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Sun S, Chen Q, Gao J, Qu M, Chen Z, Wang K, Wang H. Sublethal effects of nitenpyram on the development of silkworm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175262. [PMID: 39098428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of nitenpyram for aphid and whitefly control may induce environmental contamination and negative repercussions on non-target organisms. Formerly, we found that nitenpyram would pollute the peripheral and sub-peripheral areas of the adjacent mulberry orchard. Under acute toxicity conditions, nitenpyram induced oxidative damage in silkworms, affected biological metabolism, synthesis, immunity, and signal transduction. Considering the impact of nitenpyram mist drift on mulberry leaves, we investigated the effects of low concentrations of nitenpyram on silkworms. The results showed that silkworms exposed to 0.17 mg/L, 0.35 mg/L and 0.70 mg/L of nitenpyram (1/40 LC50, 1/20 LC50 and 1/10 LC50) showed obvious poisoning symptoms. The cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight decreased gradually with increases in the concentration, and these decreases prolonged the growth and development time of silkworms and induced the detoxification enzymes carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) to cope with the stress damage caused by nitenpyram. Exposure to low concentrations of nitenpyram downregulates genes involved in the drug metabolism-other enzymes and peroxisome pathway in silkworms. Additionally, through injection of miRNA mimics and inhibitors, we discovered that detoxifying enzyme pathway genes are influenced by bmo-miR-3382-3P, bmo-miR-3213-5P and bmo-miR-133, regulating the immune response of silkworms. This study provides an overall view of the toxicity and detoxification metabolism of nitenpyram in silkworm, and provides a reference for environmental assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumin Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jingwei Gao
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Minghui Qu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Kaiyun Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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2
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Lee IHT, Nong W, So WL, Cheung CKH, Xie Y, Baril T, Yip HY, Swale T, Chan SKF, Wei Y, Lo N, Hayward A, Chan TF, Lam HM, Hui JHL. The genome and sex-dependent responses to temperature in the common yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe. BMC Biol 2023; 21:200. [PMID: 37749565 PMCID: PMC10521528 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) is one of the most geographically widespread insect orders in the world, and its species play important and diverse ecological and applied roles. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges to biodiversity this century, and lepidopterans are vulnerable to climate change. Temperature-dependent gene expression differences are of relevance under the ongoing climate crisis. However, little is known about how climate affects gene expression in lepidopterans and the ecological consequences of this, particularly with respect to genes with biased expression in one of the sexes. The common yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe (Family Pieridae), is one of the most geographically widespread lepidopterans that can be found in Asia, Africa, and Australia. Nevertheless, what temperature-dependent effects there may be and whether the effects differ between the sexes remain largely unexplored. RESULTS Here, we generated high-quality genomic resources for E. hecabe along with transcriptomes from eight developmental stages. Male and female butterflies were subjected to varying temperatures to assess sex-specific gene expression responses through mRNA and microRNA transcriptomics. We find that there are more temperature-dependent sex-biased genes in females than males, including genes that are involved in a range of biologically important functions, highlighting potential ecological impacts of increased temperatures. Further, by considering available butterfly data on sex-biased gene expression in a comparative genomic framework, we find that the pattern of sex-biased gene expression identified in E. hecabe is highly species-specific, rather than conserved across butterfly species, suggesting that sex-biased gene expression responses to climate change are complex in butterflies. CONCLUSIONS Our study lays the foundation for further understanding of differential responses to environmental stress in a widespread lepidopteran model and demonstrates the potential complexity of sex-specific responses of lepidopterans to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy H T Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyan Nong
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Lok So
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris K H Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yichun Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Ho Yin Yip
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Simon K F Chan
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jerome H L Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Lu W, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Jia L, Ma S, Xia Q. FibH Gene Complete Sequences (FibHome) Revealed Silkworm Pedigree. INSECTS 2023; 14:244. [PMID: 36975929 PMCID: PMC10055898 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The highly repetitive and variable fibroin heavy chain (FibH) gene can be used as a silkworm identification; however, only a few complete FibH sequences are known. In this study, we extracted and examined 264 FibH gene complete sequences (FibHome) from a high-resolution silkworm pan-genome. The average FibH lengths of the wild silkworm, local, and improved strains were 19,698 bp, 16,427 bp, and 15,795 bp, respectively. All FibH sequences had a conserved 5' and 3' terminal non-repetitive (5' and 3' TNR, 99.74% and 99.99% identity, respectively) sequence and a variable repetitive core (RC). The RCs differed greatly, but they all shared the same motif. During domestication or breeding, the FibH gene mutated with hexanucleotide (GGTGCT) as the core unit. Numerous variations existed that were not unique to wild and domesticated silkworms. However, the transcriptional factor binding sites, such as fibroin modulator-binding protein, were highly conserved and had 100% identity in the FibH gene's intron and upstream sequences. The local and improved strains with the same FibH gene were divided into four families using this gene as a marker. Family I contained a maximum of 62 strains with the optional FibH (Opti-FibH, 15,960 bp) gene. This study provides new insights into FibH variations and silkworm breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ling Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Integrative Science Center of Gerplasm Greation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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4
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Sun S, Chen Q, Chen G, Chen Z, Wang K, Wang H. Toxicity of nitenpyram to silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and its potential mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137026. [PMID: 36419271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), as an economic insect, occupies a certain position in the development of China's economy. The neonicotinoid insecticide nitenpyram is commonly used in farmland to control planthoppers and aphids. In China, mulberry orchards are often planted adjacent to fields or commercial crops, and mist drifts occur during application, which may affect the production safety of Bombyx mori. In this study, a risk assessment of nitenpyram was carried out, and the results showed that there were risks in spraying nitenpyram around the periphery and subperipheries of mulberry fields. However, few studies have reported the mechanism underlying nitenpyram's toxic effect on silkworms. Here, we validated 25 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the nitenpyram treatment group of silkworms, and the significantly enriched mTOR signaling pathway, oxidative phosphorylation and FoxO signaling pathway were verified. Among them, bmo-miR-2766-5P was up-regulated by 2.122-fold, and the expression of its regulated target gene 101,741,287 was up-regulated. After the injection of bmo-miR-2766-5P inhibitor, the Log2FC value of 101,741,287 was changed from 1.26 to -2.19. Bmo-miR-3326, bmo-miR-3378-5P and bmo-miR-2761-3P were down-regulated by 2.386-fold, 1.158-fold and 2.359-fold, respectively. After injecting miRNA mimics into silkworms, the Log2FC values of the target genes 100,302,609, 101,740,730 and 101,746,319 were changed from 1.24 to -11.94, -1.12 changed to 2.84 and 1.93 changed to -0.37, respectively. In addition, nitenpyram induced oxidative damage in silkworms, and the degree of DNA damage increased with the increase of concentration and time. Meanwhile Imd was significantly up-regulated in IMD-related pathways (38.7-fold, p < 0.01). The results indicated that nitenpyram could affect the growth and development process of silkworms, and these DE-miRNAs may have an important impact on the stress response of silkworms to nitenpyram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumin Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Kaiyun Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Nartey MA, Sun X, Qin S, Hou CX, Li MW. CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout reveals that the clock gene timeless is indispensable for regulating circadian behavioral rhythms in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1414-1425. [PMID: 32830431 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, which are ubiquitous and adaptive, occur across all species, from microbes to humans, in which they organize and modify behavior and physiology. timeless (tim) is a canonical clock gene. The core composition of the Drosophila melanogaster endogenous circadian clock has been extensively investigated; however, in lepidopteran insects, including Bombyx mori, the mechanism is complicated and little is known regarding the participation of tim in the negative feedback loop responsible for behavioral activities. To arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the role of tim in the B. mori endogenous circadian clock, we exploited the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 gene editing system. We attempted to elucidate the functions of tim in the circadian clock of B. mori using Bmtim mutants. The knockouts affected two circadian behavioral activities: adult emergence and embryo hatching rhythms. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that tim-knockouts induced relative reductions in the expression levels, and thereby the oscillation amplitudes, of Bmper and Bmclk messenger RNAs during both the photophase and scotophase. Additionally, the daily rhythmic expression of Bmdbt was upregulated in the photophase and downregulated in the scotophase in a tim-knockout. Our study reveals that tim is integral to the B. mori circadian clock and may be involved in regulating eclosion and hatching rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Addo Nartey
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Liu ZL, Xu J, Ling L, Yang DH, Chen SQ, Huang YP. MicroRNA-2738 regulates gene expression in the sex determination pathway in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:646-654. [PMID: 31131541 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-coding transcripts that bind to 3'-untranslated regions to trigger messenger RNA degradation or translational inhibition. Here we explored how miRNAs regulate sex determination in Bombyx mori, a lepidopteran model insect. Genes known to be involved in sex determination, BmPSI, Bmdsx, and BmMasc, are predicted targets of the species-specific miR-2738. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay in HEK293T cells, we confirmed that miR-2738 suppressed transcription of BmPSI, Bmdsx, and BmMasc. The levels of BmPSI and BmMasc were significantly down-regulated in B. mori miR-2738 overexpression. In contrast, the genetic disruption of miR-2738 using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 transgenic system increased the levels of BmPSI and BmMasc transcripts, whereas splicing of Bmdsx was unaltered by miR-2738 depletion or overexpression. Taken together, this study implicates miR-2738 as a minor regulator of sex determination genes in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Lian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ling
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Hong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, CAS, Shanghai, China
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Qian P, Wang X, Li J, Jiang T, Tang X, Huixiang G, Shen X. Bmo-miR-2780a regulates the expression of the sericin-1 gene of Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21627. [PMID: 31701579 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silk production in Bombyx mori L. is largely determined by the expression of genes encoding fibroin and sericin. Here, we examined the regulatory function of a microRNA (miRNA) on silk gene expression using the sericin-1 gene (BmSer-1). First, we downloaded whole mature miRNAs of silkworm from miRBase and identified bmo-miR-2780a as a candidate miRNA for the regulation of BmSer-1 expression. We used semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with stem-loop primers to investigate the expression profile of bmo-miR-2780a and its predicted target gene BmSer-1 in seven different tissues from 5th instar day-3 larvae, including head, fat body, anterior silk gland (ASG), middle silk gland (MSG), posterior silk gland (PSG), middle gut, and hemolymph. Our results showed that bmo-miR-2780a was specifically expressed in the MSG and that the expression level of BmSer-1 was significantly higher in the MSG than in other tissues. Recombinant plasmids carrying both pri-mir-2780a and Ser1-3'UTR were constructed and then used to cotransfect BmN cells. We further detected the effect of bmo-miR-2780a on Ser-1 in vivo. These results showed that the target gene was significantly decreased by miR-2780a compared with the control group (p < .05), thus indicating that bmo-miR-2780a might negatively regulate the expression of Ser-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Silkworm Eggs Administration Department of Jiangsu Province, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiashuang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, The Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xudong Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guan Huixiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Xu X, Zhu H, Yang F, Wu C, Jiang C, Yu W, Liu K, Sheng Q, Nie Z. Bmo-miR-79 downregulates the expression of BmEm4 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2019; 690:113-119. [PMID: 30593917 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA is an important regulation factor in insect development and metamorphosis. It has been reported that E(spl)m4 is a miRNA-targeted gene, as well as the target of the Notch signaling pathway in Drosophila. The expression of E(spl)m4 can be regulated by microRNA and further affect the neural development of Drosophila. Here, we found that BmEm4, an ortholog of E(spl)m4 from Bombyx mori, was the target gene of bmo-miR-79, with target sites containing the Brd and K boxes of the BmEm4_3'UTR, which was validated by the dual luciferase reporter (DLR) assay. Furthermore, bmo-miR-79 mimics can inhibit the expression of BmEm4 in BmN cells after transfection, and bmo-miR-79 can also inhibit the expression of BmEm4 in different developmental stages of Bombyx mori at a posttranscriptional level, to different degrees. The EMSA test further showed that bmo-miR-79 could bind to BmAGO2, which is the Bombyx mori argonaute2 protein, suggesting that bmo-miR-79 might regulate the expression of BmEm4 by forming miRISC complexes with BmAGO2. Taken together, bmo-miR-79 could regulate the expression of BmEm4 mediated by BmAGO2 and further affect its function in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Caiying Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kuancheng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zuoming Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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9
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Identification and comparative analysis of the miRNA expression profiles from four tissues of Micropterus salmoides using deep sequencing. Genomics 2018; 110:414-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Huang Y, Gong WB. Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs in Skin of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus) by the Deep Sequencing Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:766-777. [PMID: 30195333 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) play a pivotal role in regulating a broad range of biological processes, acting by cleaving mRNAs or by translational repression. However, the miRNAs from skin of Andrias davidianus have not been reported. In this study, a small-RNA cDNA library was constructed and sequenced from skin of A. davidianus. A total of 513 conserved miRNAs belonging to 174 families were identified. The remaining 108 miRNAs we identified were novel and likely to be skin tissue-specific but were expressed at low levels. The presence of randomly selected 15 miRNAs identified and their expression in eight different tissues from A. davidianus were validated by stem-loop qRT-PCR. For better understanding the functions of miRNAs, 129,791 predicated target genes were analyzed by GO and their pathways illustrated by KEGG pathway analyses. The results show that these identified miRNAs from A. davidianus skin are involved in a broad range of physiological functions including metabolism, growth, development, and immune responses. This study exhaustively identifies miRNAs and their target genes, which will ultimately pave the way for understanding their role in skin of A. davidianus and other amphibians. Further studies are necessary to better understand miRNA-mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Wang Bao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Laganà A, Dirksen WP, Supsavhad W, Yilmaz AS, Ozer HG, Feller JD, Vala KA, Croce CM, Rosol TJ. Discovery and characterization of the feline miRNAome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9263. [PMID: 28835705 PMCID: PMC5569061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat is an important human companion animal that can also serve as a relevant model for ~250 genetic diseases, many metabolic and degenerative conditions, and forms of cancer that are analogous to human disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in many biological processes and their dysregulation has a significant impact on important cellular pathways and is linked to a variety of diseases. While many species already have a well-defined and characterized miRNAome, miRNAs have not been carefully studied in cats. As a result, there are no feline miRNAs present in the reference miRNA databases, diminishing the usefulness of medical research on spontaneous disease in cats for applicability to both feline and human disease. This study was undertaken to define and characterize the cat miRNAome in normal feline tissues. High-throughput sequencing was performed on 12 different normal cat tissues. 271 candidate feline miRNA precursors, encoding a total of 475 mature sequences, were identified, including several novel cat-specific miRNAs. Several analyses were performed to characterize the discovered miRNAs, including tissue distribution of the precursors and mature sequences, genomic distribution of miRNA genes and identification of clusters, and isomiR characterization. Many of the miRNAs were regulated in a tissue/organ-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Laganà
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wessel P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wachiraphan Supsavhad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ayse Selen Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hatice G Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James D Feller
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kiersten A Vala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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12
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Chen C, Fan YY, Wang X, Song F, Jiang T, Qian P, Tang SM, Shen XJ. bmo-miR-0001 and bmo-miR-0015 down-regulate expression of Bombyx mori fibroin light chain gene in vitro. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:127-35. [PMID: 26834013 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Based on bioinformatic analysis, we selected two novel microRNAs (miRNAs), bmo-miR-0001 and bmo-miR-0015, from high-throughput sequencing of the Bombyx mori larval posterior silk gland (PSG). Firstly, we examined the expression of bmo-miR-0001 and bmo-miR 12 different tissues of the 5th instar Day-3 larvae of the silkworm. The results showed that the expression levels of both bmo-miR-0001 and bmo-miR-0015 were obviously higher in the PSG than in other tissues, implying there is a spatio-temporal condition for bmo-miR-0001 and bmo-miR-0015 to regulate the expression of BmFib-L. To test this hypothesis, we constructed pri-bmo-miR-0001 expressing the plasmid pcDNA3.0 and pri-bmo-miR-0015 expressing the plasmid pcDNA3.0 [ie1-egfp-pri-bmo-miR-0015-SV40]. Finally, the BmN cells were harvested and luciferase activity was detected. The results showed that luciferase activity was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in BmN cells co-transfected by pcDNA3.0 [ie1-egfp-pri-bmo-miR-0001-SV40] or pcDNA3.0 with pGL3.0 [A3-luc-Fib-L-3'UTR-SV40], suggesting that both bmo-miR-0001 and bmo-miR-0015 can down-regulate the expression of BmFib-L in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Yang-yang Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Fei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Ping Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Shun-ming Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xing-jia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.,Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
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13
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Kakumani PK, Chinnappan M, Singh AK, Malhotra P, Mukherjee SK, Bhatnagar RK. Identification and characteristics of microRNAs from army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda cell line Sf21. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116988. [PMID: 25693181 PMCID: PMC4333348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs play important regulatory role in all intrinsic cellular functions. Amongst lepidopteran insects, miRNAs from only Bombyx mori have been studied extensively with a little focus on Spodoptera sp. In the present study, we identified a total of 226 miRNAs from Spodoptera frugiperda cell line Sf21. Of the total, 116 miRNAs were well conserved within other insects, like B. mori, Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castenum while the remaining 110 miRNAs were identified as novel based on comparative analysis with the insect miRNA data set. Landscape distribution analysis based on Sf21 genome assembly revealed clustering of few novel miRNAs. A total of 5 miRNA clusters were identified and the largest one encodes 5 miRNA genes. In addition, 12 miRNAs were validated using northern blot analysis and putative functional role assignment for 6 Sf miRNAs was investigated by examining their relative abundance at different developmental stages of Spodoptera litura and body parts of 6th instar larvae. Further, we identified a total of 809 potential target genes with GO terms for selected miRNAs, involved in different metabolic and signalling pathways of the insect. The newly identified miRNAs greatly enrich the repertoire of insect miRNAs and analysis of expression profiles reveal their involvement at various steps of biochemical pathways of the army worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Kakumani
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mahendran Chinnappan
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashok K. Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Cavalry Lane, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- * E-mail: (PM); (SKM); (RKB)
| | - Sunil K. Mukherjee
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- * E-mail: (PM); (SKM); (RKB)
| | - Raj K. Bhatnagar
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- * E-mail: (PM); (SKM); (RKB)
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14
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Papantonis A, Swevers L, Iatrou K. Chorion genes: a landscape of their evolution, structure, and regulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:177-194. [PMID: 25341099 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Differential regulation at the level of transcription provides a means for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes, especially during development. Insect model systems have been extensively used to decipher the molecular basis of such regulatory cascades, and one of the oldest such model systems is the regulation of chorion gene expression during ovarian follicle maturation. Recent experimental and technological advances have shed new light onto the system, allowing us to revisit it. Thus, in this review we try to summarize almost 40 years' worth of studies on chorion gene regulation while-by comparing Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster models-attempting to present a comprehensive, unified model of the various regulatory aspects of choriogenesis that takes into account the evolutionary conservation and divergence of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Papantonis
- Research Group for Systems Biology of Chromatin, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
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15
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Etebari K, Asgari S. Accuracy of microRNA discovery pipelines in non-model organisms using closely related species genomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84747. [PMID: 24404190 PMCID: PMC3880327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mapping small reads to genome reference is an essential and more common approach to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) in an organism. Using closely related species genomes as proxy references can facilitate miRNA expression studies in non-model species that their genomes are not available. However, the level of error this introduces is mostly unknown, as this is the result of evolutionary distance between the proxy reference and the species of interest. To evaluate the accuracy of miRNA discovery pipelines in non-model organisms, small RNA library data from a mosquito, Aedes aegypti, were mapped to three well annotated insect genomes as proxy references using miRanalyzer with two strict and loose mapping criteria. In addition, another web-based miRNA discovery pipeline (DSAP) was used as a control for program performance. Using miRanalyzer, more than 80% reduction was observed in the number of mapped reads using strict criterion when proxy genome references were used; however, only 20% reduction was recorded for mapped reads to other species known mature miRNA datasets. Except a few changes in ranking, mapping criteria did not make any significant differences in the profile of the most abundant miRNAs in A. aegypti when its original or a proxy genome was used as reference. However, more variation was observed in miRNA ranking profile when DSAP was used as analysing tool. Overall, the results also suggested that using a proxy reference did not change the most abundant miRNAs' differential expression profiles when infected or non-infected libraries were compared. However, usage of a proxy reference could provide about 67% of the original outcome from more extremely up- or down-regulated miRNA profiles. Although using closely related species genome incurred some losses in the number of miRNAs, the most abundant miRNAs along with their differential expression profile would be acceptable based on the sensitivity level of each project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Wang X, Tang SM, Shen XJ. Overview of research on Bombyx mori microRNA. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:133. [PMID: 25368077 PMCID: PMC4222307 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute some of the most significant regulatory factors involved at the post-transcriptional level after gene expression, contributing to the modulation of a large number of physiological processes such as development, metabolism, and disease occurrence. This review comprehensively and retrospectively explores the literature investigating silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombicidae), miRNAs published to date, including discovery, identification, expression profiling analysis, target gene prediction, and the functional analysis of both miRNAs and their targets. It may provide experimental considerations and approaches for future study of miRNAs and benefit elucidation of the mechanisms of miRNAs involved in silkworm developmental processes and intracellular activities of other unknown non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang City 212018 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-ming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang City 212018 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-jia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang City 212018 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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17
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Xia Q, Li S, Feng Q. Advances in silkworm studies accelerated by the genome sequencing of Bombyx mori. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 59:513-536. [PMID: 24160415 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved in silkworm (Bombyx mori) research since the last review on this insect was published in this journal in 2005. In this article, we review the new and exciting progress and discoveries that have been made in B. mori during the past 10 years, which include the construction of a fine genome sequence and a genetic variation map, the evolution of genomes, the advent of functional genomics, the genetic basis of silk production, metamorphic development, immune response, and the advances in genetic manipulation. These advances, which were accelerated by the genome sequencing project, have promoted B. mori as a model organism not only for lepidopterans but also for general biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
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18
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Nie Z, Zhou F, Li D, Lv Z, Chen J, Liu Y, Shu J, Sheng Q, Yu W, Zhang W, Jiang C, Yao Y, Yao J, Jin Y, Zhang Y. RIP-seq of BmAgo2-associated small RNAs reveal various types of small non-coding RNAs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:661. [PMID: 24074203 PMCID: PMC3849828 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. Previously, only microRNAs (miRNAs) and piRNAs have been identified in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Furthermore, only ncRNAs (50-500nt) of intermediate size have been systematically identified in the silkworm. Results Here, we performed a systematic identification and analysis of small RNAs (18-50nt) associated with the Bombyx mori argonaute2 (BmAgo2) protein. Using RIP-seq, we identified various types of small ncRNAs associated with BmAGO2. These ncRNAs showed a multimodal length distribution, with three peaks at ~20nt, ~27nt and ~33nt, which included tRNA-, transposable element (TE)-, rRNA-, snoRNA- and snRNA-derived small RNAs as well as miRNAs and piRNAs. The tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) were found at an extremely high abundance and accounted for 69.90% of the BmAgo2-associated small RNAs. Northern blotting confirmed that many tRFs were expressed or up-regulated only in the BmNPV-infected cells, implying that the tRFs play a prominent role by binding to BmAgo2 during BmNPV infection. Additional evidence suggested that there are potential cleavage sites on the D, anti-codon and TψC loops of the tRNAs. TE-derived small RNAs and piRNAs also accounted for a significant proportion of the BmAgo2-associated small RNAs, suggesting that BmAgo2 could be involved in the maintenance of genome stability by suppressing the activities of transposons guided by these small RNAs. Finally, Northern blotting was also used to confirm the Bombyx 5.8 s rRNA-derived small RNAs, demonstrating that various novel small RNAs exist in the silkworm. Conclusions Using an RIP-seq method in combination with Northern blotting, we identified various types of small RNAs associated with the BmAgo2 protein, including tRNA-, TE-, rRNA-, snoRNA- and snRNA-derived small RNAs as well as miRNAs and piRNAs. Our findings provide new clues for future functional studies of the role of small RNAs in insect development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoming Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hanghzou 310018, China.
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19
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Etebari K, Asgari S. Conserved microRNA miR-8 blocks activation of the Toll pathway by upregulating Serpin 27 transcripts. RNA Biol 2013; 10:1356-64. [PMID: 23806890 DOI: 10.4161/rna.25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play significant regulatory roles in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. This includes modulating processes such as development, immunity, cancer, and host-pathogen interactions. It was recently shown that the phylogenetically deeply conserved miRNA, miR-8, plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of immunity by suppressing the production of anti-microbial peptides. In this study, we show that miR-8 from the insect Plutella xylostella positively regulates the transcript levels of the serine protease inhibitor Serpin 27, which has been shown to regulate activation of the Toll pathway and prophenoloxidase involved in the melanization response in insects. Interestingly, miR-8 is downregulated following parasitization by Diadegma semiclausum leading to significant declines in Serpin 27 transcript levels. This allows upregulation of antimicrobial peptides, such as gloverin, that are controlled by the Toll pathway and activation of proteolytic cascades essential for humoral immune responses to foreign invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia, QLD Australia
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20
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Etebari K, Hussain M, Asgari S. Identification of microRNAs from Plutella xylostella larvae associated with parasitization by Diadegma semiclausum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:309-318. [PMID: 23352895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as small non-coding RNAs play important roles in many biological processes such as development, cell signaling and immune response. Small RNA deep sequencing technology provided an opportunity for a thorough survey of miRNAs in a global key pest Plutella xylostella as well as comparative analysis of miRNA expression profile of the insect in association with parasitization by Diadegma semiclausum. Combining the deep sequencing data and bioinformatics, 235 miRNAs were identified from P. xylostella. Differential expression of host cellular miRNAs in response to parasitism was examined by making small RNA libraries from parasitized and naive second instar larvae of P. xylostella. Bantam, miR-276*, miR-10, miR-31 and miR-184 were detected as five most abundant miRNAs in both libraries and 96 miRNAs were identified that were differentially expressed after parasitization. Bantam*, miR-184 and miR-281* were significantly down-regulated and two miRNAs miR-279b and miR-2944b* were highly induced in parasitized larvae. Interestingly, high copy numbers and differential expression of several miRNA passenger strands (miRNA*) suggest their potential roles in host-parasitoid interaction. In conclusion, expression profiling of miRNAs provided insights into their possible involvement in insect immune response to parasitism and offer an important resource for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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21
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Guo Q, Tao YL, Chu D. Characterization and comparative profiling of miRNAs in invasive Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B and Q. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59884. [PMID: 23527280 PMCID: PMC3603954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, conserved, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B and Q are two invasive and dominant whiteflies, and B. tabaci Q has been displacing B in China. Differences in biological traits (fecundity, host range, resistance to insecticides, etc.) as affected by miRNAs might be involved in the displacement. In this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to identify miRNAs in B. tabaci B and Q. RESULTS We identified 170 conserved miRNAs and 15 novel candidates, and found significant differences in the expression of miRNAs between B. tabaci B and Q. CONCLUSION Expression levels of miRNAs differ in B. tabaci B vs. Q. Additional research is needed to determine whether these differences are related to differences in the biology of B. tabaci B and Q, and whether these differences help explain why B. tabaci Q is displacing B in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yang L, Lu X, Liu Y, Lv Z, Chen J, Yu W, Zhang Y, Nie Z. Expression analysis of miRNAs in BmN cells. Gene 2012; 505:240-5. [PMID: 22713175 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the family of noncoding single-strand RNA molecules of 21-25 nucleotides in length and play a broad and key regulation role in various physiological and pathological processes including differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. In Bombyx mori, a total of 487 pre-miRNAs and 562 mature miRNAs were identified by experimental or computational approaches, but their functions remain unknown. To carry out the research of gain-of-function of miRNAs in BmN cells, we firstly identified the endogenous expression of miRNAs in BmN cells by microarray and found that only 73 miRNAs could be detected by miRNA microarray. Then three low abundance or undetected miRNAs, pri-mir-1a, pri-mir-8 and pri-mir-133, were selected to express in BmN cells. The eukaryotic expression vector pIEx-1 harboring baculovirus ie1 promoter and hr5 enhancer was screened and used for expressing miRNA in BmN cells. Three miRNA expression vectors pIEx-1-EGFP-pri-mir-1a/8/133 were constructed, which contained the three corresponding pri-miRNA sequences, respectively. The constructed miRNA vectors were successfully transfected into BmN cells and the qRT-PCR analysis showed that relative abundance of bmo-mir-1a, bmo-mir-8 and bmo-mir-133 in BmN cells transfected with the pIEx-1-EGFP-pri-mir-1a/8/133 is as 32, 4.4 and 904 times as that in BmN cells transfected with the control vector pIEx-1-EGFP, respectively. The present work lays a foundation for the further functional studies of miRNAs in silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancui Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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23
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Zhang X, Zheng Y, Jagadeeswaran G, Ren R, Sunkar R, Jiang H. Identification and developmental profiling of conserved and novel microRNAs in Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:381-95. [PMID: 22406339 PMCID: PMC3340478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small RNAs involved in translation inhibition or mRNA degradation. Due to its large size, Manduca sexta has long been used as a model to study insect physiology and biochemistry. While transcriptome studies have greatly enriched our knowledge on M. sexta structural genes, little is known about posttranscriptional regulation by miRNAs in this lepidopteran species. We constructed four small RNA libraries from embryos, 4th instar feeding larvae, pupae, and adults, obtained 21 million reads of 18-31 nucleotides by Illumina sequencing, and found 163 conserved and 13 novel miRNAs. By searching the M. sexta genome assembly, we identified precursors of 82 conserved miRNAs, 76 of which had mapped reads in one or more of these libraries. After normalization, we compared numbers of miRNA and miRNA-star reads in these libraries and observed abundance changes during development. Interestingly, mse-miR-281-star, mse-miR-31-star, mse-miR-965-star, mse-miR-9a-star, mse-miR-9b-star, mse-miR-2a-star, mse-miR-92b-star and mse-miR-279c-star are either more abundant or maintained at similar levels compared to respective mature miRNA strand. Expression profiling of the first set of miRNAs provided insights to their possible involvement in developmental regulation. This study will aid in the annotation of miRNA genes in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Huang Y, Zou Q, Wang SP, Tang SM, Zhang GZ, Shen XJ. Construction and detection of expression vectors of microRNA-9a in BmN cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 12:527-33. [PMID: 21726059 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs molecules, approximately 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression by base-pairing with 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs. However, the functions of only a few miRNAs in organisms are known. Recently, the expression vector of artificial miRNA has become a promising tool for gene function studies. Here, a method for easy and rapid construction of eukaryotic miRNA expression vector was described. The cytoplasmic actin 3 (A3) promoter and flanked sequences of miRNA-9a (miR-9a) precursor were amplified from genomic DNA of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) and was inserted into pCDNA3.0 vector to construct a recombinant plasmid. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was used as reporter gene. The Bombyx mori N (BmN) cells were transfected with recombinant miR-9a expression plasmid and were harvested 48 h post transfection. Total RNAs of BmN cells transfected with recombinant vectors were extracted and the expression of miR-9a was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot. Tests showed that the recombinant miR-9a vector was successfully constructed and the expression of miR-9a with EGFP was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
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Swevers L, Liu J, Huvenne H, Smagghe G. Search for limiting factors in the RNAi pathway in silkmoth tissues and the Bm5 cell line: the RNA-binding proteins R2D2 and Translin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20250. [PMID: 21637842 PMCID: PMC3102679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), an RNA-dependent gene silencing process that is initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, has been applied with variable success in lepidopteran insects, in contrast to the high efficiency achieved in the coleopteran Tribolium castaneum. To gain insight into the factors that determine the efficiency of RNAi, a survey was carried out to check the expression of factors that constitute the machinery of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways in different tissues and stages of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. It was found that the dsRNA-binding protein R2D2, an essential component in the siRNA pathway in Drosophila, was expressed at minimal levels in silkmoth tissues. The silkmoth-derived Bm5 cell line was also deficient in expression of mRNA encoding full-length BmTranslin, an RNA-binding factor that has been shown to stimulate the efficiency of RNAi. However, despite the lack of expression of the RNA-binding proteins, silencing of a luciferase reporter gene was observed by co-transfection of luc dsRNA using a lipophilic reagent. In contrast, gene silencing was not detected when the cells were soaked in culture medium supplemented with dsRNA. The introduction of an expression construct for Tribolium R2D2 (TcR2D2) did not influence the potency of luc dsRNA to silence the luciferase reporter. Immunostaining experiments further showed that both TcR2D2 and BmTranslin accumulated at defined locations within the cytoplasm of transfected cells. Our results offer a first evaluation of the expression of the RNAi machinery in silkmoth tissues and Bm5 cells and provide evidence for a functional RNAi response to intracellular dsRNA in the absence of R2D2 and Translin. The failure of TcR2D2 to stimulate the intracellular RNAi pathway in Bombyx cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: (LS); (GS)
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanneke Huvenne
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: (LS); (GS)
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Genome-wide identification of novel microRNAs and their target genes in the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Genomics 2011; 98:96-111. [PMID: 21640815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding regulatory RNAs which can elicit post-transcriptional repression of mRNA levels of target genes. Here, we report the identification of 67 mature and 42 precursor miRNAs in the Schistosoma mansoni parasite. The evolutionarily conserved S. mansoni miRNAs consisted of 26 precursor miRNAs and 35 mature miRNAs, while we identified 16 precursor miRNAs and 32 mature miRNAs that displayed no conservation. These S. mansoni miRNAs are located on seven autosomal chromosomes and a sex (W) chromosome. miRNA expansion through gene duplication was suggested for at least two miRNA families miR-71 and mir-2. miRNA target finding analysis identified 389 predicted mRNA targets for the identified miRNAs and suggests that the sma-mir-71 may be involved in female sexual maturation. Given the important roles of miRNAs in animals, the identification and characterization of miRNAs in S. mansoni will facilitate novel approaches towards prevention and treatment of Schistosomiasis.
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Huang Y, Shen XJ, Zou Q, Huang JS, Tang SM. Genomic analysis of silkworm microRNA promoters and clusters. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893310061068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ding N, Wu X, He J, Chang L, Hu W, Li W, Wang J, Wang T, Zhou G. Detection of novel human MiRNAs responding to X-ray irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:425-432. [PMID: 21785231 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, more than 1048 human miRNAs have been identified. However, the recognition of new human miRNAs is becoming more and more difficult. Based on the hypothesis that the expression of some miRNAs can be induced by ionizing radiation, total RNAs of HeLa cells were isolated 1 h after exposure to 2 Gy of X-rays, and total small RNAs were enriched and sequenced by PAGE and Solexa technology, respectively. As a result, 421 kinds of known miRNAs and 337 kinds of unknown sequences were identified, among which 10 novel miRNAs were characterized by bioinformatic approach and verified by qRT-PCR. Finally, putative targets of these miRNAs were predicted by TargetScan software and compared with known proteins down-regulated by radiation. It was confirmed that some of the targets of these novel miRNAs were radiation-related proteins. These results imply that these 10 novel miRNAs are radiation-related miRNAs. This study reveals a new way to find novel miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Cai Y, Yu X, Zhou Q, Yu C, Hu H, Liu J, Lin H, Yang J, Zhang B, Cui P, Hu S, Yu J. Novel microRNAs in silkworm (Bombyx mori). Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 10:405-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu S, Li D, Li Q, Zhao P, Xiang Z, Xia Q. MicroRNAs of Bombyx mori identified by Solexa sequencing. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:148. [PMID: 20199675 PMCID: PMC2838851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miRNA) and other small regulatory RNAs contribute to the modulation of a large number of cellular processes. We sequenced three small RNA libraries prepared from the whole body, and the anterior-middle and posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori, with a view to expanding the repertoire of silkworm miRNAs and exploring transcriptional differences in miRNAs between segments of the silk gland. RESULTS With the aid of large-scale Solexa sequencing technology, we validated 257 unique miRNA genes, including 202 novel and 55 previously reported genes, corresponding to 324 loci in the silkworm genome. Over 30 known silkworm miRNAs were further corrected in their sequence constitutes and length. A number of reads originated from the loop regions of the precursors of two previously reported miRNAs (bmo-miR-1920 and miR-1921). Interestingly, the majority of the newly identified miRNAs were silkworm-specific, 23 unique miRNAs were widely conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates, 13 unique miRNAs were limited to invertebrates, and 32 were confined to insects. We identified 24 closely positioned clusters and 45 paralogs of miRNAs in the silkworm genome. However, sequence tags showed that paralogs or clusters were not prerequisites for coordinated transcription and accumulation. The majority of silkworm-specific miRNAs were located in transposable elements, and displayed significant differences in abundance between the anterior-middle and posterior silk gland. CONCLUSIONS Conservative analysis revealed that miRNAs can serve as phylogenetic markers and function in evolutionary signaling. The newly identified miRNAs greatly enrich the repertoire of insect miRNAs, and provide insights into miRNA evolution, biogenesis, and expression in insects. The differential expression of miRNAs in the anterior-middle and posterior silk glands supports their involvement as new levels in the regulation of the silkworm silk gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Liu
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qibin Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Beishan Road, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, PR China
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