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Osborne V, Shakir SAW. What Is the Difference Between Observed Association and Causal Association, Signals and Evidence? Examples Related to COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:569189. [PMID: 33584254 PMCID: PMC7879446 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Osborne
- Drug Safety Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Saad A. W. Shakir
- Drug Safety Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Hushmandi K, Bokaie S, Hashemi M, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Hashemi F, Bagheri M, Habtemariam S, Nabavi SM. A review of medications used to control and improve the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173568. [PMID: 32956644 PMCID: PMC7501068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China. The virus that caused the disease was officially named by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to the high transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2, it became a global pandemic and public health emergency within few months. Since SARS-CoV-2 is genetically 80% homologous with the SARS-CoVs family, it is hypothesized that medications developed for the treatment of SARS-CoVs may be useful in the control and management of SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, some medication being tested in clinical trials and in vitro studies include anti-viral RNA polymerase inhibitors, HIV-protease inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE 2) blockers, and some other novel medications. In this communication, we reviewed the general characteristics of medications, medical usage, mechanism of action, as well as SARS-CoV-2 related trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Kazerun Health Technology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bagheri
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nejadghaderi SA, Heidari A, Shakerian N, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Cardiovascular system is at higher risk of affecting by COVID-19. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020018. [PMID: 32921715 PMCID: PMC7717008 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.9718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has shown its potential to cause severe manifestations among individuals with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD). The patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with pre-existing CVD are more likely to relapse. There are several reasons, including the prolonged hospitalization time as a consequence of their more severe illness and aberrant expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) – the cell surface receptor of SARS-COV2 that is present on cardiac cells – and using drugs such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) that alter the expression of ACE2. Besides, SARS-CoV-2 shares structural similarities with SARS-CoV-1, and that patients recovered from SARS-CoV1 have shown an increased risk of developing inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiac diseases. It makes some concerns that people who recovered from SARS-CoV2 are also liable to develop these chronic conditions later. Further studies should investigate the probability of recurrence of COVID-19 in patients with CVD and the development of approaches for the prevention of chronic inflammatory conditions in patients with CVD who recovered from COVID-19. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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