulating dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neuronsin brain. Present study aimed to evaluate the significance of GFRα-1 expression during early brain development in catfish. Initially, the full-length cDNA of GFRα-1 was cloned from adult brain which showed high homology with other vertebrate counterparts. Quantitative PCR analysis of tissue distribution revealed ubiquitous expression of GFRα-1 in the tissues analyzed with high levels in female brain and ovary. Significant high expression was evident in brain at 75 and 100 days post hatch females than the respective age-match males. Expression of GFRα-1 was high in brain during the spawning phase when compared to other reproductive phases. Localization of GFRα-1 revealed its presence in preoptic area-hypothalamus which correlated well with the expression profile in discrete areas of brain in adult catfish. Transient silencing of GFRα-1through siRNA lowered expression levels of GFRα-1, which further down regulated the expression of certain brain-specific genes. Expression of GFRα-1 in brain declined significantly upon treatment with the 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinecausing neurodegeneration which further correlated with catecholamines (CA), L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, DA and norepinephrine levels. Taken together, GFRα-1 plausibly entrains gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin axiseither directly or indirectly, at least by partially targeting CA-ergic activity.
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Sudhakumari CC, Anitha A, Murugananthkumar R, Tiwari DK, Bhasker D, Senthilkumaran B, Dutta-Gupta A. Cloning, localization and differential expression of Neuropeptide-Y during early brain development and gonadal recrudescence in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:54-65. [PMID: 28322767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) has diverse physiological functions which are extensively studied in vertebrates. However, regulatory role of NPY in relation to brain ontogeny and recrudescence with reference to reproduction is less understood in fish. Present report for the first time evaluated the significance of NPY by transient esiRNA silencing and also analyzed its expression during brain development and gonadal recrudescence in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. As a first step, full-length cDNA of NPY was cloned from adult catfish brain, which shared high homology with its counterparts from other teleosts upon phylogenetic analysis. Tissue distribution revealed dominant expression of NPY in brain and testis. NPY expression increased during brain development wherein the levels were higher in 100 and 150days post hatch females than the respective age-matched males. Seasonal cycle analysis showed high expression of NPY in brain during pre-spawning phase in comparison with other reproductive phases. Localization studies exhibited the presence of NPY, abundantly, in the regions of preoptic area, hypothalamus and pituitary. Transient silencing of NPY-esiRNA directly into the brain significantly decreased NPY expression in both the male and female brain of catfish which further resulted in significant decrease of transcripts of tryptophan hydroxylase 2, catfish gonadotropin-releasing hormone (cfGnRH), tyrosine hydroxylase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in brain and luteinizing hormone-β/gonadotropin-II (lh-β/GTH-II) in pituitary exhibiting its influence on gonadal axis. In addition, significant decrease of several ovary-related transcripts was observed in NPY-esiRNA silenced female catfish, indicating the plausible role of NPY in ovary through cfGnRH-GTH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheni-Chery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Arumugam Anitha
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Murugananthkumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Dharavath Bhasker
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Aparna Dutta-Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Senthilkumaran B, Sudhakumari CC, Mamta SK, Raghuveer K, Swapna I, Murugananthkumar R. "Brain sex differentiation" in teleosts: Emerging concepts with potential biomarkers. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:33-40. [PMID: 26116093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
"Brain sex differentiation" in teleosts is a contentious topic of research as most of the earlier reports tend to suggest that gonadal sex differentiation drives brain sex differentiation. However, identification of sex-specific marker genes in the developing brain of teleosts signifies brain-gonadal interaction during early sexual development in lower vertebrates. In this context, the influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-gonadotropin (GTH) axis on gonadal sex differentiation, if any requires in depth analysis. Presence of seabream (sb) GnRH immunoreactivity (ir-) in the brain of XY Nile tilapia was found as early as 5days post hatch (dph) followed by qualitative reduction in the preoptic area-hypothalamus region. In contrast, in the XX female brain a steady ir- of sbGnRH was evident from 15dph. Earlier studies using sea bass already implied the importance of hypothalamic gonadotropic axis completion during sex differentiation period. Such biphasic pattern of localization was also seen in pituitary GTHs using heterologous antisera in tilapia. However, more recent analysis in the same species could not detect any sexually dimorphic pattern using homologous antisera for pituitary GTHs. Detailed studies on the development of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in teleosts focusing on hypothalamic monoamines (MA) and MA-related enzymes demonstrated sex-specific differential expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) in the early stages of developing male and female brains of tilapia and catfish. The changes in Tph expression was in agreement with the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the preoptic area-hypothalamus. Considering the stimulatory influence of 5-HT on GnRH and GTH release, it is possible to propose a network association between these correlates during early development, which may bring about brain sex dimorphism in males. A recent study from our laboratory during female brain sex development demonstrated high expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in correlation with catecholamine levels, brain aromatase and its related transcription factors such as fushi tarazu factor 1, Ftz-f1 and fork head box protein L2, foxl2. Taken together, gender differences in the levels of various transcripts provide new perspectives on brain sex differentiation in lower vertebrates. Sexually dimorphic or differentially expressing genes may play an essential role at the level of brain in response to gonadal differentiation, which might consequentially or causatively respond to gonadal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Cheni-Chery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sajwan-Khatri Mamta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Kavarthapu Raghuveer
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Immani Swapna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Murugananthkumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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15
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Hall ZJ, De Serrano AR, Rodd FH, Tropepe V. Casting a wider fish net on animal models in neuropsychiatric research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:7-15. [PMID: 24726811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, are associated with abnormal brain development. In this review, we discuss how studying dimensional components of these disorders, or endophenotypes, in a wider range of animal models will deepen our understanding of how interactions between biological and environmental factors alter the trajectory of neurodevelopment leading to aberrant behavior. In particular, we discuss some of the advantages of incorporating studies of brain and behavior using a range of teleost fish species into current neuropsychiatric research. From the perspective of comparative neurobiology, teleosts share a fundamental pattern of neurodevelopment and functional brain organization with other vertebrates, including humans. These shared features provide a basis for experimentally probing the mechanisms of disease-associated brain abnormalities. Moreover, incorporating information about how behaviors have been shaped by evolution will allow us to better understand the relevance of behavioral variation to determine their physiological underpinnings. We believe that exploiting the conservation in brain development across vertebrate species, and the rich diversity of fish behavior in lab and natural populations will lead to significant new insights and a holistic understanding of the neurobiological systems implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Hall
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex R De Serrano
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - F Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Mamta SK, Raghuveer K, Sudhakumari CC, Rajakumar A, Basavaraju Y, Senthilkumaran B. Cloning and expression analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and changes in catecholamine levels in brain during ontogeny and after sex steroid analogues exposure in the catfish, Clarias batrachus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 197:18-25. [PMID: 24315863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine (CA) biosynthesis and is considered to be a marker for CA-ergic neurons, which regulate the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in brain and gonadotropins in the pituitary. In the present study, we cloned full-length cDNA of Th from the catfish brain and evaluated its expression pattern in the male and female brain during early development and after sex-steroid analogues treatment using quantitative real-time PCR. We measured the CA levels to compare our results on Th. Cloned Th from catfish brain is 1.591 kb, which encodes a putative protein of 458 amino acid residues and showed high homology with other teleosts. The tissue distribution of Th revealed ubiquitous expression in all the tissues analyzed with maximum expression in male and female brain. Copy number analysis showed two-fold more transcript abundance in the female brain when compared with the male brain. A differential expression pattern of Th was observed in which the mRNA levels were significantly higher in females compared with males, during early brain development. CAs, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in the developing male and female brain confirmed the prominence of the CA-ergic system in the female brain. Sex-steroid analogue treatment using methyltestosterone and ethinylestradiol confirmed our findings of the differential expression of Th related to CA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajwan Khatri Mamta
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kavarthapu Raghuveer
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Cheni-Chery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anbazhagan Rajakumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yaraguntappa Basavaraju
- Fisheries Research and Information Centre (Inland), Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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17
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Pérez MR, Pellegrini E, Cano-Nicolau J, Gueguen MM, Menouer-Le Guillou D, Merot Y, Vaillant C, Somoza GM, Kah O. Relationships between radial glial progenitors and 5-HT neurons in the paraventricular organ of adult zebrafish - potential effects of serotonin on adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:3292-301. [PMID: 23981075 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In non-mammalian vertebrates, serotonin (5-HT)-producing neurons exist in the paraventricular organ (PVO), a diencephalic structure containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons exhibiting 5-HT or dopamine (DA) immunoreactivity. Because the brain of the adult teleost is known for its neurogenic activity supported, for a large part, by radial glial progenitors, this study addresses the origin of newborn 5-HT neurons in the hypothalamus of adult zebrafish. In this species, the PVO exhibits numerous radial glial cells (RGCs) whose somata are located at a certain distance from the ventricle. To study relationships between RGCs and 5-HT CSF-contacting neurons, we performed 5-HT immunohistochemistry in transgenic tg(cyp19a1b-GFP) zebrafish in which RGCs are labelled with GFP under the control of the cyp19a1b promoter. We show that the somata of the 5-HT neurons are located closer to the ventricle than those of RGCs. RGCs extend towards the ventricle cytoplasmic processes that form a continuous barrier along the ventricular surface. In turn, 5-HT neurons contact the CSF via processes that cross this barrier through small pores. Further experiments using proliferating cell nuclear antigen or 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine indicate that RGCs proliferate and give birth to 5-HT neurons migrating centripetally instead of centrifugally as in other brain regions. Furthermore, treatment of adult zebrafish with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor causes a significant decrease in the number of proliferating cells in the PVO, but not in the mediobasal hypothalamus. These data point to the PVO as an intriguing region in which 5-HT appears to promote genesis of 5-HT neurons that accumulate along the brain ventricles and contact the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rita Pérez
- Neuroendocrine Effects of Endocrine Disruptors, IRSET, Case 1302, INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes cedex, 35 042, France; Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH. CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
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18
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Chen GL, Miller GM. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2: an emerging therapeutic target for stress disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1227-33. [PMID: 23435356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been long recognized to modulate the stress response, and dysfunction of 5-HT has been implicated in numerous stress disorders. Accordingly, the 5-HT system has been targeted for the treatment of stress disorders. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT synthesis, and the recent identification of a second, neuron-specific TPH isoform (TPH2) opened up a new area of research. With a decade of extensive investigation, it is now recognized that: (1) TPH2 exhibits a highly flexible gene expression that is modulated by an increasing number of internal and external environmental factors including the biological clock, stressors, endogenous hormones, and antidepressant therapies; and (2) genetically determined TPH2 activity is linked to a growing body of stress-related neuronal correlates and behavioral traits. These findings reveal an active role of TPH2 in the stress response and provide new insights into the long recognized but not yet fully understood 5-HT-stress interaction. As a major modulator of 5-HT neurotransmission and the stress response, TPH2 is of both pathophysiological and pharmacological significance, and is emerging as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of stress disorders. Given that numerous antidepressant therapies influence TPH2 gene expression, TPH2 is already inadvertently targeted for the treatment of stress disorders. With increased understanding of the regulation of TPH2 activity we can now purposely utilize TPH2 as a target to develop new or optimize current therapies, which are expected to greatly improve the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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19
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Singh AK. Introduction of modern endocrine techniques for the production of monosex population of fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:146-55. [PMID: 23063432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Of the techniques available to mass-produce a sterile or monosex population, the hormonal induction of sex reversal is the most widely practiced. This paper presents the synthesis of works done on sex reversal using 17α methyltestosterone (17αMT), 17β estradiol, non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and oestrogen receptor agonist, tamoxifen in commercially important aquaculture species mossambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, common carp Cyprinus carpio, mahseer Tor putitora and African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Results on sex reversal for producing female T. putitora delineated that treatment to fry of T. putitora 60 days post fertilization (60 dpf) with 17β estradiol (150 mg/kg feed) fetched 69.5% female population. Further, raised temperature (23 ± 1 °C) five degrees above ambient temperature brought about 37.5% female populations which was above the control (24.4% females). Feeding tilapia O. mossambicus fry after yolk sac absorption stage (8 dpf) with 17αMT incorporated diet (35 mg/kg feed) under long photoperiod (16L:8D) for 60 days obtained 100% sex reversed males with excellent growth. Treatment with tamoxifen and letrozole (200mg/kg feed) to fingerlings of C. carpio and O. niloticus for 60 days brought about 82.5% and 98.5% masculinization with increased level of testosterone (T). Letrozole treatments to C. gariepinus significantly (p<0.001) increased T level to 1197.76 ± 18.79 pg/ml when treatment was given through feed for 60 days and 1470.5 ± 20.76 pg/ml via intraperitoneal injection. There was significant deviation in sex ratio leading to high level of masculinization in different aquaculture species with treatments of hormones and AIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K Singh
- Exotic Fish Germplasm Section of Fish Health Management Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, PO Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Sex differences in the expression of vasotocin/isotocin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase family genes in the medaka brain. Neuroscience 2012; 218:65-77. [PMID: 22609934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In teleost fish, sex differences in several behavioral and physiological traits have been assumed to reflect underlying sex differences in the central expression of neurotransmitter/neuromodulator-related molecules, including vasotocin (VT)/isotocin (IT), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases (TH and TPH). However, the sex-dependent expression patterns of these molecules have not been fully characterized in the teleost brain. In the present study, we therefore systematically evaluated sex differences in their expression in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) brain. The most prominent sex difference was observed in vt expression in the nucleus posterior tuberis (NPT) and the posterior part of the nucleus ventral tuberis (NVT) in the hypothalamus, where the expression was completely male-specific. Male-biased expression of gnrh1, tph1, and tph2 was also evident in the supracommissural and posterior nuclei of the ventral telencephalic area (Vs/Vp), medial nucleus of the dorsal telencephalic area (Dm), and thalamic dorsal posterior nucleus (DP), respectively. In contrast, the overall expression levels of it and gnrh3 were higher in the female brain than in the male brain. Equally importantly, no conspicuous sex differences were observed in the expression of gnrh2, th1, and th2, despite several previous reports of their sex-biased expression in the brains of other teleost species. Taken together, these data have uncovered previously unidentified sex differences in the expression of VT/IT, GnRH, and TPH in the teleost brain, which may possibly be relevant to sexual dimorphism in some behavioral and/or physiological traits, and have simultaneously highlighted potential species differences in the roles of these molecules.
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21
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Chakrabarty S, Rajakumar A, Raghuveer K, Sridevi P, Mohanachary A, Prathibha Y, Bashyam L, Dutta-Gupta A, Senthilkumaran B. Endosulfan and flutamide, alone and in combination, target ovarian growth in juvenile catfish, Clarias batrachus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:491-7. [PMID: 22227439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile Catfish(es), Clarias batrachus of 50 days post hatch (dph) were exposed to endosulfan (2.5 parts per billion [ppb]) and flutamide (33 ppb), alone and in combination for 50 days to access their impact on ovarian development. The doses used in this study were nominal considering pervious reports. Sampling was done at 100 dph to perform histology and measurement of various transcripts, estradiol-17β and aromatase activity. In general, treatments enhanced expression of ovary-specific transcription factors, steroidogenic enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and aromatases while transcripts of tryptophan hydroxylase2 (tph2) and catfish gonadotropin-releasing hormone declined in the brain of all treated groups with maximum reduction in the endosulfan group. Significant reduction of tph2 immunoreactivity in the forebrain/telencephalon-preoptic area endorsed our results. Increased number of pre-vitellogenic and less immature oocytes in the treated groups indicated hastened ovarian growth. Elevated ovarian aromatase activity and plasma estradiol-17β levels were noticed in the treated groups with maximum being in the endosulfan group. These data together demonstrate that the exposure of endosulfan causes synchronous precocious ovarian development better than flutamide, alone or in combination. Our results suggest that both endosulfan and flutamide alter ovarian growth by triggering precocious development in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarty
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences-Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P. O. Central University, Hyderabad - 500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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22
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Rajakumar A, Singh R, Chakrabarty S, Murugananthkumar R, Laldinsangi C, Prathibha Y, Sudhakumari CC, Dutta-Gupta A, Senthilkumaran B. Endosulfan and flutamide impair testicular development in the juvenile Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:123-132. [PMID: 22307005 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan and flutamide, a widely used pesticide and a prostate cancer/infertility drug, respectively, have an increased risk of causing endocrine disruption if they reach water bodies. Though many studies are available on neurotoxicity/bioaccumulation of endosulfan and receptor antagonism of flutamide, only little is known about their impact on testicular steroidogenesis at molecular level. Sex steroids play an important role in sex differentiation of lower vertebrates including fishes. Hence, a small change in their levels caused by endocrine disruptors affects the gonadal development of aquatic vertebrates significantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of endosulfan and flutamide on testis-related transcription factor and steroidogenic enzyme genes with a comparison on the levels of androgens during critical period of catfish testicular development. We also analyzed the correlation between the above-mentioned genes and catfish gonadotropin-releasing hormone (cfGnRH)-tryptophan hydroxylase2 (tph2). The Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus males at 50 days post hatch (dph) were exposed to very low dose of endosulfan (2.5 μg/L) and flutamide (33 μg/L), alone and in combination for 50 days. The doses used in this study were far less than those used in the previous studies of flutamide and reported levels of endosulfan in surface water and sediments. Sampling was done at end of the treatments (100 dph) to perform testicular germ cell count (histology), measurements of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) by enzyme immunoassay and transcript quantification by quantitative real-time PCR. In general, treatments decreased the expression of several genes including testis-related transcription factors (dmrt1, sox9a and wt1), steroidogenic enzymes (11β-hsd2, 17β-hsd12 and P450c17), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and orphan nuclear receptors (nr2c1 and Ad4BP/SF-1). In contrast, the transcripts of cfGnRH and tph2 were elevated in the brain of all treated groups with maximum elevation in the endosulfan group. However, combination of endosulfan and flutamide (E+F) treatment showed minor antagonism in a few results of transcript quantification. Levels of T and 11-KT were elevated after flutamide and E+F treatments while no change was seen in the endosulfan group signifying the effect of flutamide as an androgen receptor antagonist. All the treatments modulated testis growth by decreasing the progression of differentiation of spermatogonia to spermatocytes. Based on these results, we suggest that the exposure to endosulfan and flutamide, even at low doses, impairs testicular development either directly or indirectly at the level of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rajakumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences-Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P. O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Chen GL, Miller GM. Advances in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene expression regulation: new insights into serotonin-stress interaction and clinical implications. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:152-71. [PMID: 22241550 PMCID: PMC3587664 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates the stress response by interacting with the hormonal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuronal sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis, and the recent identification of a second, neuron-specific TPH isoform (TPH2) opened up a new area of research. While TPH2 genetic variance has been linked to numerous behavioral traits and disorders, findings on TPH2 gene expression have not only reinforced, but also provided new insights into, the long-recognized but not yet fully understood 5-HT-stress interaction. In this review, we summarize advances in TPH2 expression regulation and its relevance to the stress response and clinical implications. Particularly, based on findings on rhesus monkey TPH2 genetics and other relevant literature, we propose that: (i) upon activation of adrenal cortisol secretion, the cortisol surge induces TPH2 expression and de novo 5-HT synthesis; (ii) the induced 5-HT in turn inhibits cortisol secretion by modulating the adrenal sensitivity to ACTH via the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-SNS-adrenal system, such that it contributes to the feedback inhibition of cortisol production; (iii) basal TPH2 expression or 5-HT synthesis, as well as early-life experience, influence basal cortisol primarily via the hormonal HPA axis; and (iv) 5'- and 3'-regulatory polymorphisms of TPH2 may differentially influence the stress response, presumably due to their differential roles in gene expression regulation. Our increasing knowledge of TPH2 expression regulation not only helps us better understand the 5-HT-stress interaction and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, but also provides new strategies for the treatment of stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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Lorenzi V, Grober MS. Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin in the brain during natural sex change in the hermaphroditic goby Lythrypnus dalli. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:527-36. [PMID: 22214654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) may play a central role in the inhibition of socially regulated sex change in fish because of its known modulation of both aggressive and reproductive behavior. This is the first study to use immunohistochemical techniques to examine the morphometry of serotonergic neurons at different times during sex change. Using a model species wherein sex change is socially regulated via agonistic social interactions (the bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus dalli), we sampled brains of males and females with different social status, and of females at different times during sex change. Consistent with previous studies on other teleosts, immunoreactive neurons were found in the posterior periventricular nucleus (NPPv), the nucleus of the lateral recess (NRL), the nucleus of the posterior recess (NRP) and in the raphe nucleus. We measured the total area of NPPv, NRL, NRP, and the number and mean cell area of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nucleus. There was no significant difference in any of the brain regions between males, females or sex changing fish, but there was a slight increase in the number of dorsal raphe neurons in the brain of sex changers 2h after male removal. The results show that in L. dalli the serotonergic system does not present any morphological sex and status differences, nor any dramatic modifications during sex change. These data, together with previous results, do not support the hypothesis that serotonin inhibits socially regulated sex change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varenka Lorenzi
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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FTZ-F1 and FOXL2 up-regulate catfish brain aromatase gene transcription by specific binding to the promoter motifs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:57-66. [PMID: 22019437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19) catalyzes the conversion of androgens into estrogens. Teleosts have distinct, ovarian specific (cyp19a1a) and brain specific (cyp19a1b) cyp19 genes. Previous studies in teleosts demonstrated regulation of cyp19a1a expression by the NR5A nuclear receptor subfamily as well as a fork head transcription factor, FOXL2. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of fushi tarazu factor 1, FTZ-F1, a NR5A subfamily member, and FOXL2 in the regulation of cyp19a1b expression in brain of the air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Based on the synchronous expression pattern of cyp19a1b, FTZ-F1 and FOXL2 in the brain, we isolated the 5' upstream region of cyp19a1b to analyse regulatory motifs. Promoter motif analysis revealed FTZ-F1/NR5A1 and FOXL2 binding nucleotide sequences. Transient transfection studies showed that FTZ-F1 and FOXL2 together enhanced the transcriptional activity of cyp19a1b gene in mammalian cell lines. Mutation in either of their putative binding sites within the cyp19a1b promoter abolished this effect. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift experiments indicated that FTZ-F1 and FOXL2 proteins bind to the synthesized radio-labelled oligomers used as probes and mobility shifted upon addition of their respective antibodies. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the binding of both these transcription factors to their corresponding cis-acting elements in the upstream region of cyp19a1b. To our knowledge, this study is the first report on the transcriptional regulation of cyp19a1b by FTZ-F1 and FOXL2 in a teleost fish.
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