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Leo G, Leone P, Ataie Kachoie E, Tolomeo M, Galluccio M, Indiveri C, Barile M, Capaldi S. Structural insights into the bifunctional enzyme human FAD synthase. Structure 2024; 32:953-965.e5. [PMID: 38688286 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Human flavin adenine dinucleotide synthase (hFADS) is a bifunctional, multi-domain enzyme that exhibits both flavin mononucleotide adenylyltransferase and pyrophosphatase activities. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length hFADS2 and its C-terminal PAPS domain in complex with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and dissect the structural determinants underlying the contribution of each individual domain, within isoforms 1 and 2, to each of the two enzymatic activities. Structural and functional characterization performed on complete or truncated constructs confirmed that the C-terminal domain tightly binds FAD and catalyzes its synthesis, while the combination of the N-terminal molybdopterin-binding and KH domains is the minimal essential substructure required for the hydrolysis of FAD and other ADP-containing dinucleotides. hFADS2 associates in a stable C2-symmetric dimer, in which the packing of the KH domain of one protomer against the N-terminal domain of the other creates the adenosine-specific active site responsible for the hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Leo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Piero Leone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elham Ataie Kachoie
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Tolomeo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci 4c, 6c, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Krikunova PV, Tolordava ER, Arkharova NA, Karimov DN, Bukreeva TV, Shirinian VZ, Khaydukov EV, Pallaeva TN. Riboflavin Crystals with Extremely High Water Solubility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5504-5512. [PMID: 38278768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
New insights into the unique biochemical properties of riboflavin (Rf), also known as vitamin B2, are leading to the development of its use not only as a vitamin supplement but also as a potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral agent, where it may play a role as an inhibitor of viral proteinases. At the same time, the comparison of the pharmacoactivity of Rf with its known metabolites, namely, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), is very complicated due to its poor water solubility: 0.1-0.3 g/L versus 67 g/L for FMN and 50 g/L for FAD, which is the limiting factor for its administration in clinical practice. In this study, we report the recrystallization procedure of the type A Rf crystals into the slightly hydrophobic type B/C and a new hydrophilic crystal form that has been termed the P type. Our method of Rf crystal modification based on recrystallization from dilute alkaline solution provides an unprecedented extremely high water solubility of Rf, reaching 23.5 g/L. A comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of type P riboflavin showed increased photodynamic therapeutic activity compared to the known types A and B/C against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Importantly, our work not only demonstrates a simple and inexpensive method for the synthesis of riboflavin with high solubility, which should lead to increased bioactivity, but also opens up opportunities for improving both known and new therapeutic applications of vitamin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eteri R Tolordava
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | | | - Denis N Karimov
- FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | | | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Fedorovych DV, Tsyrulnyk AO, Ruchala J, Sobchuk SM, Dmytruk KV, Fayura LR, Sibirny AA. Construction of the advanced flavin mononucleotide producers in the flavinogenic yeast Candida famata. Yeast 2023; 40:360-366. [PMID: 36751139 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN, riboflavin-5'-phosphate) is flavin coenzyme synthesized in all living organisms from riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) after phosphorylation in the reaction catalyzed by riboflavin kinase. FMN has several applications mostly as yellow colorant in food industry due to 200 times better water solubility as compared to riboflavin. Currently, FMN is produced by chemical phosphorylation of riboflavin, however, final product contains up to 25% of flavin impurities. Microbial overproducers of FMN are known, however, they accumulate this coenzyme in glucose medium. Current work shows that the recombinant strains of the flavinogenic yeast Candida famata with overexpressed FMN1 gene coding for riboflavin kinase in the recently isolated by us advanced riboflavin producers due to overexpression of the structural and regulatory genes of riboflavin synthesis and of the putative exporter of riboflavin from the cell, synthesized elevated amounts of FMN in the media not only with glucose but also in lactose and cheese whey. Activation of FMN accumulation on lactose and cheese whey was especially strong in the strains which expressed the gene of transcription activator SEF1 under control of the lactose-induced LAC4 promoter. The accumulation of this coenzyme by the washed cells of the best recombinant strain achieved 540 mg/L in the cheese whey supplemented only with ammonium sulfate during 48 h in shake flask experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariya V Fedorovych
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tsyrulnyk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Justyna Ruchala
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Svitlana M Sobchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Lyubov R Fayura
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Dmytruk KV, Ruchala J, Fayura LR, Chrzanowski G, Dmytruk OV, Tsyrulnyk AO, Andreieva YA, Fedorovych DV, Motyka OI, Mattanovich D, Marx H, Sibirny AA. Efficient production of bacterial antibiotics aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin in eukaryotic microorganisms, yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:132. [PMID: 37474952 PMCID: PMC10357625 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinomycetes Streptomyces davaonensis and Streptomyces cinnabarinus synthesize a promising broad-spectrum antibiotic roseoflavin, with its synthesis starting from flavin mononucleotide and proceeding through an immediate precursor, aminoriboflavin, that also has antibiotic properties. Roseoflavin accumulation by the natural producers is rather low, whereas aminoriboflavin accumulation is negligible. Yeasts have many advantages as biotechnological producers relative to bacteria, however, no recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics in yeasts are known. RESULTS Roseoflavin biosynthesis genes have been expressed in riboflavin- or FMN-overproducing yeast strains of Candida famata and Komagataella phaffii. Both these strains accumulated aminoriboflavin, whereas only the latter produced roseoflavin. Aminoriboflavin isolated from the culture liquid of C. famata strain inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and Listeria monocytogenes. Maximal accumulation of aminoriboflavin in shake-flasks reached 1.5 mg L- 1 (C. famata), and that of roseoflavin was 5 mg L- 1 (K. phaffii). Accumulation of aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin by K. phaffii recombinant strain in a bioreactor reached 22 and 130 mg L- 1, respectively. For comparison, recombinant strains of the native bacterial producer S. davaonensis accumulated near one-order less of roseoflavin while no recombinant producers of aminoriboflavin was reported at all. CONCLUSIONS Yeast recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin were constructed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Justyna Ruchala
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland
| | - Liubov R Fayura
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | | | - Olena V Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tsyrulnyk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia A Andreieva
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Daria V Fedorovych
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Olena I Motyka
- Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Zelena St, 12, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Hans Marx
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland.
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Song L, Ke J, Luo ZK, Xiong LB, Dong YG, Wei DZ, Wang FQ. Driving the conversion of phytosterol to 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum by engineering the supply and regeneration of flavin adenine dinucleotide. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:98. [PMID: 37291661 PMCID: PMC10251532 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of phytosterols to steroid synthons by engineered Mycolicibacteria comprises one of the core steps in the commercial production of steroid hormones. This is a complex oxidative catabolic process, and taking the production of androstenones as example, it requires about 10 equivalent flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). As the high demand for FAD, the insufficient supply of FAD may be a common issue limiting the conversion process. RESULTS We substantiated, using the production of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) as a model, that increasing intracellular FAD supply could effectively increase the conversion of phytosterols into 9-OHAD. Overexpressing ribB and ribC, two key genes involving in FAD synthesis, could significantly enhance the amount of intracellular FAD by 167.4% and the production of 9-OHAD by 25.6%. Subsequently, styrene monooxygenase NfStyA2B from Nocardia farcinica was employed to promote the cyclic regeneration of FAD by coupling the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to NAD+, and the production of 9-OHAD was further enhanced by 9.4%. However, the viable cell numbers decreased by 20.1%, which was attributed to sharply increased levels of H2O2 because of the regeneration of FAD from FADH2. Thus, we tried to resolve the conflict between FAD regeneration and cell growth by the overexpression of catalase and promotor replacement. Finally, a robust strain NF-P2 was obtained, which could produce 9.02 g/L 9-OHAD after adding 15 g/L phytosterols with productivity of 0.075 g/(L h), which was 66.7% higher than that produced by the original strain. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted that the cofactor engineering, including the supply and recycling of FAD and NAD+ in Mycolicibacterium, should be adopted as a parallel strategy with pathway engineering to improve the productivity of the industrial strains in the conversion of phytosterols into steroid synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yu-Guo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing (ECUST), China National Light Industry, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Sibirny AA. Metabolic engineering of non-conventional yeasts for construction of the advanced producers of biofuels and high-value chemicals. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 3:100071. [PMID: 37082251 PMCID: PMC10074886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-conventional yeasts, i.e. yeasts different from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, represent heterogenous group of unicellular fungi consisting of near 1500 species. Some of these species have interesting and sometimes unique properties like ability to grow on methanol, n-alkanes, ferment pentose sugars xylose and l-arabinose, grow at high temperatures (50°С and more), overproduce riboflavin (vitamin B2) and others. These unique properties are important for development of basic science; moreover, some of them possess also significant applied interest for elaboration of new biotechnologies. Current paper represents review of the recent own results and of those of other authors in the field of non-conventional yeast study for construction of the advanced producers of biofuels (ethanol, isobutanol) from lignocellulosic sugars glucose and xylose or crude glycerol (Ogataea polymorpha, Magnusiomyces magnusii) and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) from glucose and cheese whey (Candida famata).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy A. Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, Lviv 79005 Ukraine
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601 Poland
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, Lviv 79005 Ukraine.
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Fedorovych DV, Dmytruk KV, Sibirny AA. Recent Advances in Construction of the Efficient Producers of Riboflavin and Flavin Nucleotides (FMN, FAD) in the Yeast Candida famata. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2280:15-30. [PMID: 33751426 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1286-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The approaches used by the authors to design the Candida famata strains capable to overproduce riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are described. The metabolic engineering approaches include overexpression of SEF1 gene encoding positive regulator of riboflavin biosynthesis, IMH3 (coding for IMP dehydrogenase) orthologs from another species of flavinogenic yeast Debaryomyces hansenii, and the homologous genes RIB1 and RIB7 encoding GTP cyclohydrolase II and riboflavin synthase, the first and the last enzymes of riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, respectively. Overexpression of the above mentioned genes in the genetically stable riboflavin overproducer AF-4 obtained by classical selection resulted in fourfold increase of riboflavin production in shake flask experiments.Overexpression of engineered enzymes phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase catalyzing the initial steps of purine nucleotide biosynthesis enhances riboflavin synthesis in the flavinogenic yeast C. famata even more.Recombinant strains of C. famata containing FMN1 gene from D. hansenii encoding riboflavin kinase under control of the strong constitutive TEF1 promoter were constructed. Overexpression of the FMN1 gene in the riboflavin-producing mutant led to the 30-fold increase of the riboflavin kinase activity and 400-fold increase of FMN production in the resulting recombinant strains which reached maximally 318.2 mg/L.FAD overproducing strains of C. famata were also constructed. This was achieved by overexpression of FAD1 gene from D. hansenii in C. famata FMN overproducing strain. The 7- to 15-fold increase in FAD synthetase activity as compared to the wild-type strain and FAD accumulation into cultural medium were observed. The maximal FAD titer 451.5 mg/L was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariya V Fedorovych
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine.
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Leone P, Tolomeo M, Barile M. Continuous and Discontinuous Approaches to Study FAD Synthesis and Degradation Catalyzed by Purified Recombinant FAD Synthase or Cellular Fractions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2280:87-116. [PMID: 33751431 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1286-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), essential redox (and sometimes non-redox) cofactors of a large number of flavoenzymes involved in energetic metabolism, protein folding, apoptosis, chromatin remodeling, and a number of other cell regulatory processes.The cellular and subcellular steady-state concentrations of flavin cofactors, which are available for flavoprotein biogenesis and assembly, depend on carrier-mediated transport processes and on coordinated synthesizing/destroying enzymatic activities, catalyzed by enzymes whose catalytic and structural properties are still matter of investigation.Alteration of flavin homeostasis has been recently correlated to human pathological conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders and cancer, and therefore we propose here protocols useful to detect metabolic processes involved in FAD forming and destroying.Our protocols exploit the chemical-structural differences between riboflavin, FMN , and FAD , which are responsible for differences in the spectroscopic properties (mainly fluorescence) of the two cofactors (FMN and FAD); therefore, in our opinion, when applicable measurements of fluorescence changes in continuo represent the elective techniques to follow FAD synthesis and degradation. Thus, after procedures able to calibrate flavin concentrations (Subheading 3.1), we describe simple continuous and rapid procedures, based on the peculiar optical properties of free flavins, useful to determine the rate of cofactor metabolism catalyzed by either recombinant enzymes or natural enzymes present in cellular lysates/subfractions (Subheading 3.2).Fluorescence properties of free flavins can also be useful in analytical determinations of the three molecular flavin forms, based on HPLC separation, with a quite high sensitivity. Assaying at different incubation times the molecular composition of the reaction mixture is a discontinuous experimental approach to measure the rate of FAD synthesis/degradation catalyzed by cell lysates or recombinant FAD synthase (Subheading 3.3). Continuous and discontinuous approaches can, when necessary, be performed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Leone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tolomeo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.
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Liu S, Hu W, Wang Z, Chen T. Production of riboflavin and related cofactors by biotechnological processes. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:31. [PMID: 32054466 PMCID: PMC7017516 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF) and its active forms, the cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), have been extensively used in the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. Modern commercial production of riboflavin is based on microbial fermentation, but the established genetically engineered production strains are facing new challenges due to safety concerns in the food and feed additives industry. High yields of flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide have been obtained using whole-cell biocatalysis processes. However, the necessity of adding expensive precursors results in high production costs. Consequently, developing microbial cell factories that are capable of efficiently producing flavin nucleotides at low cost is an increasingly attractive approach. The biotechnological processes for the production of RF and its cognate cofactors are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenya Hu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
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Metabolic engineering of Ashbya gossypii for enhanced FAD production through promoter replacement of FMN1 gene. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 133:109455. [PMID: 31874696 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) are essential biomolecules for carrying out various metabolic activities of oxidoreductases and other enzymes. Riboflavin is mainly used as food and feed supplement while the more expensive FAD has pharmacological importance. Although Ashbya gossypii has been metabolically engineered for industrial production of riboflavin, there are no reports on FAD production. In the present study, a transcriptional analysis of the time course of flavin genes expression, indicated that riboflavin to FMN conversion by riboflavin kinase enzyme encoded by FMN1 gene could be the major rate limiting step in FAD synthesis. Overexpression of FMN1 gene was attempted by placing the ORF of FMN1 under control of the stronger constitutively expressed GPD (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) promoter replacing its native promoter. A 2.25Kb promoter replacement cassette (PRC) for FMN1 gene was synthesized from cloned pUG6-GPDp vector and used for transformation of Ashbya gossypii. Resultant recombinant strain CSAgFMN1 had 35.67-fold increase in riboflavin kinase enzyme activity. A 14.02-fold increase in FAD production up to 86.56 ± 3.88 mg L-1 at 120 h incubation was obtained compared to wild type. While there was a marginal increase in riboflavin synthesis by the clone, FMN accumulation was not detected and could be attributed to other metabolic fluxes channeling FMN. This is the first report on development of FAD overproducing strain of A. gossypii.
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Mao Y, Chen C. The Hap Complex in Yeasts: Structure, Assembly Mode, and Gene Regulation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1645. [PMID: 31379791 PMCID: PMC6652802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT box-harboring proteins represent a family of heterotrimeric transcription factors which is highly conserved in eukaryotes. In fungi, one of the particularly important homologs of this family is the Hap complex that separates the DNA-binding domain from the activation domain and imposes essential impacts on regulation of a wide range of cellular functions. So far, a comprehensive summary of this complex has been described in filamentous fungi but not in the yeast. In this review, we summarize a number of studies related to the structure and assembly mode of the Hap complex in a list of representative yeasts. Furthermore, we emphasize recent advances in understanding the regulatory functions of this complex, with a special focus on its role in regulating respiration, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhe Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection and Host Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection and Host Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Liu S, Diao N, Wang Z, Lu W, Tang YJ, Chen T. Modular Engineering of the Flavin Pathway in Escherichia coli for Improved Flavin Mononucleotide and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6532-6540. [PMID: 31099250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, modular engineering of Escherichia coli was peformed to improve flavin production and the conversion ratio of riboflavin (RF) to FMN/FAD. The RF operon and the bifunctional RF kinase/FAD synthetase were divided into two separate modules. The two modules were expressed at different levels to produce RF: ribF ratios ranging from 2:20 to 7:5. The best strain respectively produced 324.1 and 171.6 mg/L of FAD and FMN in shake flask fermentation, and the titers reached 1899.3 and 872.7 mg/L in a fed-batch process. Furthermore, error-prone PCR (epPCR) of the E. coli ribF gene was performed. The highest FMN production of the best mutant reached 586.1 mg/L in shake flask cultivation. Moreover, this mutant produced 1017.5 mg/L FMN with a greatly reduced proportion of FAD in fermenter culture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest production of FAD and FMN in a microbial fermentation process reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Diao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan 430068 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Hu Y, Wang H, Guo L, Fredrickson JK, Cao B. Harnessing the Periplasm of Bacterial Cells To Develop Biocatalysts for the Biosynthesis of Highly Pure Chemicals. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01693-17. [PMID: 29079618 PMCID: PMC5734034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01693-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biocatalytic transformation has shown great promise in chemical synthesis, there remain significant challenges in controlling high selectivity without the formation of undesirable by-products. For instance, few attempts to construct biocatalysts for de novo synthesis of pure flavin mononucleotide (FMN) have been successful, due to riboflavin (RF) accumulating in the cytoplasm and being secreted with FMN. To address this problem, we show here a novel biosynthesis strategy, compartmentalizing the final FMN biosynthesis step in the periplasm of an engineered Escherichia coli strain. This construct is able to overproduce FMN with high specificity (92.4% of total excreted flavins). Such a biosynthesis approach allows isolation of the final biosynthesis step from the cytoplasm to eliminate undesirable by-products, providing a new route to develop biocatalysts for the synthesis of high-purity chemicals.IMPORTANCE The periplasm of Gram-negative bacterial hosts is engineered to compartmentalize the final biosynthesis step from the cytoplasm. This strategy is promising for the overproduction of high-value products with high specificity. We demonstrate the successful implementation of this strategy in microbial production of highly pure FMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Wu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yidan Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Chemistry and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Chemistry and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Bin Cao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Barile M, Giancaspero TA, Leone P, Galluccio M, Indiveri C. Riboflavin transport and metabolism in humans. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:545-57. [PMID: 27271694 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies elucidated how riboflavin transporters and FAD forming enzymes work in humans and create a coordinated flavin network ensuring the maintenance of cellular flavoproteome. Alteration of this network may be causative of severe metabolic disorders such as multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome. A crucial step in the maintenance of FAD homeostasis is riboflavin uptake by plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Therefore, studies on recently identified human plasma membrane riboflavin transporters are presented, together with those in which still unidentified mitochondrial riboflavin transporter(s) have been described. A main goal of future research is to fill the gaps still existing as for some transcriptional, functional and structural details of human FAD synthases (FADS) encoded by FLAD1 gene, a novel "redox sensing" enzyme. In the frame of the hypothesis that FADS, acting as a "FAD chaperone", could play a crucial role in the biogenesis of mitochondrial flavo-proteome, several basic functional aspects of flavin cofactor delivery to cognate apo-flavoenzyme are also briefly dealt with. The establishment of model organisms performing altered FAD homeostasis will improve the molecular description of human pathologies. The molecular and functional studies of transporters and enzymes herereported, provide guidelines for improving therapies which may have beneficial effects on the altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barile
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Teresa Anna Giancaspero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Leone
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Dipartimento DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unità di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Università della Calabria, via Bucci 4c, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Dipartimento DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unità di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Università della Calabria, via Bucci 4c, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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15
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Lee SW, Oh MK. A synthetic suicide riboswitch for the high-throughput screening of metabolite production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2015; 28:143-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins help maintain cellular homeostasis by secreting metabolic wastes. Flavins may occur as cellular waste products, with their production and secretion providing potential benefit for industrial applications related to biofuel cells. Here we find that MATE protein YeeO from Escherichia coli exports both flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Significant amounts of flavins were trapped intracellularly when YeeO was produced indicating transport limits secretion of flavins. Wild-type E. coli secreted 3 flavins (riboflavin, FMN, and FAD), so E. coli likely produces additional flavin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McAnulty
- a Department of Chemical Engineering ; Pennsylvania State University; University Park , PA USA
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17
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Metabolic and bioprocess engineering of the yeast Candida famata for FAD production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:823-35. [PMID: 24595668 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavins in the form of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) play an important role in metabolism as cofactors for oxidoreductases and other enzymes. Flavin nucleotides have applications in the food industry and medicine; FAD supplements have been efficiently used for treatment of some inheritable diseases. FAD is produced biotechnologically; however, this compound is much more expensive than riboflavin. Flavinogenic yeast Candida famata synthesizes FAD from FMN and ATP in the reaction catalyzed by FAD synthetase, a product of the FAD1 gene. Expression of FAD1 from the strong constitutive promoter TEF1 resulted in 7- to 15-fold increase in FAD synthetase activity, FAD overproduction, and secretion to the culture medium. The effectiveness of FAD production under different growth conditions by one of these recombinant strains, C. famata T-FD-FM 27, was evaluated. First, the two-level Plackett-Burman design was performed to screen medium components that significantly influence FAD production. Second, central composite design was adopted to investigate the optimum value of the selected factors for achieving maximum FAD yield. FAD production varied most significantly in response to concentrations of adenine, KH2PO4, glycine, and (NH4)2SO4. Implementation of these optimization strategies resulted in 65-fold increase in FAD production when compared to the non-optimized control conditions. Recombinant strain that has been cultivated for 40 h under optimized conditions achieved a FAD accumulation of 451 mg/l. So, for the first time yeast strains overproducing FAD were obtained, and the growth media composition for maximum production of this nucleotide was designed.
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18
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Dmytruk K, Lyzak O, Yatsyshyn V, Kluz M, Sibirny V, Puchalski C, Sibirny A. Construction and fed-batch cultivation of Candida famata with enhanced riboflavin production. J Biotechnol 2013; 172:11-7. [PMID: 24361297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential nutrition component serving as a precursor of coenzymes FMN and FAD that are involved mostly in reactions of oxidative metabolism. Riboflavin is produced in commercial scale and is used in feed and food industries, and in medicine. The yeast Candida famata (Candida flareri) belongs to the group of so called "flavinogenic yeasts" which overproduce riboflavin under iron limitation. Three genes SEF1, RIB1 and RIB7 coding for a putative transcription factor, GTP cyclohydrolase II and riboflavin synthase, respectively were simultaneously overexpressed in the background of a non-reverting riboflavin producing mutant AF-4, obtained earlier in our laboratory using methods of classical selection (Dmytruk et al. (2011), Metabolic Engineering 13, 82-88). Cultivation conditions of the constructed strain were optimized for shake-flasks and bioreactor cultivations. The constructed strain accumulated up to 16.4g/L of riboflavin in optimized medium in a 7L laboratory bioreactor during fed-batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Oleksy Lyzak
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Yatsyshyn
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Maciej Kluz
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland
| | | | | | - Andriy Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine; University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.
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19
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Iamurri SM, Daugherty AB, Edmondson DE, Lutz S. Truncated FAD synthetase for direct biocatalytic conversion of riboflavin and analogs to their corresponding flavin mononucleotides. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:791-5. [PMID: 24170887 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FMN analogs from their corresponding riboflavin precursors is traditionally performed in a two-step procedure. After initial enzymatic conversion of riboflavin to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by a bifunctional FAD synthetase, the adenyl moiety of FAD is hydrolyzed with snake venom phosphodiesterase to yield FMN. To simplify the protocol, we have engineered the FAD synthetase from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes by deleting its N-terminal adenylation domain. The newly created biocatalyst is stable and efficient for direct and quantitative phosphorylation of riboflavin and riboflavin analogs to their corresponding FMN cofactors at preparative-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Iamurri
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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20
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Dmytruk KV, Sibirny AA. Candida famata (Candida flareri). Yeast 2012; 29:453-8. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn V. Dmytruk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology; National Academy of Sciences (NAS); Lviv; Ukraine
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21
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Abbas CA, Sibirny AA. Genetic control of biosynthesis and transport of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides and construction of robust biotechnological producers. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:321-60. [PMID: 21646432 PMCID: PMC3122625 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00030-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin [7,8-dimethyl-10-(1'-d-ribityl)isoalloxazine, vitamin B₂] is an obligatory component of human and animal diets, as it serves as the precursor of flavin coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are involved in oxidative metabolism and other processes. Commercially produced riboflavin is used in agriculture, medicine, and the food industry. Riboflavin synthesis starts from GTP and ribulose-5-phosphate and proceeds through pyrimidine and pteridine intermediates. Flavin nucleotides are synthesized in two consecutive reactions from riboflavin. Some microorganisms and all animal cells are capable of riboflavin uptake, whereas many microorganisms have distinct systems for riboflavin excretion to the medium. Regulation of riboflavin synthesis in bacteria occurs by repression at the transcriptional level by flavin mononucleotide, which binds to nascent noncoding mRNA and blocks further transcription (named the riboswitch). In flavinogenic molds, riboflavin overproduction starts at the stationary phase and is accompanied by derepression of enzymes involved in riboflavin synthesis, sporulation, and mycelial lysis. In flavinogenic yeasts, transcriptional repression of riboflavin synthesis is exerted by iron ions and not by flavins. The putative transcription factor encoded by SEF1 is somehow involved in this regulation. Most commercial riboflavin is currently produced or was produced earlier by microbial synthesis using special selected strains of Bacillus subtilis, Ashbya gossypii, and Candida famata. Whereas earlier RF overproducers were isolated by classical selection, current producers of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides have been developed using modern approaches of metabolic engineering that involve overexpression of structural and regulatory genes of the RF biosynthetic pathway as well as genes involved in the overproduction of the purine precursor of riboflavin, GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andriy A. Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
- University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland
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Krauss U, Svensson V, Wirtz A, Knieps-Grünhagen E, Jaeger KE. Cofactor trapping, a new method to produce flavin mononucleotide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1097-100. [PMID: 21131527 PMCID: PMC3028748 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01541-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have purified flavin mononucleotide (FMN) from a flavoprotein-overexpressing Escherichia coli strain by cofactor trapping. This approach uses an overexpressed flavoprotein to trap FMN, which is thus removed from the cascade regulating FMN production in E. coli. This, in turn, allows the isolation of highly pure FMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany.
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Candida albicans Hap43 is a repressor induced under low-iron conditions and is essential for iron-responsive transcriptional regulation and virulence. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 10:207-25. [PMID: 21131439 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00158-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that exists as normal flora in healthy human bodies but causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. In addition to innate and adaptive immunities, hosts also resist microbial infections by developing a mechanism of "natural resistance" that maintains a low level of free iron to restrict the growth of invading pathogens. C. albicans must overcome this iron-deprived environment to cause infections. There are three types of iron-responsive transcriptional regulators in fungi; Aft1/Aft2 activators in yeast, GATA-type repressors in many fungi, and HapX/Php4 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Aspergillus species. In this study, we characterized the iron-responsive regulator Hap43, which is the C. albicans homolog of HapX/Php4 and is repressed by the GATA-type repressor Sfu1 under iron-sufficient conditions. We provide evidence that Hap43 is essential for the growth of C. albicans under low-iron conditions and for C. albicans virulence in a mouse model of infection. Hap43 was not required for iron acquisition under low-iron conditions. Instead, it was responsible for repression of genes that encode iron-dependent proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and iron-sulfur cluster assembly. We also demonstrated that Hap43 executes its function by becoming a transcriptional repressor and accumulating in the nucleus in response to iron deprivation. Finally, we found a connection between Hap43 and the global corepressor Tup1 in low-iron-induced flavinogenesis. Taken together, our data suggest a complex interplay among Hap43, Sfu1, and Tup1 to coordinately regulate iron acquisition, iron utilization, and other iron-responsive metabolic activities.
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Dmytruk KV, Yatsyshyn VY, Sybirna NO, Fedorovych DV, Sibirny AA. Metabolic engineering and classic selection of the yeast Candida famata (Candida flareri) for construction of strains with enhanced riboflavin production. Metab Eng 2010; 13:82-8. [PMID: 21040798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the mutant of the flavinogenic yeast Candida famata dep8 isolated by classic mutagenesis and selection is used for industrial riboflavin production. Here we report on construction of a riboflavin overproducing strain of C. famata using a combination of random mutagenesis based on the selection of mutants resistant to different antimetabolites as well as rational approaches of metabolic engineering. The conventional mutagenesis involved consecutive selection for resistance to riboflavin structural analog 7-methyl-8-trifluoromethyl-10-(1'-d-ribityl)isoalloxazine), 8-azaguanine, 6-azauracil, 2-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and guanosine as well as screening for yellow colonies at high pH. The metabolic engineering approaches involved introduction of additional copies of transcription factor SEF1 and IMH3 (coding for IMP dehydrogenase) orthologs from Debaryomyces hansenii, and the homologous genes RIB1 and RIB7, encoding GTP cyclohydrolase II and riboflavin synthetase, the first and the last enzymes of riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, respectively. Overexpression of the aforementioned genes in riboflavin overproducer AF-4 obtained by classical selection resulted in a 4.1-fold increase in riboflavin production in shake-flask experiments. D. hansenii IMH3 and modified ARO4 genes conferring resistance to mycophenolic acid and fluorophenylalanine, respectively, were successfully used as new dominant selection markers for C. famata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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Yatsyshyn VY, Fedorovych DV, Sibirny AА. Medium optimization for production of flavin mononucleotide by the recombinant strain of the yeast Candida famata using statistical designs. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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