1
|
Dos Anjos Rosário B, de Fátima SantanaNazaré M, de Souza DV, Le Sueur-Maluf L, Estadella D, Ribeiro DA, de Barros Viana M. The influence of sex and reproductive cycle on cocaine-induced behavioral and neurobiological alterations: a review. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3107-3140. [PMID: 36264315 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review (SR) was aimed at answering two questions: (1) how sex and ovarian hormones alter behavior associated with cocaine use; (2) which possible neurobiological mechanisms explain behavioral differences. Three different researchers conducted a search in PUBMED for all kinds of articles published between the years of 1991 to 2021 on the theme "reproductive cycle and cocaine", "estrous cycle and cocaine", "menstrual cycle and cocaine", "fluctuation of ovarian hormones and cocaine", "estrogen and cocaine" and "progesterone and cocaine". Sixty original studies were identified and subdivided into experimental rodent studies and clinical trials. Experimental studies were characterized by author/year, species/strain, sex/number, age/weight, dose/route/time of administration, hormonal assessment, or administration. Clinical trials were characterized by author/year, sex/number, age, exclusion criterion, dose/route of administration/time of cocaine, and hormonal assessment. Results gathered showed that rodent females develop increased consumption, seeking behavior, craving, relapse, locomotion, increases in stress and anxiety, among other behavioral alterations during peaks of estrogen. These observations are related to the direct effects played by ovarian hormones (in particularly estradiol), in dopamine, but also in serotonin neurons, and in brain regions such as the tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Increased sensitization to cocaine presented by high estradiol females was linked to the activation of a CBR1-mediated mechanism and GABA-A-dependent suppression of inhibitory synaptic activity of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. Estradiol facilitation of cocaine-increased locomotion and self-administration was shown to require the release of glutamate and the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors subtype 5. Clinical studies also tend to point to a stimulatory effect of estradiol on cocaine sensitization and a neuroprotective effect of progesterone. In conclusion, the results of the present review indicate a need for further preclinical and clinical trials and neurobiological studies to better understand the relationship between sex and ovarian hormones on cocaine sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Vitor de Souza
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Le Sueur-Maluf
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Estadella
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliva A, Reed SC, Brooks DJ, Levin FR, Evans SM. Safety and tolerability of progesterone treatment for women with cocaine use disorder: a pilot treatment trial. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:586-595. [PMID: 36095308 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Problematic cocaine use remains a significant public health issue, particularly among women. However, no concerted efforts have been made to target a pharmacological treatment option for women with cocaine use disorder (CUD) despite preclinical, human laboratory, and a limited number of clinical studies demonstrating that progesterone can attenuate the effects of cocaine to a greater extent in women than men.Objectives: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of progesterone for treating women with CUD.Methods: A 10-week double-blind randomized treatment trial was conducted. Prior to randomization, participants were required to achieve cocaine abstinence (1 week) before assignment to progesterone (up to 400 mg/day) or placebo. The primary efficacy outcomes were days to relapse and cocaine abstinence during the last 3 weeks of the trial. The frequency of side effects was also assessed.Results: 227 women were assessed for eligibility. Twenty-five women entered treatment and 21 were randomized to progesterone (n = 11) or placebo (n = 10). The majority of women relapsed in less than 4 days with no differences between the two groups. Further, there were no significant differences between the progesterone and placebo groups in terms of cocaine abstinence during the last 3 weeks of the trial (27% and 10% respectively). The most commonly reported side effects were headache and fatigue, but no group differences were noted.Conclusions: Progesterone was well tolerated and safe and supports further study is in a larger sample to determine if exogenous progesterone is an effective treatment option for women with CUD.(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00632099).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Oliva
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie C Reed
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances R Levin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzette M Evans
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Strzelecki A, Weafer J, Stoops WW. Human behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs: An update and narrative review. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 93:77-103. [PMID: 35341574 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant use disorders present an enduring public health concern. Chronic stimulant use is associated with a range of health problems, with notable increases in stimulant overdose that disproportionately affect marginalized populations. With these persistent problems, it is important to understand the behavioral and pharmacological factors that contribute to stimulant use in humans. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update and narrative review on recent human laboratory research that has evaluated the behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs. We focus on two prototypic stimulants: cocaine as a prototype monoamine reuptake inhibitor and d-amphetamine as a prototype monoamine releaser. As such, placebo controlled human laboratory studies that involved administration of doses of cocaine or d-amphetamine and were published in peer reviewed journals within the last 10 years (i.e., since 2011) are reviewed. Primary outcomes from these studies are subjective effects, reinforcing effects, cognitive/behavioral effects, and discriminative stimulus effects. Both cocaine and d-amphetamine produce classical stimulant-like behavioral effects (e.g., increase positive subjective effects, function as reinforcers), but there are notable gaps in the literature including understanding sex differences in response to stimulant drugs, cognitive-behavioral effects of stimulants, and influence of use history (e.g., relatively drug naïve vs drug experienced) on stimulant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Strzelecki
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica Weafer
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - William W Stoops
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Psychiatry, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Lexington, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Regnier SD, Lile JA, Rush CR, Stoops WW. Clinical neuropharmacology of cocaine reinforcement: A narrative review of human laboratory self-administration studies. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:420-441. [PMID: 35229294 PMCID: PMC9090960 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use is an unrelenting public health concern. To inform intervention and prevention efforts, it is crucial to develop an understanding of the clinical neuropharmacology of the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and synthesize human laboratory studies that assess pharmacological manipulations of cocaine self-administration. Forty-one peer-reviewed, human cocaine self-administration studies in which participants received a pretreatment drug were assessed. The pharmacological action and treatment regimen for all drugs reviewed were considered. Drugs that increase extracellular dopamine tend to have the most consistent effects on cocaine self-administration. The ability of nondopaminergic drugs to impact cocaine reinforcement might be related to their downstream effects on dopamine, though it is difficult to draw conclusions because pharmacologically selective compounds are not widely available for human testing. The ability of acute versus chronic drug treatment to differentially affect human cocaine self-administration was not determined because buprenorphine was the only pretreatment drug that was assessed under both acute and chronic dosing regimens. Future research directly comparing acute and chronic drug treatment and/or comparing drugs with different mechanisms of action, is needed to make more conclusive determinations about the clinical neuropharmacology of cocaine reinforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Regnier
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVE After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Discuss and outline the general and overlapping effects of the menstrual cycle on women's mental health. ABSTRACT A growing body of research demonstrates menstrual cycle-dependent fluctuations in psychiatric symptoms; these fluctuations can therefore be considered as prevalent phenomena. Possible mechanisms underlying these fluctuations posit behavioral, psychological, and neuroendocrine influences. Recent reviews document cyclic exacerbation of symptoms and explore these mechanisms in the context of specific and often single disorders. The question remains, however, as to whether there are general and overlapping effects of the menstrual cycle on women's mental health. To address this gap, we synthesized the literature examining the exacerbation of a variety of psychiatric symptoms across the menstrual cycle in adult women. Results show that the premenstrual and menstrual phases are most consistently implicated in transdiagnostic symptom exacerbation. Specifically, strong evidence indicates increases in psychosis, mania, depression, suicide/suicide attempts, and alcohol use during these phases. Anxiety, stress, and binge eating appear to be elevated more generally throughout the luteal phase. The subjective effects of smoking and cocaine use are reduced during the luteal phase, but fewer data are available for other substances. Less consistent patterns are demonstrated for panic disorder, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder, and it is difficult to draw conclusions for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and trichotillomania because of the limited data. Future research should focus on developing standardized approaches to identifying menstrual cycle phases and adapting pharmacological and behavioral interventions for managing fluctuations in psychiatric symptoms across the menstrual cycle.
Collapse
|
6
|
Arunogiri S, Crossin R, Rizzo D, Walker L, Ridley K, Gurvich C. A systematic review of the effect of ovarian sex hormones on stimulant use in females. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13079. [PMID: 34374475 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant use disorder is associated with significant global health burden. Despite evidence for sex differences in the development and maintenance of stimulant use disorder, few studies have focused on mechanisms underpinning distinct trajectories in females versus males, including the effect of the ovarian sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. This review aimed to identify and synthesise the existing preclinical and clinical literature on the effect of ovarian sex hormones on stimulant consumption in females. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature identified 1593 articles, screened using the following inclusion criteria: (1) adult female humans or animals, (2) using stimulant drugs, (3) ovarian sex hormones were administered exogenously OR were measured in a validated manner and (4) with stimulant consumption as an outcome measure. A total of 50 studies (3 clinical and 47 preclinical) met inclusion criteria. High-estrogen (low progesterone) phases of the menstrual/estrus cycle were associated with increased stimulant use in preclinical studies, while there were no clinical studies examining estrogen and stimulant consumption. Consistent preclinical evidence supported progesterone use reducing stimulant consumption, which was also identified in one clinical study. The review was limited by inconsistent data reporting across studies and different protocols across preclinical laboratory paradigms. Importantly, almost all studies examined cocaine use, with impact on methamphetamine use a significant gap in the existing evidence. Given the safety and tolerability profile of progesterone, further research is urgently needed to address this gap, to explore the potential therapeutic utility of progesterone as a treatment for stimulant use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Arunogiri
- Monash Addiction Research Centre and Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Richmond Victoria Australia
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University and the Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health Richmond Victoria Australia
| | - Rose Crossin
- Department of Population Health University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Davinia Rizzo
- Monash Addiction Research Centre and Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Richmond Victoria Australia
- Turning Point, Eastern Health Richmond Victoria Australia
| | - Leigh Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Kelly Ridley
- West Australian Country Health Service Albany Western Australia Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University and the Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martin EL, Doncheck EM, Reichel CM, McRae-Clark AL. Consideration of sex as a biological variable in the translation of pharmacotherapy for stress-associated drug seeking. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100364. [PMID: 34345636 PMCID: PMC8319013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a frequent precipitant of relapse to drug use. Pharmacotherapies targeting a diverse array of neural systems have been assayed for efficacy in attenuating stress-induced drug-seeking in both rodents and in humans, but none have shown enough evidence of utility to warrant routine use in the clinic. We posit that a critical barrier in effective translation is inattention to sex as a biological variable at all phases of the research process. In this review, we detail the neurobiological systems implicated in stress-induced relapse to cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine, and cannabis, as well as the pharmacotherapies that have been used to target these systems in rodent models, the human laboratory, and in clinical trials. In each of these areas we additionally describe the potential influences of biological sex on outcomes, and how inattention to fundamental sex differences can lead to biases during drug development that contribute to the limited success of large clinical trials. Based on these observations, we determine that of the pharmacotherapies discussed only α2-adrenergic receptor agonists and oxytocin have a body of research with sufficient consideration of biological sex to warrant further clinical evaluation. Pharmacotherapies that target β-adrenergic receptors, other neuroactive peptides, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroactive steroids, and the endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems require further assessment in females at the preclinical and human laboratory levels before progression to clinical trials can be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Doncheck
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ambrase A, Lewis CA, Barth C, Derntl B. Influence of ovarian hormones on value-based decision-making systems: Contribution to sexual dimorphisms in mental disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100873. [PMID: 32987043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Women and men exhibit differences in behavior when making value-based decisions. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain these findings, stressing differences in functional lateralization of the brain, functional activation, neurotransmitter involvement and more recently, sex hormones. While a significant interaction of neurotransmitter systems and sex hormones has been shown for both sexes, decision-making in women might be particularly affected by variations of ovarian hormones. In this review we have gathered information from animal and human studies on how ovarian hormones affect decision-making processes in females by interacting with neurotransmitter systems at functionally relevant brain locations and thus modify the computation of decision aspects. We also review previous findings on impaired decision-making in animals and clinical populations with substance use disorder and depression, emphasizing how little we know about the role of ovarian hormones in aberrant decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Ambrase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carolin A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany; Emotion Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Barth
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany; TübingenNeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; LEAD Research School and Graduate Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sherman BJ, Caruso MA, McRae-Clark AL. Exogenous progesterone for cannabis withdrawal in women: Feasibility trial of a novel multimodal methodology. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:22-26. [PMID: 30711528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in cannabis use disorder (CUD) and its treatment have been identified. Women report more severe withdrawal and have shown worse treatment outcomes. Ovarian hormones are implicated in these differences and research suggests that exogenous progesterone may be an effective pharmacotherapy. METHODS The current randomized, placebo-controlled, feasibility trial tested a novel multimodal methodology for administering exogenous progesterone during acute cannabis withdrawal. Eight heavy cannabis using women received micronized progesterone (200 mg bid) (n = 3) or matching placebo (n = 5) during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle over a 5-day study period while abstaining from cannabis. Laboratory visits (days 1 and 5) included biological and self-report assessments, while home-based procedures (days 2-4) included ambulatory assessments, video data capture and tele-drug testing, and biological assessments. Primary outcomes were medication adherence and salivary hormone levels, and the exploratory outcome was cannabis withdrawal severity. RESULTS Medication adherence rates were high as assessed via self-report (100.0%) and video data capture (98.0%). Salivary progesterone levels differed between groups over time (p < 0.027) and the progesterone group achieved levels within the normal range during the luteal phase in healthy adults. All tele-drug tests were negative confirming cannabis abstinence and there was an indication (p = 0.07) of reduced cannabis craving among participants receiving progesterone. CONCLUSION More effective and sex-based treatments for cannabis use disorder are needed. The current study provides a novel multimodal methodology with low participant burden for investigating new medications for cannabis withdrawal. Clinical trials of progesterone for cannabis withdrawal may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sherman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical Unviersity of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Margaret A Caruso
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, AL 36849, USA
| | - Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical Unviersity of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of Exogenous Progesterone in the Treatment of Men and Women with Substance Use Disorders: A Narrative Review. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:421-435. [PMID: 29761343 PMCID: PMC6235727 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain problematic as many individuals are untreated or do not benefit from the currently available interventions. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel pharmacological interventions to treat SUDs. Evidence suggests that the female sex hormone, progesterone, attenuates the craving for and the euphoric effects of drugs of abuse. Research to date has demonstrated that progesterone may modulate responses to drugs of abuse and may have utility as a novel treatment for SUDs. A literature search was conducted to identify and examine studies that administered exogenous progesterone. Sixteen publications were identified, exploring the utility of exogenous progesterone or its metabolite, allopregnanolone, among a range of substances, including amphetamines (one study), benzodiazepines (one study), cocaine (nine studies), and tobacco/nicotine (five studies). Results indicated that exogenous progesterone and, its metabolite allopregnanolone, demonstrated preliminary efficacy as a treatment for substance use in both men and women. Notably, progesterone appears to target negative affect and augment cognitive functioning, especially among female substance users. Additional research is needed to explore the potential use of exogenous progesterone and allopregnanolone in the treatment of SUDs, including that associated with alcohol and opioids, but considering the current promising findings, exogenous progesterone and allopregnanolone may have utility as novel pharmacological treatments for SUDs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Becker JB, McClellan ML, Reed BG. Sex differences, gender and addiction. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:136-147. [PMID: 27870394 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses alcohol and other forms of drug addiction as both a sociocultural and biological phenomenon. Sex differences and gender are not solely determined by biology, nor are they entirely sociocultural. The interactions among biological, environmental, sociocultural, and developmental influences result in phenotypes that may be more masculine or more feminine. These gender-related sex differences in the brain can influence the responses to drugs of abuse, progressive changes in the brain after exposure to drugs of abuse and whether addiction results from drug-taking experiences. In addition, the basic laboratory evidence for sex differences is discussed within the context of four types of sex/gender differences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Becker
- Department of Psychology and the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Michele L McClellan
- Department of History and the Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Beth Glover Reed
- School of Social Work and the Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Czoty PW, Stoops WW, Rush CR. Evaluation of the "Pipeline" for Development of Medications for Cocaine Use Disorder: A Review of Translational Preclinical, Human Laboratory, and Clinical Trial Research. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:533-62. [PMID: 27255266 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder is a persistent public health problem for which no widely effective medications exist. Self-administration procedures, which have shown good predictive validity in estimating the abuse potential of drugs, have been used in rodent, nonhuman primate, and human laboratory studies to screen putative medications. This review assessed the effectiveness of the medications development process regarding pharmacotherapies for cocaine use disorder. The primary objective was to determine whether data from animal and human laboratory self-administration studies predicted the results of clinical trials. In addition, the concordance between laboratory studies in animals and humans was assessed. More than 100 blinded, randomized, fully placebo-controlled studies of putative medications for cocaine use disorder were identified. Of the 64 drugs tested in these trials, only 10 had been examined in both human and well-controlled animal laboratory studies. Within all three stages, few studies had been conducted for each drug and when multiple studies had been conducted conclusions were sometimes contradictory. Overall, however, there was good concordance between animal and human laboratory results when the former assessed chronic drug treatment. Although only seven of the ten reviewed drugs showed fully concordant results across all three types of studies reviewed, the analysis revealed several subject-related, procedural, and environmental factors that differ between the laboratory and clinical trial settings that help explain the disagreement for other drugs. The review closes with several recommendations to enhance translation and communication across stages of the medications development process that will ultimately speed the progress toward effective pharmacotherapeutic strategies for cocaine use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (P.W.C.); and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (W.W.S., C.R.R.)
| | - William W Stoops
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (P.W.C.); and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (W.W.S., C.R.R.)
| | - Craig R Rush
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (P.W.C.); and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (W.W.S., C.R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carroll ME, Collins M, Kohl EA, Johnson S, Dougen B. Sex and menstrual cycle effects on chronic oral cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: Effects of a nondrug alternative reward. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2973-84. [PMID: 27318989 PMCID: PMC4935578 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, female monkeys self-administered more oral phencyclidine (PCP) than males, and PCP intake differed by phase of menstrual cycle. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine sex and hormonal influences on oral cocaine self-administration in male and female rhesus monkeys in the follicular vs. luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, with concurrent access to an alternative nondrug reward, saccharin (SACC) vs. water. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concurrent access to cocaine (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/ml) and SACC or water was available from two drinking spouts under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 2, 4, and 8 schedules during daily 3-h sessions. RESULTS Cocaine deliveries were similar in males and females in the females' luteal phase, but cocaine deliveries were higher in females during the follicular phase than the luteal phase and compared to males. When SACC was available, cocaine deliveries were reduced in females in the follicular phase of the cycle, and cocaine intake (mg/kg) was reduced in males and in females' follicular and luteal phases. CONCLUSIONS Access to concurrent SACC (vs. water) reduced cocaine intake (mg/kg) in males and in females during both menstrual phases, and the magnitude of the reduction in cocaine intake was greatest during the females' follicular phase. Thus, a nondrug alternative reward, SACC, is a viable alternative treatment for reducing cocaine's rewarding effects on male and female monkeys, and reductions in cocaine seeking were optimal in the females' luteal phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Molly Collins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emily A Kohl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Seth Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ben Dougen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bedi G, Shiffrin L, Vadhan NP, Nunes EV, Foltin RW, Bisaga A. Effects of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone and smoked cocaine on facial affect recognition in cocaine smokers. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:370-7. [PMID: 26921145 PMCID: PMC4794345 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115626308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In addition to difficulties in daily social functioning, regular cocaine users have decrements in social processing (the cognitive and affective processes underlying social behavior) relative to non-users. Little is known, however, about the effects of clinically-relevant pharmacological agents, such as cocaine and potential treatment medications, on social processing in cocaine users. Such drug effects could potentially alleviate or compound baseline social processing decrements in cocaine abusers. Here, we assessed the individual and combined effects of smoked cocaine and a potential treatment medication, levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone (LCE), on facial emotion recognition in cocaine smokers. Healthy non-treatment-seeking cocaine smokers (N = 14; two female) completed this 11-day inpatient within-subjects study. Participants received LCE (titrated to 400mg/100mg/200mg b.i.d.) for five days with the remaining time on placebo. The order of medication administration was counterbalanced. Facial emotion recognition was measured twice during target LCE dosing and twice on placebo: once without cocaine and once after repeated cocaine doses. LCE increased the response threshold for identification of facial fear, biasing responses away from fear identification. Cocaine had no effect on facial emotion recognition. Results highlight the possibility for candidate pharmacotherapies to have unintended impacts on social processing in cocaine users, potentially exacerbating already existing difficulties in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillinder Bedi
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Shiffrin
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nehal P. Vadhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine
| | - Edward V. Nunes
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Richard W. Foltin
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Adam Bisaga
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Allen AM, McRae-Clark AL, Carlson S, Saladin ME, Gray KM, Wetherington CL, McKee SA, Allen SS. Determining menstrual phase in human biobehavioral research: A review with recommendations. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:1-11. [PMID: 26570992 PMCID: PMC4821777 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the volume and importance of research focusing on menstrual phase, a review of the strategies being used to identify menstrual phase and recommendations that will promote methodological uniformity in the field is needed. We conducted a literature review via Ovid Medline and PsycINFO. Our goal was to review methods used to identify menstrual phase and subphases in biobehavioral research studies with women who had physiologically natural menstrual cycles. Therefore, we excluded articles that focused on any of the following: use of exogenous hormones, the postpartum period, menstrual-related problems (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis), and infertility/anovulation. We also excluded articles on either younger (<18 years old) or older (>45 years old) study samples. We initially identified a total of 1,809 articles. After our exclusionary criteria were applied, 146 articles remained, within which our review identified 6 different methods used to identify menstrual phase and subphases. The most common method used was self-report of onset of menses (145/146 articles) followed by urine luteinizing hormone testing (50/146 articles) and measurement of hormones (estradiol and/or progesterone) in blood samples (49/146 articles). Overall, we found a lack of consistency in the methodology used to determine menstrual phase and subphases. We provide several options to improve accuracy of phase identification, as well as to minimize costs and burden. Adoption of these recommendations will decrease misclassification within individual studies, facilitate cross-study comparisons, and enhance the reproducibility of results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Allen
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota; Mailing Address: 717 Delaware Street SE, Room 422, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55414
| | - Aimee L. McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina; Mailing Address: 67 President Street, Charleston, SC, USA 29425
| | - Samantha Carlson
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota; Mailing Address: 717 Delaware Street SE, Room 400, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55414
| | - Michael E. Saladin
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina; Mailing Address: 77 President St., Charleston, SC, USA 29425
| | - Kevin M. Gray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina; Mailing Address: 125 Doughty Street, Suite 190, MSC861, Charleston SC, USA 29425
| | - Cora Lee Wetherington
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health; Mailing Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Suite 3155, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892-9593
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine; Mailing Address: 2 Church St. South, #109, New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Sharon S. Allen
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota; Mailing Address: 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 381 Mayo, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paris JJ, Fenwick J, McLaughlin JP. Estrous cycle and HIV-1 Tat protein influence cocaine-conditioned place preference and induced locomotion of female mice. Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:388-96. [PMID: 25613137 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein, interacts with psychostimulants to potentiate cocaine-reward in rodents. Sex steroids may protect against Tat-induced deficits. Female GT-tg transgenic mice conditionally-expressed Tat protein targeted to brain via a doxycycline-dependent, GFAP-linked promoter. Mice were tested for cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and cocaine-induced locomotion when in the proestrous (high-hormone) or diestrous (low-hormone) phases of their estrous cycle. Cocaine-CPP was potentiated by Tat induction via 50, 100, or 125 (but not 25) mg/kg doxycycline daily treatment for 7 days. Diestrous mice exposed to Tat protein demonstrated significantly greater cocaine-CPP than did proestrous mice. Tat induction interacted with estrous cycle to decrease acute cocaine-induced locomotion among Tat-induced diestrous mice, but not their uninduced or proestrous counterparts, and attenuated cocaine-sensitization. In a cocaine-challenge, previously cocaine-sensitized mice demonstrated greater cocaine-locomotion over cocaine-naive counterparts and Tat-induction attenuated locomotion. Altogether, data demonstrate Tat and circulating sex steroid influences over cocaine-reward and psychostimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Askalsky P, Kalapatapu RK, Foltin RW, Comer SD. Butyrylcholinesterase levels and subjective effects of smoked cocaine in healthy cocaine users. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 41:161-5. [PMID: 25321637 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.966197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is beginning to attract attention as a possible target for cocaine abuse treatment because of its role in metabolizing cocaine. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this analysis was to assess whether endogenous BChE levels are associated with the subjective effects of cocaine. METHODS Data from 28 participants in five inpatient cocaine self-administration studies were included in the present analysis. Four minutes after each smoked cocaine dose, participants rated their drug-related effects from 0-100 using a computerized self-report Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The main outcome measures were nine change-in-VAS ratings between a baseline placebo dose and a 25-mg smoked cocaine dose. RESULTS After controlling for age, sex, total years of cocaine use, total milligrams of cocaine administered before the 25-mg dose being analyzed, and baseline diastolic blood pressure, endogenous BChE was not significantly associated with any of the nine change-in-VAS ratings. CONCLUSION Though BChE appears to be a possible target for cocaine abuse treatment, these data suggest that endogenous levels of BChE may not play a role in modifying the subjective effects of cocaine. Future larger studies of BChE in respect to the subjective effects produced by cocaine are needed to confirm or refute these findings.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yonkers KA, Forray A, Nich C, Carroll KM, Hine C, Merry BC, Shaw H, Shaw J, Sofuoglu M. Progesterone Reduces Cocaine Use in Postpartum Women with a Cocaine Use Disorder: A Randomized,Double-Blind Study. Lancet Psychiatry 2014; 1:360-367. [PMID: 25328863 PMCID: PMC4199242 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone modulates multiple brain functions implicated in the pathogenesis ofdrug addiction. During high endogenous progesterone states, women reduce use of cocaine. We sought to test whether progesterone replacement reduces cocaine use in postpartum women with a cocaine use disorder (CUD). METHODS A 12-week, double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial with a 3-month post trial follow-up. 25 women within 12 weeks of deliverywere randomized to placeboand 25 to100 mgs of oral micronized progesterone, administered twice daily. Participants were recruited from obstetrical clinics. Randomization and allocation were performed by the study biostatistician. Attrition was 18% and the analysis included all50participants. Outcomes were self-reported days of cocaine use and positive urine toxicology assays for cocaine metabolites. FINDINGS Participants randomized to placebo compared to progesterone had increased likelihood of cocaine use per week (RR=1·19; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1·05 to 1·36; p<0·01). At the three-month post trial visit the difference between groups was not significant (Likelihood RatioΧ2 =5·16; P=·08). There were no group differences in rates of submission of a positive urine test. A post hoc analysis showed a higher rate of relapse for participants randomized to placebo (HR=4·71; 95% CI= 1·09 to 20·5). We did not observe groups differences in the rate of adverse events. INTERPRETATION These preliminary findings support the promise of progesterone treatment in postpartum women with a CUD and could constitute a therapeutic break through. FUNDING US National Institute on Drug Abuse; Veterans Administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ann Yonkers
- Departments of Psychiatry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine,40 Temple Street, Suite 6B, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 06510
| | - Ariadna Forray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine,40 Temple Street, Suite 6B, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 06510
| | - Charla Nich
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Cristine Hine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine,40 Temple Street, Suite 6B New Haven, Connecticut, USA 06510
| | - Brian C Merry
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine,40 Temple Street, Suite 6B, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 06510
| | - Howard Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale New Haven Hospital, 1450 Chapel Street, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Julia Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 20 York St, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Souza MF, Couto-Pereira NS, Freese L, Costa PA, Caletti G, Bisognin KM, Nin MS, Gomez R, Barros HMT. Behavioral effects of endogenous or exogenous estradiol and progesterone on cocaine sensitization in female rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:505-14. [PMID: 24878606 PMCID: PMC4086178 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine sensitization is a marker for some facets of addiction, is greater in female rats, and may be influenced by their sex hormones. We compared the modulatory effects of endogenous or exogenous estradiol and progesterone on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in 106 female rats. Ovariectomized female rats received progesterone (0.5 mg/mL), estradiol (0.05 mg/mL), progesterone plus estradiol, or the oil vehicle. Sham-operated control females received oil. Control and acute subgroups received injections of saline, while the repeated group received cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) for 8 days. After 10 days, the acute and repeated groups received a challenge dose of cocaine, after which locomotion and stereotypy were monitored. The estrous cycle phase was evaluated and blood was collected to verify hormone levels. Repeated cocaine treatment induced overall behavioral sensitization in female rats, with increased locomotion and stereotypies. In detailed analysis, ovariectomized rats showed no locomotor sensitization; however, the sensitization of stereotypies was maintained. Only females with endogenous estradiol and progesterone demonstrated increased locomotor activity after cocaine challenge. Estradiol replacement enhanced stereotyped behaviors after repeated cocaine administration. Cocaine sensitization of stereotyped behaviors in female rats was reduced after progesterone replacement, either alone or concomitant with estradiol. The behavioral responses (locomotion and stereotypy) to cocaine were affected differently, depending on whether the female hormones were of an endogenous or exogenous origin. Therefore, hormonal cycling appears to be an important factor in the sensitization of females. Although estradiol increases the risk of cocaine sensitization, progesterone warrants further study as a pharmacological treatment in the prevention of psychostimulant abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Souza
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - N S Couto-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - L Freese
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - P A Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - G Caletti
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - K M Bisognin
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - M S Nin
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - R Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - H M T Barros
- Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Segarra AC, Torres-Díaz YM, Silva RD, Puig-Ramos A, Menéndez-Delmestre R, Rivera-Bermúdez JG, Amadeo W, Agosto-Rivera JL. Estrogen receptors mediate estradiol's effect on sensitization and CPP to cocaine in female rats: role of contextual cues. Horm Behav 2014; 65:77-87. [PMID: 24355096 PMCID: PMC3963412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that estradiol enhances sensitization to cocaine in females by mechanisms not fully understood. These studies consistently show that ovariectomized (OVX) rats exhibit little or no sensitization to cocaine compared to OVX rats administered estradiol. In this study we varied the dose of cocaine (10, 15, and 30mg/kg), the length of cocaine treatment (from 5 to 10days) and the context of cocaine injections to determine if these factors play a role on estradiol's effects on cocaine sensitization. Because OVX rats are hormonally compromised, they are not representative of the natural state of the animal, and thus the physiological context of these studies remains unclear. To address this issue, we blocked ERs in gonadally intact females by icv administration of the antiestrogen ICI-182,780. Varying the dose or length of exposure to cocaine does not alter estradiol's effect on cocaine sensitization. In contrast, a highly context-dependent sensitization protocol results in robust sensitization even in OVX rats. Interestingly, using this protocol, sensitization in OVX rats diminished with time, suggesting that estradiol is necessary for the maintenance of cocaine sensitization. Blocking brain ERs with ICI completely abolishes the development and expression of cocaine sensitization in gonadally intact female rats, even when tested in a highly context-dependent sensitization protocol. Given these findings, we propose that activation of brain ERs is required for the development and maintenance of sensitization and CPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabell C Segarra
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
| | - Yvonne M Torres-Díaz
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard D Silva
- Biology Department, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Anabel Puig-Ramos
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Raissa Menéndez-Delmestre
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Waldo Amadeo
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - José L Agosto-Rivera
- Biology Department, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Perry AN, Westenbroek C, Becker JB. Impact of pubertal and adult estradiol treatments on cocaine self-administration. Horm Behav 2013; 64:573-8. [PMID: 24013034 PMCID: PMC3818085 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol is thought to play a critical role in the increased vulnerability to psychostimulant abuse in women. Sex differences in the ability of estradiol to influence cocaine self-administration in adult rats have been hypothesized to depend upon pubertal estradiol exposure. The current study investigated whether the presence of gonadal hormones during puberty affected cocaine self-administration behavior and its sensitivity to adult estradiol treatment in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects were gonadectomized or SHAM-operated at postnatal day (PD) 22, and received either OIL or estradiol benzoate (EB) during the approximate time of puberty (PD27 to PD37). Adult rats were subsequently treated with either EB or OIL 30 min before cocaine self-administration (0.3 mg/kg/inf) in order to examine the effects of pubertal manipulations on the estradiol sensitivity of acquisition on a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule, total intake on a FR5 schedule and motivation on a progressive ratio schedule. Adult EB treatment only affected cocaine self-administration in females, which is consistent with previous research. Adult EB treatment enhanced acquisition in all females irrespective of puberty manipulations. All females, except those treated with EB during puberty, displayed increased cocaine intake following adult EB treatment. Adult EB treatment only enhanced motivation in females that were intact during puberty, whereas those treated with EB during puberty showed reduced motivation. Therefore, the sensitivities of different self-administration behaviors to adult estradiol treatment are organized independently in females, with pubertal estradiol exerting a greater influence over motivational processes, and negligible effects on learning/acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam N. Perry
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Christel Westenbroek
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jill B. Becker
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Corresponding author: Jill B. Becker, PhD, University of Michigan, 1050 MBNI, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fox HC, Sofuoglu M, Morgan PT, Tuit KL, Sinha R. The effects of exogenous progesterone on drug craving and stress arousal in cocaine dependence: impact of gender and cue type. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1532-44. [PMID: 23374328 PMCID: PMC3772967 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exogenous progesterone has been shown to attenuate the rewarding effects of cocaine. However, its effects on provoked drug craving, stress arousal and cognitive performance has not been systematically investigated in cocaine dependent men and women. Thus, we conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy of progesterone in reducing provoked drug craving, stress system arousal and improving cognitive performance in cocaine dependent men and women. METHODS Forty-two early abstinent treatment-seeking cocaine dependent individuals were randomly assigned to either daily doses of placebo (12M/9F) or micronized progesterone (12M/9F) (400 mg/day), for 7 days. Under experimental conditions, all subjects were exposed to three 5-min personalized guided imagery conditions (stress, cocaine cue, relaxing), one per day, consecutively in a random, counterbalanced order. Subjective craving, mood, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and cardiovascular output, and a cognitive measure of inhibitory control (Stroop Color Word Task) were assessed pre- and post imagery. RESULTS Progesterone relative to placebo significantly decreased cue-induced craving and cortisol responses and increased cue-induced ACTH. In addition, women but not men receiving progesterone reported lower ratings of negative emotion and higher ratings of relaxed mood following stress exposure. Improved Stroop performance was observed in all participants receiving progesterone, across all conditions. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone was selectively effective in reducing cocaine cue-induced but not stress-related cocaine craving as well as specific measures of the provoked arousal state. Findings suggest that progesterone's effects on drug craving and arousal are moderated by both the type of environmental cue exposure and gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Fox
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 203 974 7360.
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- VA Medical Center, 950 Campbell Ave, # 36, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Peter T. Morgan
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Keri L. Tuit
- The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Carroll ME, Kohl EA, Johnson KM, LaNasa RM. Increased impulsive choice for saccharin during PCP withdrawal in female monkeys: influence of menstrual cycle phase. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:413-24. [PMID: 23344553 PMCID: PMC3656971 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies with male and female rhesus monkeys, withdrawal of access to oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration reduced responding for food under a high fixed-ratio (FR) schedule more in males than females, and with a delay discounting (DD) task with saccharin (SACC) as the reinforcer impulsive choice for SACC increased during PCP withdrawal more in males than females. OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of PCP (0.25 or 0.5 mg/ml) withdrawal on impulsive choice for SACC in females during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS In component 1, PCP and water were available from two drinking spouts for 1.5 h sessions under concurrent FR 16 schedules. In component 2, a SACC solution was available for 45 min under a DD schedule. Monkeys had a choice of one immediate SACC delivery (0.6 ml) or six delayed SACC deliveries, and the delay was increased by 1 s after a response on the delayed lever and decreased by 1 s after a response on the immediate lever. There was then a 10-day water substitution phase, or PCP withdrawal, that occurred during the mid-follicular phase (days 7-11) or the late luteal phase (days 24-28) of the menstrual cycle. Access to PCP and concurrent water was then restored, and the PCP withdrawal procedure was repeated over several follicular and luteal menstrual phases. RESULTS PCP deliveries were higher during the luteal (vs follicular) phase. Impulsive choice was greater during the luteal (vs follicular) phase during withdrawal of the higher PCP concentration. CONCLUSIONS PCP withdrawal was associated with elevated impulsive choice for SACC, especially in the luteal (vs follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle in female monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cooper ZD, Foltin RW, Evans SM. Effects of menstrual cycle phase on cocaine self-administration in rhesus macaques. Horm Behav 2013; 63:105-13. [PMID: 23098805 PMCID: PMC3540131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological findings suggest that men and women vary in their pattern of cocaine use resulting in differences in cocaine dependence and relapse rates. Preclinical laboratory studies have demonstrated that female rodents are indeed more sensitive to cocaine's reinforcing effects than males, with estrous cycle stage as a key determinant of this effect. The current study sought to extend these findings to normally cycling female rhesus macaques, a species that shares a nearly identical menstrual cycle to humans. Dose-dependent intravenous cocaine self-administration (0.0125, 0.0250, and 0.0500 mg/kg/infusion) using a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement was determined across the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle was divided into 5 discrete phases - menses, follicular, periovulatory, luteal, and late luteal phases - verified by the onset of menses and plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone. Dependent variables including number of infusions self-administered per session, progressive ratio breakpoint, and cocaine intake were analyzed according to cocaine dose and menstrual cycle phase. Analysis of plasma hormone levels verified phase-dependent fluctuations of estradiol and progesterone, with estrogen levels peaking during the periovulatory phase, and progesterone peaking during the luteal phase. Progressive ratio breakpoint, infusions self-administered, and cocaine intake did not consistently vary based on menstrual cycle phase. These findings demonstrate that under the current experimental parameters, the reinforcing effects of cocaine did not vary across the menstrual cycle in a systematic fashion in normally cycling rhesus macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziva D Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Substance Use Research Center, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 66, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kalapatapu RK, Bedi G, Haney M, Evans SM, Rubin E, Foltin RW. The subjective effects of cocaine: relationship to years of cocaine use and current age. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2012; 38:530-4. [PMID: 22812932 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2012.704461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether the duration of cocaine use or an individual's age may influence the acute effects of cocaine, patterns of use, and specific treatment needs. OBJECTIVES This post hoc analysis determined whether the duration of cocaine use or current age influenced the acute subjective response to cocaine. Data from four smoked cocaine self-administration laboratory studies were combined and analyzed to determine whether the subjective effects of a 25-mg smoked cocaine dose varied as a function of years of cocaine use or current age. METHODS Thirty-six nontreatment-seeking healthy cocaine users (ages 32-49) were admitted to studies lasting from 12 to 105 days. Participants rated the subjective effects of each cocaine dose from 0 to 100 by completing a computerized self-report visual analogue scale (VAS). The main outcome measures were the change in VAS ratings between a baseline placebo dose and the first 25-mg dose of smoked cocaine. RESULTS No significant relationship was found between the subjective effects of cocaine and years of cocaine use (mean 20.9, range 5-30) or current age (mean 41.1, range 32-49). CONCLUSION Among long-term cocaine users between the ages of 32 and 49, the acute subjective effects of cocaine did not vary as a function of years of cocaine use or current age. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These data fail to support the incentive sensitization theory for addiction by Robinson and Berridge, as cocaine "liking" and "wanting" remained the same regardless of age or years of cocaine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Kalapatapu
- Substance Use Research Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kalapatapu RK, Bedi G, Haney M, Evans SM, Rubin E, Foltin RW. Substance use after participation in laboratory studies involving smoked cocaine self-administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:162-7. [PMID: 21840650 PMCID: PMC3228895 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laboratory studies in which drugs of abuse are self- or experimenter-administered to non-treatment-seeking research volunteers provide valuable data about new pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders, as well as behavioral and performance data for understanding the neurobiology of drug abuse. This paper analyzed follow-up data from six smoked cocaine self-administration laboratory studies, in order to determine whether changes in substance use occurred 1 and 3 months after study participation compared to pre-study baseline. METHODS Ninety-eight healthy, non-treatment-seeking cocaine users were admitted to inpatient and combined inpatient/outpatient studies lasting from 12 to 105 days. The studies allowed participants to self-administer repeated doses of smoked cocaine (0, 6, 12, 25, and/or 50mg per dose) on multiple occasions. Participants returned for follow-up at 1 and 3 months, at which time self-reported consumption of cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine was assessed. RESULTS Compared to baseline ($374.04/week, S.D. $350.09), cocaine use significantly decreased at 1 month ($165.13/week, S.D. $165.56) and 3 months ($118.59/week, S.D. $110.48) after study participation (p<0.001; results based on the 39 participants who completed all 3 time points). This decrease was not accompanied by a change in other drug use, e.g., a compensatory increase in alcohol, marijuana or nicotine use. CONCLUSION Study participation was not associated with increased post-study cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, or nicotine use. Thus, human laboratory models of cocaine self-administration, conducted in non-treatment-seeking research volunteers, are relatively safe, and study participation does not exacerbate ongoing drug use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj K. Kalapatapu
- Substance Use Research Center, Columbia University, United States,Corresponding author at: Substance Use Research Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, Unit 66, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, Tel.: +1 212 543 5447; fax: +1 212 543 6018. (R.K. Kalapatapu)
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Substance Use Research Center, Columbia University, United States
| | - Margaret Haney
- Substance Use Research Center, Columbia University, United States
| | - Suzette M. Evans
- Substance Use Research Center, Columbia University, United States
| | - Eric Rubin
- Substance Use Research Center, Columbia University, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mello NK, Knudson IM, Kelly M, Fivel PA, Mendelson JH. Effects of progesterone and testosterone on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination by female rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2187-99. [PMID: 21796112 PMCID: PMC3176575 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neuroactive steroid hormone progesterone attenuates cocaine's abuse-related effects in women and in rodents under some conditions, but the effects of testosterone are unknown. We compared the acute effects of progesterone (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg, intramuscularly (i.m.)), testosterone (0.001, 0.003, and 0.01 mg/kg, i.m.), and placebo on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination dose-effect curves in female rhesus monkeys. Cocaine self-administration (0.03 mg/kg per inj.) was maintained on a fixed ratio 30 schedule of reinforcement, and monkeys had unlimited access to cocaine for 2 h each day. Cocaine doses were administered in an irregular order during each dose-effect curve determination, and the same dose order was used in each subject in all treatment conditions. Blood samples for hormone analysis were collected at the end of each test session. Banana-flavored food pellets (1 g) were also available in three 1-h daily sessions. In drug discrimination studies, the effects of pretreatment with progesterone (0.032-0.32 mg/kg, i.m.) and testosterone (0.001-0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine (0.18 mg/kg, i.m.) were examined. Progesterone and testosterone did not alter cocaine discrimination, and did not substitute for cocaine. In contrast, progesterone and testosterone each significantly decreased cocaine self-administration, and produced a downward and rightward shift in the cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve. These findings are concordant with clinical reports that progesterone administration may decrease ratings of positive subjective effects of cocaine in women, and suggest the possible value of neuroactive steroid hormones for the treatment of cocaine abuse and reduction of risk for relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Mello
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Frye CA, Paris JJ, Osborne DM, Campbell JC, Kippin TE. Prenatal Stress Alters Progestogens to Mediate Susceptibility to Sex-Typical, Stress-Sensitive Disorders, such as Drug Abuse: A Review. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:52. [PMID: 22022315 PMCID: PMC3195272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal-offspring interactions begin prior to birth. Experiences of the mother during gestation play a powerful role in determining the developmental programming of the central nervous system. In particular, stress during gestation alters developmental programming of the offspring resulting in susceptibility to sex-typical and stress-sensitive neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, neither these effects, nor the underlying mechanisms, are well understood. Our hypothesis is that allopregnanolone, during gestation, plays a particularly vital role in mitigating effects of stress on the developing fetus and may mediate, in part, alterations apparent throughout the lifespan. Specifically, altered balance between glucocorticoids and progestogens during critical periods of development (stemming from psychological, immunological, and/or endocrinological stressors during gestation) may permanently influence behavior, brain morphology, and/or neuroendocrine-sensitive processes. 5α-reduced progestogens are integral in the developmental programming of sex-typical, stress-sensitive, and/or disorder-relevant phenotypes. Prenatal stress (PNS) may alter these responses and dysregulate allopregnanolone and its normative effects on stress axis function. As an example of a neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and/or neurodegenerative process, this review focuses on responsiveness to drugs of abuse, which is sensitive to PNS and progestogen milieu. This review explores the notion that allopregnanolone may effect, or be influenced by, PNS, with consequences for neurodevelopmental-, neuropsychiatric-, and/or neurodegenerative- relevant processes, such as addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany-State University of New York Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|