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Subati T, Yang Z, Murphy MB, Stark JM, Trykall DZ, Davies SS, Barnett JV, Murray KT. Isolevuglandins Promote Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Electrophysiologic Abnormalities in Atrial Cardiomyocytes. Cells 2024; 13:483. [PMID: 38534327 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the AF substrate remain unclear. Isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) are highly reactive lipid dicarbonyl products that mediate oxidative stress-related injury. In murine hypertension, the lipid dicarbonyl scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) reduced IsoLGs and AF susceptibility. We hypothesized that IsoLGs mediate detrimental pathophysiologic effects in atrial cardiomyocytes that promote the AF substrate. Using Seahorse XFp extracellular flux analysis and a luminescence assay, IsoLG exposure suppressed intracellular ATP production in atrial HL-1 cardiomyocytes. IsoLGs caused mitochondrial dysfunction, with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) with protein carbonylation, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Moreover, they generated cytosolic preamyloid oligomers previously shown to cause similar detrimental effects in atrial cells. In mouse atrial and HL-1 cells, patch clamp experiments demonstrated that IsoLGs rapidly altered action potentials (AP), implying a direct effect independent of oligomer formation by reducing the maximum Phase 0 upstroke slope and shortening AP duration due to ionic current modifications. IsoLG-mediated mitochondrial and electrophysiologic abnormalities were blunted or totally prevented by 2-HOBA. These findings identify IsoLGs as novel mediators of oxidative stress-dependent atrial pathophysiology and support the investigation of dicarbonyl scavengers as a novel therapeutic approach to prevent AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuerdi Subati
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew B Murphy
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joshua M Stark
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David Z Trykall
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology Room 559, Preston Research Building, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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2
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Fadaei R, Davies SS. Oxidative modification of HDL by lipid aldehydes impacts HDL function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 730:109397. [PMID: 36116503 PMCID: PMC9670862 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol correlate with increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and HDL performs functions including reverse cholesterol transport, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and suppression of inflammation, that would appear critical for cardioprotection. However, several large clinical trials utilizing pharmacologic interventions that elevated HDL cholesterol levels failed to provide cardioprotection to at-risk individuals. The reasons for these unexpected results have only recently begun to be elucidated. HDL cholesterol levels and HDL function can be significantly discordant, so that elevating HDL cholesterol levels may not necessarily lead to increased functional capacity, particularly under conditions that cause HDL to become oxidatively modified, resulting in HDL dysfunction. Here we review evidence that oxidative modifications of HDL, including by reactive lipid aldehydes generated by lipid peroxidation, reduce HDL functionality and that dicarbonyl scavengers that protect HDL against lipid aldehyde modification are beneficial in pre-clinical models of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fadaei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Yang Z, Subati T, Kim K, Murphy MB, Dougherty OP, Christopher IL, Van Amburg JC, Woodall KK, Barnett JV, Murray KT. Natriuretic Peptide Oligomers Cause Proarrhythmic Metabolic and Electrophysiological Effects in Atrial Myocytes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2022; 15:e010636. [PMID: 35212578 PMCID: PMC8930702 DOI: 10.1161/circep.121.010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With aging, the human atrium invariably develops amyloid composed of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) and BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide). Preamyloid oligomers are the primary cytotoxic species in amyloidosis, and they accumulate in the atrium during human hypertension and a murine hypertensive model of atrial fibrillation susceptibility. We tested the hypothesis that preamyloid oligomers derived from natriuretic peptides cause cytotoxic and electrophysiological effects in atrial cells that promote arrhythmia susceptibility and that oligomer formation is enhanced for a mutant form of ANP linked to familial atrial fibrillation. METHODS Oligomerization was assessed by Western blot analysis. Bioenergic profiling was performed using the Seahorse platform. Mitochondrial dynamics were investigated with immunostaining and gene expression quantitated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Action potentials and ionic currents were recorded using patch-clamp methods and intracellular calcium measured using Fura-2. RESULTS Oligomer formation was markedly accelerated for mutant ANP (mutANP) compared with WT (wild type) ANP. Oligomers derived from ANP, BNP, and mutANP suppressed mitochondrial function in atrial HL-1 cardiomyocytes, associated with increased superoxide generation and reduced biogenesis, while monomers had no effects. In hypertensive mice, atrial cardiomyocytes displayed reduced action potential duration and maximal dV/dT of phase 0, with an elevated resting membrane potential, compared with normotensive mice. Similar changes were observed when atrial cells were exposed to oligomers. mutANP monomers produced similar electrophysiological effects as mutANP oligomers, likely due to accelerated oligomer formation, while ANP and BNP monomers did not. Oligomers decreased Na+ current, inward rectifier K+ current, and L-type Ca++ current, while increasing sustained and transient outward K+ currents, to account for these effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling evidence that natriuretic peptide oligomers are novel mediators of atrial arrhythmia susceptibility. Moreover, the accelerated oligomerization by mutANP supports a role for these mediators in the pathophysiology of this mutation in atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Tuerdi Subati
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew B. Murphy
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Owen P. Dougherty
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Isis L. Christopher
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Joseph C. Van Amburg
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Kaylen K. Woodall
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Katherine T. Murray
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Chen M, Zhong J, Wang Z, Xu H, Chen H, Sun X, Lu Y, Chen L, Xie X, Zheng L. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protects Against Atrial Remodeling via Reducing Oxidative Stress. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:720581. [PMID: 34708083 PMCID: PMC8542911 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.720581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The structural and electrical changes in the atrium, also known as atrial remodeling, are the main characteristics of atrial fibrillation (AF). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) is an important endocrine factor, which has been shown to play an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of Fgf21 on atrial remodeling have not been addressed yet. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Fgf21 on atrial remodeling. Methods and Results: Adult mice were treated with Ang II, and randomly administrated with or without Fgf21 for 2 weeks. The susceptibility to AF was assessed by electrical stimulation and optical mapping techniques. Here, we found that Fgf21 administration attenuated the inducibility of atrial fibrillation/atrial tachycardia (AF/AT), improved epicardial conduction velocity in the mice atria. Mechanistically, Fgf21 protected against atrial fibrosis and reduced oxidative stress of the atria. Consistently, in vitro study also demonstrated that Fgf21 blocked the upregulation of collagen by Tgf-β in fibroblasts and attenuated tachypacing-induced oxidative stress including reactive oxygen species (ROS), Tgf-β, and ox-CaMKII in atrial myocytes. We further found that Fgf21 attenuated oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant genes, such as SOD2 and UCP3. Fgf21 also improved tachypacing-induced myofibril degradation, downregulation of L-type calcium channel, and upregulation of p-RyR2, which implicated protective effects of Fgf21 on structural and electrical remodeling in the atria. Moreover, Nrf2 was identified as a downstream of Fgf21 and partly mediated Fgf21-induced antioxidant gene expression in atrial myocytes. Conclusion: Fgf21 administration effectively suppressed atrial remodeling by reducing oxidative stress, which provides a novel therapeutic insight for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Sun
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangrong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology and Atrial Fibrillation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Diteepeng T, Del Monte F, Luciani M. The long and winding road to target protein misfolding in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13504. [PMID: 33527342 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have remained the first leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Although several therapeutic approaches have been introduced in the past, the development of novel treatments remains an important research goal, which is hampered by the lack of understanding of key mechanisms and targets. Emerging evidences in recent years indicate the involvement of misfolded proteins aggregation and the derailment of protein quality control in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Several potential interventions targeting protein quality control have been translated from the bench to the bedside to effectively employ the misfolded proteins as promising therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases, but with trivial results. DESIGN In this review, we describe the recent progresses in preclinical and clinical studies of protein misfolding and compromised protein quality control by selecting and reporting studies focusing on cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathies, cardiac amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation and thrombosis. RESULTS In preclinical models, modulators of several molecular targets (eg heat shock proteins, unfolded protein response, ubiquitin protein system, autophagy and histone deacetylases) have been tested in various conditions with promising results although lacking an adequate transition towards clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS At present, no therapeutic strategies have been reported to attenuate proteotoxicity in patients with CVD due to a lack of specific biomarkers for pinpointing upstream events in protein folding defects at a subclinical stage of the diseases requiring an intensive collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamonwan Diteepeng
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Federica Del Monte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Alma Mater, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
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Aschner M, Nguyen TT, Sinitskii AI, Santamaría A, Bornhorst J, Ajsuvakova OP, da Rocha JBT, Skalny AV, Tinkov AA. Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) as toxic lipid peroxidation byproducts and their pathogenetic role in human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:266-273. [PMID: 33099003 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation results in generation of a variety of lipid hydroperoxides and other highly reactive species that covalently modify proteins, nucleic acids, and other lipids, thus resulting in lipotoxicity. Although biological relevance of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) is well studied, the existing data on the role of isolevuglandins (isoLGs) in pathology are insufficient. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the existing data on biological effects of isoLG and isoLG adducts and their role in multiple diseases. Sixty four highly reactive levuglandin-like γ-ketoaldehyde (γ-KA, or isoketals, IsoK, or isolevuglandins, IsoLG) regio- and stereo-isomers are formed as products of arachidonic acid oxidation. IsoLGs react covalently with lysyl residues of proteins to form a stable adduct and intramolecular aminal, bispyrrole, and trispyrrole cross-links. Phosphatidylethanolamine was also shown to be the target for isoLG binding as compared to proteins and DNA. Free IsoLGs are not detectable in vivo, although isolevuglandin adduction to amino acid residues of particular proteins may be evaluated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Adducts formed were shown to play a significant role in the development and maintenance of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. These, and more specific molecular pathways, link isoLG and isoLG-adduct formation to develop a variety of pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure), obesity and diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, eye diseases (retinal degeneration and glaucoma), as well as ageing. Hypothetically, isoLGs and isoLG adduct formation may be considered as the potential target for treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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7
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Lemoine MD, Lemme M, Ulmer BM, Braren I, Krasemann S, Hansen A, Kirchhof P, Meyer C, Eschenhagen T, Christ T. Intermittent Optogenetic Tachypacing of Atrial Engineered Heart Tissue Induces Only Limited Electrical Remodelling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 77:291-299. [PMID: 33278190 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Atrial tachypacing is an accepted model for atrial fibrillation (AF) in large animals and in cellular models. Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) provide a novel human source to model cardiovascular diseases. Here, we investigated whether optogenetic tachypacing of atrial-like hiPSC-CMs grown into engineered heart tissue (aEHT) can induce AF-remodeling. After differentiation of atrial-like cardiomyocytes from hiPSCs using retinoic acid, aEHTs were generated from ∼1 million atrial-like hiPSC-CMs per aEHT. AEHTs were transduced with lentivirus expressing channelrhodopsin-2 to enable optogenetic stimulation by blue light pulses. AEHTs underwent optical tachypacing at 5 Hz for 15 seconds twice a minute over 3 weeks and compared with transduced spontaneously beating isogenic aEHTs (1.95 ± 0.07 Hz). Force and action potential duration did not differ between spontaneously beating and tachypaced aEHTs. Action potentials in tachypaced aEHTs showed higher upstroke velocity (138 ± 15 vs. 87 ± 11 V/s, n = 15-13/3; P = 0.018), possibly corresponding to a tendency for more negative diastolic potentials (73.0 ± 1.8 vs. 68.0 ± 1.9 mV; P = 0.07). Tachypaced aEHTs exhibited a more irregular spontaneous beating pattern (beat-to-beat scatter: 0.07 ± 0.01 vs. 0.03 ± 0.004 seconds, n = 15-13/3; P = 0.008). Targeted expression analysis showed higher RNA levels of KCNJ12 [Kir2.2, inward rectifier (IK1); 69 ± 7 vs. 44 ± 4, P = 0.014] and NPPB (NT-proBNP; 39,690 ± 4834 vs. 23,671 ± 3691; P = 0.024). Intermittent tachypacing in aEHTs induces some electrical alterations found in AF and induces an arrhythmic spontaneous beating pattern, but does not affect resting force. Further studies using longer, continuous, or more aggressive stimulation may clarify the contribution of different rate patterns on the changes in aEHT mimicking the remodeling process from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Lemoine
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Lemme
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
| | - Bärbel M Ulmer
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christian Meyer
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology, Evangelical Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany. Lemme is now with the Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstraße, München, Germany
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8
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Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Karupiah S, Kumari U, Sathasivam K, Meenakshi DU, Wu YS, Guad RM, Udupa K, Fuloria NK. A Comprehensive Review on Source, Types, Effects, Nanotechnology, Detection, and Therapeutic Management of Reactive Carbonyl Species Associated with Various Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1075. [PMID: 33147856 PMCID: PMC7692604 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids generate extremely reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Human body comprises some important RCS namely hexanal, acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, isolevuglandins, and 4-oxo-2- nonenal etc. These RCS damage important cellular components including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which manifests cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, multitude of adducts and crosslinks that are connected to ageing and various chronic diseases like inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. The constant prevalence of RCS in living cells suggests their importance in signal transduction and gene expression. Extensive knowledge of RCS properties, metabolism and relation with metabolic diseases would assist in development of effective approach to prevent numerous chronic diseases. Treatment approaches for RCS associated diseases involve endogenous RCS metabolizers, carbonyl metabolizing enzyme inducers, and RCS scavengers. Limited bioavailability and bio efficacy of RCS sequesters suggest importance of nanoparticles and nanocarriers. Identification of RCS and screening of compounds ability to sequester RCS employ several bioassays and analytical techniques. Present review describes in-depth study of RCS sources, types, properties, identification techniques, therapeutic approaches, nanocarriers, and their role in various diseases. This study will give an idea for therapeutic development to combat the RCS associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Sundram Karupiah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Rhanye Mac Guad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology, NIMHANS, Bangalore 560029, India;
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9
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May-Zhang LS, Kirabo A, Huang J, Linton MF, Davies SS, Murray KT. Scavenging Reactive Lipids to Prevent Oxidative Injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:291-308. [PMID: 32997599 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031620-035348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative injury due to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species is implicated in cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, lung and liver diseases, and many cancers. Antioxidant therapies have generally been ineffective at treating these diseases, potentially due to ineffective doses but also due to interference with critical host defense and signaling processes. Therefore, alternative strategies to prevent oxidative injury are needed. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species induce lipid peroxidation, generating reactive lipid dicarbonyls. These lipid oxidation products may be the most salient mediators of oxidative injury, as they cause cellular and organ dysfunction by adducting to proteins, lipids, and DNA. Small-molecule compounds have been developed in the past decade to selectively and effectively scavenge these reactive lipid dicarbonyls. This review outlines evidence supporting the role of lipid dicarbonyls in disease pathogenesis, as well as preclinical data supporting the efficacy of novel dicarbonyl scavengers in treating or preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S May-Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
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10
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Scavenging of reactive dicarbonyls with 2-hydroxybenzylamine reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr -/- mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4084. [PMID: 32796843 PMCID: PMC7429830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation generates reactive dicarbonyls including isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) that covalently modify proteins. Humans with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have increased lipoprotein dicarbonyl adducts and dysfunctional HDL. We investigate the impact of the dicarbonyl scavenger, 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) on HDL function and atherosclerosis in Ldlr−/− mice, a model of FH. Compared to hypercholesterolemic Ldlr−/− mice treated with vehicle or 4-HOBA, a nonreactive analogue, 2-HOBA decreases atherosclerosis by 60% in en face aortas, without changing plasma cholesterol. Ldlr−/− mice treated with 2-HOBA have reduced MDA-LDL and MDA-HDL levels, and their HDL display increased capacity to reduce macrophage cholesterol. Importantly, 2-HOBA reduces the MDA- and IsoLG-lysyl content in atherosclerotic aortas versus 4-HOBA. Furthermore, 2-HOBA reduces inflammation and plaque apoptotic cells and promotes efferocytosis and features of stable plaques. Dicarbonyl scavenging with 2-HOBA has multiple atheroprotective effects in a murine FH model, supporting its potential as a therapeutic approach for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Hypercholesterolemia is associated with lipid peroxidation induced reactive dicarbonyl adducts. Here the authors show that the dicarbonyl scavenger, 2-hydroxybenzylamine(2-HOBA), decreases reactive dicarbonyl modifications of LDL and HDL, improves HDL function, reduces atherosclerosis and promotes features of stable plaques in a mouse model of hypercholestrolemia.
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11
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Prinsen JK, Kannankeril PJ, Sidorova TN, Yermalitskaya LV, Boutaud O, Zagol-Ikapitte I, Barnett JV, Murphy MB, Subati T, Stark JM, Christopher IL, Jafarian-Kerman SR, Saleh MA, Norlander AE, Loperena R, Atkinson JB, Fogo AB, Luther JM, Amarnath V, Davies SS, Kirabo A, Madhur MS, Harrison DG, Murray KT. Highly Reactive Isolevuglandins Promote Atrial Fibrillation Caused by Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:602-615. [PMID: 32613146 PMCID: PMC7315188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF), but antioxidants are ineffective therapeutically. The authors tested the hypothesis that highly reactive lipid dicarbonyl metabolites, or isolevuglandins (IsoLGs), are principal drivers of AF during hypertension. In a hypertensive murine model and stretched atriomyocytes, the dicarbonyl scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) prevented IsoLG adducts and preamyloid oligomers (PAOs), and AF susceptibility, whereas the ineffective analog 4-hydroxybenzylamine (4-HOBA) had minimal effect. Natriuretic peptides generated cytotoxic oligomers, a process accelerated by IsoLGs, contributing to atrial PAO formation. These findings support the concept of pre-emptively scavenging reactive downstream oxidative stress mediators as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent AF.
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Key Words
- 2-HOBA, 2-hydroxylbenzylamine
- 4-HOBA, 4-hydroxylbenzylamine
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide
- B-type natriuretic peptide
- BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide
- BP, blood pressure
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- G/R, green/red ratio
- IsoLG, isolevuglandin
- PAO, preamyloid oligomer
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- ang II, angiotensin II
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial natriuretic peptide
- hypertension
- isolevuglandins
- oxidative stress
- preamyloid oligomers
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Prinsen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Prince J. Kannankeril
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tatiana N. Sidorova
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Liudmila V. Yermalitskaya
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Irene Zagol-Ikapitte
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew B. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tuerdi Subati
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua M. Stark
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Isis L. Christopher
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Scott R. Jafarian-Kerman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mohamed A. Saleh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Allison E. Norlander
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roxana Loperena
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James B. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Agnes B. Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James M. Luther
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David G. Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Katherine T. Murray
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Hennessey JA, Marx SO. Removing the Stress From Hypertension-Induced Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:616-618. [PMID: 32614933 PMCID: PMC7315226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hennessey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Steven O. Marx
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Signaling, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Pitchford LM, Driver PM, Fuller JC, Akers WS, Abumrad NN, Amarnath V, Milne GL, Chen SC, Ye F, Roberts LJ, Shoemaker MB, Oates JA, Rathmacher JA, Boutaud O. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of repeated oral doses of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:3. [PMID: 31907026 PMCID: PMC6945443 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) is a selective dicarbonyl electrophile scavenger being developed as a nutritional supplement to help protect against the development of conditions associated with dicarbonyl electrophile formation, such as the cognitive decline observed with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's disease. METHODS This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of repeated oral doses of 2-HOBA acetate (500 or 750 mg) administered to healthy volunteers every eight hours for two weeks. The effects of 2-HOBA on cyclooxygenase function and cerebrospinal fluid penetrance of 2-HOBA were also investigated. RESULTS Repeated oral administration of 2-HOBA was found to be safe and well-tolerated up to 750 mg TID for 15 days. 2-HOBA was absorbed within 2 h of administration, had a half-life of 2.10-3.27 h, and an accumulation ratio of 1.38-1.52. 2-HOBA did not interfere with cyclooxygenase function and was found to be present in cerebrospinal fluid 90 min after dosing. CONCLUSIONS Repeated oral administration of 2-HOBA was found to be safe and well-tolerated. These results support continued development of 2-HOBA as a nutritional supplement. TRIAL REGISTRATION Studies are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03555682 Registered 13 June 2018, NCT03554096 Registered 12 June 18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Pitchford
- MTI BioTech, Inc., Ames, IA 50010 USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Patricia M. Driver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | | | - Wendell S. Akers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN 37204 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Naji N. Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - L. Jackson Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - M. Benjamin Shoemaker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - John A. Oates
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - John A. Rathmacher
- MTI BioTech, Inc., Ames, IA 50010 USA
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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14
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Davies SS, May-Zhang LS, Boutaud O, Amarnath V, Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Isolevuglandins as mediators of disease and the development of dicarbonyl scavengers as pharmaceutical interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107418. [PMID: 31629006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Products of lipid peroxidation include a number of reactive lipid aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, 4-oxo-nonenal, and isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). Although these all contribute to disease processes, the most reactive are the IsoLGs, which rapidly adduct to lysine and other cellular primary amines, leading to changes in protein function, cross-linking and immunogenicity. Their rapid reactivity means that only IsoLG adducts, and not the unreacted aldehyde, can be readily measured. This high reactivity also makes it challenging for standard cellular defense mechanisms such as aldehyde reductases and oxidases to dispose of them before they react with proteins and other cellular amines. This led us to seek small molecule primary amines that might trap and inactivate IsoLGs before they could modify cellular proteins or other endogenous cellular amines such as phosphatidylethanolamines to cause disease. Our studies identified 2-aminomethylphenols including 2-hydroxybenzylamine as IsoLG scavengers. Subsequent studies showed that they also trap other lipid dicarbonyls that react with primary amines such as 4-oxo-nonenal and malondialdehyde, but not hydroxyalkenals like 4-hydroxy-nonenal that preferentially react with soft nucleophiles. This review describes the use of these 2-aminomethylphenols as dicarbonyl scavengers to assess the contribution of IsoLGs and other amine-reactive lipid dicarbonyls to disease and as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Linda S May-Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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15
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults, and its incidence and prevalence increase with age. The risk of cognitive impairment and dementia also increases with age, and both AF and cognitive impairment or dementia share important risk factors. In meta-analyses of published studies, AF is associated with a 2.4-fold and 1.4-fold increase in the risk of dementia in patients with or without a history of stroke, respectively. This association is independent of shared risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Neuroimaging has illustrated several potential mechanisms of cognitive decline in patients with AF. AF is associated with increased prevalence of silent cerebral infarcts, and more recent data also suggest an increased prevalence of cerebral microbleeds with AF. AF is also associated with a pro-inflammatory state, and the relationship between AF-induced systemic inflammation and dementia remains to be investigated. Preliminary reports indicate that anticoagulation medication including warfarin can reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with AF. Catheter ablation, increasingly used to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with AF, is associated with the formation of new silent cerebral lesions. The majority of these lesions are not detectable after 1 year, and insufficient data are available to evaluate their effect on cognition. Large prospective studies are urgently needed to confirm the association between AF and dementia, to elucidate the associated mechanisms, and to investigate the effect of anticoagulation and rhythm control on cognition.
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16
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Davies SS, May-Zhang LS. Isolevuglandins and cardiovascular disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 139:29-35. [PMID: 30296489 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isolevuglandins are 4-ketoaldehydes formed by peroxidation of arachidonic acid. Isolevuglandins react rapidly with primary amines including the lysyl residues of proteins to form irreversible covalent modifications. This review highlights evidence for the potential role of isolevuglandin modification in the disease processes, especially atherosclerosis, and some of the tools including small molecule dicarbonyl scavengers utilized to assess their contributions to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Linda S May-Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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17
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Cheng YS, Yu W, Xu Y, Salomon RG. Total Synthesis Confirms the Molecular Structure Proposed for Oxidized Levuglandin D 2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:488-498. [PMID: 28195470 PMCID: PMC6013286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Levuglandins (LG)D2 and LGE2 are γ-ketoaldehyde levulinaldehyde derivatives with prostanoid side chains produced by spontaneous rearrangement of the endoperoxide intermediate PGH2 in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Covalent adduction of LGs with the amyloid peptide Aβ1-42 promotes formation of the type of oligomers that have been associated with neurotoxicity and are a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Within 1 min of their generation during the production of PGH2 by cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid, LGs are sequestered by covalent adduction to proteins. In view of this high proclivity for covalent adduction, it is understandable that free LGs have never been detected in vivo. Recently a catabolite, believed to be an oxidized derivative of LGD2 (ox-LGD2), a levulinic acid hydroxylactone with prostanoid side chains, was isolated from the red alga Gracilaria edulis and detected in mouse tissues and in the lysate of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-treated THP-1 cells incubated with arachidonic acid. Such oxidative catabolism of LGD2 is remarkable because it must be outstandingly efficient to prevail over adduction with proteins and because it requires a unique dehydrogenation. We now report a concise total synthesis that confirms the molecular structure proposed for ox-LGD2. The synthesis also produces ox-LGE2, which readily undergoes allylic rearrangement to Δ6-ox-LGE2.
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18
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Davies SS, Zhang LS. Reactive Carbonyl Species Scavengers-Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:51-67. [PMID: 28993795 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To summarize recent evidence supporting the use of reactive carbonyl species scavengers in the prevention and treatment of disease. RECENT FINDINGS The newly developed 2-aminomethylphenol class of scavengers shows great promise in preclinical trials for a number of diverse conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. In addition, new studies with the thiol-based and imidazole-based scavengers have found new applications outside of adjunctive therapy for chemotherapeutics. SUMMARY Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells and tissues act as signaling molecules and as cytotoxic agents to defend against pathogens, but ROS also cause collateral damage to vital cellular components. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains of phospholipids in the cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to damaging peroxidation by ROS. Evidence suggests that the breakdown of these peroxidized lipids to reactive carbonyls species plays a critical role in many chronic diseases. Antioxidants that abrogate ROS-induced formation of reactive carbonyl species also abrogate normal ROS signaling and thus exert both beneficial and adverse functional effects. The use of scavengers of reactive dicarbonyl species represent an alternative therapeutic strategy to potentially mitigate the adverse effects of ROS without abrogating normal signaling by ROS. In this review, we focus on three classes of reactive carbonyl species scavengers: thiol-based scavengers (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and amifostine), imidazole-based scavengers (carnosine and its analogs), and 2-aminomethylphenols-based scavengers (pyridoxamine, 2-hydroxybenzylamine, and 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine) that are either undergoing pre-clinical studies, advancing to clinical trials, or are already in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6602
| | - Linda S Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6602
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Sun Z, Zhou D, Xie X, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhao W, Xu H, Zheng L. Cross-talk between macrophages and atrial myocytes in atrial fibrillation. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:63. [PMID: 27660282 PMCID: PMC5033992 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased macrophage accumulation occurs in the atria of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the phenotype and functions of the macrophages in AF remain unclear. We investigated the macrophage-atrial myocyte interaction in AF patients and found that the increased macrophages were mainly pro-inflammatory macrophages (iNOS+, Arg1−). Tachypacing of HL-1 atrial myocytes also led to pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated pro-inflammatory macrophages-induced atrial electrical remodeling, evidenced by increased AF incidence and decreased atrial effective refractory period and L-type calcium currents (ICa-L) in both canine and mouse AF models. Depletion of macrophages relieved LPS-induced atrial electrical remodeling, confirming the role of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the pathogenesis of AF. We also found that the effect of LPS-stimulated macrophages on atrial myocytes was mediated by secretion of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which inhibited atrial myocyte quaking protein (QKI) expression. IL-1β knockout in macrophages restored the LPS-stimulated macrophage-induced inhibition of QKI and CACNA1C (α1C subunit of L-type calcium channel) in atrial myocytes. Meanwhile, QKI overexpression in atrial myocytes restored the LPS-stimulated macrophage-induced electrical remodeling through enhanced binding of QKI to CACNA1C mRNA, which upregulated the expression of CACNA1C as well as ICa-L. In contrast, QKI knockout inhibited CACNA1C expression. Finally, using transcription factor activation profiling plate array and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we revealed that special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 activated QKI transcription. Taken together, our study uncovered the functional interaction between macrophages and atrial myocytes in AF. AF induced pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization while pro-inflammatory macrophages exacerbated atrial electrical remodeling by secreting IL-1β, further inhibiting QKI expression in atrial myocytes, which contributed to ICa-L downregulation. Our study demonstrates a novel molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of AF and suggests that QKI is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Dongchen Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wenting Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Liangrong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important cause of stroke and risk factor for heart failure and death. Current pharmacologic treatments for AF have limited efficacy, and treatments that more directly target the underlying causes of AF are needed. Oxidant stress and inflammatory activation are interrelated pathways that promote atrial electrical and structural remodeling, leading to atrial ectopy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased stroke risk. This review evaluates the impact of common stressors on atrial oxidant stress and inflammatory activation and the contribution of these pathways to atrial remodeling. Recent studies suggest that integrated efforts to target the underlying risk factors, rather than the AF per se, may have a greater impact on health and outcomes than isolated efforts focused on the electrical abnormalities.
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21
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Piccini JP, Fauchier L. Rhythm control in atrial fibrillation. Lancet 2016; 388:829-40. [PMID: 27560278 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with atrial fibrillation have substantial symptoms despite ventricular rate control and require restoration of sinus rhythm to improve their quality of life. Acute restoration (ie, cardioversion) and maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation are referred to as rhythm control. The decision to pursue rhythm control is based on symptoms, the type of atrial fibrillation (paroxysmal, persistent, or long-standing persistent), patient comorbidities, general health status, and anticoagulation status. Many patients have recurrent atrial fibrillation and require further intervention to maintain long term sinus rhythm. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy is generally recommended as a first-line therapy and drug selection is on the basis of the presence or absence of structural heart disease or heart failure, electrocardiographical variables, renal function, and other comorbidities. In patients who continue to have recurrent atrial fibrillation despite medical therapy, catheter ablation has been shown to substantially reduce recurrent atrial fibrillation, decrease symptoms, and improve quality of life, although recurrence is common despite continued advancement in ablation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Piccini
- Duke Center for Atrial Fibrillation, Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Mont S, Davies SS, Roberts second LJ, Mernaugh RL, McDonald WH, Segal BH, Zackert W, Kropski JA, Blackwell TS, Sekhar KR, Galligan JJ, Massion PP, Marnett LJ, Travis EL, Freeman ML. Accumulation of isolevuglandin-modified protein in normal and fibrotic lung. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24919. [PMID: 27118599 PMCID: PMC4847119 DOI: 10.1038/srep24919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine modification by γ-ketoaldehyde isomers derived from arachidonic acid, termed isolevuglandins (IsoLGs), is emerging as a mechanistic link between pathogenic reactive oxygen species and disease progression. However, the questions of whether covalent modification of proteins by IsoLGs are subject to genetic regulation and the identity of IsoLG-modified proteins remain unclear. Herein we show that Nrf2 and Nox2 are key regulators of IsoLG modification in pulmonary tissue and report on the identity of proteins analyzed by LC-MS following immunoaffinity purification of IsoLG-modified proteins. Gene ontology analysis revealed that proteins in numerous cellular pathways are susceptible to IsoLG modification. Although cells tolerate basal levels of modification, exceeding them induces apoptosis. We found prominent modification in a murine model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, two diseases considered to be promoted by gene-regulated oxidant stress. Based on these results we hypothesize that IsoLG modification is a hitherto unrecognized sequelae that contributes to radiation-induced pulmonary injury and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Mont
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - L. Jackson Roberts second
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Raymond L. Mernaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - W. Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Brahm H. Segal
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, and University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - William Zackert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Konjeti R. Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Travis
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Liu M, Yang KC, Dudley SC. Cardiac Sodium Channel Mutations: Why so Many Phenotypes? CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2016; 78:513-59. [PMID: 27586294 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac Na(+) channel (Nav1.5) conducts a depolarizing inward Na(+) current that is responsible for the generation of the upstroke Phase 0 of the action potential. In heart tissue, changes in Na(+) currents can affect conduction velocity and impulse propagation. The cardiac Nav1.5 is also involved in determination of the action potential duration, since some channels may reopen during the plateau phase, generating a persistent or late inward current. Mutations of cardiac Nav1.5 can induce gain or loss of channel function because of an increased late current or a decrease of peak current, respectively. Gain-of-function mutations cause Long QT syndrome type 3 and possibly atrial fibrillation, while loss-of-function channel mutations are associated with a wider variety of phenotypes, such as Brugada syndrome, cardiac conduction disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and sick sinus node syndrome. The penetrance and phenotypes resulting from Nav1.5 mutations also vary with age, gender, body temperature, circadian rhythm, and between regions of the heart. This phenotypic variability makes it difficult to correlate genotype-phenotype. We propose that mutations are only one contributor to the phenotype and additional modifications on Nav1.5 lead to the phenotypic variability. Possible modifiers include other genetic variations and alterations in the life cycle of Nav1.5 such as gene transcription, RNA processing, translation, posttranslational modifications, trafficking, complex assembly, and degradation. In this chapter, we summarize potential modifiers of cardiac Nav1.5 that could help explain the clinically observed phenotypic variability. Consideration of these modifiers could help improve genotype-phenotype correlations and lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - K-C Yang
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - S C Dudley
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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24
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New Insights in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:265260. [PMID: 26634204 PMCID: PMC4637457 DOI: 10.1155/2015/265260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the US and in westernized countries with ischemic heart disease accounting for the majority of these deaths. Paradoxically, the improvements in the medical and surgical treatments of acute coronary syndrome are leading to an increasing number of “survivors” who are then developing heart failure. Despite considerable advances in its management, the gold standard for the treatment of end-stage heart failure patients remains heart transplantation. Nevertheless, this procedure can be offered only to a small percentage of patients who could benefit from a new heart due to the limited availability of donor organs. The aim of this review is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of innovative approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of patients refractory to standard medical therapy and excluded from cardiac transplantation lists.
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25
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A new mechanism links preamyloid oligomer formation in the myocyte stress response associated with atrial fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 80:110-3. [PMID: 25541246 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Sidorova TN, Mace LC, Wells KS, Yermalitskaya LV, Su PF, Shyr Y, Byrne JG, Petracek MR, Greelish JP, Hoff SJ, Ball SK, Glabe CG, Brown NJ, Barnett JV, Murray KT. Quantitative Imaging of Preamyloid Oligomers, a Novel Structural Abnormality, in Human Atrial Samples. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:479-87. [PMID: 24789805 PMCID: PMC4072180 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414535782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in atrial myocardium increase the likelihood of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (AF). The deposition of misfolded protein, or amyloidosis, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including human cardiomyopathies. We have shown that genes implicated in amyloidosis are activated in a cellular model of AF, with the development of preamyloid oligomers (PAOs). PAOs are intermediates in the formation of amyloid fibrils, and they are now recognized to be the cytotoxic species during amyloidosis. To investigate the presence of PAOs in human atrium, we developed a microscopic imaging-based protocol to enable robust and reproducible quantitative analysis of PAO burden in atrial samples harvested at the time of elective cardiac surgery. Using PAO- and myocardial-specific antibodies, we found that PAO distribution was typically heterogeneous within a myocardial sample. Rigorous imaging and analysis protocols were developed to quantify the relative area of myocardium containing PAOs, termed the Green/Red ratio (G/R), for a given sample. Using these methods, reproducible G/R values were obtained when different sections of a sample were independently processed, imaged, and analyzed by different investigators. This robust technique will enable studies to investigate the role of this novel structural abnormality in the pathophysiology of and arrhythmia generation in human atrial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Sidorova
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Lisa C Mace
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - K Sam Wells
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Liudmila V Yermalitskaya
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Pei-Fang Su
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Yu Shyr
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - John G Byrne
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Michael R Petracek
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - James P Greelish
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Steven J Hoff
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Stephen K Ball
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Charles G Glabe
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Nancy J Brown
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology (TNS, LCM, LVY, NJB, JVB, KTM), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNMolecular Physiology and Biophysics (KSW), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCardiac Surgery (JGB, MRP, JPG, SKH, SKB), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNCenter for Quantitative Sciences (PFS, YS), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TNUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA (CGG)Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan (PFS)
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