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Bańka P, Wybraniec M, Bochenek T, Gruchlik B, Burchacka A, Swinarew A, Mizia-Stec K. Influence of Aortic Valve Stenosis and Wall Shear Stress on Platelets Function. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6301. [PMID: 37834945 PMCID: PMC10573628 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a common heart valve disease in the elderly population, and its pathogenesis remains an interesting area of research. The degeneration of the aortic valve leaflets gradually progresses to valve sclerosis. The advanced phase is marked by the presence of extracellular fibrosis and calcification. Turbulent, accelerated blood flow generated by the stenotic valve causes excessive damage to the aortic wall. Elevated shear stress due to AS leads to the degradation of high-molecular weight multimers of von Willebrand factor, which may involve bleeding in the mucosal tissues. Conversely, elevated shear stress has been associated with the release of thrombin and the activation of platelets, even in individuals with acquired von Willebrand syndrome. Moreover, turbulent blood flow in the aorta may activate the endothelium and promote platelet adhesion and activation on the aortic valve surface. Platelets release a wide range of mediators, including lysophosphatidic acid, which have pro-osteogenic effects in AS. All of these interactions result in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and the hemostatic process. This review summarizes the current knowledge on high shear stress-induced hemostatic disorders, the influence of AS on platelets and antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Bańka
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Wybraniec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bochenek
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Gruchlik
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Burchacka
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Swinarew
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mizia-Stec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
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Ground M, Park YE, Waqanivavalagi S, Callon K, Walker R, Milsom P, Cornish J. Generating robust human valvular interstitial cell cultures: Protocol and considerations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 173:118-126. [PMID: 36327771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Research in heart valve biology is a growing field that has yet to elucidate the fundamentals of valve disease. Human valvular interstitial cells (hVICs) are the best option for studying the cellular mechanisms behind valvular pathologies. However, there is a wide range of isolation procedures for these cells published in the literature. To what extent various isolation methods, patient pathologies, and seeding densities influence the behaviour of hVICs remains unclear. Here, we present an optimised method of hVIC isolation from diseased human valves donated at the time of surgery. We show that two rounds of 1000 U/mL collagenase digestion for not >2 h results in a phenotypically stable cell culture with a near complete absence of endothelial cell contamination. We also suggest that cells should be seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 for experimentation. We found that patient pathology does not affect the success of the isolation procedure, and that instead, successful cultures are predicted by ensuring >500 mg valve tissue as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ground
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Steve Waqanivavalagi
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Karen Callon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paget Milsom
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
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3
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Foroutan-Ghaznavi M, Mazloomi SM, Montazeri V, Pirouzpanah S. Dietary patterns in association with the expression of pro-metastatic genes in primary breast cancer. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3267-3284. [PMID: 35484415 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastasis is a major leading cause of mortality in female breast cancer (BrCa). Cellular motility is a pathological process of metastasis remarked by the overexpression of cortactin (CTTN), Ras homolog family member-A (RhoA), and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) genes. Their balance is responsible for upholding the integrity of healthy epithelial cell junctions. This study aimed to explore the associations between a posteriori dietary patterns and the expression levels of pro-metastatic genes in primary BrCa. METHODS In this consecutive case series, 215 eligible women, newly diagnosed with histologically confirmed non-metastatic BrCa (stage I-IIIA), were recruited from Hospitals in Tabriz, Northwestern Iran (2015-2017). The tumoral expression levels of genes were quantified using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Dietary data assessment was carried out using a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Three dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (KMO = 0.699). Adherence to the "vegan" pattern (vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains) was inversely associated with the expression levels of RhoA (ORAdj.T3vs.T1 = 0.24, 95%CI 0.07-0.79) and ROCK (ORAdj.T3vs.T1 = 0.26, 95%CI 0.08-0.87). In addition, the highest adherence to the "prudent" pattern (spices, seafood, dairy, and vegetable oils) decreased the odds of overexpressions at RhoA (ORAdj.T3vs.T1 = 0.26, 95%CI 0.08-0.84) and ROCK genes (ORAdj.T3vs.T1 = 0.29, 95%CI 0.09-0.95). The highest adherence to "Western" pattern (meat, processed meat, hydrogenated fat, fast food, refined cereals, sweets, and soft drinks) was a risk factor associated with the overexpression of RhoA (ORAdj.T3vs.T1 = 3.15, 95%CI 1.12-8.85). CONCLUSION Adherence to healthy dietary patterns was significantly associated with the downregulation of pro-metastatic genes. Findings provided new implications to advance the nutrigenomic knowledge to prevent the odds of over-regulations in pro-metastatic genes of the primary BrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Foroutan-Ghaznavi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7134814336, Shiraz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7194815711, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Mazloomi
- Nutrition Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7193635899, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7134814336, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Montazeri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166414766, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Surgery, Nour-Nejat Hospital, 5138665793, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Pirouzpanah
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran. .,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166414766, Tabriz, Iran.
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Plaut S. Scoping review and interpretation of myofascial pain/fibromyalgia syndrome: An attempt to assemble a medical puzzle. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263087. [PMID: 35171940 PMCID: PMC8849503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is a common, overlooked, and underdiagnosed condition and has significant burden. MPS is often dismissed by clinicians while patients remain in pain for years. MPS can evolve into fibromyalgia, however, effective treatments for both are lacking due to absence of a clear mechanism. Many studies focus on central sensitization. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review is to systematically search cross-disciplinary empirical studies of MPS, focusing on mechanical aspects, and suggest an organic mechanism explaining how it might evolve into fibromyalgia. Hopefully, it will advance our understanding of this disease. METHODS Systematically searched multiple phrases in MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, PEDro, and medRxiv, majority with no time limit. Inclusion/exclusion based on title and abstract, then full text inspection. Additional literature added on relevant side topics. Review follows PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PROSPERO yet to adapt registration for scoping reviews. FINDINGS 799 records included. Fascia can adapt to various states by reversibly changing biomechanical and physical properties. Trigger points, tension, and pain are a hallmark of MPS. Myofibroblasts play a role in sustained myofascial tension. Tension can propagate in fascia, possibly supporting a tensegrity framework. Movement and mechanical interventions treat and prevent MPS, while living sedentarily predisposes to MPS and recurrence. CONCLUSIONS MPS can be seen as a pathological state of imbalance in a natural process; manifesting from the inherent properties of the fascia, triggered by a disrupted biomechanical interplay. MPS might evolve into fibromyalgia through deranged myofibroblasts in connective tissue ("fascial armoring"). Movement is an underemployed requisite in modern lifestyle. Lifestyle is linked to pain and suffering. The mechanism of needling is suggested to be more mechanical than currently thought. A "global percutaneous needle fasciotomy" that respects tensegrity principles may treat MPS/fibromyalgia more effectively. "Functional-somatic syndromes" can be seen as one entity (myofibroblast-generated-tensegrity-tension), sharing a common rheuma-psycho-neurological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh Plaut
- School of Medicine, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Büttner P, Feistner L, Lurz P, Thiele H, Hutcheson JD, Schlotter F. Dissecting Calcific Aortic Valve Disease-The Role, Etiology, and Drivers of Valvular Fibrosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:660797. [PMID: 34041283 PMCID: PMC8143377 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.660797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent and progressive disorder that ultimately causes gradual narrowing of the left ventricular outflow orifice with ensuing devastating hemodynamic effects on the heart. Calcific mineral accumulation is the hallmark pathology defining this process; however, fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that leads to extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue and distortion of the valvular microarchitecture similarly has major biomechanical and functional consequences for heart valve function. Significant advances have been made to unravel the complex mechanisms that govern these active, cell-mediated processes, yet the interplay between fibrosis and calcification and the individual contribution to progressive extracellular matrix stiffening require further clarification. Specifically, we discuss (1) the valvular biomechanics and layered ECM composition, (2) patterns in the cellular contribution, temporal onset, and risk factors for valvular fibrosis, (3) imaging valvular fibrosis, (4) biomechanical implications of valvular fibrosis, and (5) molecular mechanisms promoting fibrotic tissue remodeling and the possibility of reverse remodeling. This review explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular drivers of fibrogenesis and the pathophysiological role of fibrosis in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Büttner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Feistner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Lurz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Florian Schlotter
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Howsmon DP, Sacks MS. On Valve Interstitial Cell Signaling: The Link Between Multiscale Mechanics and Mechanobiology. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:15-27. [PMID: 33527256 PMCID: PMC11046423 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves function in one of the most mechanically demanding environments in the body to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The resident valve interstitial cells respond to this mechanical environment and maintain the structure and integrity of the heart valve tissues to preserve homeostasis. While the mechanics of organ-tissue-cell heart valve function has progressed, the intracellular signaling network downstream of mechanical stimuli has not been fully elucidated. This has hindered efforts to both understand heart valve mechanobiology and rationally identify drug targets for treating valve disease. In the present work, we review the current literature on VIC mechanobiology and then propose mechanistic mathematical modeling of the mechanically-stimulated VIC signaling response to comprehend the coupling between VIC mechanobiology and valve mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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7
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Bruijn LE, van den Akker BEWM, van Rhijn CM, Hamming JF, Lindeman JHN. Extreme Diversity of the Human Vascular Mesenchymal Cell Landscape. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017094. [PMID: 33190596 PMCID: PMC7763765 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal cells are culprit factors in vascular (patho)physiology and are hallmarked by phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. At present, they are subdivided by classic umbrella terms, such as "fibroblasts," "myofibroblasts," "smooth muscle cells," "fibrocytes," "mesangial cells," and "pericytes." However, a discriminative marker-based subclassification has to date not been established. Methods and Results As a first effort toward a classification scheme, a systematic literature search was performed to identify the most commonly used phenotypical and functional protein markers for characterizing and classifying vascular mesenchymal cell subpopulation(s). We next applied immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to inventory the expression pattern of identified markers on human aorta specimens representing early, intermediate, and end stages of human atherosclerotic disease. Included markers comprise markers for mesenchymal lineage (vimentin, FSP-1 [fibroblast-specific protein-1]/S100A4, cluster of differentiation (CD) 90/thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and FAP [fibroblast activation protein]), contractile/non-contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), and auxiliary contractile markers (h1-Calponin, h-Caldesmon, Desmin, SM22α [smooth muscle protein 22α], non-muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, Smoothelin-B, α-Tropomyosin, and Telokin) or adhesion proteins (Paxillin and Vinculin). Vimentin classified as the most inclusive lineage marker. Subset markers did not separate along classic lines of smooth muscle cell, myofibroblast, or fibroblast, but showed clear temporal and spatial diversity. Strong indications were found for presence of stem cells/Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal cell Transition and fibrocytes in specific aspects of the human atherosclerotic process. Conclusions This systematic evaluation shows a highly diverse and dynamic landscape for the human vascular mesenchymal cell population that is not captured by the classic nomenclature. Our observations stress the need for a consensus multiparameter subclass designation along the lines of the cluster of differentiation classification for leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Bruijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie M. van Rhijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap F. Hamming
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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8
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Yamada H, Hakozaki M, Uemura A, Yamashita T. Effect of fatty acids on melanogenesis and tumor cell growth in melanoma cells. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1491-1502. [PMID: 31345992 PMCID: PMC6718436 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have various physiological effects on melanoma. For example, palmitic acid (PA) increases melanin levels; linoleic acid and DHA decrease melanin levels; and DHA suppresses tumor growth. In this study, we focused on the relationship between the structure of fatty acids and their physiological effects in melanoma to examine the likely mechanisms of action. We showed that saturated fatty acids and PUFAs display opposing effects on melanin content in melanoma cells. Likewise, PA and EPA have opposing effects in terms of actin polymerization. Our findings suggest that PA and EPA change melanin content in melanoma to alter melanosome trafficking by modulating actin polymerization. Here, we also examined the mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of DHA. We found that DHA interacts with receptor for activated C kinase 1 and represses melanoma cell proliferation by suppressing protein kinase C signaling. Our results suggest a new mechanism to explain the physiological effects of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Yamada
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Mayuka Hakozaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Uemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Zhu H, Chen W, Liu D, Luo H. The role of metabolism in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Metabolism 2019; 93:44-51. [PMID: 30586574 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and vascular abnormalities. The cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and current therapies are limited. Cell metabolism has been shown to play an essential role in cancer survival and tumour invasion as well as in rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Although little is known about SSc, cell metabolism may provide new clues for understanding its pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies of metabolism in SSc and fibrotic disease, specifically focusing on glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress. We highlight the role of metabolism in fibroblast differentiation and emphasize its potential therapeutic prospects in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Treatment with XAV-939 prevents in vitro calcification of human valvular interstitial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208774. [PMID: 30532256 PMCID: PMC6286025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a substance or inhibitor-based treatment strategy for the prevention of aortic valve stenosis is a challenge and a main focus of medical research in this area. One strategy may be to use the tankyrase inhibitor XAV-939, which leads to Axin stabilisation and subsequent destruction of the β-catenin complex and dephosphorylation of β-catenin. The dephosphorylated active form of β-catenin (non-phospho-β-catenin) then promotes nuclear transcription that leads to osteogenesis. The aims of the present study were to develop an experimental system for inducing in vitro calcification of human aortic valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to investigate the potential anti-calcific effect of XAV-939 and to analyse expression of the Wnt signalling proteins and Sox9, a chondrogenesis regulator, in this model. Calcification of human VIC cultures was induced by cultivation in an osteogenic medium and the effect of co-incubation with 1μM XAV-939 was monitored. Calcification was quantified when mineral deposits were visible in culture and was histologically verified by von Kossa or Alizarin red staining and by IR-spectroscopy. Protein expression of alkaline phosphatase, Axin, β-catenin and Sox9 were quantified by western blotting. In 58% of the VIC preparations, calcification was induced in an osteogenic culture medium and was accompanied by upregulation of alkaline phosphatase. The calcification induction was prevented by the XAV-939 co-treatment and the alkaline phosphatase upregulation was suppressed. As expected, Axin was upregulated, but the levels of active non-phospho-β-catenin were also enhanced. Sox9 was induced during XAV-939 treatment but apparently not as a result of downregulation of β-catenin signalling. XAV-939 was therefore able to prevent calcification of human VIC cultures, and XAV-939 treatment was accompanied by upregulation of active non-phospho-β-catenin. Although XAV-939 does not downregulate active β-catenin, treatment with XAV-939 results in Sox9 upregulation that may prevent the calcification process.
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Zent J, Guo LW. Signaling Mechanisms of Myofibroblastic Activation: Outside-in and Inside-Out. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:848-868. [PMID: 30184544 DOI: 10.1159/000493217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are central mediators of fibrosis. Typically derived from resident fibroblasts, myofibroblasts represent a heterogeneous population of cells that are principally defined by acquired contractile function and high synthetic ability to produce extracellular matrix (ECM). Current literature sheds new light on the critical role of ECM signaling coupled with mechanotransduction in driving myofibroblastic activation. In particular, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and extra domain A containing fibronectin (EDA-FN) are thought to be the primary ECM signaling mediators that form and also induce positive feedback loops. The outside-in and inside-out signaling circuits are transmitted and integrated by TGF-β receptors and integrins at the cell membrane, ultimately perpetuating the abundance and activities of TGF-β1 and EDA-FN in the ECM. In this review, we highlight these conceptual advances in understanding myofibroblastic activation, in hope of revealing its therapeutic anti-fibrotic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Zent
- Medical Scientist Training Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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12
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Rutkovskiy A, Malashicheva A, Sullivan G, Bogdanova M, Kostareva A, Stensløkken KO, Fiane A, Vaage J. Valve Interstitial Cells: The Key to Understanding the Pathophysiology of Heart Valve Calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e006339. [PMID: 28912209 PMCID: PMC5634284 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bogdanova
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnt Fiane
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Human interstitial cellular model in therapeutics of heart valve calcification. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1981-1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Roosens A, Puype I, Cornelissen R. Scaffold-free high throughput generation of quiescent valvular microtissues. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 106:45-54. [PMID: 28322869 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The major challenge of working with valvular interstitial cells in vitro is the preservation or recovery of their native quiescent state. In this study, a biomimetic approach is used which aims to engineer small volume, high quality valve microtissues, having a potential in regenerative medicine and as a relevant 3D in vitro model to provide insights into valve (patho)biology. METHODS AND RESULTS To form micro-aggregates, porcine valvular interstitial cells were seeded in agarose micro-wells and cultured in medium supplemented with 250μM Ascorbic Acid 2-phosphate for 22days. Histology showed viable aggregates with normal nuclei and without any signs of calcification. Aggregates stained strongly for GAG and collagen I and reticular fibers were present. ECM formation was quantified and showed a significant increase of GAG, elastin and Col I during aggregate culture. Cultivation of VIC in aggregates also promoted mRNA expression of Col I/III/V, elastin, hyaluronan, biglycan, decorin, versican MMP-1/2/3/9 and TIMP-2 compared to monolayer cultured VIC. Phenotype analysis of aggregates showed a significant decrease in α-SMA expression, and an increase in FSP-1 expression at any time point. Furthermore, VIC aggregates did not show a significant difference in OCN, Egr-1, Sox-9 or Runx2 expression. CONCLUSION In this study high quality valvular interstitial cell aggregates were generated that are able to produce their own ECM, resembling the native valve composition. The applied and completely cell driven 3D approach overcomes the problems of VIC activation in 2D, by downregulating α-SMA expression and stimulating a homeostatic quiescent VIC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Roosens
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inès Puype
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ria Cornelissen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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The Rho kinase inhibitor, fasudil, ameliorates diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving calcium clearance and actin remodeling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:155-165. [PMID: 27576917 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous study showed inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase (ROCK) activity with fasudil could alleviate diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction partially due to improvement of myocardial fibrosis. However, the effect of fasudil on intracellular calcium cycling and actin remodeling, both of which are important to regulate excitation-contract coupling, is still not fully elucidated. In this study, a diabetic cardiomyopathy model was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Diabetic rats were treated with fasudil or placebo for 8 weeks. We found that long-term administration of fasudil, a specific Rho kinase inhibitor, significantly ameliorated diabetes-induced contractile dysfunction both at cellular and whole organ levels. Fasudil-treated rats displayed improved diastolic intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) removal and rescued expression of protein responsible for [Ca2+]i clearance. Furthermore, our study indicated that fasudil treatment normalized the phosphorylation of the PKCβ2/Akt pathway in the diabetic heart, which might be the underlying mechanism accounting for the protective effect of fasudil on [Ca2+]i clearance. In addition, compared to the diabetes group, fasudil also normalized the G/F-actin ratio by preventing cofilin phosphorylation and promoted F-actin organization, suggesting a beneficial effect on actin remodeling. These findings indicate the protective effect of fasudil against diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction via modulation of Ca2+ handling and actin remodeling. Overactivation of RhoA/ROCK plays a key role in the development of DCM. Inhibition of ROCK activity with fasudil improved [Ca2+]i removal in diabetic cardiomyocytes. Fasudil normalized the G/F-actin ratio and promoted F-actin organization. ROCK may be an excellent therapeutic target for the treatment of DCM. KEY MESSAGE Overactivation of RhoA/ROCK plays a key role in the development of DCM. Inhibition of ROCK activity with fasudil improved [Ca2+]i removal in diabetic cardiomyocytes. Fasudil normalized the G/F-actin ratio and promoted F-actin organization. ROCK may be an excellent therapeutic target for the treatment of DCM.
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16
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Nwosu ZC, Alborzinia H, Wölfl S, Dooley S, Liu Y. Evolving Insights on Metabolism, Autophagy, and Epigenetics in Liver Myofibroblasts. Front Physiol 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 27313533 PMCID: PMC4887492 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver myofibroblasts (MFB) are crucial mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in liver fibrosis. They arise mainly from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) upon a process termed “activation.” To a lesser extent, and depending on the cause of liver damage, portal fibroblasts, mesothelial cells, and fibrocytes may also contribute to the MFB population. Targeting MFB to reduce liver fibrosis is currently an area of intense research. Unfortunately, a clog in the wheel of antifibrotic therapies is the fact that although MFB are known to mediate scar formation, and participate in liver inflammatory response, many of their molecular portraits are currently unknown. In this review, we discuss recent understanding of MFB in health and diseases, focusing specifically on three evolving research fields: metabolism, autophagy, and epigenetics. We have emphasized on therapeutic prospects where applicable and mentioned techniques for use in MFB studies. Subsequently, we highlighted uncharted territories in MFB research to help direct future efforts aimed at bridging gaps in current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeribe C Nwosu
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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17
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Parvin Nejad S, Blaser MC, Santerre JP, Caldarone CA, Simmons CA. Biomechanical conditioning of tissue engineered heart valves: Too much of a good thing? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:161-75. [PMID: 26555371 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surgical replacement of dysfunctional valves is the primary option for the treatment of valvular disease and congenital defects. Existing mechanical and bioprosthetic replacement valves are far from ideal, requiring concomitant anticoagulation therapy or having limited durability, thus necessitating further surgical intervention. Heart valve tissue engineering (HVTE) is a promising alternative to existing replacement options, with the potential to synthesize mechanically robust tissue capable of growth, repair, and remodeling. The clinical realization of a bioengineered valve relies on the appropriate combination of cells, biomaterials, and/or bioreactor conditioning. Biomechanical conditioning of valves in vitro promotes differentiation of progenitor cells to tissue-synthesizing myofibroblasts and prepares the construct to withstand the complex hemodynamic environment of the native valve. While this is a crucial step in most HVTE strategies, it also may contribute to fibrosis, the primary limitation of engineered valves, through sustained myofibrogenesis. In this review, we examine the progress of HVTE and the role of mechanical conditioning in the synthesis of mechanically robust tissue, and suggest approaches to achieve myofibroblast quiescence and prevent fibrosis.
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18
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Horne TE, VandeKopple M, Sauls K, Koenig SN, Anstine LJ, Garg V, Norris RA, Lincoln J. Dynamic Heterogeneity of the Heart Valve Interstitial Cell Population in Mitral Valve Health and Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:214-232. [PMID: 26527432 PMCID: PMC4625550 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart valve interstitial cell (VIC) population is dynamic and thought to mediate lay down and maintenance of the tri-laminar extracellular matrix (ECM) structure within the developing and mature valve throughout life. Disturbances in the contribution and distribution of valve ECM components are detrimental to biomechanical function and associated with disease. This pathological process is associated with activation of resident VICs that in the absence of disease reside as quiescent cells. While these paradigms have been long standing, characterization of this abundant and ever-changing valve cell population is incomplete. Here we examine the expression pattern of Smooth muscle α-actin, Periostin, Twist1 and Vimentin in cultured VICs, heart valves from healthy embryonic, postnatal and adult mice, as well as mature valves from human patients and established mouse models of disease. We show that the VIC population is highly heterogeneous and phenotypes are dependent on age, species, location, and disease state. Furthermore, we identify phenotypic diversity across common models of mitral valve disease. These studies significantly contribute to characterizing the VIC population in health and disease and provide insights into the cellular dynamics that maintain valve structure in healthy adults and mediate pathologic remodeling in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Horne
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Matthew VandeKopple
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Kimberly Sauls
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Sara N Koenig
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Lindsey J Anstine
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 575 Children's Drive, Research Building III, WB4239, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (T.E.H.); (M.V.); (S.N.K.); (L.J.A.); (V.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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Mabry KM, Lawrence RL, Anseth KS. Dynamic stiffening of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels to direct valvular interstitial cell phenotype in a three-dimensional environment. Biomaterials 2015; 49:47-56. [PMID: 25725554 PMCID: PMC4346780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) are active regulators of valve homeostasis and disease, responsible for secreting and remodeling the valve tissue matrix. As a result of VIC activity, the valve modulus can substantially change during development, injury and repair, and disease progression. While two-dimensional biomaterial substrates have been used to study mechanosensing and its influence on VIC phenotype, less is known about how these cells respond to matrix modulus in a three-dimensional environment. Here, we synthesized MMP-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with elastic moduli ranging from 0.24 kPa to 12 kPa and observed that cell morphology was constrained in stiffer gels. To vary gel stiffness without substantially changing cell morphology, cell-laden hydrogels were cultured in the 0.24 kPa gels for 3 days to allow VIC spreading, and then stiffened in situ via a second, photoinitiated thiol-ene polymerization such that the gel modulus increased from 0.24 kPa to 1.2 kPa or 13 kPa. VICs encapsulated within soft gels exhibited αSMA stress fibers (∼ 40%), a hallmark of the myofibroblast phenotype. Interestingly, in stiffened gels, VICs became deactivated to a quiescent fibroblast phenotype, suggesting that matrix stiffness directs VIC phenotype independent of morphology, but in a manner that depends on the dimensionality of the culture platform. Collectively, these studies present a versatile method for dynamic stiffening of hydrogels and demonstrate the significant effects of matrix modulus on VIC myofibroblast properties in three-dimensional environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Mabry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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