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Li H, Zhu X, Cao X, Lu Y, Zhou J, Zhang X. Single-cell analysis reveals lysyl oxidase (Lox) + fibroblast subset involved in cardiac fibrosis of diabetic mice. J Adv Res 2023; 54:223-237. [PMID: 36706988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction are the main characteristics of diabetic heart disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic myocardial fibrosis remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts in diabetic mice and its possible mechanism in the development of diabetic myocardial fibrosis. METHODS We established a diabetic mouse model by injecting mice with streptozotocin. The overall cell profiles in diabetic hearts were analyzed using single-cell RNA transcriptomic techniques. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed by Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining. Protein expression was analyzed using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS A total of 11,585 cells were captured in control (Ctrl) and diabetic (DM) hearts. Twelve cell types were identified in this study. The number of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the DM hearts than in the Ctrl group. The fibroblasts were further re-clustered into nine subsets. Interestingly, cluster 4 fibroblasts were significantly increased in diabetic hearts compared with other fibroblast clusters. Lysyl oxidase (Lox) was highly expressed in DM fibroblasts (especially in cluster 4). Beta-aminopropionitrile, a Lox inhibitor, inhibited collagen expression and alleviated cardiac dysfunction in the diabetic group. Lysyl oxidase inhibition also reduced high glucose-induced collagen protein upregulation in primary fibroblasts. Moreover, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor not only prevented an increase in Lox and Col I but also inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts in diabetic mice for the first time. Fibroblasts with high expression of Lox (cluster 4 fibroblasts) were identified to play a crucial role in fibrosis in diabetic heart disease. The findings of this study may provide a possible therapeutic target for interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyangzi Li
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Cheng WC, Lawson C, Liu HH, Wilkie L, Dobromylskyj M, Luis Fuentes V, Dudhia J, Connolly DJ. Exploration of Mediators Associated with Myocardial Remodelling in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2112. [PMID: 37443910 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) affects both humans and cats and exhibits considerable interspecies similarities that are exemplified by underlying pathological processes and clinical presentation to the extent that developments in the human field may have direct relevance to the feline disease. Characteristic changes on histological examination include cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial and replacement fibrosis. Clinically, HCM is characterised by significant diastolic dysfunction due to a reduction in ventricular compliance and relaxation associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and the development of ventricular hypertrophy. Studies in rodent models and human HCM patients have identified key protein mediators implicated in these pathological changes, including lumican, lysyl oxidase and TGF-β isoforms. We therefore sought to quantify and describe the cellular location of these mediators in the left ventricular myocardium of cats with HCM and investigate their relationship with the quantity and structural composition of the ECM. We identified increased myocardial content of lumican, LOX and TGF-β2 mainly attributed to their increased expression within cardiomyocytes in HCM cats compared to control cats. Furthermore, we found strong correlations between the expressions of these mediators that is compatible with their role as important components of cellular pathways promoting remodelling of the left ventricular myocardium. Fibrosis and hypertrophy are important pathological changes in feline HCM, and a greater understanding of the mechanisms driving this pathology may facilitate the identification of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ching Cheng
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Charlotte Lawson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Hui-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Lois Wilkie
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - David J Connolly
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Ramli FF, Hashim SAS, Raman B, Mahmod M, Kamisah Y. Role of Trientine in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Review of Mechanistic Aspects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1145. [PMID: 36145368 PMCID: PMC9505553 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormality in myocardial copper homeostasis is believed to contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy. Trientine, a copper-chelating drug used in the management of patients with Wilson's disease, demonstrates beneficial effects in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This review aims to present the updated development of the roles of trientine in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The drug has been demonstrated in animal studies to restore myocardial intracellular copper content. However, its mechanisms for improving the medical condition remain unclear. Thus, comprehending its mechanistic aspects in cardiomyopathy is crucial and could help to expedite future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Fareez Ramli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Syed Alhafiz Syed Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Betty Raman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Masliza Mahmod
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yusof Kamisah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Valls-Lacalle L, Puertas-Umbert L, Varona S, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Sinovas A. Human Lysyl Oxidase Over-Expression Enhances Baseline Cardiac Oxidative Stress but Does Not Aggravate ROS Generation or Infarct Size Following Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010075. [PMID: 35052579 PMCID: PMC8773108 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme critically involved in collagen maturation, whose activity releases H2O2 as a by-product. Previous studies demonstrated that LOX over-expression enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exacerbates cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload. However, whether LOX influences acute myocardial infarction and post-infarct left ventricular remodeling and the contribution of LOX to myocardial oxidative stress following ischemia-reperfusion have not been analyzed. Isolated hearts from transgenic mice over-expressing human LOX in the heart (TgLOX) and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to global ischemia and reperfusion. Although under basal conditions LOX transgenesis is associated with higher cardiac superoxide levels than WT mice, no differences in ROS production were detected in ischemic hearts and a comparable acute ischemia-reperfusion injury was observed (infarct size: 56.24 ± 9.44 vs. 48.63 ± 2.99% of cardiac weight in WT and TgLOX, respectively). Further, similar changes in cardiac dimensions and function were observed in TgLOX and WT mice 28 days after myocardial infarction induced by transient left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion, and no differences in scar area were detected (20.29 ± 3.10 vs. 21.83 ± 2.83% of left ventricle). Our data evidence that, although LOX transgenesis induces baseline myocardial oxidative stress, neither ROS production, infarct size, nor post-infarction cardiac remodeling were exacerbated following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valls-Lacalle
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saray Varona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (J.M.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (J.M.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (J.M.-G.)
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (A.R.-S.)
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (J.M.-G.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (A.R.-S.)
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Manilall A, Mokotedi L, Gunter S, Le Roux R, Fourie S, Flanagan CA, Millen AM. Inflammation-induced left ventricular fibrosis is partially mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15062. [PMID: 34713972 PMCID: PMC8554769 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms of inflammation-induced left ventricular (LV) remodeling and effects of blocking circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in a model of systemic inflammation. METHODS Seventy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: the control group, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group, and the anti-TNF-α group. Inflammation was induced in the CIA and anti-TNF-α groups. Following the onset of arthritis, the anti-TNF-α group received the TNF-α inhibitor, etanercept, for 6 weeks. LV geometry and function were assessed with echocardiography. Circulating inflammatory markers were measured by ELISA and LV gene expression was assessed by comparative TaqMan® polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The LV relative gene expression of pro-fibrotic genes, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) (p = 0.03), collagen I (Col1) (p < 0.0001), and lysyl oxidase (LOX) (p = 0.002), was increased in the CIA group compared with controls, consistent with increased relative wall thickness (p = 0.0009). Col1 and LOX expression in the anti-TNF-α group were similar to controls (both, p > 0.05) and tended to be lower compared to the CIA group (p = 0.06 and p = 0.08, respectively), and may, in part, contribute to the decreased relative wall thickness in the anti-TNF-α group compared to the CIA group (p = 0.03). In the CIA group, the relative gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 was increased compared to control (p = 0.04) and anti-TNF-α (p < 0.0001) groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Chronic systemic inflammation induces fibrosis and dysregulated LV extracellular matrix remodeling by increasing local cardiac pro-fibrotic gene expression, which is partially mediated by TNF-α. Inflammation-induced LV diastolic dysfunction is likely independent of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmeetha Manilall
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitSchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Molecular Physiology LaboratorySchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Lebogang Mokotedi
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitSchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Sulè Gunter
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitSchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Regina Le Roux
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitSchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Serena Fourie
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitSchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Colleen A. Flanagan
- Molecular Physiology LaboratorySchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Aletta M.E. Millen
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research UnitSchool of PhysiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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6
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Neff LS, Bradshaw AD. Cross your heart? Collagen cross-links in cardiac health and disease. Cell Signal 2021; 79:109889. [PMID: 33347984 PMCID: PMC8830414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling occurs in response to various cardiac insults including infarction, pressure overload and dilated myopathies. Each type of remodeling necessitates distinct types of ECM turnover and deposition yet an increase in myocardial fibrillar collagen content is appreciated as a contributing feature to cardiac dysfunction in each of these pathologies. In addition, aging, is also associated with increases in cardiac collagen content. The importance of characterizing differences in ECM composition and processes used by cardiac fibroblasts in the assembly of fibrotic collagen accumulation is critical for the design of strategies to reduce and ultimately regress cardiac fibrosis. Collagen cross-linking is one factor that influences collagen deposition and insolubility with direct implications for tissue properties such as stiffness. In this review, three different types of collagen cross-links shown to be important in cardiac fibrosis will be discussed; those catalyzed by lysyl oxidases, those catalyzed by transglutaminases, and those that result from non-enzymatic modification by the addition of advanced glycation end products. Insight into cellular mechanisms that govern collagen cross-linking in the myocardium will provide novel pathways for exploring new treatments to treat diseases associated with cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S Neff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, USA; the Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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7
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Al-U'datt D, Allen BG, Nattel S. Role of the lysyl oxidase enzyme family in cardiac function and disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1820-1837. [PMID: 31504232 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and related LOX-like (LOXL) isoforms play a vital role in remodelling the extracellular matrix (ECM). The LOX family controls ECM formation by cross-linking collagen and elastin chains. LOX/LOXL proteins are copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyse the oxidation of lysine, causing cross-linking between the lysine moieties of lysine-rich proteins. Dynamic changes in LOX and LOXL protein-expression occur in a variety of cardiac pathologies; these changes are believed to be central to the associated tissue-fibrosis. An awareness of the potential pathophysiological importance of LOX has led to the evaluation of interventions that target LOX/LOXL proteins for heart-disease therapy. The purposes of this review article are: (i) to summarize the basic biochemistry and enzyme function of LOX and LOXL proteins; (ii) to consider their tissue and species distribution; and (iii) to review the results of experimental studies of the roles of LOX and LOXL proteins in heart disease, addressing involvement in the mechanisms, pathophysiology and therapeutic responses based on observations in patient samples and relevant animal models. Therapeutic targeting of LOX family enzymes has shown promising results in animal models, but small-molecule approaches have been limited by non-specificity and off-target effects. Biological approaches show potential promise but are in their infancy. While there is strong evidence for LOX-family protein participation in heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and hypertension, as well as potential interest as therapeutic targets, the precise involvement of LOX-family proteins in heart disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a Al-U'datt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Fu X, Liu Q, Li C, Li Y, Wang L. Cardiac Fibrosis and Cardiac Fibroblast Lineage-Tracing: Recent Advances. Front Physiol 2020; 11:416. [PMID: 32435205 PMCID: PMC7218116 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological change associated with cardiac injuries and diseases. Even though the accumulation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins may have some protective effects in certain situations, prolonged fibrosis usually negatively affects cardiac function and often leads to deleterious consequences. While the development of cardiac fibrosis involves several cell types, the major source of ECM proteins is cardiac fibroblast. The high plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts enables them to quickly change their behaviors in response to injury and transition between several differentiation states. However, the study of cardiac fibroblasts in vivo was very difficult due to the lack of specific research tools. The development of cardiac fibroblast lineage-tracing mouse lines has greatly promoted cardiac fibrosis research. In this article, we review the recent cardiac fibroblast lineage-tracing studies exploring the origin of cardiac fibroblasts and their complicated roles in cardiac fibrosis, and briefly discuss the translational potential of basic cardiac fibroblast researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fu
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Qianglin Liu
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Chaoyang Li
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yuxia Li
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Leshan Wang
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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9
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Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. The Role of Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes in Cardiac Function and Remodeling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121483. [PMID: 31766500 PMCID: PMC6953057 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) proteins comprise a family of five copper-dependent enzymes (LOX and four LOX-like isoenzymes (LOXL1-4)) critical for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and remodeling. The primary role of LOX enzymes is to oxidize lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues from collagen and elastin chains into highly reactive aldehydes, which spontaneously react with surrounding amino groups and other aldehydes to form inter- and intra-catenary covalent cross-linkages. Therefore, they are essential for the synthesis of a mature ECM and assure matrix integrity. ECM modulates cellular phenotype and function, and strikingly influences the mechanical properties of tissues. This explains the critical role of these enzymes in tissue homeostasis, and in tissue repair and remodeling. Cardiac ECM is mainly composed of fibrillar collagens which form a complex network that provides structural and biochemical support to cardiac cells and regulates cell signaling pathways. It is now becoming apparent that cardiac performance is affected by the structure and composition of the ECM and that any disturbance of the ECM contributes to cardiac disease progression. This review article compiles the major findings on the contribution of the LOX family to the development and progression of myocardial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
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10
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Santos GL, Hartmann S, Zimmermann WH, Ridley A, Lutz S. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinases suppresses cardiac myofibroblast function in engineered connective and heart muscle tissues. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 134:13-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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González A, López B, Ravassa S, San José G, Díez J. Reprint of "The complex dynamics of myocardial interstitial fibrosis in heart failure. Focus on collagen cross-linking". BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118521. [PMID: 31394074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial interstitial fibrosis (MIF) is a common finding in heart failure (HF) patients, both with preserved and reduced ejection fraction, as well as in HF animal models. MIF is associated with impaired cardiac function and worse clinical outcome. The impact of MIF is influenced not only by the quantity but also by changes in the quality of collagen fibers and in the extracellular matrix components, such as a shift in collagen types proportion, increased fibronectin polymerization and increased degree of collagen cross-linking (CCL). In particular, CCL, a process that renders collagen fibers stiffer and more resistant to degradation, is increased both in patients and animal models of HF. Importantly, in HF patients increased cardiac CCL is directly associated with increased left ventricular stiffness and a higher risk of hospitalization for HF. The aim of this review is to address the complexity of MIF in HF, focusing on CCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa González
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Begoña López
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Ravassa
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka San José
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díez
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Departments of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery and of Nephrology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Cowling RT, Kupsky D, Kahn AM, Daniels LB, Greenberg BH. Mechanisms of cardiac collagen deposition in experimental models and human disease. Transl Res 2019; 209:138-155. [PMID: 30986384 PMCID: PMC6996650 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate deposition of extracellular matrix within the heart (termed cardiac fibrosis) is associated with nearly all types of heart disease, including ischemic, hypertensive, diabetic, and valvular. This alteration in the composition of the myocardium can physically limit cardiomyocyte contractility and relaxation, impede electrical conductivity, and hamper regional nutrient diffusion. Fibrosis can be grossly divided into 2 types, namely reparative (where collagen deposition replaces damaged myocardium) and reactive (where typically diffuse collagen deposition occurs without myocardial damage). Despite the widespread association of fibrosis with heart disease and general understanding of its negative impact on heart physiology, it is still not clear when collagen deposition becomes pathologic and translates into disease symptoms. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge of cardiac fibrosis in human patients and experimental animal models, discussing the mechanisms that have been deduced from the latter in relation to the former. Because assessment of the extent of fibrosis is paramount both as a research tool to further understanding and as a clinical tool to assess patients, we have also summarized the current state of noninvasive/minimally invasive detection systems for cardiac fibrosis. Albeit not exhaustive, our aim is to provide an overview of the current understanding of cardiac fibrosis, both clinically and experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy T Cowling
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California.
| | - Daniel Kupsky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Andrew M Kahn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Lori B Daniels
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Barry H Greenberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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13
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González A, López B, Ravassa S, San José G, Díez J. The complex dynamics of myocardial interstitial fibrosis in heart failure. Focus on collagen cross-linking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1421-1432. [PMID: 31181222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial interstitial fibrosis (MIF) is a common finding in heart failure (HF) patients, both with preserved and reduced ejection fraction, as well as in HF animal models. MIF is associated with impaired cardiac function and worse clinical outcome. The impact of MIF is influenced not only by the quantity but also by changes in the quality of collagen fibers and in the extracellular matrix components, such as a shift in collagen types proportion, increased fibronectin polymerization and increased degree of collagen cross-linking (CCL). In particular, CCL, a process that renders collagen fibers stiffer and more resistant to degradation, is increased both in patients and animal models of HF. Importantly, in HF patients increased cardiac CCL is directly associated with increased left ventricular stiffness and a higher risk of hospitalization for HF. The aim of this review is to address the complexity of MIF in HF, focusing on CCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa González
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Begoña López
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Ravassa
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka San José
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díez
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Departments of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery and of Nephrology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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14
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Schauer A, Adams V, Poitz DM, Barthel P, Joachim D, Friedrich J, Linke A, Augstein A. Loss of Sox9 in cardiomyocytes delays the onset of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Int J Cardiol 2019; 282:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Zhang QJ, Tran TAT, Wang M, Ranek MJ, Kokkonen-Simon KM, Gao J, Luo X, Tan W, Kyrychenko V, Liao L, Xu J, Hill JA, Olson EN, Kass DA, Martinez ED, Liu ZP. Histone lysine dimethyl-demethylase KDM3A controls pathological cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5230. [PMID: 30531796 PMCID: PMC6286331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Pathological LVH engages transcriptional programs including reactivation of canonical fetal genes and those inducing fibrosis. Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are emerging regulators of transcriptional reprogramming in cancer, though their potential role in abnormal heart growth and fibrosis remains little understood. Here, we investigate gain and loss of function of an H3K9me2 specific demethylase, Kdm3a, and show it promotes LVH and fibrosis in response to pressure-overload. Cardiomyocyte KDM3A activates Timp1 transcription with pro-fibrotic activity. By contrast, a pan-KDM inhibitor, JIB-04, suppresses pressure overload-induced LVH and fibrosis. JIB-04 inhibits KDM3A and suppresses the transcription of fibrotic genes that overlap with genes downregulated in Kdm3a-KO mice versus WT controls. Our study provides genetic and biochemical evidence for a pro-hypertrophic function of KDM3A and proof-of principle for pharmacological targeting of KDMs as an effective strategy to counter LVH and pathological fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Jun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tram Anh T Tran
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Nephrology Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, P.R. China
| | - Mark J Ranek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen M Kokkonen-Simon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jason Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Viktoriia Kyrychenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elisabeth D Martinez
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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16
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Farré N, Otero J, Falcones B, Torres M, Jorba I, Gozal D, Almendros I, Farré R, Navajas D. Intermittent Hypoxia Mimicking Sleep Apnea Increases Passive Stiffness of Myocardial Extracellular Matrix. A Multiscale Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1143. [PMID: 30158879 PMCID: PMC6104184 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tissue hypoxia-reoxygenation characterizes obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a very prevalent respiratory disease associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Experimental studies indicate that intermittent hypoxia (IH) mimicking OSA induces oxidative stress and inflammation in heart tissue at the cell and molecular levels. However, it remains unclear whether IH modifies the passive stiffness of the cardiac tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Aim: To investigate multiscale changes of stiffness induced by chronic IH in the ECM of left ventricular (LV) myocardium in a murine model of OSA. Methods: Two-month and 18-month old mice (N = 10 each) were subjected to IH (20% O2 40 s-6% O2 20 s) for 6 weeks (6 h/day). Corresponding control groups for each age were kept under normoxia. Fresh LV myocardial strips (∼7 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm) were prepared, and their ECM was obtained by decellularization. Myocardium ECM macroscale mechanics were measured by performing uniaxial stress-strain tensile tests. Strip macroscale stiffness was assessed as the stress value (σ) measured at 0.2 strain and Young's modulus (EM) computed at 0.2 strain by fitting Fung's constitutive model to the stress-strain relationship. ECM stiffness was characterized at the microscale as the Young's modulus (Em) measured in decellularized tissue slices (∼12 μm tick) by atomic force microscopy. Results: Intermittent hypoxia induced a ∼1.5-fold increase in σ (p < 0.001) and a ∼2.5-fold increase in EM (p < 0.001) of young mice as compared with normoxic controls. In contrast, no significant differences emerged in Em among IH-exposed and normoxic mice. Moreover, the mechanical effects of IH on myocardial ECM were similar in young and aged mice. Conclusion: The marked IH-induced increases in macroscale stiffness of LV myocardium ECM suggests that the ECM plays a role in the cardiac dysfunction induced by OSA. Furthermore, absence of any significant effects of IH on the microscale ECM stiffness suggests that the significant increases in macroscale stiffening are primarily mediated by 3D structural ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Farré
- Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jorge Otero
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan Falcones
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Torres
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Sleep Lab, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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El Hajj EC, El Hajj MC, Ninh VK, Gardner JD. Inhibitor of lysyl oxidase improves cardiac function and the collagen/MMP profile in response to volume overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H463-H473. [PMID: 29775412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00086.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix is a complex architectural network that serves many functions, including providing structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells and regulating intercellular signaling pathways. Cardiac function is directly affected by extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and alterations of the ECM contribute to the progression of heart failure. Initially, collagen deposition is an adaptive response that aims to preserve tissue integrity and maintain normal ventricular function. However, the synergistic effects of proinflammatory and profibrotic responses induce a vicious cycle, which causes excess activation of myofibroblasts, significantly increasing collagen deposition and accumulation in the matrix. Furthermore, excess synthesis and activation of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) during disease increases collagen cross-linking, which significantly increases collagen resistance to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the present study, the aortocaval fistula model of volume overload (VO) was used to determine whether LOX inhibition could prevent adverse changes in the ECM and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. The major findings from this study were that LOX inhibition 1) prevented VO-induced increases in left ventricular wall stress; 2) partially attenuated VO-induced ventricular hypertrophy; 3) completely blocked the increases in fibrotic proteins, including collagens, MMPs, and their tissue inhibitors; and 4) prevented the VO-induced decline in cardiac function. It remains unclear whether a direct interaction between LOX and MMPs exists; however, our experiments suggest a potential link between the two because LOX inhibition completely attenuated VO-induced increases in MMPs. Overall, our study demonstrated key cardioprotective effects of LOX inhibition against adverse cardiac remodeling due to chronic VO. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the primary role of lysyl oxidase (LOX) is to cross-link collagens, we found that elevated LOX during cardiac disease plays a key role in the progression of heart failure. Here, we show that inhibition of LOX in volume-overloaded rats prevented the development of cardiac dysfunction and improved ventricular collagen and matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia C El Hajj
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Milad C El Hajj
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Van K Ninh
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason D Gardner
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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18
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Afratis NA, Klepfish M, Karamanos NK, Sagi I. The apparent competitive action of ECM proteases and cross-linking enzymes during fibrosis: Applications to drug discovery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:4-15. [PMID: 29627371 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive loss of organ function in most organs is associated with fibrosis, a tissue state associated with abnormal matrix buildup. If highly progressive, the fibrotic process eventually leads to organ failure and death. Fibrosis is a basic connective tissue lesion defined by the increase in the amount of fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) components in a tissue or organ. In addition, intrinsic changes in important structural cells can induce the fibrotic response by regulating the differentiation, recruitment, proliferation and activation of extracellular matrix-producing myofibroblasts. ECM enzymes belonging to the family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and lysyl oxidases (LOXs) play a crucial role in ECM remodeling and regeneration. MMPs have a catalytic role in degradation of ECM, whereas LOX/LOXLs mediate ECM, especially collagen, cross-linking and stiffening. Importantly, enzymes from both families are elevated during the fibrotic response to tissue injury and its resolution. Yet, the apparent molecular competition or antagonistic activities of these enzyme families during the various stages of fibrosis is often overlooked. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of MMPs and LOX/LOXL2 in chronic organ fibrosis. Finally, we review contemporary therapeutic strategies for fibrosis treatment, based on neutralization of MMP and LOX activity, as well as the development of novel drug delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mordehay Klepfish
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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19
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Meschiari CA, Jung M, Iyer RP, Yabluchanskiy A, Toba H, Garrett MR, Lindsey ML. Macrophage overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in aged mice improves diastolic physiology and cardiac wound healing after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H224-H235. [PMID: 29030341 PMCID: PMC5867652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00453.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 increases in the myocardium with advanced age and after myocardial infarction (MI). Because young transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human MMP-9 only in macrophages show better outcomes post-MI, whereas aged TG mice show a worse aging phenotype, we wanted to evaluate the effect of aging superimposed on MI to see if the detrimental effect of aging counteracted the benefits of macrophage MMP-9 overexpression. We used 17- to 28-mo-old male and female C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and TG mice ( n = 10-21 mice/group) to evaluate the effects of aging superimposed on MI. Despite similar infarct areas and mortality rates at day 7 post-MI, aging TG mice showed improved diastolic properties and remodeling index compared with WT mice (both P < 0.05). Macrophage numbers were higher in TG than WT mice at days 0 and 7 post-MI, and the post-MI increase was due to elevated cluster of differentiation 18 protein levels (all P < 0.05). RNA sequencing analysis of cardiac macrophages isolated from day 7 post-MI infarcts identified 1,276 statistically different (all P < 0.05) genes (994 increased and 282 decreased in TG mice). Reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, platelet-derived growth factor subunit A, and transforming growth factor-β3, along with elevated expression of tissue inhibitor of MMP-4, in macrophages revealed mechanisms of indirect downstream effects on fibroblasts and neovascularization. While collagen accumulation was enhanced in TG mice compared with WT mice at days 0 and 7 post-MI ( P < 0.05 for both), the post-MI collagen cross-linking ratio was higher in WT mice ( P < 0.05), consistent with increased diastolic volumes. Vessel numbers [by Griffonia ( Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin I staining] were decreased in TG mice compared with WT mice at days 0 and 7 post-MI ( P < 0.05 for both). In conclusion, macrophage-derived MMP-9 improved post-MI cardiac wound healing through direct and indirect mechanisms to improve diastolic physiology and remodeling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging mice with macrophage overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 have increased macrophage numbers 7 days after myocardial infarction, resulting in improved diastolic physiology and left ventricular remodeling through effects on cardiac wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meschiari
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Mira Jung
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hiroe Toba
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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20
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Egemnazarov B, Crnkovic S, Nagy BM, Olschewski H, Kwapiszewska G. Right ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction: Actual concepts and common misconceptions. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:507-521. [PMID: 29343458 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) are associated with RV dysfunction and mortality of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) but it is unknown how much RV fibrosis contributes to RV dysfunction and mortality. RV fibrosis manifests as fibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition which may be excessive. Although extracellular matrix deposition leads to elevated ventricular stiffness, it is not known to which extent it affects RV function. Various animal models of pulmonary hypertension have been established to investigate the role of fibrosis in RV dysfunction and failure. However, they do not perfectly resemble the human disease. In the current review we describe the major characteristics of RV fibrosis, molecular mechanisms regulating the fibrotic process, and discuss how therapeutic targeting of fibrosis might affect RV function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Bence M Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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21
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Nielsen SH, Mouton AJ, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Genovese F, Karsdal M, Lindsey ML. Understanding cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling to develop biomarkers of myocardial infarction outcomes. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:43-57. [PMID: 29247693 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries, and myocardial infarction (MI) is a major CVD with significant morbidity and mortality. Following MI, the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a wound healing response to ischemia that results in extracellular matrix (ECM) scar formation to replace necrotic myocytes. While ECM accumulation following MI is termed cardiac fibrosis, this is a generic term that does not differentiate between ECM accumulation that occurs in the infarct region to form a scar that is structurally necessary to preserve left ventricle (LV) wall integrity and ECM accumulation that increases LV wall stiffness to exacerbate dilation and stimulate the progression to heart failure. This review focuses on post-MI LV ECM remodeling, targeting the discussion on ECM biomarkers that could be useful for predicting MI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Holm Nielsen
- Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark; Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Morten Karsdal
- Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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22
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Chen J, Ren J, Loo WTY, Hao L, Wang M. Lysyl oxidases expression and histopathological changes of the diabetic rat nephron. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2431-2441. [PMID: 29207131 PMCID: PMC5783488 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes, the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered an indication of nephropathological changes. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are also associated with ECM. However, the majority of studies on LOXs have focused on their potential role in renal fibrogenesis and there has no examination of LOXs expression or the correlation with histopathological changes of DN, including glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening and glomerulosclerosis. In this study, the association between histological changes and LOXs was explored using a type 2 diabetes model of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The expression of LOX and lysyl oxidase-like 1 to 3 (LOXL1 to 3) levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The expression levels of LOX and LOXL2 in the kidney tissue in the diabetic group were significantly higher compared with those of the control group, but LOXL1 and LOXL3 expression levels were not significantly different between the two groups. These results indicated that LOXL2 and LOX may be critical factors involved in the progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wings T Y Loo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Liang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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