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FELISBERTO P, SEIDINGER SC, SANTOS T, TORRES W, LIRA FS, BUONANI C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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FELISBERTO P, SEIDINGER SC, SANTOS T, TORRES W, LIRA FS, BUONANI C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Felisberto P, Seidinger SC, Santos T, Torres W, Lira FS, Buonani C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:769-777. [PMID: 33885259 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring technical performance during a soccer match has become an indispensable practice, since the players perform different functions within the tactical system adopted by the team, resulting in specific technical actions that are fully responsive to the individual technical level of each player. Thus, current study aimed to investigate the possible direct and mediating relationship between salivary testosterone and the technical performance of semi-professional footballers during a training game. METHODS To characterize the sample, the anthropometric profile, body composition, biological maturation, lower limb power, speed, estimation of maximum oxygen consumption, and physical performance were used. To determine testosterone concentrations, saliva was collected before and after the training game, for subsequent measurement using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and Salimetrics Kits. For quantification of technical performance and participation with the ball during the training game, scout software was used from the footage of the training game. The reliability of the technical performance analyses was determined through the repetition test of two attempts (Cohen's Kappa agreement index). RESULTS The direct relationship between post-game testosterone and total participation with the ball in the second half; the direct relationship between the percentage of lean mass with post-game testosterone and an apparent relationship between percentage of lean mass and total participation with the ball from the set of relations mediated by post-game testosterone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that testosterone concentrations combined with high levels of lean mass may have a important role in the technical performance and participation with the ball of semi-professional footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Felisberto
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE).,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvia C Seidinger
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaislaine Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group (GIME)
| | - Wesley Torres
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group (GIME)
| | - Camila Buonani
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs)
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OSTATNÍKOVÁ D, LAKATOŠOVÁ S, BABKOVÁ J, HODOSY J, CELEC P. Testosterone and the Brain: From Cognition to Autism. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549/10.33549/physiolres.934592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex and gender matter in all aspects of life. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in anatomy, physiology, but also pathology. Many of the differences are due to sex chromosomes and, thus, genetics, other due to endocrine factors such as sex hormones, some are of social origin. Over the past decades, huge number of scientific studies have revealed striking sex differences of the human brain with remarkable behavioral and cognitive consequences. Prenatal and postnatal testosterone influence brain structures and functions, respectively. Cognitive sex differences include especially certain spatial and language tasks, but they also affect many other aspects of the neurotypical brain. Sex differences of the brain are also relevant for the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, which are much more prevalent in the male population. Structural dimorphism in the human brain was well-described, but recent controversies now question its importance. On the other hand, solid evidence exists regarding gender differences in several brain functions. This review tries to summarize the current understanding of the complexity of the effects of testosterone on brain with special focus on their role in the known sex differences in healthy individuals and people in the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D OSTATNÍKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - S LAKATOŠOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J BABKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J HODOSY
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - P CELEC
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Rahe M, Ruthsatz V, Quaiser-Pohl C. Influence of the stimulus material on gender differences in a mental-rotation test. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2892-2899. [PMID: 33237389 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in mental-rotation tests with cube figures as rotational material are well examined and robust. Besides biological or socialization factors, task characteristics could partly be responsible for men's advantage in mental rotation. Therefore, we investigated in two studies the influence of different rotational materials on the gender differences in mental-rotation performance. In the first study, 134 undergraduate students (89 women, 45 men) participated using a mental-rotation test with either cube or pellet figures. Significant gender differences in favour of men but no interaction of gender and material were found. In the second study, 189 undergraduate students (110 women, 79 men) solved a mental-rotation test with either male or female-stereotyped objects. Significant gender differences appeared only when male-stereotyped objects were used as rotational material, but not for female-stereotyped material. A significant interaction of gender and material appeared. Hence, some rotational objects seem to have an influence on participants' mental-rotation performance and the gender differences in this task while others do not affect performances of women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rahe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 56070, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Vera Ruthsatz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 56070, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Claudia Quaiser-Pohl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 56070, Koblenz, Germany
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Moore DS, Johnson SP. The development of mental rotation ability across the first year after birth. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 58:1-33. [PMID: 32169193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mental rotation (MR) is the ability to imagine the appearance of an object from a different perspective. This ability is involved in many human cognitive and behavioral activities. We discuss studies that have examined MR in infants and its development across the first year after birth. Despite some conflicting findings across these studies, several conclusions can be reached. First, MR may be available to human infants as young as 3 months of age. Second, MR processes in infancy may be similar or identical to MR processes later in life. Third, there may be sex differences in MR performance, in general favoring males. Fourth, there appear to be multiple influences on infants' MR performance, including infants' motor activity, stimulus complexity, hormones, and parental attitudes. We conclude by calling for additional research to examine more carefully the causes and consequences of MR abilities early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Moore
- Pitzer College and Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States.
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Johnson SP, Moore DS. Spatial Thinking in Infancy: Origins and Development of Mental Rotation Between 3 and 10 Months of Age. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2020; 5:10. [PMID: 32124099 PMCID: PMC7052106 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental rotation (MR) is the ability to transform a mental representation of an object so as to accurately predict how the object would look from a different angle (Sci 171:701-703, 1971), and it is involved in a number of important cognitive and behavioral activities. In this review we discuss recent studies that have examined MR in infants and the development of MR across the first year after birth. These studies have produced many conflicting results, yet several tentative conclusions can be reached. First, MR may be operational in infants as young as 3 months of age. Second, there may be sex differences in MR performance in infancy, in general favoring males, as there are in children and in adults. Third, there appear to be multiple influences on infants' MR performance, including infants' motor activity, stimulus or task complexity, hormones, and parental attitudes. We conclude by calling for additional research to examine more carefully the causes and consequences of MR abilities early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S. Moore
- Pitzer College and Claremont Graduate University, 1050 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711 USA
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Taragin D, Tzuriel D, Vakil E. Mental Rotation: The Effects of Processing Strategy, Gender and Task Characteristics on Children's Accuracy, Reaction Time and Eye Movements' Pattern. J Eye Mov Res 2019; 12:10.16910/jemr.12.8.2. [PMID: 33828779 PMCID: PMC7881899 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.8.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of gender, strategy and task characteristics on children's mental rotation (MR) behavioral measures and eye movements were studied. Eye movements reflect thinking pattern and assist understanding mental rotation performance. Eighty-three fourth-grade children (44 boys and 39 girls) were administered the Computerized Windows Mental Rotation test (CWMR) while having their eye movements monitored and completed a Strategy Self-Report (global/local/combined) and a Spatial Span (WM) subtest. Difficulty level affected performance and was reflected in a different eye movement pattern. Boys were more accurate than girls, but they did not differ in their eye movement pattern. Eye movement pattern was related to strategy, accu-racy and reaction time, revealing that the global and combined strategy were more effective compared with local strategy. WM was found to correlate with accuracy at the easy level of the test. The usage of eye movement measures assists in elaborating our knowledge regarding MR performance among chil-dren and enable a wider understanding regarding the interaction between gender, strategy and difficulty level.
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Paukner A. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its behavioral correlates in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:992-998. [PMID: 31512755 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2D:4D ratios are typically lower in adult human males than females and are linked to numerous sex-differentiated behaviors. 2D:4D ratios are considered an indicator of prenatal androgen exposure; if so, children's 2D:4D ratios would arguably be even better indicators of prenatal androgen exposure since children have experienced fewer postnatal influences than adults. However, sex differences in 2D:4D ratios as well as associations between 2D:4D ratios and sex-typed behaviors in children have been inconsistent. Several studies also report sex differences and behavioral correlates of 2D:4D ratios in adult non-human primates, but little is known about 2D:4D ratios in infant non-human primates. This study examined sex differences in 2D:4D ratios over the first month of life, and associations with behavioral outcomes at 12-24 weeks of age, in N = 304 infant rhesus macaques. An increase in 2D:4D ratios over the first month of life was found, as well as associations with aggression and play behaviors, but no sex differences in 2D:4D ratios were observed. These results highlight the need for future developmental studies of 2D:4D ratios in order to determine not only their stability and predictive value, but also to discern the mechanism connecting prenatal androgen exposure, 2D:4D ratios, and behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Paukner
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Rahe M, Quaiser-Pohl C. Mental-rotation performance in middle and high-school age: influence of stimulus material, gender stereotype beliefs, and perceived ability of gendered activities. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1649265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rahe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
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Sex differences in a chronometric mental rotation test with cube figures: a behavioral, electroencephalography, and eye-tracking pilot study. Neuroreport 2019; 29:870-875. [PMID: 29738354 PMCID: PMC5999374 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In chronometric mental rotation tasks, sex differences are widely discussed. Most studies find men to be more skilled in mental rotation than women, which can be explained by the holistic strategy that they use to rotate stimuli. Women are believed to apply a piecemeal strategy. So far, there have been no studies investigating this phenomenon using eye-tacking methods in combination with electroencephalography (EEG) analysis: the present study compared behavioral responses, EEG activity, and eye movements of 15 men and 15 women while solving a three-dimensional chronometric mental rotation test. The behavioral analysis showed neither differences in reaction time nor in the accuracy rate between men and women. The EEG data showed a higher right activation on parietal electrodes for women and the eye-tracking results indicated a longer fixation in a higher number of areas of interest at 0° for women. Men and women are likely to possess different perceptual (visual search) and decision-making mechanisms, but similar mental rotation processes. Furthermore, men presented a longer visual search processing, characterized by the greater saccade latency of 0°–135°. Generally, this study could be considered a pilot study to investigate sex differences in mental rotation tasks while combining eye-tracking and EEG methods.
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Rahe M, Ruthsatz V, Jansen P, Quaiser-Pohl C. Influence of sex-stereotyped stimuli on the mental-rotation performance of elderly persons. Exp Aging Res 2018; 44:284-296. [PMID: 29781777 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1475156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mental-rotation tests with cube figures as rotational objects, differences in favor of men are often found (Voyer, Voyer, & Bryden, 1995). Mental-rotation performance often declines with age (Jacewicz & Hartley, 1987), but sex differences usually remain (Herman & Bruce, 1983). METHODS In this study, male- and female-stereotyped objects were used as rotational stimuli in a mental-rotation paper and pencil test (Ruthsatz, Neuburger, Rahe, Jansen, & Quaiser-Pohl, 2017) for elderly participants (age: 57-88 years). RESULTS Overall, no sex differences for mental-rotation performance were found, whereas a significant interaction of sex and stimulus material revealed better performance for own-sex objects (η2 = .070). A significant negative correlation between mental-rotation performance and age could be found (r = -.384). CONCLUSIONS It seems to be easier to perform mental-rotation with objects that persons are more familiar with. There is a decrease in mental-rotation accuracy as well as in the processing speed for the older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rahe
- a Institute of Psychology , University of Koblenz-Landau , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Vera Ruthsatz
- a Institute of Psychology , University of Koblenz-Landau , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- b Institute of Sport Science , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Stevenson JL, Nonack MB. Gender differences in mental rotation strategy depend on degree of autistic traits. Autism Res 2018; 11:1024-1037. [PMID: 29727503 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Participants with low, medium, and high autistic traits completed a mental rotation task while their eye movements were recorded. Men were more accurate than women (F(1, 102) = 4.36, P = 0.04, η2p = 0.04), but there were no group differences in reaction time. In terms of eye movements, all participants tended to rely on top corners of cube figures for most angles of rotation, and bottom corners of cube figures for 0 and 90 degree rotations (duration: F(8, 816) = 21.70, P < 0.001, η2p = 0.18; count: F(8, 816) = 24.42, P < 0.001, η2p = 0.19) suggesting a shift in strategy with rotation angle. Eye movements to corners of cube figures also varied by autistic traits group and gender (duration: F(4, 204) = 2.44, P = 0.05, η2p = 0.05; count: F(4, 204) = 2.47, P = 0.05, η2p = 0.05). Participants with low and medium autistic traits tended to rely more often on the top corners, whereas women with high autistic traits relied on both the top and bottom corners and men with high autistic traits relied on all corners equally. These results suggest mental rotation strategies may vary by both gender and autistic traits. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1024-1037. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY The current study looked at eye movements to assess adults' strategies when mentally rotating three-dimensional cube figures. Adults with varying levels of autistic traits differ in their mental rotation strategies. In addition, gender differences in strategies are observed in adults with the highest level of autistic traits.
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Vásquez-Amézquita M, Leongómez JD, Seto MC, Bonilla FM, Rodríguez-Padilla A, Salvador A. No relation between digit ratio (2D:4D) and visual attention patterns to sexually preferred and non-preferred stimuli. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hansen S, McAuliffe J, Goldfarb B, Carré JM. Testosterone influences volitional, but not reflexive orienting of attention in human males. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:82-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ruthsatz V, Neuburger S, Jansen P, Quaiser-Pohl C. Cars or dolls? Influence of the stereotyped nature of the items on children's mental-rotation performance. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Voyer D, Jansen P. Sex differences in chronometric mental rotation with human bodies. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:974-984. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen J, Yang LQ, Zhang ZJ, Ma WT, Wu XQ, Zhang XR, Wei DH, Fu QH, Liu GX, Deng ZH, Hua Z, Zhang Y, Jia T. The association between the disruption of motor imagery and the number of depressive episodes of major depression. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:337-43. [PMID: 23684121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental rotation performance may be used as an index of mental slowing or bradyphrenia, and may reflect, in particular, speed of motor preparation. Previous studies suggest depressive patients present the correlates of impaired behavioural performance for mental rotation and psychomotor disturbance. The aim of this study is to compare the mental rotation abilities of patients with a first episode of depression, recurrent depression and healthy control subjects with regard to hand tasks. METHODS We tested 32 first episode of depression, 38 recurrent depression and 36 healthy control subjects by evaluating the performance of depressed patients with regard to the hand mental rotation tasks. RESULTS First, the first episode and recurrent depression subjects were significantly slower and made more errors than controls in mentally rotating hands. Second, the first depressive episode but not the recurrent depression displayed the same pattern of response times to stimuli at various orientations relative to control subjects in the hand task. Third, in particular, recurrent depression subjects were significantly slower and made more errors during the mental transformation of hands than first depressive episode relative to control subjects and the differences were significantly larger in female than male subjects in the mental rotation hand task. LIMITATIONS Patients were on antidepressant medication. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the impaired behavioural performance for mental representation processing are related to the number of previous episodes. Moreover, the recurrent major depressive episodes may contribute to the reinforcement of cognitive impairments and further the development or maintenance of mental representation dysfunctions, especially in female patients. A deficit on mental rotation in the depressive patients may be potential biomarkers for recurrence chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Mental rotation in intellectually gifted boys is affected by the androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1693-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
In previous research, it has been argued that spatial performance on psychometric tests might be accounted for, in part, by the need for test-takers to transform mentally two-dimensional (2-D) test items into a three-dimensional (3-D) representation. With this in mind, the Landscape Perception Test (LPT) was designed to isolate the 2-D to 3-D (and vice versa) transformational aspect of spatial cognition. Gender differences were used as an indirect means to examine the contribution of the 2-D to 3-D transformation to spatial performance. Since the LPT was designed by means of an image relevant to geospatial cognition, measures of environmental cognition, as well as experience in various activities, were also examined. One hundred thirty undergraduate students (66 females and 64 males) completed the Childhood Activities Questionnaire, the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Test, the Visualization of Views (VV) Test, the Perspective Taking/Spatial Orientation Test, and the LPT. Results showed higher scores for men than for women on LPT items requiring 2-D to 3-D conversion (LPT23), but not on those requiring the reverse operation. In addition, only the LPT23 produced significant indirect effects of gender on VV Test performance. Performance on the tests was also correlated with environmental cognition and previous experience with spatial activities. The results suggest that dimensional transformation might be a factor significantly contributing to spatial performance. Psychometric aspects of the LPT are also discussed.
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Doyle RA, Voyer D. Bodies and occlusion: item types, cognitive processes, and gender differences in mental rotation. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 66:801-15. [PMID: 22989237 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.719529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to reexamine previous findings in which the magnitude of the male advantage in mental rotation abilities increased when participants mentally rotated occluded versus nonoccluded items and decreased when participants mentally rotated human figures versus blocks. Mainly, the study aimed to address methodological issues noted on previous human figure mental rotations tests as the items composed of blocks and human body were probably not equivalent in terms of their cognitive requirements. Our results did not support previous research on embodied cognition as mental rotation performance decreased among both men and women when mentally rotating human figures compared to block items. However, for women, the effect of occlusion was decreased when mentally rotating human figures. Results are discussed in terms of task difficulty and gender differences in confidence and guessing behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi A Doyle
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3.
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Charles NE, Alexander GM. The association between 2D:4D ratios and sociosexuality: a failure to replicate. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2011; 40:587-595. [PMID: 21203812 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-010-9715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Researchers investigating the role of biological factors in the development and maintenance of interest in uncommitted sexual activity (i.e., sociosexuality) have reported that greater prenatal androgen action in women, as inferred by the ratio of the 2nd to 4th digit, is associated with greater interest in uncommitted sexual relationships, as measured by scores on the Sociosexuality Orientation Inventory (SOI) (Clark, 2004). This evidence suggesting a rather extensive role for prenatal factors in human mating behavior has been cited over 20 times in the literature. However, despite this indication of the impact of the research results on theories of human sex differences, there are no published replications of the original finding. For that reason, the association between 2D:4D ratios and sociosexuality was evaluated in two studies. In the first study, using methodology similar to the original report, no significant association between 2D:4D ratios and SOI scores was found either in women (n = 25) or men (n = 25). Next, to test the possibility that moderating factors, such as menstrual cycle phase and circulating testosterone levels, influence the strength of the association between 2D:4D ratios and sociosexuality, salivary hormone levels and behaviors were measured during the early follicular and mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women not using hormonal contraceptives (n = 40) and at two time points in women using oral contraceptives (n = 44) and in men (n = 42). Women and men in this study showed the expected sex differences in hormone levels and behavior. However, circulating hormones and 2D:4D ratios were unrelated to measures of sociosexuality obtained at the two test sessions. In sum, these data suggest that factors other than prenatal and circulating hormones explain the sex differences in self-reports of sociosexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E Charles
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA.
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Brosnan M, Walker I, Collomosse J. The effect of explicitly varying the proportion of “same” and “different” responses on sex differences in the Shepard and Metzler mental rotation task. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440902743710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Voracek M, Loibl LM. Scientometric analysis and bibliography of digit ratio (2D:4D) research, 1998-2008. Psychol Rep 2009; 104:922-56. [PMID: 19708418 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.104.3.922-956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A scientometric analysis of modern research on the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a widely studied putative marker for prenatal androgen action, is presented. In early 2009, this literature totalled more than 300 publications and, since its initiation in 1998, has grown at a rate slightly faster than linear. Key findings included evidence of publication bias and citation bias, incomplete coverage and outdatedness of existing reviews, and a dearth of meta-analyses in this field. 2D:4D research clusters noticeably in terms of researchers, institutions, countries, and journals involved. Although 2D:4D is an anthropometric trait, most of the research has been conducted at psychology departments, not anthropology departments. However, 2D:4D research has not been predominantly published in core and specialized journals of psychology, but rather in more broadly scoped journals of the behavioral sciences, biomedical social sciences, and neurosciences. Total citation numbers of 2D:4D papers for the most part were not larger than their citation counts within 2D:4D research, indicating that until now, only a few 2D:4D studies have attained broader interest outside this specific field. Comparative citation analyses show that 2D:4D research presently is commensurate in size and importance to evolutionary psychological jealousy research, but has grown faster than the latter field. In contrast, it is much smaller and has spread more slowly than research about the Implicit Association Test Fifteen conjectures about anticipated trends in 2D:4D research are outlined, appendixed by a first-time bibliography of the entirety of the published 2D:4D literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research, School of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Rm 03-46, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
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The Relationship Between Systemising and Mental Rotation and the Implications for the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 40:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hirnstein M, Bayer U, Hausmann M. Sex-specific response strategies in mental rotation. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alexander GM, Evardone M. Blocks and bodies: sex differences in a novel version of the Mental Rotations Test. Horm Behav 2008; 53:177-84. [PMID: 18036595 PMCID: PMC2683583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel version of the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) that alternated the standard block figures with three-dimensional human figures was administered to 99 men and 129 women. Women and men differed predictably in their retrospective reports of childhood play and digit ratios, a putative measure of prenatal androgen action. Compared to the block figure items, human figure items on the modified MRT were associated with an improvement in performance in both sexes. However, consistent with the study hypothesis, the enhancing effect of the human figure condition on performance as measured by conventional scores was smaller in men compared to women and not at all evident in men when performance was measured by ratio scores. A closer inspection of the human figures effects on test scores showed performance in women improved for both male and female figure items. In contrast, relative to scores on block figure items, performance in men improved when stimuli were male figures but did not improve when stimuli were female figures. These results add to the evidence that the magnitude of sex differences in scores on the MRT may vary according to the test content and item properties. The findings suggest that online measures of cognitive processing in response to different classes of test stimuli (e.g., animate vs. inanimate objects, self-relevant vs. neutral stimuli) may prove useful in research aimed at understanding the hormonal and social factors contributing to the sex difference in performance on the MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerianne M Alexander
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, TAMU-4235, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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