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Yao L, Chen J, Ma W. Decoding TROP2 in breast cancer: significance, clinical implications, and therapeutic advancements. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1292211. [PMID: 37954074 PMCID: PMC10635515 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1292211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by distinct molecular subtypes, varied prognoses, and differential treatment responses. Understanding the molecular landscape and identifying therapeutic targets, such as trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2), is vital. TROP2 is notably overexpressed in breast cancer, playing a significant role in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. While significant progress has been made in targeting TROP2 in breast cancer, several challenges and knowledge gaps remain. These challenges include the heterogeneity of TROP2 expression within breast cancer subtypes, resistance to its targeted therapies, potential off-target effects, limited therapeutic agents, and identifying optimal combination treatments. Integrating findings from clinical trials into clinical practice further complicates the landscape. This review article delves deep into TROP2 in breast cancer, highlighting its expression patterns, clinical implications, and therapeutic advancements. By understanding the role of TROP2, we can pave the way for personalized treatments, and transform the landscape of breast cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Yao
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Tongxu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Sanford Stem Cell Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Das S, Saha R, Das C, Deb M, Kamilya G. Prognostic Role of Human Epididymis Protein4 (HE4) in Endometrial Lesions: Study in a Tertiary Care Centre. Indian J Surg Oncol 2023; 14:428-433. [PMID: 37324288 PMCID: PMC10267062 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-023-01710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer accounts for 20% of malignant tumours in the female reproductive system. A novel biological marker human epididymis protein4 (HE4) represents an important alternative indicator which may benefit patient mortality. To correlate the immunohistochemical expression of HE4 in different non-neoplastic and neoplastic endometrial lesions and with the WHO grade of the tumours. Our study was a cross-sectional, observational study done in a tertiary care hospital from December 2019 to June 2021 on the hysterectomy sample of 50 patients with a clinical history of abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain. The study showed strong positivity of HE4 in cases of endometrial carcinoma, weak positivity in cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and negativity in cases of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia group. WHO grade 3(50%) and grade 2 (29%) endometrioid adenocarcinoma NOS in our study showed strong positivity for HE4 which was statistically significant (P value = 0.001). In recent studies using overexpression of HE4-related genes, the malignant biological behaviour such as cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation was enhanced. It was seen in our study that strong positivity of HE4 was seen in all endometrial carcinoma groups and with higher WHO grade. So, HE4 may become a potential therapeutic target for advanced-stage endometrial carcinoma which requires further research. Thus, human epididymis-specific protein 4 (HE4) has been shown to be a promising marker for the detection of endometrial carcinoma patients who could be benefitted from targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rama Saha
- Department of Pathology, BSMC, Bankura, India
| | - Chhanda Das
- Department of Pathology, BMC & H, Burdwan, India
- Santoshpur, India
| | - Mainak Deb
- NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
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Uthayanan L, El-Bahrawy M. Potential roles of claudin-3 and claudin-4 in ovarian cancer management. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:24. [PMID: 35665865 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-022-00125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality amongst all gynaecological malignancies, with around two-thirds of patients diagnosed with advanced disease due to late presentation. Furthermore, around 90% of patients develop recurrence and eventually become chemoresistant. Therefore, there is a high demand to identify biomarkers specific to this disease for screening for early detection, as well as new therapeutic targets. Tight junctions (TJs) regulate paracellular permeability and are vital in establishing epithelial cell polarity. One hallmark of tumorigenesis is the loss of TJs, with loss of cell-to-cell adhesion. Claudins are integral TJ membrane proteins, which have been found to play a critical role in maintaining the TJ's barrier function. Furthermore, claudin-3 (CLDN3) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) are overexpressed in ovarian cancer. This article aims to explore the biological role of CLDN3 and CLDN4 and their potential in different aspects of the management of ovarian cancer. MAIN BODY CLDN3 and CLDN4 have been shown to be effective markers for the early detection of ovarian cancer. Whilst there is difficulty in screening for both claudins in serum, their assessment by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemical methods shows promising potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer. The localisation and overexpression of claudins, such as CLDN3, have been shown to correlate with poorer survival outcomes. The added value of combining claudins with other markers such as CA125 for diagnosis has also been highlighted. Therapeutically, CLDN3 and more so CLDN4 have been shown to be effective targets of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE). Interestingly, CPE has also been shown to resensitise chemoresistant tumours to therapy. CONCLUSIONS This review presents the diagnostic and prognostic potential of CLDN3 and CLDN4 and their emerging role as therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer. Clinical trials are required to validate the promising results of the in vitro and in vivo studies for CLDN3 and CLDN4, possibly adding onto current ovarian cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshanth Uthayanan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mona El-Bahrawy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Department of Pathology, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Tavsan Z, Ayar Kayalı H. EpCAM-claudin-tetraspanin-modulated ovarian cancer progression and drug resistance. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:57-68. [PMID: 32091301 PMCID: PMC7757826 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1732761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of cell adhesion are involved in cancer progression, but the mechanisms underlying the progression and cell adhesion have remained poorly understood. Focusing on the complex between EpCAM, claudins and tetraspanins, we described a sequence of events by which of the molecules associate each other in ovarian cancer. The interactions between molecules were evaluated by immunoprecipitations and then immunoblotting. To identify the effects of complex formation on the ovarian cancer progression, the different types of ovarian cancer cell lines were compared. In this study, we report the identification of the EpCAM-claudin-4 or -7-CD82 complex in the ovarian cancer progression and metastasis in vitro. Additionally, we demonstrated palmitoylation and intra- or extra-cellular regions are critically required for the complex formation. These results represent the first direct evidence for the link between the dynamism of cell adhesion molecules and ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Tavsan
- Chemistry Department, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.,Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Ayar Kayalı
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.,International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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Guan C, Lu C, Xiao M, Chen W. EHD2 Overexpression Suppresses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Human Colon Cancer. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:297-309. [PMID: 33356637 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1870125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: To investigate how EHD2 influences the development of colon cancer.Methods: Immunohistochemistry of 90 colon cancer tissue specimens were determined the expression of EHD2. The lentivirus-EHD2-transfected colon cancer cells were conducted to evaluate the biological behaviors.Results: EHD2 was closely associated with clinic pathological parameters (p < 0.001). EHD2 upregulation was relative with a longer overall survival. The results of the univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that EHD2 could be an independent prognosis marker. EHD2 overexpression suppressed cell invasion and proliferation, but enhanced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.Conclusions: EHD2 might represent a therapeutic target of colon cancer.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Membrane trafficking is crucial for cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, especially tumorigenesis and development. EHD2 proteins play an important role in the regulation of membrane trafficking in endocytosis. EHD2 has been suggested to participate in the occurrence of some malignancies.What are the new findings? EHD2 could be an independent prognosis marker in colon cancer. EHD2 overexpression suppressed cell invasion and proliferation, but enhanced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro. EHD2 overexpression markedly increased the expression of EMT marker E-cadherin in colon cancer.How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future? EHD2 overexpression may inhibit tumorigenesis in colon cancer through the modulation of E-cadherin, the critical marker of EMT which is closely related to invasion and distant metastasis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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EHD2 is a Predictive Biomarker of Chemotherapy Efficacy in Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7998. [PMID: 32409676 PMCID: PMC7224205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
EHD2 is a mechanotransducing ATPase localized in caveolae invaginations at the plasma membrane. EHD2 has recently been associated with several human cancers, however the significance of EHD2 transcript levels in cancer prognosis remains debated. Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and prognosis is variable depending on the subtypes. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) often has a poor therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of EHD2 transcripts and protein expression levels in breast carcinomas. We found that low EHD2 levels were associated with enhanced proliferation, migration and invasion of TNBC cells. EHD2 expression was significantly reduced in TNBC tissues and the loss of EHD2 led to higher expression of the pro-tumoral cytokine IL-8. In apparent contradiction with in vitro data, multivariate analysis of two independent cohorts of breast cancer patients revealed that low EHD2 was in fact associated with good prognosis in the highly proliferative TNBC subtype. Accordingly, TNBC low EHD2 expressers were found to benefit the most from chemotherapy when compared to all subtypes of breast cancers. Our study validates EHD2 expression level as an independent prognostic factor of metastasis-free survival and as a new predictive marker of chemotherapy efficacy in TNBC patients.
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Wang JY, Wang WP. B7-H4, a promising target for immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104008. [PMID: 31733822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coinhibitory molecule B7-H4, an important member of the B7 family, is abnormally expressed in tumors, inflammation and autoimmune diseases. B7-H4 negatively regulates T cell immune response and promotes immune escape by inhibiting the proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cell cycle of T cells. Moreover, B7-H4 plays an extremely important role in tumorigenesis and tumor development including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, anti-apoptosis, etc. In addition, B7-H4 has the other biological functions, such as protection against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and islet cell transplantation. Therefore, B7-H4 has been identified as a novel marker or a therapeutic target for the treatment of tumors, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplantation. Here, we summarized the expression profiles, physiological and pathological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of B7-H4, the signaling pathways involved, as well as B7-H4-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei-Peng Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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FXYD5 (Dysadherin) upregulation predicts shorter survival and reveals platinum resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:584-592. [PMID: 31434988 PMCID: PMC6889357 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is generally associated with a very dismal prognosis. Nevertheless, patients with similar clinicopathological characteristics can have markedly different clinical outcomes. Our aim was the identification of novel molecular determinants influencing survival. METHODS Gene expression profiles of extreme HGSOC survivors (training set) were obtained by microarray. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched signalling pathways were determined. A prognostic signature was generated and validated on curatedOvarianData database through a meta-analysis approach. The best prognostic biomarker from the signature was confirmed by RT-qPCR and by immunohistochemistry on an independent validation set. Cox regression model was chosen for survival analysis. RESULTS Eighty DEGs and the extracellular matrix-receptor (ECM-receptor) interaction pathway were associated to extreme survival. A 10-gene prognostic signature able to correctly classify patients with 98% of accuracy was identified. By an 'in-silico' meta-analysis, overexpression of FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 5 (FXYD5), also known as dysadherin, was confirmed in HGSOC short-term survivors compared to long-term ones. Its prognostic and predictive power was then successfully validated, both at mRNA and protein level, first on training than on validation sample set. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the possible involvement of FXYD5 and ECM-receptor interaction signal pathway in HCSOC survival and prognosis.
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Shriwash N, Singh P, Arora S, Ali SM, Ali S, Dohare R. Identification of differentially expressed genes in small and non-small cell lung cancer based on meta-analysis of mRNA. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01707. [PMID: 31338439 PMCID: PMC6580189 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the lowest survival rate spread globally resulting in a large number of deaths. This is attributed to insufficient measures such as lack of early detection and chemoresistance in the patients. It can be subdivided into two histological groups: Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), which is most prevalent (85% of all lung cancers) but less destructive; and Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), which is intermittently metastatic and less prevalent (15% of all lung cancers). The present study deals with the analysis of gene expression of two subtypes to identify the Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). For this study, we selected two datasets from the Omnibus database, which included 50 non-small cell lung cancer samples, 31 small cell lung cancer samples, and 48 samples from normal lung tissue. After DEGs identification using the meta-analysis approach, they were then subjected to further analysis following p-value adjustment via the Benjamini-Hochberg method. We identified 440 overexpressed and 489 underexpressed genes in NSCLC, and 489 overexpressed and 525 underexpressed genes in SCLC, compared with normal lung tissues. Furthermore, we identified 3 overlapping genes between upregulated DEGs in NSCLC and downregulated DEGs in SCLC; and 8 overlapping genes between upregulated DEGs in SCLC and downregulated DEGs in NSCLC. Accordingly, a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network of the overlapping genes was generated, which contained a total of 261 genes, of which the top five were TRIM29, ANK3, CSTA, FGG, and AGR2. These five candidate genes reported herein may prove to be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Shriwash
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shweta Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Syed Mansoor Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Popek S, Sawicki K, Drop B, Czajka M, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Matysiak-Kucharek M, Furman-Toczek D, Zagórska-Dziok M, Kruszewski M. IL‑6 prevents CXCL8‑induced stimulation of EpCAM expression in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2317-2322. [PMID: 30747214 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which is expressed in the majority of epithelial tissues, exhibits tumor growth promoting abilities and is overexpressed in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Therefore, EpCAM is considered to be a promising target for specific immune‑based therapies. The present study evaluated the role of IL‑6 and IL‑8 in the expression of EpCAM in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Furthermore, the cellular localization of the EpCAM protein in A2780 cells was determined and the effect of EpCAM inhibition on the proliferation of the A2780 cells was investigated. An MTT assay demonstrated that blocking EpCAM with anti‑EPCAM antibodies had no effect on cellular metabolic activity (proliferation). Gene expression analysis revealed that IL‑8 increased EpCAM expression, whereas IL‑6 and the combination of IL‑6/IL‑8 had no effect on EpCAM expression. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that EpCAM is expressed on A2780 cell membranes. The present results demonstrated that IL‑8 increased EpCAM expression at the mRNA level in ovarian cancer cells and suggested a potential role of IL‑6 as an inhibitor of IL‑8‑stimulated EpCAM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Popek
- Department of Cancer Genetics with Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20‑080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 0‑090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University, 20‑090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czajka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 0‑090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20‑080 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dominika Furman-Toczek
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Martyna Zagórska-Dziok
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract
Immune responses are controlled by the optimal balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. T-cell receptor (TCR) signals are modulated by co-signaling molecules, which are divided into co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. By expression at the appropriate time and location, co-signaling molecules positively and negatively control T-cell differentiation and function. For example, ligation of the CD28 on T cells provides a critical secondary signal along with TCR ligation for naive T-cell activation. In contrast, co-inhibitory signaling by the CD28-B7 family is important to regulate immune homeostasis and host defense, as these signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. At the same time, microorganisms or tumor cells can use these pathways to establish an immunosuppressive environment to inhibit the immune responses against themselves. Understanding these co-inhibitory pathways will support the development of new immunotherapy for the treatment of tumors and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here, we introduce diverse molecules belonging to the members of the CD28-B7 family.
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Han C, Bellone S, Siegel ER, Altwerger G, Menderes G, Bonazzoli E, Egawa-Takata T, Pettinella F, Bianchi A, Riccio F, Zammataro L, Yadav G, Marto JA, Penet MF, Levine DA, Drapkin R, Patel A, Litkouhi B, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Huang GS, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. A novel multiple biomarker panel for the early detection of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 149:585-591. [PMID: 29572027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. There is no single biomarker with the sensitivity and specificity required for effective cancer screening; therefore, we investigated a panel of novel biomarkers for the early detection of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Twelve serum biomarkers with high differential gene expression and validated antibodies were selected: IL-1Ra, IL-6, Dkk-1, uPA, E-CAD, ErbB2, SLPI, HE4, CA125, LCN2, MSLN, and OPN. They were tested using Simple Plex™, a multi-analyte immunoassay platform, in samples collected from 172 patients who were either healthy, had benign gynecologic pathologies, or had high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinomas. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, ROC area under the curve (AUC), and standard error (SE) of the AUC were obtained. Univariate ROC analyses and multivariate ROC analyses with the combination of multiple biomarkers were performed. RESULTS The 4-marker panel consisting of CA125, HE4, E-CAD, and IL-6 had the highest ROC AUC. When evaluated for the ability to distinguish early stage ovarian cancer from a non-cancer control, not only did this 4-marker panel (AUC=0.961) performed better than CA 125 alone (AUC=0.851; P=0.0150) and HE4 alone (AUC=0.870; P=0.0220), but also performed significantly better than the 2- marker combination of CA125+HE4 (AUC=0.922; P=0.0278). The 4-marker panel had the highest average sensitivity under the region of its ROC curve corresponding to specificity ranging from 100% down to ~95%. CONCLUSION The four-marker panel, CA125, HE4, E-CAD, and IL-6, shows potential in detecting serous ovarian cancer at earlier stages. Additional validation studies using the biomarker combination in ovarian cancer patients are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tomomi Egawa-Takata
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Francesca Pettinella
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Francesco Riccio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ghanshyam Yadav
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Blais Proteomic Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Abhijit Patel
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Babak Litkouhi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Dorn J, Bayani J, Yousef GM, Yang F, Magdolen V, Kiechle M, Diamandis EP, Schmitt M. Clinical utility of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in urogenital malignancies. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:408-22. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-03-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SummaryKallikrein-related peptidases (KLK), which represent a major tissue-associated proteolytic system, stand for a rich source of biomarkers that may allow molecular classification, early diagnosis and prognosis of human malignancies as well as prediction of response or failure to cancer-directed drugs. International research points to an important role of certain KLKs in female and male urogenital tract malignancies, in addition to cancers of the lung, brain, skin, head and neck, and the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding the female/male urogenital tract, remarkably, all of the KLKs are expressed in the normal prostate, testis, and kidney whereas the uterus, the ovary, and the urinary bladder are expressing a limited number of KLKs only. Most of the information regarding KLK expression in tumour-affected organs is available for ovarian cancer; all of the 12 KLKs tested so far were found to be elevated in the malignant state, depicting them as valuable biomarkers to distinguish between the normal and the cancerous phenotype. In contrast, for kidney cancer, a series of KLKs was found to be downregulated, while other KLKs were not expressed. Evidently, depending on the type of cancer or cancer stage, individual KLKs may show characteristics of a Janus-faced behaviour, by either expanding or inhibiting cancer progression and metastasis.
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14
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Gov E, Kori M, Arga KY. RNA-based ovarian cancer research from 'a gene to systems biomedicine' perspective. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 63:219-238. [PMID: 28574782 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2017.1330368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of death from a gynecologic malignancy, and treatment of this disease is harder than any other type of female reproductive cancer. Improvements in the diagnosis and development of novel and effective treatment strategies for complex pathophysiologies, such as ovarian cancer, require a better understanding of disease emergence and mechanisms of progression through systems medicine approaches. RNA-level analyses generate new information that can help in understanding the mechanisms behind disease pathogenesis, to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets and in new drug discovery. Whole RNA sequencing and coding and non-coding RNA expression array datasets have shed light on the mechanisms underlying disease progression and have identified mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs involved in ovarian cancer progression. In addition, the results from these analyses indicate that various signalling pathways and biological processes are associated with ovarian cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive literature review on RNA-based ovarian cancer research and highlight the benefits of integrative approaches within the systems biomedicine concept for future ovarian cancer research. We invite the ovarian cancer and systems biomedicine research fields to join forces to achieve the interdisciplinary caliber and rigor required to find real-life solutions to common, devastating, and complex diseases such as ovarian cancer. ABBREVIATIONS CAF: cancer-associated fibroblasts; COG: Cluster of Orthologous Groups; DEA: disease enrichment analysis; EOC: epithelial ovarian carcinoma; ESCC: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GSI: gamma secretase inhibitor; GO: Gene Ontology; GSEA: gene set enrichment analyzes; HAS: Hungarian Academy of Sciences; lncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases; NGS: next-generation sequencing; ncRNAs: non-coding RNAs; OvC: ovarian cancer; PI3K/Akt/mTOR: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin; RT-PCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; TF: transcription factor; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Gov
- a Department of Bioengineering , Marmara University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Department of Bioengineering , Adana Science and Technology University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Medi Kori
- a Department of Bioengineering , Marmara University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- a Department of Bioengineering , Marmara University , Istanbul , Turkey
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15
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Zanotti L, Romani C, Tassone L, Todeschini P, Tassi RA, Bandiera E, Damia G, Ricci F, Ardighieri L, Calza S, Marchini S, Beltrame L, Tognon G, D'Incalci M, Pecorelli S, Sartori E, Odicino F, Ravaggi A, Bignotti E. MAL gene overexpression as a marker of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma stem-like cells that predicts chemoresistance and poor prognosis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:366. [PMID: 28545541 PMCID: PMC5445497 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within a tumor bulk has been demonstrated for many solid tumors including epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). CSCs have been associated to tumor invasion, metastasis and development of chemoresistant recurrences. In this context, we aim to characterize EOC CSCs from the molecular point of view in order to identify potential biomarkers associated with chemoresistance. METHODS We isolated a population of cells with stem-like characteristics (OVA-BS4 spheroids) from a primary human EOC cell line under selective conditions. OVA-BS4 spheroids were characterized for drug response by cytotoxicity assays and their molecular profile was investigated by microarray and RT-qPCR. Finally, we performed a gene expression study in a cohort of 74 high-grade serous EOC (HGSOC) patients by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Spheroids exhibited properties of self-renewal and a pronounced expression of well-known stem cell genes. Moreover, they demonstrated greater resistance towards several anticancer drugs compared to parent cell line, consistent with their higher ABCG2 gene expression. From microarray studies MAL (T-cell differentiation protein) emerged as the most up-regulated gene in spheroids, compared to parent cell line. In HGSOC patients, MAL was significantly overexpressed in platinum-resistant compared to platinum-sensitive patients and resulted as an independent prognostic marker of survival. CONCLUSIONS This investigation provides an important contribution to the identification of molecular markers of ovarian CSCs and chemoresistance. Successful translation of molecular findings would lead to a better comprehension of the mechanisms triggering chemoresistant recurrences, to the individuation of novel therapeutic targets and to the personalization of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zanotti
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Romani
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Tassone
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Todeschini
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Renata Alessandra Tassi
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bandiera
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS, "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS, "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ardighieri
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS, "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS, "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Germana Tognon
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS, "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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16
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Tassi RA, Todeschini P, Siegel ER, Calza S, Cappella P, Ardighieri L, Cadei M, Bugatti M, Romani C, Bandiera E, Zanotti L, Tassone L, Guarino D, Santonocito C, Capoluongo ED, Beltrame L, Erba E, Marchini S, D'Incalci M, Donzelli C, Santin AD, Pecorelli S, Sartori E, Bignotti E, Odicino F, Ravaggi A. FOXM1 expression is significantly associated with chemotherapy resistance and adverse prognosis in non-serous epithelial ovarian cancer patients. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:63. [PMID: 28482906 PMCID: PMC5422964 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a spectrum of different diseases, which makes their treatment a challenge. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is an oncogene aberrantly expressed in many solid cancers including serous EOC, but its role in non-serous EOCs remains undefined. We examined FOXM1 expression and its correlation to prognosis across the three major EOC subtypes, and its role in tumorigenesis and chemo-resistance in vitro. METHODS Gene signatures were generated by microarray for 14 clear-cell and 26 endometrioid EOCs, and 15 normal endometrium snap-frozen biopsies. Validation of FOXM1 expression was performed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in the same samples and additionally in 50 high-grade serous EOCs and in their most adequate normal controls (10 luminal fallopian tube and 20 ovarian surface epithelial brushings). Correlations of FOXM1 expression to clinic-pathological parameters and patients' prognosis were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazards analyses. OVCAR-3 and two novel deeply characterized EOC cell lines (EOC-CC1 and OSPC2, with clear-cell and serous subtype, respectively) were employed for in vitro studies. Effects of FOXM1 inhibition by transient siRNA transfection were evaluated on cell-proliferation, cell-cycle, colony formation, invasion, and response to conventional first- and second-line anticancer agents, and to the PARP-inhibitor olaparib. Gene signatures of FOXM1-silenced cell lines were generated by microarray and confirmed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS A significant FOXM1 mRNA up-regulation was found in EOCs compared to normal controls. FOXM1 protein overexpression significantly correlated to serous histology (p = 0.001) and advanced FIGO stage (p = 0.004). Multivariate analyses confirmed FOXM1 protein overexpression as an independent indicator of worse disease specific survival in non-serous EOCs, and of shorter time to progression in platinum-resistant cases. FOXM1 downregulation in EOC cell lines inhibited cell growth and clonogenicity, and promoted the cytotoxic effects of platinum compounds, doxorubicin hydrochloride and olaparib. Upon FOXM1 knock-down in EOC-CC1 and OSPC2 cells, microarray and RT-qPCR analyses revealed the deregulation of several common and other unique subtype-specific FOXM1 putative targets involved in cell cycle, metastasis, DNA repair and drug response. CONCLUSIONS FOXM1 is up-regulated in all three major EOCs subtypes, and is a prognostic biomarker and a potential combinatorial therapeutic target in platinum resistant disease, irrespective of tumor histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Tassi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Paola Todeschini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Ardighieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Moris Cadei
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bandiera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Tassone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Guarino
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and Foundation Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Santonocito
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and Foundation Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore D Capoluongo
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University and Foundation Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Erba
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Donzelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University-ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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17
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Kim Y, Kim MH, Jeon S, Kim J, Kim C, Bae JS, Jung CK. Prognostic implication of histological features associated with EHD2 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174737. [PMID: 28358874 PMCID: PMC5373597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a heterogeneous tumor with various histological and molecular subtypes. EHD2 is involved in endocytosis and endosomal recycling. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of EHD2 expression in PTC and develop a new model for predicting persistent/recurrent disease after thyroidectomy. Pathologic slides of 512 consecutive patients with PTC ≥ 1 cm were retrospectively reviewed. BRAF mutation analysis and immunohistochemistry for EHD2 were performed. Clinical significance of EHD2 mRNA expression was analyzed in 388 PTC patients using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. The presence of dyscohesive cells and psammoma bodies were found have significant association with persistent/recurrent disease (p = 0.049 and p = 0.038, respectively). The best discrimination of disease-free survival was found by dividing patients into three prognostic groups based on the following two risk factors according to the size category: psammoma bodies ≥ 4 and dyscohesive cells (≥ 1% and ≥ 20% in PTCs of < 2.0 cm and ≥ 2.0 cm, respectively). In PTCs of ≥ 2.0 cm, patients with the two risk factors had a hazard ratio of 13.303 (p = 0.005) compared to those without risk factors. High expression level of EHD2 was associated with BRAF V600E (p < 0.001), presence of dyscohesive cells (p = 0.010), and absence of psammoma bodies (p = 0.001). Increased EHD2 mRNA expression level was associated with extrathyroidal extension (p < 0.001), pT3-4 (p < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), higher risk of recurrence (p < 0.001), and BRAF V600E (p < 0.001). Our prognostic model is useful for predicting persistent/recurrent disease after surgery of PTC. EHD2 mRNA expression could be a novel prognostic marker for PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yourha Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Jeon
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoon Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ja Seong Bae
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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18
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Lee DH, Jin CL, Kim Y, Shin MH, Kim JE, Kim M, Lee MJ, Cho S. Pleiotrophin is downregulated in human keloids. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:585-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Cocco E, Shapiro EM, Gasparrini S, Lopez S, Schwab CL, Bellone S, Bortolomai I, Sumi NJ, Bonazzoli E, Nicoletti R, Deng Y, Saltzman WM, Zeiss CJ, Centritto F, Black JD, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Azodi M, Rutherford TJ, Schwartz PE, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin C-terminal domain labeled to fluorescent dyes for in vivo visualization of micrometastatic chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2618-29. [PMID: 26060989 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification of micrometastatic disease at the time of surgery remains extremely challenging in ovarian cancer patients. We used fluorescence microscopy, an in vivo imaging system and a fluorescence stereo microscope to evaluate fluorescence distribution in Claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing ovarian tumors, floating tumor clumps isolated from ascites and healthy organs. To do so, mice harboring chemotherapy-naïve and chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer xenografts or patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were treated with the carboxyl-terminal binding domain of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-CPE) conjugated to FITC (FITC-c-CPE) or the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent tag IRDye CW800 (CW800-c-CPE) either intraperitoneally (IP) or intravenously (IV). We found tumor fluorescence to plateau at 30 min after IP injection of both the FITC-c-CPE and the CW800-c-CPE peptides and to be significantly higher than in healthy organs (p < 0.01). After IV injection of CW800-c-CPE, tumor fluorescence plateaued at 6 hr while the most favorable tumor-to-background fluorescence ratio (TBR) was found at 48 hr in both mouse models. Importantly, fluorescent c-CPE was highly sensitive for the in vivo visualization of peritoneal micrometastatic tumor implants and the identification of ovarian tumor spheroids floating in malignant ascites that were otherwise not detectable by conventional visual observation. The use of the fluorescent c-CPE peptide may represent a novel and effective optical approach at the time of primary debulking surgery for the real-time detection of micrometastatic ovarian disease overexpressing the Claudin-3 and -4 receptors or the identification of residual disease at the time of interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palazzetto Polifunzionale, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Sara Gasparrini
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Natalia J Sumi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Roberta Nicoletti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Floriana Centritto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan D Black
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Thomas J Rutherford
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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20
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Zollinger A, Davison AC, Goldstein DR. Meta-analysis of incomplete microarray studies. Biostatistics 2015; 16:686-700. [PMID: 25987649 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analysis of microarray studies to produce an overall gene list is relatively straightforward when complete data are available. When some studies lack information-providing only a ranked list of genes, for example-it is common to reduce all studies to ranked lists prior to combining them. Since this entails a loss of information, we consider a hierarchical Bayes approach to meta-analysis using different types of information from different studies: the full data matrix, summary statistics, or ranks. The model uses an informative prior for the parameter of interest to aid the detection of differentially expressed genes. Simulations show that the new approach can give substantial power gains compared with classical meta-analysis and list aggregation methods. A meta-analysis of 11 published studies with different data types identifies genes known to be involved in ovarian cancer and shows significant enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Zollinger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-FSB-MATHAA-STAT, Station 8, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony C Davison
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-FSB-MATHAA-STAT, Station 8, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darlene R Goldstein
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-FSB-MATHAA-STAT, Station 8, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Decreased expression and prognostic role of EHD2 in human breast carcinoma: correlation with E-cadherin. J Mol Histol 2015; 46:221-31. [PMID: 25758127 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Decreased expression of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) has been noted to associate with aggressiveness and metastasis of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of C-Terminal EH domain-containing protein 2 (EHD2) expression on E-cadherin and related mechanism in the metastasis of breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 96 human breast carcinoma samples and the data were correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics. Furthermore, Western blot analysis was performed for EHD2 and E-cadherin in breast carcinoma samples and cell lines to evaluate their protein levels and molecular interaction. We found that the expression of EHD2 was positively related with E-cadherin expression (P < 0.01), moreover, EHD2 expression was significantly correlated with histologic grade (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, E-cadherin expression obtained similar results. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that decreased expression of EHD2 and E-cadherin exhibited a significant correlation with poor prognosis in human breast cancer (P < 0.01). While in vitro, we employed siRNA technique to knock down EHD2 expressions and observed their effects on breast cancer cells growth. EHD2 depletion by siRNA promoted PCNA expression, and it was concurrent with the decreased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and the increased expression of N-cadherin by Western blot analysis. Consistent with these observations, the suppression of EHD2 in breast cancer cells remarkably promoted cellular proliferation and migration. On the basis of these results, we suggested that EHD2 can inhibit the metastasis of human breast cancer by regulating the EMT key markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin.
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Yang X, Ren H, Yao L, Chen X, He A. Role of EHD2 in migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3717-26. [PMID: 25557791 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eps15 homology domain-containing 2 (EHD2) is a tumor suppressor gene, overexpressed in several solid tumors, including ovarian cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The current study examined the expression and the role of EHD2 in human breast cancer. EHD2 expression was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 80 breast cancer and paired noncancerous breast tissues. Correlations between clinicopathologic variables, overall survival, and EHD2 expression were analyzed. We investigated the role of EHD2 in breast cancer migration and invasion by wound healing assay and trans-well invasion assays. A notably lower level of EHD2 expression was found in breast cancer tissues. EHD2 expression was associated with histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and tumor size. Expression of EHD2 was found to be an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, overexpression of EHD2 suppressed, while elimination of EHD2 promoted, the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Molecular data showed that EHD2 inhibited breast cancer migration and invasion probably by dampening the expression of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Downregulation of EHD2 was associated with migration and invasion by abrogating the expression of Rac1 in breast cancer patients. EHD2 may serve as a prognostic marker in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China,
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Leung J, Suh WK. The CD28-B7 Family in Anti-Tumor Immunity: Emerging Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2014; 14:265-76. [PMID: 25550693 PMCID: PMC4275384 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between B7 molecules and CD28-family receptors are crucial in the regulation of adaptive cellular immunity. In cancer, the aberrant expression of co-inhibitory B7 molecules has been attributed to reduced anti-tumor immunity and cancer immune evasion, prompting the development of cancer therapeutics that can restore T cell function. Murine tumor models have provided significant support for the targeting of multiple immune checkpoints involving CTLA-4, PD-1, ICOS, B7-H3 and B7-H4 during tumor growth, and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic effects of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade have shown exceptionally promising results in patients with advanced melanoma and other cancers. The expression pattern of co-inhibitory B7 ligands in the tumor microenvironment has also been largely correlated with poor patient prognosis, and recent evidence suggests that the presence of several B7 molecules may predict the responsiveness of immunotherapies that rely on pre-existing tumor-associated immune responses. While monotherapies blocking T cell co-inhibition have beneficial effects in reducing tumor burden, combinatorial immunotherapy targeting multiple immune checkpoints involved in various stages of the anti-tumor response has led to the most substantial impact on tumor reduction. In this review, we will examine the contributions of B7- and CD28-family members in the context of cancer development, and discuss the implications of current human findings in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Leung
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada. ; Department of Medicine; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Suarez E, Syed F, Alonso-Rasgado T, Bayat A. Identification of biomarkers involved in differential profiling of hypertrophic and keloid scars versus normal skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 307:115-33. [PMID: 25322916 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Among raised dermal scar types, keloid (KS) and hypertrophic scars (HS) are considered to present clinical similarities, but there are no known specific biomarkers that allow both scar types to be easily distinguished. Development and progression of raised dermal scars comprises the activation of several molecular pathways and cell defence mechanisms leading to elevated extracellular matrix component synthesis, delayed apoptosis, altered migration and differentiation. Therefore, the aim here was to identify biomarkers that may differentiate between KS and HS compared to normal skin (NS). To achieve this aim, NS (n = 14), KS (n = 14) and HS (n = 14) biopsies were evaluated using histology by H&E staining. Tissue biopsies and primary fibroblasts (passages 0-4) were employed to assess the gene expression levels of 21 biomarkers selected from our previous microarray studies using qRT-PCR. Finally, protein expression was evaluated using In-Cell Western Blotting in primary fibroblasts (p 0-4). Our results demonstrated that out of the 21 biomarkers screened at mRNA and protein levels, α2β1-integrin, Hsp27, PAI-2, MMP-19 and CGRP showed significantly higher expression (p < 0.05) in KS compared to NS and HS. Additionally, these five key biomarkers were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) at mRNA level in KS taken from the sternum, a region known to be subjected to high mechanical forces in the body during the performance of daily movements. In conclusion, our findings offer potential molecular targets in raised dermal scars differentiation. Future targeted research may allow provision of diagnostic and prognostic markers in keloid versus hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Suarez
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), University of Manchester, 131 Princess Road, Manchester, M1 7ND, UK
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English DP, Bellone S, Schwab CL, Roque DM, Lopez S, Bortolomai I, Cocco E, Bonazzoli E, Chatterjee S, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Santin AD. Solitomab, an epithelial cell adhesion molecule/CD3 bispecific antibody (BiTE), is highly active against primary chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro and fresh tumor cells ex vivo. Cancer 2014; 121:403-12. [PMID: 25251053 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solitomab is a novel, bispecific, single-chain antibody that targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tumor cells and also contains a cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) (T-cell coreceptor) binding region. The authors evaluated the in vitro activity of solitomab against primary chemotherapy-resistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines as well as malignant cells in ascites. METHODS EpCAM expression was evaluated by flow cytometry in 5 primary ovarian cancer cell lines and in 42 fresh ovarian tumor cell cultures in ascites from patients with mainly advanced or recurrent, chemotherapy-resistant disease. The potential activity of solitomab against EpCAM-positive tumor cells was evaluated by flow cytometry, proliferation, and 4-hour chromium-release, cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS EpCAM expression was detected by flow cytometry in approximately 80% of the fresh ovarian tumors and primary ovarian tumor cell lines tested. EpCAM-positive, chemotherapy-resistant cell lines were identified as resistant to natural killer cell-mediated or T-cell-mediated killing after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4-hour chromium-release assays (mean±standard error of the mean, 3.6%±0.7% of cells killed after incubation of EpCAM-positive cell lines with control bispecific antibody). In contrast, after incubation with solitomab, EpCAM-positive, chemotherapy-resistant cells became highly sensitive to T-cell cytotoxicity (mean±standard error of the mean, 28.2%±2.05% of cells killed; P<.0001) after exposure to peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ex vivo incubation of autologous tumor-associated lymphocytes with EpCAM-expressing malignant cells in ascites with solitomab resulted in a significant increase in T-cell activation markers and a reduction in the number of viable ovarian tumor cells in ascites (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Solitomab may represent a novel, potentially effective agent for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancers that overexpress EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P English
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Differential expression of secretoglobins in normal ovary and in ovarian carcinoma – Overexpression of mammaglobin-1 is linked to tumor progression. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 547:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fuller ES, Howell VM. Culture models to define key mediators of cancer matrix remodeling. Front Oncol 2014; 4:57. [PMID: 24724052 PMCID: PMC3971193 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HG-SOC) is one of the most devastating gynecological cancers affecting women worldwide, with a poor survival rate despite clinical treatment advances. HG-SOC commonly metastasizes within the peritoneal cavity, primarily to the mesothelial cells of the omentum, which regulate an extracellular matrix rich in collagens type I, III, and IV along with laminin, vitronectin, and fibronectin. Cancer cells depend on their ability to penetrate and invade secondary tissue sites to spread, however a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unknown. Given the high metastatic potential of HG-SOC and the associated poor clinical outcome, it is extremely important to identify the pathways and the components of which that are responsible for the progression of this disease. In vitro methods of recapitulating human disease processes are the critical first step in such investigations. In this context, establishment of an in vitro “tumor-like” micro-environment, such as 3D culture, to study early disease and metastasis of human HG-SOC is an important and highly insightful method. In recent years, many such methods have been established to investigate the adhesion and invasion of human ovarian cancer cell lines. The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments in ovarian cancer culture systems and their use to investigate clinically relevant findings concerning the key players in driving human HG-SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Suzanne Fuller
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St. Leonards, NSW , Australia
| | - Viive Maarika Howell
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St. Leonards, NSW , Australia
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Dorn J, Beaufort N, Schmitt M, Diamandis EP, Goettig P, Magdolen V. Function and clinical relevance of kallikrein-related peptidases and other serine proteases in gynecological cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:63-84. [PMID: 24490956 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.865701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gynecological cancers, including malignant tumors of the ovaries, the endometrium and the cervix, account for approximately 10% of tumor-associated deaths in women of the Western world. For screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy response prediction, the group of enzymes known as serine (Ser-)proteases show great promise as biomarkers. In the present review, following a summary of the clinical facts regarding malignant tumors of the ovaries, the endometrium and the cervix, and characterization of the most important Ser-proteases, we thoroughly review the current state of knowledge relating to the use of proteases as biomarkers of the most frequent gynecological cancers. Within the Ser-protease group, the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family, which encompasses a subgroup of 15 members, holds particular promise, with some acting via a tumor-promoting mechanism and others behaving as protective factors. Further, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) seem to play an unfavorable role in gynecological tumors, while down-regulation of high-temperature requirement proteins A 1, 2 and 3 (HtrA1,2,3) is associated with malignant disease and cancer progression. Expression/activity levels of other Ser-proteases, including the type II transmembrane Ser-proteases (TTSPs) matriptase, hepsin (TMPRSS1), and the hepsin-related protease (TMPRSS3), as well as the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored Ser-proteases prostasin and testisin, may be of clinical relevance in gynecological cancers. In conclusion, proteases are a rich source of biomarkers of gynecological cancer, though the enzymes' exact roles and functions merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dorn
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich , Germany
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Lisowska KM, Olbryt M, Dudaladava V, Pamuła-Piłat J, Kujawa K, Grzybowska E, Jarząb M, Student S, Rzepecka IK, Jarząb B, Kupryjańczyk J. Gene expression analysis in ovarian cancer - faults and hints from DNA microarray study. Front Oncol 2014; 4:6. [PMID: 24478986 PMCID: PMC3904181 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of microarray techniques to cancer research brought great expectations for finding biomarkers that would improve patients’ treatment; however, the results of such studies are poorly reproducible and critical analyses of these methods are rare. In this study, we examined global gene expression in 97 ovarian cancer samples. Also, validation of results by quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 30 additional ovarian cancer samples. We carried out a number of systematic analyses in relation to several defined clinicopathological features. The main goal of our study was to delineate the molecular background of ovarian cancer chemoresistance and find biomarkers suitable for prediction of patients’ prognosis. We found that histological tumor type was the major source of variability in genes expression, except for serous and undifferentiated tumors that showed nearly identical profiles. Analysis of clinical endpoints [tumor response to chemotherapy, overall survival, disease-free survival (DFS)] brought results that were not confirmed by validation either on the same group or on the independent group of patients. CLASP1 was the only gene that was found to be important for DFS in the independent group, whereas in the preceding experiments it showed associations with other clinical endpoints and with BRCA1 gene mutation; thus, it may be worthy of further testing. Our results confirm that histological tumor type may be a strong confounding factor and we conclude that gene expression studies of ovarian carcinomas should be performed on histologically homogeneous groups. Among the reasons of poor reproducibility of statistical results may be the fact that despite relatively large patients’ group, in some analyses one has to compare small and unequal classes of samples. In addition, arbitrarily performed division of samples into classes compared may not always reflect their true biological diversity. And finally, we think that clinical endpoints of the tumor probably depend on subtle changes in many and, possibly, alternative molecular pathways, and such changes may be difficult to demonstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marta Lisowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Magdalena Olbryt
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Volha Dudaladava
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Grodno State Medical University , Grodno , Belarus
| | - Jolanta Pamuła-Piłat
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kujawa
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Ewa Grzybowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Michał Jarząb
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Faculty of Automated Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Iwona Krystyna Rzepecka
- Department of Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Barbara Jarząb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncological Endocrinology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Jolanta Kupryjańczyk
- Department of Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Warsaw , Poland
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Emerging clinical importance of the cancer biomarkers kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in female and male reproductive organ malignancies. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:319-29. [PMID: 24294176 PMCID: PMC3814276 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor tissue-associated KLKs (kallikrein-related peptidases) are clinically important biomarkers that may allow prognosis of the cancer disease and/or prediction of response/failure of cancer patients to cancer-directed drugs. Regarding the female/male reproductive tract, remarkably, all of the fifteen KLKs are expressed in the normal prostate, breast, cervix uteri, and the testis, whereas the uterus/endometrium and the ovary are expressing a limited number of KLKs only. Conclusions Most of the information regarding elevated expression of KLKs in tumor-affected organs is available for ovarian cancer; depicting them as valuable biomarkers in the cancerous phenotype. In contrast, for breast cancer, a series of KLKs was found to be downregulated. However, in breast cancer, KLK4 is elevated which is also true for ovarian and prostate cancer. In such cases, selective synthetic KLK inhibitors that aim at blocking the proteolytic activities of certain KLKs may serve as future candidate therapeutic drugs to interfere with tumor progression and metastasis.
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Secretoglobin expression in ovarian carcinoma: lipophilin B gene upregulation as an independent marker of better prognosis. J Transl Med 2013; 11:162. [PMID: 23819652 PMCID: PMC3706350 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate within ovarian carcinoma and normal ovarian biopsies the gene expression of multiple secretoglobin family members relative to mammaglobin B, which we previously reported as a promising novel ovarian carcinoma prognostic marker. METHODS Using quantitative real-time Reverse Transcription PCR we tested 53 ovarian carcinoma and 30 normal ovaries for the expression of 8 genes belonging to the secretoglobin family: mammaglobin A, lipophilin A, lipophilin B, uteroglobin, HIN-1, UGRP-1, RYD5 and IIS. Next, we decided to expand the LipB gene expression analysis to a further 48 ovarian carcinoma samples, for a total of 101 tumor tissues of various histologies and to study its protein expression by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors and normal ovaries. Finally, we correlated lipophilin B gene and protein expression to conventional patient clinico-pathological features and outcome. RESULTS We found significant mammaglobin A, lipophilin A, lipophilin B and RYD5 gene overexpression in ovarian carcinomas compared to normal ovaries. Lipophilin B mRNA showed a higher presence in tumors (75.4%) compared to normal ovaries (16.6%) and the most significant correlation with mammaglobin B mRNA (rs =0.77, p < 0.001). By immunohistochemical analysis, we showed higher lipophilin B expression in the cytoplasm of tumor cells compared to normal ovaries (p < 0.001). Moreover, lipophilin B gene overexpression was significantly associated with serous histology (serous vs clear cell p = 0.027; serous vs undifferentiated p = 0.007) and lower tumor grade (p = 0.02). Lower LipB mRNA levels (low versus high tertiles) were associated to a shorter progression-free (p = 0.03, HR = 2.2) and disease-free survival (p = 0.02, HR = 2.5) by univariate survival analysis and, importantly, they remain an independent prognostic marker for decreased disease-free (p = 0.001, HR = 3.9) and progression-free survival (p = 0.004, HR = 2.8) in multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present study represents the first quantitative evaluation of secretoglobin gene expression in normal and neoplastic ovarian tissues. Our results demonstrate lipophilin B gene and protein upregulation in ovarian carcinoma compared to normal ovary. Moreover, lipophilin B gene overexpression correlates with a less aggressive tumor phenotype and represents a novel ovarian carcinoma prognostic factor.
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Bellone S, Tassi R, Betti M, English D, Cocco E, Gasparrini S, Bortolomai I, Black JD, Todeschini P, Romani C, Ravaggi A, Bignotti E, Bandiera E, Zanotti L, Pecorelli S, Ardighieri L, Falchetti M, Donzelli C, Siegel ER, Azodi M, Silasi DA, Ratner E, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Santin AD. Mammaglobin B (SCGB2A1) is a novel tumour antigen highly differentially expressed in all major histological types of ovarian cancer: implications for ovarian cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:462-71. [PMID: 23807163 PMCID: PMC3721400 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We studied the genetic fingerprints of ovarian cancer and validated the potential of Mammaglobin b (SCGB2A1), one of the top differentially expressed genes found in our analysis, as a novel ovarian tumour rejection antigen. Methods: We profiled 70 ovarian carcinomas including 24 serous (OSPC), 15 clear-cell (CC), 24 endometrioid (EAC) and 7 poorly differentiated tumours, and 14 normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) control cell lines using the Human HG-U133 Plus 2.0 chip (Affymetrix). Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry staining techniques were used to validate microarray data at RNA and protein levels for SCGB2A1. Full-length human-recombinant SCGB2A1 was used to pulse monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to stimulate autologous SCGB2A1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against chemo-naive and chemo-resistant autologous ovarian tumours. Results: Gene expression profiling identified SCGB2A1 as a top differentially expressed gene in all histological ovarian cancer types tested. The CD8+ CTL populations generated against SCGB2A1 were able to consistently induce lysis of autologous primary (chemo-naive) and metastatic/recurrent (chemo-resistant) target tumour cells expressing SCGB2A1, whereas autologous HLA-identical noncancerous cells were not lysed. Cytotoxicity against autologous tumour cells was significantly inhibited by anti-HLA-class I (W6/32) monoclonal antibody. Intracellular cytokine expression measured by flow cytometry showed a striking type 1 cytokine profile (i.e., high IFN-γ secretion) in SCGB2A1-specific CTLs. Conclusion: SCGB2A1 is a top differentially expressed gene in all major histological types of ovarian cancers and may represent a novel and attractive target for the immunotherapy of patients harbouring recurrent disease resistant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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Regulation of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Claudin-3 and Claudin-4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67496. [PMID: 23805314 PMCID: PMC3689737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that control intracellular adhesion are central to the process of invasion and metastasis. Claudin-3 (CLDN3) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) are major structural molecules of the tight junctions that link epithelial cells. Our prior work has demonstrated that knockdown of the expression of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 produces marked changes in the phenotype of ovarian carcinoma cells including increases in growth rate in vivo, migration, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, similar to those produced by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We postulated that these changes may result from the ability of CLDN3 or CLDN4 to suppress EMT. In this study we found that knockdown of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 increased cell size and resulted in flattened morphology. While knockdown of CLDN3 or CLDN4 did not alter the expression of vimentin, it significantly down-regulated the level of E-cadherin and up-regulated N-cadherin expression. Conversely, over-expression of CLDN3 or CLDN4 in a cell line that does not express endogenous CLDN3 or CLDN4 decreased N-cadherin expression. Re-expression of E-cadherin in the CLDN3 or CLDN4 knockdown cells reduced migration, invasion and tumor growth in vivo. Loss of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 resulted in activation of the PI3K pathway as evidenced by increased Akt phosphorylation, elevated cellular PIP3 content and PI3K activity as well as up-regulation of the mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factor Twist. Taken together, these findings suggest that CLDN3 and CLDN4 function to sustain an epithelial phenotype and that their loss promotes EMT.
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English DP, Santin AD. Claudins overexpression in ovarian cancer: potential targets for Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin (CPE) based diagnosis and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10412-37. [PMID: 23685873 PMCID: PMC3676847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins regulating paracellular permeability and cell polarity with different patterns of expression in benign and malignant human tissues. There are approximately 27 members of the claudin family identified to date with varying cell and tissue-specific expression. Claudins-3, -4 and -7 represent the most highly differentially expressed claudins in ovarian cancer. While their exact role in ovarian tumors is still being elucidated, these proteins are thought to be critical for ovarian cancer cell invasion/dissemination and resistance to chemotherapy. Claudin-3 and claudin-4 are the natural receptors for the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a potent cytolytic toxin. These surface proteins may therefore represent attractive targets for the detection and treatment of chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer and other aggressive solid tumors overexpressing claudin-3 and -4 using CPE-based theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. English
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Alessandro D. Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; E-Mail:
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Effects of EHD2 interference on migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:396. [PMID: 23354948 PMCID: PMC3586404 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-Terminal EH domain-containing protein 2 (EHD2) of the EHD family is associated with plasma membrane. We investigated the expression of EHD2 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the EHD2 expression to study the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy drugs. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression of EHD2 protein in ESCC and adjacent normal tissue in 98 patients. EHD2 protein level was reduced in ESCC tissues in comparison with adjacent normal tissues. Under-expression of EHD2 increased the motility property of ESCC cell TE1 in vitro by wound-healing assays and transwell migration assays, and it was concurrent with the decreased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. Under-expression of EHD2 in TE1 can cause resistance to cisplatin. Our results suggested that EHD2 low expression is involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC, and it might be a favorable independent poor prognostic parameter for ESCC.
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Li X, Wu Z, Wang Y, Mei Q, Fu X, Han W. Characterization of adult α- and β-globin elevated by hydrogen peroxide in cervical cancer cells that play a cytoprotective role against oxidative insults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54342. [PMID: 23349856 PMCID: PMC3547883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hemoglobin (Hgb) is the main oxygen and carbon dioxide carrier in cells of erythroid lineage and is responsible for oxygen delivery to the respiring tissues of the body. However, Hgb is also expressed in nonerythroid cells. In the present study, the expression of Hgb in human uterine cervix carcinoma cells and its role in cervical cancer were investigated. Methodology The expression level of Hgb in cervical cancer tissues was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR). We applied multiple methods, such as RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis, to confirm Hgb expression in cervical cancer cells. The effects of ectopic expression of Hgb and Hgb mutants on oxidative stress and cell viability were investigated by cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) array, respectively. Both Annexin V staining assay by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay were used, respectively, to evaluate cell apoptosis. Results qRT-PCR analysis showed that Hgb-α- (HBA1) and Hgb-β-globin (HBB) gene expression was significantly higher in cervical carcinoma than in normal cervical tissues, whereas the expression of hematopoietic transcription factors and erythrocyte specific marker genes was not increased. Immunostaining experiments confirmed the expression of Hgb in cancer cells of the uterine cervix. Hgb mRNA and protein were also detected in the human cervical carcinoma cell lines SiHa and CaSki, and Hgb expression was up-regulated by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Importantly, ectopic expression of wild type HBA1/HBB or HBA1, rather than mutants HBA1H88R/HBBH93R unable to bind hemo, suppressed oxidative stress and improved cell viability. Conclusions The present findings show for the first time that Hgb is expressed in cervical carcinoma cells and may act as an antioxidant, attenuating oxidative stress-induced damage in cervical cancer cells. These data provide a significant impact not only in globin biology but also in understanding of cervical cancer pathogenesis associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Mei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Specific biological properties of ovarian cancer cells can be modeled and studied using in vitro experiments. Any experimental setting can closely reflect some aspects of the native conditions; however, parameters that differ from in vivo aspects must be considered. Familiarity with existing and well-established, as well as new, cell culture techniques provides a basis for correct experimental design and production of reliable scientific results. This chapter presents a short comparative review of the techniques used for cell culture establishment and maintenance of ovarian cancer cells, as well as laboratory methods used to characterize malignant features of these cells, including the epithelial-mesechymal transition, cell motility and invasiveness, resistance to detachment-induced apoptosis, and stem cell content.
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Regulation of Tight Junctions for Therapeutic Advantages. CANCER METASTASIS - BIOLOGY AND TREATMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6028-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lal-Nag M, Battis M, Santin AD, Morin PJ. Claudin-6: a novel receptor for CPE-mediated cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e33. [PMID: 23552466 PMCID: PMC3511677 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are integral tight junction proteins that are responsible for maintaining the integrity of epithelial cell architecture and cell polarity. Claudin-3 and -4 are overexpressed in several cancers and have been shown to act as receptors for the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a toxin that causes rapid cell lysis. CPE has demonstrated effectiveness in treating several different cancers in mouse models, provided that these cancers express claudin-3 or claudin-4. Here, we show that claudin-3/4 expression is not an absolute requirement for CPE action and, through overexpression and knockdown experiments, we identify claudin-6 as a novel functional receptor for CPE. Indeed, UCI-101, an ovarian cancer cell line highly sensitive to CPE, does not express claudin-3/4 and knockdown of claudin-6 in these cells decreases CPE sensitivity. Moreover, two different ovarian cell lines that are resistant to the effects of CPE can be made sensitive through claudin-6 overexpression. Binding assays show that CPE can indeed bind claudin-6 in cells and that this binding is associated with CPE cytotoxicity. Multicellular tumor spheroids experiments demonstrate that claudin-6 can also be a target of CPE in three-dimensional cultures. Our data establish claudin-6 as a novel receptor for CPE and introduces the possibility of a novel targeted therapeutic for ovarian and other cancers that express claudin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lal-Nag
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore MD, USA
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Chen CL, Lai YF, Tang P, Chien KY, Yu JS, Tsai CH, Chen HW, Wu CC, Chung T, Hsu CW, Chen CD, Chang YS, Chang PL, Chen YT. Comparative and targeted proteomic analyses of urinary microparticles from bladder cancer and hernia patients. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5611-29. [PMID: 23082778 DOI: 10.1021/pr3008732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer whose incidence continues to rise annually. Urinary microparticles are an attractive material for noninvasive bladder cancer biomarker discovery. In this study, we applied isotopic dimethylation labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to discover bladder cancer biomarkers in urinary microparticles isolated from hernia (control) and bladder cancer patients. This approach identified 2964 proteins based on more than two distinct peptides, of which 2058 had not previously been reported as constituents of human urine exosomes/microparticles. A total of 107 differentially expressed proteins were identified as candidate biomarkers. Differences in the concentrations of 29 proteins (41 signature peptides) were precisely quantified by LC-MRM/MS in 48 urine samples of bladder cancer, hernia, and urinary tract infection/hematuria. Concentrations of 24 proteins changed significantly (p<0.05) between bladder cancer (n=28) and hernia (n=12), with area-under-the-curve values ranging from 0.702 to 0.896. Finally, we quantified tumor-associated calcium-signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2) in raw urine specimens (n=221) using a commercial ELISA and confirmed its potential value for diagnosis of bladder cancer. Our study reveals a strong association of TACSTD2 with bladder cancer and highlights the potential of human urinary microparticles in the noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Lun Chen
- Chang Gung Bioinformatics Center, Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Pashai N, Hao H, All A, Gupta S, Chaerkady R, De Los Angeles A, Gearhart JD, Kerr CL. Genome-wide profiling of pluripotent cells reveals a unique molecular signature of human embryonic germ cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39088. [PMID: 22737227 PMCID: PMC3380858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic germ cells (EGCs) provide a powerful model for identifying molecules involved in the pluripotent state when compared to their progenitors, primordial germ cells (PGCs), and other pluripotent stem cells. Microarray and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reveals for the first time that human EGCs possess a transcription profile distinct from PGCs and other pluripotent stem cells. Validation with qRT-PCR confirms that human EGCs and PGCs express many pluripotency-associated genes but with quantifiable differences compared to pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), and embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs). Analyses also identified a number of target genes that may be potentially associated with their unique pluripotent states. These include IPO7, MED7, RBM26, HSPD1, and KRAS which were upregulated in EGCs along with other pluripotent stem cells when compared to PGCs. Other potential target genes were also found which may contribute toward a primed ESC-like state. These genes were exclusively up-regulated in ESCs, IPSCs and ECCs including PARP1, CCNE1, CDK6, AURKA, MAD2L1, CCNG1, and CCNB1 which are involved in cell cycle regulation, cellular metabolism and DNA repair and replication. Gene classification analysis also confirmed that the distinguishing feature of EGCs compared to ESCs, ECCs, and IPSCs lies primarily in their genetic contribution to cellular metabolism, cell cycle, and cell adhesion. In contrast, several genes were found upregulated in PGCs which may help distinguish their unipotent state including HBA1, DMRT1, SPANXA1, and EHD2. Together, these findings provide the first glimpse into a unique genomic signature of human germ cells and pluripotent stem cells and provide genes potentially involved in defining different states of germ-line pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikta Pashai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haiping Hao
- Deep Sequencing and Microarray Core, High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angelo All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alejandro De Los Angeles
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John D. Gearhart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Candace L. Kerr
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Davidson B, Tropé CG, Reich R. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian carcinoma. Front Oncol 2012; 2:33. [PMID: 22655269 PMCID: PMC3356037 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, with the majority of patients dying within 5 years of diagnosis. This poor survival of patients diagnosed with this malignancy is attributed to diagnosis at advanced stage, when the tumor has metastasized, and to chemotherapy resistance, either primary or developing along tumor progression. However, ovarian carcinomas, constituting the vast majority of ovarian cancers, additionally have unique biology, one aspect of which is the ability to co-express epithelial and mesenchymal determinants. epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a physiological process by which mesenchymal cells are formed and migrate to target organs during embryogenesis, is involved in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. However, these changes do not fully occur in ovarian carcinoma, and are even reversed in tumor cells present in malignant peritoneal and pleural effusions. This review summarizes current knowledge in this area, including the characteristics of EMT related to adhesion, transcriptional regulation and chemoresistance, and their clinical relevance, as well as the recently observed regulation of EMT by microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Division of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
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Guerrero K, Wang Z, Bachvarova M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Plante M, Bachvarov D. A novel genome-based approach correlates TMPRSS3 overexpression in ovarian cancer with DNA hypomethylation. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:720-6. [PMID: 22446619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In an attempt to analyze more profoundly aberrant DNA hypomethylation in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we applied a novel genome-based approach which includes expression profiling following pharmacologic stimulation of DNA methylation with the methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). METHODS Four different EOC cell lines (OVCAR3, SKOV3, TOV21 and TOV112) were treated with SAM, and gene expression profiling was performed in SAM-treated and control EOC cells. Genes, downregulated upon SAM treatment were considered as potentially hypomethylated in EOC. DNA hypomethylation was independently validated in ovarian tumor and control tissues by bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). RESULTS Among the genes identified, one of particular interest was the type II serine protease TMPRSS3 gene variants A and D (TMPRSS3-A/D), previously recognized as overexpressed in EOC and representing potential EOC therapeutic targets. Consecutive BSP analysis demonstrated that the common putative promoter region of the TMPRSS3-A/D gene variants was significantly hypomethylated in high-grade serous EOC tumors, compared to low-malignant potential ovarian tumors and normal ovarian tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply that TMPRSS3-A/D overexpression in EOC is probably due to hypomethylation of their control region thus indicating that TMPRSS3-A/D variants could also represent novel molecular targets for epigenetic therapy of late stages of the disease. Our results also suggest that the frequently observed upregulation of different members of the type II serine proteases gene family in advanced cancer could be due to aberrant DNA hypomethylation. Furthermore, our study introduces a promising discovery approach that could be used for the identification of hypomethylated genes in different experimental cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kether Guerrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada
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Fekete T, Rásó E, Pete I, Tegze B, Liko I, Munkácsy G, Sipos N, Rigó J, Györffy B. Meta-analysis of gene expression profiles associated with histological classification and survival in 829 ovarian cancer samples. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:95-105. [PMID: 21858809 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis of global gene expression in ovarian carcinoma can identify dysregulated genes capable to serve as molecular markers for histology subtypes and survival. The aim of our study was to validate previous candidate signatures in an independent setting and to identify single genes capable to serve as biomarkers for ovarian cancer progression. As several datasets are available in the GEO today, we were able to perform a true meta-analysis. First, 829 samples (11 datasets) were downloaded, and the predictive power of 16 previously published gene sets was assessed. Of these, eight were capable to discriminate histology subtypes, and none was capable to predict survival. To overcome the differences in previous studies, we used the 829 samples to identify new predictors. Then, we collected 64 ovarian cancer samples (median relapse-free survival 24.5 months) and performed TaqMan Real Time Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for the best 40 genes associated with histology subtypes and survival. Over 90% of subtype-associated genes were confirmed. Overall survival was effectively predicted by hormone receptors (PGR and ESR2) and by TSPAN8. Relapse-free survival was predicted by MAPT and SNCG. In summary, we successfully validated several gene sets in a meta-analysis in large datasets of ovarian samples. Additionally, several individual genes identified were validated in a clinical cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Fekete
- Semmelweis University, 1st Department of Gynecology, Budapest.
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Hwang JR, Jo K, Lee Y, Sung BJ, Park YW, Lee JH. Upregulation of CD9 in ovarian cancer is related to the induction of TNF-α gene expression and constitutive NF-κB activation. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:77-83. [PMID: 22095071 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a gynecological cancer with a high death rate. We utilized global gene expression profiles of ovarian carcinomas obtained by complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray to identify ovarian cancer-specific proteins. CD9 was upregulated in ovarian carcinomas, and overexpression of the CD9 protein was detected in ovarian carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. CD9 was also overexpressed in several cancer cell lines, including ovarian cancer cells. In order to elucidate the biological significance of highly expressed CD9 in cancer cells, functional studies of CD9 were performed by ectopic expression, knockdown of CD9 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and blockage of CD9 activity using the CD9-specific monoclonal antibody ALB6. Ectopic CD9 induced cell survival. In order to identify signaling pathways related to CD9, the gene expressions of CD9/SKOV3 cells were analyzed by cDNA microarray. Among the many upregulated genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was induced in CD9/SKOV3 cells. The effect of overexpressed CD9 on the downstream signaling events of TNF-α was further investigated. In CD9/SKOV3 cells, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-signaling pathway was constitutively activated. Knockdown of CD9 by siRNA and blockage of CD9 activity by ALB6 in ovarian cancer cells demonstrated that constitutive activation of NF-κB is CD9 dependent and that CD9 is involved in anti-apoptosis. A CD9 functional study was performed in an ovarian cancer-xenograft mouse by injecting ALB6 into the peritoneum. ALB6 resulted in reduced tumor weight compared with that of control IgG(1). Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD9 functions as an oncogene and represents a target for the development of cancer-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryoung Hwang
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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Magaldi TG, Almstead LL, Bellone S, Prevatt EG, Santin AD, DiMaio D. Primary human cervical carcinoma cells require human papillomavirus E6 and E7 expression for ongoing proliferation. Virology 2011; 422:114-24. [PMID: 22056390 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Repression of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes in established cervical carcinoma cell lines causes senescence due to reactivation of cellular tumor suppressor pathways. Here, we determined whether ongoing expression of HPV16 or HPV18 oncogenes is required for the proliferation of primary human cervical carcinoma cells in serum-free conditions at low passage number after isolation from patients. We used an SV40 viral vector expressing the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein to repress E6 and E7 in these cells. To enable efficient SV40 infection and E2 gene delivery, we first incubated the primary cervical cancer cells with the ganglioside GM1, a cell-surface receptor for SV40 that is limiting in these cells. Repression of HPV in primary cervical carcinoma cells caused them to undergo senescence, but the E2 protein had little effect on HPV-negative primary cells. These data suggest that E6 and E7 dependence is an inherent property of human cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Magaldi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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The inhibitory role of b7-h4 in antitumor immunity: association with cancer progression and survival. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:695834. [PMID: 22013483 PMCID: PMC3195678 DOI: 10.1155/2011/695834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
B7-H4 is one of the most recently identified members of B7 superfamily of costimulatory molecules serving as an inhibitory modulator of T-cell response. B7-H4 is broadly expressed in human peripheral tissues and inducibly expressed in immune cells. The expression of B7-H4 has been observed in various types of human cancer tissues, and its soluble form has been detected in blood samples from cancer patients. However, its precise physiological role is still elusive, as its receptor has not been identified and the expression levels are not consistent. This paper summarizes the pertinent data on the inhibitory role of B7-H4 in antitumor immunity and its association with cancer progression and survival in human patients. The paper also discusses the clinical significance of investigating B7-H4 as potential markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and as therapeutic targets.
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Turksen K, Troy TC. Junctions gone bad: Claudins and loss of the barrier in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Arienti C, Tesei A, Verdecchia GM, Framarini M, Virzì S, Grassi A, Scarpi E, Turci L, Silvestrini R, Amadori D, Zoli W. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer: chemosensitivity test and tissue markers as predictors of response to chemotherapy. J Transl Med 2011; 9:94. [PMID: 21689426 PMCID: PMC3141502 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platinum-based regimens are the treatments of choice in ovarian cancer, which remains the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies in the Western world. The aim of the present study was to compare the advantages and limits of a conventional chemosensitivity test with those of new biomolecular markers in predicting response to platinum regimens in a series of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer. Methods Fresh surgical biopsy specimens were obtained from 30 patients with primary or recurrent peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer. ERCC1, GSTP1, MGMT, XPD, and BRCA1 gene expression levels were determined by Real-Time RT-PCR. An in vitro chemosensitivity test was used to define a sensitivity or resistance profile to the drugs used to treat each patient. Results MGMT and XPD expression was directly and significantly related to resistance to platinum-containing treatment (p = 0.036 and p = 0.043, respectively). Significant predictivity in terms of sensitivity and resistance was observed for MGMT expression (75.0% and 72.5%, respectively; p = 0.03), while high predictivity of resistance (90.9%) but very low predictivity of sensitivity (37.5%) (p = 0.06) were observed for XPD. The best overall and significant predictivity was observed for chemosensitivity test results (85.7% sensitivity and 91.3% resistance; p = 0.0003). Conclusions The in vitro assay showed a consistency with results observed in vivo in 27 out of the 30 patients analyzed. Sensitivity and resistance profiles of different drugs used in vivo would therefore seem to be better defined by the in vitro chemosensitivity test than by expression levels of markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Arienti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (I.R.S.T.), Meldola, Italy
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State of the art in tumor antigen and biomarker discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2554-96. [PMID: 24212823 PMCID: PMC3757432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of tumor immunology has resulted in multiple approaches for the treatment of cancer. However, a gap between research of new tumors markers and development of immunotherapy has been established and very few markers exist that can be used for treatment. The challenge is now to discover new targets for active and passive immunotherapy. This review aims at describing recent advances in biomarkers and tumor antigen discovery in terms of antigen nature and localization, and is highlighting the most recent approaches used for their discovery including “omics” technology.
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