1
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Wang X, Hou J, Cui J, Wang Z, Chen T. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for the efficient production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glucose via the β-alanine pathway. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:752-758. [PMID: 39007091 PMCID: PMC11245886 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HP) is recognized as a high value-added chemical with a broad range of applications. Among the various biosynthetic pathways for 3-HP production, the β-alanine pathway is particularly noteworthy due to its capacity to generate 3-HP from glucose at a high theoretical titer. In this study, the β-alanine biosynthesis pathway was introduced and optimized in Corynebacterium glutamicum. By strategically regulating the supply of precursors, we successfully engineered a strain capable of efficiently synthesizing 3-HP through the β-alanine pathway, utilizing glucose as the substrate. The engineered strain CgP36 produced 47.54 g/L 3-HP at a yield of 0.295 g/g glucose during the fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L fermenter, thereby attaining the highest 3-HP titer obtained from glucose via the β-alanine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junyuan Hou
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jieyao Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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2
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Mao C, Zheng H, Chen Y, Yuan P, Sun D. Development of a Type I-E CRISPR-Based Programmable Repression System for Fine-Tuning Metabolic Flux toward D-Pantothenic Acid in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2480-2491. [PMID: 39083228 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR-based regulation tools enable fine-tuning of gene transcription, showing potential in areas of biomanufacturing and live therapeutics. However, the cell toxicity and PAM specificity of existing CRISPR-based regulation systems limit their broad application. The development of new and less-toxic CRISPR-controlled expression systems remains highly desirable for expanding the application scope of CRISPR-based tools. Here, we reconstituted the type I CRISPR-Cas system from Escherichia coli to finely tune gene expression in Bacillus subtilis. Through engineering the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs of cas genes, we remarkably improved the efficacy of the type I CRISPRi system. The improved type I CRISPRi system was applied in engineering the D-pantothenic acid (DPA)-producing B. subtilis, which was generated by strengthening the metabolic flux toward β-alanine and (R)-pantoate via enhancing expression of key enzymes at both transcriptional and translational levels. Through controlling the expression of pdhA with the CRISPRi system for fine-tuning the metabolic flux toward DPA and the TCA cycle, we elevated the DPA titer to 0.88 g/L in shake flasks and 12.81 g/L in fed-batch fermentations without the addition of the precursor β-alanine. The type I CRISPRi system and the strategy for fine-tuning metabolic flux reported here not only enrich the CRISPR toolbox in B. subtilis and facilitate DPA production through microbial fermentation but also provide a paradigm for programming important organisms to produce value-added chemicals with cheap raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Mao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Han Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Panhong Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zhang H, Tian Y, Li J, Yun J, Zabed HM, Qi X. Efficient Fermentative Production of β-Alanine from Glucose through Multidimensional Engineering of Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14274-14283. [PMID: 38867465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
β-Alanine, a valuable β-type amino acid, is experiencing increased demand due to its multifaceted applications in food flavoring, nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, and the chemical industry. Nevertheless, the sustainable biosynthesis of β-alanine currently faces challenges due to the scarcity of robust strains, attributed to the complexities of modulating multiple genes and the inherent physiological constraints. Here, systems metabolic engineering was implemented in Escherichia coli to overcome these limitations. First, an efficient l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) was recruited for β-alanine biosynthesis. To conserve phosphoenolpyruvate flux, we subsequently modified the endogenous glucose assimilation system by inactivating the phosphotransferase system (PTS) and introducing an alternative non-PTS system, which increased β-alanine production to 1.70 g/L. The supply of key precursors, oxaloacetate and l-aspartate, was synergistically improved through comprehensive modulation, including strengthening main flux and blocking bypass metabolism, which significantly increased the β-alanine titer to 3.43 g/L. Next, the expression of ADC was optimized by promoter and untranslated region (UTR) engineering. Further transport engineering, which involved disrupting β-alanine importer CycA and heterologously expressing β-alanine exporter NCgI0580, improved β-alanine production to 8.48 g/L. Additionally, corn steep liquor was used to develop a cost-effective medium. The final strain produced 74.03 g/L β-alanine with a yield of 0.57 mol/mol glucose during fed-batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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4
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Cui W, Liu H, Ye Y, Han L, Zhou Z. Discovery and Engineering of a Novel Bacterial L-Aspartate α-Decarboxylase for Efficient Bioconversion. Foods 2023; 12:4423. [PMID: 38137227 PMCID: PMC10743139 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
L-aspartate α-decarboxylase (ADC) is a pyruvoyl-dependent decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of L-aspartate to β-alanine in the pantothenate pathway. The enzyme has been extensively used in the biosynthesis of β-alanine and D-pantothenic acid. However, the broad application of ADCs is hindered by low specific activity. To address this issue, we explored 412 sequences and discovered a novel ADC from Corynebacterium jeikeium (CjADC). CjADC exhibited specific activity of 10.7 U/mg and Km of 3.6 mM, which were better than the commonly used ADC from Bacillus subtilis. CjADC was then engineered leveraging structure-guided evolution and generated a mutant, C26V/I88M/Y90F/R3V. The specific activity of the mutant is 28.8 U/mg, which is the highest among the unknown ADCs. Furthermore, the mutant displayed lower Km than the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, we revealed that the introduced mutations increased the structural stability of the mutant by promoting the frequency of hydrogen-bond formation and creating a more hydrophobic region around the active center, thereby facilitating the binding of L-aspartate to the active center and stabilizing the substrate orientation. Finally, the whole-cell bioconversion showed that C26V/I88M/Y90F/R3V completely transformed 1-molar L-aspartate in 12 h and produced 88.6 g/L β-alanine. Our study not only identified a high-performance ADC but also established a research framework for rapidly screening novel enzymes using a protein database.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laichuang Han
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.C.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.)
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5
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Zhao K, Tang H, Zhang B, Zou S, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Microbial production of vitamin B5: current status and prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1172-1192. [PMID: 36210178 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B5, also called D-pantothenic acid (D-PA), is a necessary micronutrient that plays an essential role in maintaining the physiological function of an organism. It is widely used in: food, medicine, feed, cosmetics, and other fields. Currently, the production of D-PA in industry heavily relies on chemical processes and enzymatic catalysis. With an increasing demand on the market, replacing chemical-based production of D-PA with microbial fermentation utilizing renewable resources is necessary. In this review, the physiological role and applications of D-PA were firstly introduced, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be summarized. Subsequently, a series of cell factory development strategies for excessive D-PA production are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the prospect of microbial production of D-PA production has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Heng Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuping Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
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6
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Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wei F. Advances in the synthesis of β-alanine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1283129. [PMID: 37954018 PMCID: PMC10639138 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1283129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Alanine is the only naturally occurring β-type amino acid in nature, and it is also one of the very promising three-carbon platform compounds that can be applied in cosmetics and food additives and as a precursor in the chemical, pharmaceutical and material fields, with very broad market prospects. β-Alanine can be synthesized through chemical and biological methods. The chemical synthesis method is relatively well developed, but the reaction conditions are extreme, requiring high temperature and pressure and strongly acidic and alkaline conditions; moreover, there are many byproducts that require high energy consumption. Biological methods have the advantages of product specificity, mild conditions, and simple processes, making them more promising production methods for β-alanine. This paper provides a systematic review of the chemical and biological synthesis pathways, synthesis mechanisms, key synthetic enzymes and factors influencing β-alanine, with a view to providing a reference for the development of a highly efficient and green production process for β-alanine and its industrialization, as well as providing a basis for further innovations in the synthesis of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co, Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co, Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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7
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Ding Q, Duan X. A High-Specific-Activity L-aspartate-α-Decarboxylase from Bacillus aryabhattai Gel-09 and Site-Directed Mutation to Improve Its Substrate Tolerance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5802-5822. [PMID: 36708489 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) can recognize L-aspartic acid specifically and catalyze the decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid to β-alanine. In this study, a novel L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (BaADC) with high specific activity from Bacillus aryabhattai Gel-09 was heterologously expressed and characterized. It exhibited optimal enzyme activity at pH 5.5 and 75 °C, and its specific activity was 33.9 U/mg. To improve the substrate tolerance of BaADC, site-directed mutation was used to construct variants. The optimal variant BaADC_I88M exhibited higher pH stability and thermostability, with 1.2-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. Moreover, through the fed-batch method, the conversion of L-aspartic acid to β-alanine catalyzed by BaADC_I88M reached 98.6% (128.67 g/L) at 12 h, which was 1.42-fold that of the wild-type enzyme. The mechanism of improved substrate tolerance was interpreted by molecular dynamics simulation and structural analysis, which revealed that the local conformational change in the active pocket could promote correct protonation. These results suggested that BaADC and its variant are potential candidates for use in the industrial production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuguo Duan
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Li M, Zhang Y, Li J, Tan T. Biosynthesis of 1,3-Propanediol via a New Pathway from Glucose in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2023. [PMID: 37316976 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), an important dihydric alcohol, is widely used in textiles, resins, and pharmaceuticals. More importantly, it can be used as a monomer in the synthesis of polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT). In this study, a new biosynthetic pathway is proposed to produce 1,3-PDO using glucose as a substrate and l-aspartate as a precursor without the addition of expensive vitamin B12. We introduced a 3-HP synthesis module derived from l-aspartate and a 1,3-PDO synthesis module to achieve the de novo biosynthesis. The following strategies were then pursued that included screening key enzymes, optimizing the transcription and translation levels, enhancing the precursor supply of l-aspartate and oxaloacetate, weakening the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and blocking competitive pathways. We also used transcriptomic methods to analyze the different gene expression levels. Finally, an engineered Escherichia coli strain produced 6.41 g/L 1,3-PDO with a yield of 0.51 mol/mol glucose in a shake flask and 11.21 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. This study provides a new pathway for production of 1,3-PDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. 15th, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. 15th, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. 15th, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. 15th, Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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9
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Li B, Huang LG, Yang YF, Chen YY, Zhou XJ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Metabolic engineering and pathway construction for O-acetyl-L-homoserine production in Escherichia coli. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:173. [PMID: 37188286 PMCID: PMC10170018 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Acetyl-L-homoserine (OAH) is a potentially important platform metabolic intermediate for the production of homoserine lactone, methionine, 1,4-butanediol and 1,3-propanediol which have giant market value. Currently, multiple strategies have been adopted to explore sustainable production of OAH. However, the production of OAH by consuming cheap bio-based feedstocks with Escherichia coli as the chassis is still in its infancy. Construction of high yield OAH-producing strains is of great significance in industry. In this study, we introduced an exogenous metA from Bacillus cereus (metXbc) and engineered an OAH-producing strain by combinatorial metabolic engineering. Initially, exogenous metXs/metA were screened and used to reconstruct an initial biosynthesis pathway of OAH in E. coli. Subsequently, the disruption of degradation and competitive pathways combined with optimal expression of metXbc were carried out, accumulating 5.47 g/L OAH. Meanwhile, the homoserine pool was enriched by overexpressing metL with producing 7.42 g/L OAH. Lastly, the carbon flux of central carbon metabolism was redistributed to balance the metabolic flux of homoserine and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in OAH biosynthesis with accumulating 8.29 g/L OAH. The engineered strain produced 24.33 g/L OAH with a yield of 0.23 g/g glucose in fed-batch fermentation. By these strategies, the key nodes for OAH synthesis were clarified and corresponding strategies were proposed. This study would lay a foundation for OAH bioproduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03564-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Gang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Hu S, Fei M, Fu B, Yu M, Yuan P, Tang B, Yang H, Sun D. Development of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 for β-alanine production by using protein and metabolic engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2277-2288. [PMID: 36929190 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
β-alanine has been used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Although Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is generally considered safe and engineered as living therapeutics, engineering EcN for producing industrial metabolites has rarely been explored. Here, by protein and metabolic engineering, EcN was engineered for producing β-alanine from glucose. First, an aspartate-α-decarboxylase variant ADCK43Y with improved activity was identified and over-expressed in EcN, promoting the titer of β-alanine from an undetectable level to 0.46 g/L. Second, directing the metabolic flux towards L-aspartate increased the titer of β-alanine to 0.92 g/L. Third, the yield of β-alanine was elevated to 1.19 g/L by blocking conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and further increased to 2.14 g/L through optimizing culture medium. Finally, the engineered EcN produced 11.9 g/L β-alanine in fed-batch fermentation. Our work not only shows the potential of EcN as a valuable industrial platform, but also facilitates production of β-alanine via fermentation. KEY POINTS: • Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was engineered as a β-alanine producing cell factory • Identification of a decarboxylase variant ADCK43Y with improved activity • Directing the metabolic flux to L-ASP and expressing ADCK43Y elevated the titer of β-alanine to 11.9 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingyue Fei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjing Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panhong Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Qi N, Ding W, Dong G, Wang Z, Shi S. De novo bio-production of odd-chain fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a synthetic pathway via 3-hydroxypropionic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:852-858. [PMID: 36464776 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) and their derivatives have attracted increasing attention due to their wide applications in the chemical, fuel, and pharmaceutical industry. However, most natural fatty acids are even-chained, and OCFAs are rare. In this work, a novel pathway was designed and established for de novo synthesis of OCFAs via 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) as the intermediate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, the OCFAs biosynthesis pathway from 3-HP was confirmed, followed by an optimization of the precursor 3-HP. After combining these strategies, a de novo production of OCFAs at 74.8 mg/L was achieved, and the percentage of OCFAs in total lipids reached 20.3%, reaching the highest ratio of de novo-produced OCFAs. Of the OCFAs produced by the engineered strain, heptadecenoic acid (C17:1) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) accounted for 12.1% and 7.6% in total lipid content, respectively. This work provides a new and promising pathway for the de novo bio-production of OCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailing Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Genlai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid from Renewable Substrates by Metabolically Engineered Microorganisms: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041888. [PMID: 36838875 PMCID: PMC9960984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a platform chemical with a wide range of existing and potential applications, including the production of poly(3-hydroxypropionate) (P-3HP), a biodegradable plastic. The microbial synthesis of 3-HP has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its green and sustainable properties. In this paper, we provide an overview of the microbial synthesis of 3-HP from four major aspects, including the main 3-HP biosynthesis pathways and chassis strains used for the construction of microbial cell factories, the major carbon sources used for 3-HP production, and fermentation processes. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of 3-HP and related metabolic engineering strategies are also summarized. Finally, this article provides insights into the future direction of 3-HP biosynthesis.
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13
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Pan X, Tang M, You J, Hao Y, Zhang X, Yang T, Rao Z. A Novel Method to Screen Strong Constitutive Promoters in Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens for Industrial Applications. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010071. [PMID: 36671763 PMCID: PMC9855843 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Promoters serve as the switch of gene transcription, playing an important role in regulating gene expression and metabolites production. However, the approach to screening strong constitutive promoters in microorganisms is still limited. In this study, a novel method was designed to identify strong constitutive promoters in E. coli and S. marcescens based on random genomic interruption and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. First, genomes of E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Corynebacterium glutamicum were randomly interrupted and inserted into the upstream of reporter gene gfp to construct three promoter libraries, and a potential strong constitutive promoter (PBS) suitable for E. coli was screened via FACS technology. Second, the core promoter sequence (PBS76) of the screened promoter was identified by sequence truncation. Third, a promoter library of PBS76 was constructed by installing degenerate bases via chemical synthesis for further improving its strength, and the intensity of the produced promoter PBS76-100 was 59.56 times higher than that of the promoter PBBa_J23118. Subsequently, promoters PBBa_J23118, PBS76, PBS76-50, PBS76-75, PBS76-85, and PBS76-100 with different strengths were applied to enhance the metabolic flux of L-valine synthesis, and the L-valine yield was significantly improved. Finally, a strong constitutive promoter suitable for S. marcescens was screened by a similar method and applied to enhance prodigiosin production by 34.81%. Taken together, the construction of a promoter library based on random genomic interruption was effective to screen the strong constitutive promoters for fine-tuning gene expression and reprogramming metabolic flux in various microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85916881
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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14
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Chaves GL, Batista RS, Cunha JDS, Oliveira DB, da Silva MR, Pisani GFD, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Zangirolami TC, da Silva AJ. Improving 3-hydroxypropionic acid production in E. coli by in silico prediction of new metabolic targets. N Biotechnol 2022; 72:80-88. [PMID: 36272546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) production from renewable feedstocks is of great interest in efforts to develop greener processes for obtaining this chemical platform. Here we report an engineered E. coli strain for 3-HP production through the β-alanine pathway. To obtain a new strain capable of producing 3-HP, the pathway was established by overexpressing the enzymes pyruvate aminotransferase, 3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, and L-aspartate-1-decarboxylase. Further increase of the 3-HP titer was achieved using evolutionary optimizations of a genome-scale metabolic model of E. coli containing the adopted pathway. From these optimizations, three non-intuitive targets for in vivo assessment were identified: L-alanine aminotransferase and alanine racemase overexpression, and L-valine transaminase knock-out. The implementation of these targets in the production strain resulted in a 40% increase in 3-HP titer. The strain was further engineered to overexpress phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, reaching 0.79 ± 0.02 g/L of 3-HP when grown using glucose. Surprisingly, this strain produced 63% more of the desired product when grown using a mixture of glucose and xylose (1:1, C-mol), and gene expression analysis showed that the cellular adjustment to consume xylose had a positive impact on 3-HP accumulation. Fed-batch culture with xylose feeding led to a final titer of 29.1 g/L. These results reinforce the value of computational methods in strain engineering, enabling the design of more efficient strategies to be assessed. Moreover, higher production of 3-HP under a sugar mixture condition points towards the development of bioprocesses based on renewable resources, such as hemicellulose hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luz Chaves
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Raquel Salgado Batista
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Josivan de Sousa Cunha
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Davi Benedito Oliveira
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ribeiro da Silva
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziéle Fernanda Deriggi Pisani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa Cristina Zangirolami
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Adilson José da Silva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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15
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Research progress of L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase and its isoenzyme in the β-alanine synthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:42. [PMID: 36513951 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the massive demand in recent years, the production of β-alanine has significantly progressed in chemical and biological ways. Although the chemical method is relatively mature compared to biological synthesis, its high cost of waste disposal and environmental pollution does not meet the environmental protection standard. Hence, the biological method has become more prevalent as a potential alternative to the chemical synthesis of β-alanine in recent years. As a result, the aspartate pathway from L-aspartate to β-alanine (the most significant rate-limiting step in the β-alanine synthesis) catalyzed by L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) has become a research hotspot in recent years. Therefore, it is vital to comprehensively understand the different enzymes that possess a similar catalytic ability to ADC. This review will investigate the exploratory process of unique synthesis features and catalytic properties of ADC/ADC-like enzymes in particular creatures with similar catalytic capacity or high sequence homology. At the same time, we will discuss the different β-alanine production methods which can apply to future industrialization.
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16
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Metabolic Engineering of Bacillus megaterium for the Production of β-alanine. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Ma Z, Wu C, Zhu L, Chang R, Ma W, Deng Y, Chen X. Bioactivity profiling of the extremolyte ectoine as a promising protectant and its heterologous production. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:331. [PMID: 36311375 PMCID: PMC9606177 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible solutes that is diffusely dispersed in bacteria and archaea. It plays a significant role as protectant against various external pressures, such as high temperature, high osmolarity, dryness and radiation, in cells. Ectoine can be utilized in cosmetics due to its properties of moisturizing and antiultraviolet. It can also be used in the pharmaceutical industry for treating various diseases. Therefore, strong protection of ectoine creates a high commercial value. Its current market value is approximately US$1000 kg-1. However, traditional ectoine production in high-salinity media causes high costs of equipment loss and wastewater treatment. There is a growing attention to reduce the salinity of the fermentation broth without sacrificing the production of ectoine. Thus, heterologous production of ectoine in nonhalophilic microorganisms may represent the new generation of the industrial production of ectoine. In this review, we summarized and discussed the biological activities of ectoine on cell and human health protection and its heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chutian Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renjie Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilin Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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18
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Ibrahim KA, Kashef MT, Elkhamissy TR, Ramadan MA, Helmy OM. Aspartate α-decarboxylase a new therapeutic target in the fight against Helicobacter pylori infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019666. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori is a worldwide demand. Aspartate α-decarboxylase (ADC) was reported as a drug target in H. pylori, in an in silico study, with malonic acid (MA) as its inhibitor. We evaluated eradicating H. pylori infection through ADC inhibition and the possibility of resistance development. MA binding to ADC was modeled via molecular docking. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MA were determined against H. pylori ATCC 43504, and a clinical H. pylori isolate. To confirm selective ADC inhibition, we redetermined the MIC in the presence of products of the inhibited enzymatic pathway: β-alanine and pantothenate. HPLC was used to assay the enzymatic activity of H. pylori 6x-his tagged ADC in the presence of different MA concentrations. H. pylori strains were serially exposed to MA for 14 passages, and the MICs were determined. Cytotoxicity in different cell lines was tested. The efficiency of ADC inhibition in treating H. pylori infections was evaluated using a Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat infection model. MA spectrum of activity was determined in different pathogens. MA binds to H. pylori ADC active site with a good docking score. The MIC of MA against H. pylori ranged from 0.5 to 0.75 mg/mL with MBC of 1.5 mg/mL. Increasing β-alanine and pantothenate concentrations proportionally increased MA MIC. The 6x-his tagged ADC activity decreased by increasing MA concentration. No resistance to ADC inhibition was recorded after 14 passages; MA lacked cytotoxicity in all tested cell lines. ADC inhibition effectively eradicated H. pylori infection in SD rats. MA had MIC between 0.625 to 1.25 mg/mL against the tested bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, ADC is a promising target for effectively eradicating H. pylori infection that is not affected by resistance development, besides being of broad-spectrum presence in different pathogens. MA provides a lead molecule for the development of an anti-helicobacter ADC inhibitor. This provides hope for saving the lives of those at high risk of infection with the carcinogenic H. pylori.
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19
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Re-designing Escherichia coli for high-yield production of β-alanine by metabolic engineering. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Ghiffary MR, Prabowo CPS, Adidjaja JJ, Lee SY, Kim HU. Systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the efficient production of β-alanine. Metab Eng 2022; 74:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Xu M, Gao H, Ma Z, Han J, Zheng K, Shao M, Rao Z. Development of a 2-pyrrolidone biosynthetic pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum by engineering an acetyl-CoA balance route. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1437-1450. [PMID: 36224443 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Pyrrolidone is widely used in the textile and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we established a 2-pyrrolidone biosynthesis pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum, by expressing glutamate decarboxylase (Gad) mutant and β-alanine CoA transferase (Act) which activates spontaneous dehydration cyclization of GABA to form 2-pyrrolidone. Also, the 5' untranslated regions (UTR) strategy was used to increase the expression of protein. Furthermore, considering the importance of acetyl-CoA in the 2-pyrrolidone synthesis pathway, the acetyl-CoA synthetase (acsA) gene was introduced to convert acetate into acetyl-CoA thus achieving the recyclability of the economy. Finally, the fed-batch fermentation of the final strain in a 5 L bioreactor produced 10.5 g/L 2-pyrrolidone within 78 h, which increased by 42.5% by altering the level of gene expression. This is the first time to build the basic chemical 2-pyrrolidone from glucose in one step in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenfeng Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keyi Zheng
- Meihua Biotechnology Group Co, Wujiaqu, 831300, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Ma L, Jiang Y, Lu F, Wang S, Liu M, Liu F, Huang L, Li Y, Jiao N, Jiang S, Yuan X, Yang W. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Zearalenone-Induced Intestinal Damage in Weaned Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100702. [PMID: 36287972 PMCID: PMC9609629 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as the F-2 toxin, is a common contaminant in cereal crops and livestock products. This experiment aimed to reveal the changes in the proteomics of ZEN-induced intestinal damage in weaned piglets by tandem mass spectrometry tags. Sixteen weaned piglets either received a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 3.0 mg/kg ZEN in a 32 d study. The results showed that the serum levels of ZEN, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol were increased in weaned piglets exposed to ZEN (p < 0.05). Zearalenone exposure reduced apparent nutrient digestibility, increased intestinal permeability, and caused intestinal damage in weaned piglets. Meanwhile, a total of 174 differential proteins (DEPs) were identified between control and ZEN groups, with 60 up-regulated DEPs and 114 down-regulated DEPs (FC > 1.20 or <0.83, p < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis revealed that DEPs were mainly involved in substance transport and metabolism, gene expression, inflammatory, and oxidative stress. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that DEPs were significantly enriched in 25 signaling pathways (p < 0.05), most of which were related to inflammation and amino acid metabolism. Our study provides valuable clues to elucidate the possible mechanism of ZEN-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Zhongcheng Feed Technology Co., Ltd., Feicheng 271600, China
| | - Fuguang Lu
- Shandong Yucheng Animal Husbandry Development Center Co., Ltd., Yucheng 251200, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Faxiao Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Libo Huang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xuejun Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weiren Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.Y.)
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23
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Salusjärvi L, Ojala L, Peddinti G, Lienemann M, Jouhten P, Pitkänen JP, Toivari M. Production of biopolymer precursors beta-alanine and L-lactic acid from CO2 with metabolically versatile Rhodococcus opacus DSM 43205. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:989481. [PMID: 36281430 PMCID: PMC9587121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.989481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen oxidizing autotrophic bacteria are promising hosts for conversion of CO2 into chemicals. In this work, we engineered the metabolically versatile lithoautotrophic bacterium R. opacus strain DSM 43205 for synthesis of polymer precursors. Aspartate decarboxylase (panD) or lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) were expressed for beta-alanine or L-lactic acid production, respectively. The heterotrophic cultivations on glucose produced 25 mg L−1 beta-alanine and 742 mg L−1 L-lactic acid, while autotrophic cultivations with CO2, H2, and O2 resulted in the production of 1.8 mg L−1 beta-alanine and 146 mg L−1 L-lactic acid. Beta-alanine was also produced at 345 μg L−1 from CO2 in electrobioreactors, where H2 and O2 were provided by water electrolysis. This work demonstrates that R. opacus DSM 43205 can be engineered to produce chemicals from CO2 and provides a base for its further metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salusjärvi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
- *Correspondence: Laura Salusjärvi,
| | - Leo Ojala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Gopal Peddinti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Paula Jouhten
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Mervi Toivari
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
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24
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Yuan SF, Nair PH, Borbon D, Coleman SM, Fan PH, Lin WL, Alper HS. Metabolic engineering of E. coli for β-alanine production using a multi-biosensor enabled approach. Metab Eng 2022; 74:24-35. [PMID: 36067877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
β-alanine is an important biomolecule used in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and chemical synthesis. The relatively eco-friendly bioproduction of β-alanine has recently attracted more interest than petroleum-based chemical synthesis. In this work, we developed two types of in vivo high-throughput screening platforms, wherein one was utilized to identify a novel target ribonuclease E (encoded by rne) as well as a redox-cofactor balancing module that can enhance de novo β-alanine biosynthesis from glucose, and the other was employed for screening fermentation conditions. When combining these approaches with rational upstream and downstream module engineering, an engineered E. coli producer was developed that exhibited 3.4- and 6.6-fold improvement in β-alanine yield (0.85 mol β-alanine/mole glucose) and specific β-alanine production (0.74 g/L/OD600), respectively, compared to the parental strain in a minimal medium. Across all of the strains constructed, the best yielding strain exhibited 1.08 mol β-alanine/mole glucose (equivalent to 81.2% of theoretic yield). The final engineered strain produced 6.98 g/L β-alanine in a batch-mode bioreactor and 34.8 g/L through a whole-cell catalysis. This approach demonstrates the utility of biosensor-enabled high-throughput screening for the production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Yuan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Priya H Nair
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dominic Borbon
- Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Coleman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Ling Lin
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Pan X, You J, Tang M, Zhang X, Xu M, Yang T, Rao Z. Improving prodigiosin production by transcription factor engineering and promoter engineering in Serratia marcescens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977337. [PMID: 35992721 PMCID: PMC9382025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG), a red linear tripyrrole pigment produced by Serratia marcescens, has attracted attention due to its immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Although many studies have been used to dissect the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory network of prodigiosin production in S. marcescens, few studies have been focused on improving prodigiosin production through metabolic engineering in this strain. In this study, transcription factor engineering and promoter engineering was used to promote the production of prodigiosin in S. marcescens JNB5-1. Firstly, through construing of a Tn5G transposon insertion library of strain JNB5-1, it was found that the DNA-binding response regulator BVG89_19895 (OmpR) can promote prodigiosin synthesis in this strain. Then, using RNA-Seq analysis, reporter green fluorescent protein analysis and RT-qPCR analysis, the promoter P17 (PRplJ) was found to be a strong constitutive promoter in strain JNB5-1. Finally, the promoter P17 was used for overexpressing of prodigiosin synthesis activator OmpR and PsrA in strain JNB5-1 and a recombinant strain PG-6 was obtained. Shake flask analysis showed that the prodigiosin titer of this strain was increased to 10.25 g/L, which was 1.62-times that of the original strain JNB5-1 (6.33 g/L). Taken together, this is the first well-characterized constitutive promoter library from S. marcescens, and the transcription factor engineering and promoter engineering can be also useful strategies to improve the production of other high value-added products in S. marcescens.
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Liang B, Sun G, Zhang X, Nie Q, Zhao Y, Yang J. Recent Advances, Challenges and Metabolic Engineering Strategies in the Biosynthesis of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2639-2668. [PMID: 35781640 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As an attractive and valuable platform chemical, 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) can be used to produce a variety of industrially important commodity chemicals and biodegradable polymers. Moreover, the biosynthesis of 3-HP has drawn much attention in recent years due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness. Here, we focus on recent advances, challenges and metabolic engineering strategies in the biosynthesis of 3-HP. While glucose and glycerol are major carbon sources for its production of 3-HP via microbial fermentation, other carbon sources have also been explored. To increase yield and titer, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies have been explored, including modifying pathway enzymes, eliminating flux blockages due to byproduct synthesis, eliminating toxic byproducts, and optimizing via genome-scale models. This review also provides insights on future directions for 3-HP biosynthesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guannan Sun
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjuan Nie
- Foreign Languages School, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yukun Zhao
- Pony Testing International Group, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Miao Y, Liu J, Wang X, Liu B, Liu W, Tao Y. Fatty acid feedstocks enable a highly efficient glyoxylate-TCA cycle for high-yield production of β-alanine. MLIFE 2022; 1:171-182. [PMID: 38817673 PMCID: PMC10989975 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering to produce tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-derived chemicals is usually associated with problems of low production yield and impaired cellular metabolism. In this work, we found that fatty acid (FA) feedstocks could enable high-yield production of TCA cycle-derived chemicals, while maintaining an efficient and balanced metabolic flux of the glyoxylate-TCA cycle, which is favorable for both product synthesis and cell growth. Here, we designed a novel synthetic pathway for production of β-alanine, an important TCA cycle-derived product, from FAs with a high theortecial yield of 1.391 g/g. By introducing panD, improving aspA, and knocking out iclR, glyoxylate shunt was highly activated in FAs and the yield of β-alanine reached 0.71 g/g from FAs, much higher than from glucose. Blocking the TCA cycle at icd/sucA/fumAC nodes could increase β-alanine yield in a flask cultivation, but severely reduced cell growth and FA utilization during fed-batch processes. Replenishing oxaloacetate by knocking out aspC and recovering fumAC could restore the growth and lead to a titer of 35.57 g/l. After relieving the oxidative stress caused by FA metabolism, β-alanine production could reach 72.05 g/l with a maximum yield of 1.24 g/g, about 86% of the theoretical yield. Our study thus provides a promising strategy for the production of TCA cycle-derived chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xuanlin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Microcyto Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Weifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Li B, Zhang B, Wang P, Cai X, Chen YY, Yang YF, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Rerouting Fluxes of the Central Carbon Metabolism and Relieving Mechanism-Based Inactivation of l-Aspartate-α-decarboxylase for Fermentative Production of β-Alanine in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1908-1918. [PMID: 35476404 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Alanine, with the amino group at the β-position, is an important platform chemical that has been widely applied in pharmaceuticals and feed and food additives. However, the current modest titer and productivity, increased fermentation cost, and complicated operation are the challenges for producing β-alanine by microbial fermentation. In this study, a high-yield β-alanine-producing strain was constructed by combining metabolic engineering, protein engineering, and fed-batch bioprocess optimization strategies. First, an aspartate-α-decarboxylase from Bacillus subtilis was introduced in Escherichia coli W3110 to construct an initial β-alanine-producing strain. Production of β-alanine was obviously increased to 4.36 g/L via improving the metabolic flux and reducing carbon loss by rerouting fluxes of the central carbon metabolism. To further increase β-alanine production, mechanism-based inactivation of aspartate-α-decarboxylase was relieved by rational design to maintain the productivity at a high level in β-alanine fed-batch fermentation. Finally, fed-batch bioprocess optimization strategies were used to improve β-alanine production to 85.18 g/L with 0.24 g/g glucose yield and 1.05 g/L/h productivity in fed-batch fermentation. These strategies can be effectively used in the construction of engineered strains for β-alanine and production of its derivatives, and the final engineered strain was a valuable microbial cell factory that can be used for the industrial production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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β-Alanine production by L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase from Corynebacterium glutamicum and variants with reduced substrate inhibition. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schwardmann LS, Dransfeld AK, Schäffer T, Wendisch VF. Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Sustainable Production of the Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acid Dipicolinic Acid. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040730. [PMID: 35456781 PMCID: PMC9024752 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid that mediates heat-stability and is easily biodegradable and non-toxic. Currently, the production of DPA is fossil-based, but bioproduction of DPA may help to replace fossil-based plastics as it can be used for the production of polyesters or polyamides. Moreover, it serves as a stabilizer for peroxides or organic materials. The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antifungal effects of DPA make it interesting for pharmaceutical applications. In nature, DPA is essential for sporulation of Bacillus and Clostridium species, and its biosynthesis shares the first three reactions with the L-lysine pathway. Corynebacterium glutamicum is a major host for the fermentative production of amino acids, including the million-ton per year production of L-lysine. This study revealed that DPA reduced the growth rate of C. glutamicum to half-maximal at about 1.6 g·L−1. The first de novo production of DPA by C. glutamicum was established by overexpression of dipicolinate synthase genes from Paenibacillus sonchi genomovar riograndensis SBR5 in a C. glutamicum L-lysine producer strain. Upon systems metabolic engineering, DPA production to 2.5 g·L−1 in shake-flask and 1.5 g·L−1 in fed-batch bioreactor cultivations was shown. Moreover, DPA production from the alternative carbon substrates arabinose, xylose, glycerol, and starch was established. Finally, expression of the codon-harmonized phosphite dehydrogenase gene from P. stutzeri enabled phosphite-dependent non-sterile DPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S. Schwardmann
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (L.S.S.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Aron K. Dransfeld
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (L.S.S.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Thomas Schäffer
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Technical Faculty and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (L.S.S.); (A.K.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-5611
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Tadi SRR, Nehru G, Allampalli SSP, Sivaprakasam S. Engineering precursor and co-factor supply to enhance D-pantothenic acid production in Bacillus megaterium. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:843-854. [PMID: 35175424 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-yielding chemical and chemo-enzymatic methods of D-pantothenic acid (DPA) synthesis are limited by using poisonous chemicals and DL-pantolactone racemic mixture formation. Alternatively, the safe microbial fermentative route of DPA production was found promising but suffered from low productivity and precursor supplementation. In this study, Bacillus megaterium was metabolically engineered to produce DPA without precursor supplementation. In order to provide a higher supply of precursor D-pantoic acid, key genes involved in its synthesis are overexpressed, resulting strain was produced 0.53 ± 0.08 g/L DPA was attained in shake flasks. Cofactor CH2-THF was found to be vital for DPA biosynthesis and was regenerated through the serine-glycine degradation pathway. Enhanced supply of another precursor, β-alanine was achieved by codon optimization and dosing of the limiting L-asparate-1-decarboxylase (ADC). Co-expression of Pantoate-β-alanine ligase, ADC, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, aspartate aminotransferase and aspartate ammonia-lyase enhanced DPA concentration to 2.56 ± 0.05 g/L at shake flasks level. Fed-batch fermentation in a bioreactor with and without the supplementation of β-alanine increased DPA concentration to 19.52 ± 0.26 and 4.78 ± 0.53 g/L, respectively. This present study successfully demonstrated a rational approach combining precursor supply engineering with cofactor regeneration for the enhancement of DPA titer in recombinant B. megaterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbi Rami Reddy Tadi
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ganesh Nehru
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Satya Sai Pavan Allampalli
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sivaprakasam
- BioPAT Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Tadi SRR, Nehru G, Sivaprakasam S. One-Pot Biosynthesis of 3-Aminopropionic Acid from Fumaric Acid Using Recombinant Bacillus megaterium Containing a Linear Dual-Enzyme Cascade. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:1740-1754. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Functional Characterization of Transporters for L-Aspartate in Bacillus licheniformis. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid efflux and influx transport systems play vital roles in industrial microorganisms’ cell growth and metabolism. However, although biochemically characterized, most of them remain unknown at the molecular level in Bacillus licheniformis. In this study, three proteins, namely, YdgF, YvbW, and YveA, were predicted to be involved in the active transport of L-aspartate (L-Asp). This was verified by manipulating their encoding genes. When growing in the minimal medium with L-Asp as the only carbon and nitrogen source, the growth of strains lacking proteins YdgF, YvbW, and YveA was significantly inhibited compared with the wild-type strains, while supplementing the expression of the corresponding proteins in the single-gene knockout strains could alleviate the inhibition. Upon overexpression, the recombinant proteins mediated the accumulation of L-aspartate to varying degrees. Compared with the wild-type strains, the single knockout strains of the three protein genes exhibited reduced absorption of L-aspartate. In addition, this study focused on the effects of these three proteins on the absorption of β-alanine, L-glutamate, D-serine, D-alanine, and glycine.
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McGregor C, Minton NP, Kovács K. Biosynthesis of Poly(3HB- co-3HP) with Variable Monomer Composition in Recombinant Cupriavidus necator H16. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:3343-3352. [PMID: 34762808 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are attractive alternatives to traditional plastics. However, although polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is produced in large quantities by Cupriavidus necator H16, its properties are far from ideal for the manufacture of plastic products. These properties may be improved through its coproduction with 3-hydroxypropionate (3HP), which leads to the formation of the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate) (poly(3HB-co-3HP). To achieve this, a pathway was designed to enable C. necator H16 to convert β-alanine to 3HP. The initial low levels of incorporation of 3HP into the copolymer were overcome by the overproduction of the native propionyl-CoA transferase together with PHA synthase from Chromobacterium sp. USM2. Following optimization of 3HP incorporation into the copolymer, the molar fraction of 3HP could be controlled by cultivation in medium containing different concentrations of β-alanine. Between 0 and 80 mol % 3HP could be achieved. Further supplementation with 2 mM cysteine increased the maximum 3HP molar fraction to 89%. Additionally, the effect of deletions of the phaA and phaB1 genes of the phaCAB operon on 3HP molar fraction were investigated. A phaAB1 double knockout resulted in a copolymer containing 91 mol % 3HP without the need for cysteine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum McGregor
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nigel P. Minton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Katalin Kovács
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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Wang P, Zhou HY, Li B, Ding WQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Multiplex modification of Escherichia coli for enhanced β-alanine biosynthesis through metabolic engineering. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126050. [PMID: 34597803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Alanine is the only naturally occurring β-amino acid, widely used in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical fields. In this study, metabolic design strategies were attempted in Escherichia coli W3110 for enhancing β-alanine biosynthesis. Specifically, heterologous L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase was used, the aspartate kinase I and III involved in competitive pathways were down-regulated, the β-alanine uptake system was disrupted, the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was overexpressed, and the isocitrate lyase repressor repressing glyoxylate cycle shunt was delete, the glucose uptake system was modified, and the regeneration of amino donor was up-regulated. On this basis, a plasmid harboring the heterologous panD and aspB was constructed. The resultant strain ALA17/pTrc99a-panDBS-aspBCG could yield 4.20 g/L β-alanine in shake flask and 43.94 g/L β-alanine (a yield of 0.20 g/g glucose) in 5-L bioreactor via fed-batch cultivation. These modification strategies were proved effective and the constructed β-alanine producer was a promising microbial cell factory for industrial production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Ding
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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Lv Q, Hu M, Tian L, Liu F, Wang Q, Xu M, Rao Z. Enhancing l-glutamine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by rational metabolic engineering combined with a two-stage pH control strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125799. [PMID: 34425465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
l-glutamine is a semi-essential amino acid widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The microbial synthesis of l-glutamine is limited by lack of effective strains with high titer and safety. First, ARTP mutagenesis combined with high-throughput screening generated an l-glutamine-producing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum with titer of 25.7 ± 2.7 g/L. Subsequently, a series of rational metabolic approaches were used to further improve l-glutamine production, which included increasing the carbon flow to l-glutamine (proB and NCgl1221 knockout), enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the key enzyme (glnE knockout and glnA screening and overexpression) and reinforcement of ATP regeneration (ppk overexpression and RBS optimization). Finally, we proposed a two-stage pH control strategy to address the inconsistent effect of pH on cell growth and l-glutamine production. These combined strategies led to a 186.0% increase of l-glutamine titer compared to that of the initial strain, reaching 73.5 ± 3.1 g/L with a yield of 0.368 ± 0.034 g/g glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Mengkai Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China.
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Wang JY, Rao ZM, Xu JZ, Zhang WG. Enhancing β-alanine production from glucose in genetically modified Corynebacterium glutamicum by metabolic pathway engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9153-9166. [PMID: 34837493 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To directly produce β-alanine from glucose by microbial fermentation, a recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strain with high efficiency of β-alanine production was constructed in this study. To do this, the biosynthetic pathway of β-alanine in an L-lysine-producing strain XQ-5 was modified by enhancing carbon flux in biosynthetic pathway and limiting carbon flux in competitive pathway. This study showed that replacement of L-aspartate kinase (AK) with wild-type AK and disruption of lactate dehydrogenase and alanine/valine aminotransferases increase β-alanine production because of decreasing the by-products accumulation. Moreover, L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) from Bacillus subtilis was designed as the best enzyme for increasing β-alanine production, and its variant (BsADCE56S/I88M) showed the highest activity for catalyzing L-aspartate to generate β-alanine. To further increase β-alanine production, expression level of BsADCE56S/I88M was controlled by optimizing promoter and RBS, indicating that Pgro plus ThirRBS is the best combination for BsADCE56S/I88M expression and β-alanine production. The resultant strain XQ-5.5 produced 30.7 ± 2.3 g/L of β-alanine with a low accumulation of lactate (from 5.2 ± 0.14 to 0.2 ± 0.09 g/L) and L-alanine (from 7.6 ± 0.22 to 3.8 ± 0. 32 g/L) in shake-flask fermentation and produced 56.5 ± 3.2 g/L of β-alanine with a productivity of 0.79 g/(L·h) and the glucose conversion efficiency (α) of 39.5% in feed-batch fermentation. This is the first report of genetically modifying the biosynthetic pathway of β-alanine that improves the efficiency of β-alanine production in an L-lysine-producing strain, and these results give us a new insight for constructing the other valuable biochemical. KEY POINTS: • Optimization and overexpression of the key enzyme BsADC increased the accumulation of β-alanine. • The AK was replaced with wild-type AK to increase the conversion of aspartic acid to β-alanine. • A 56.5-g/L β-alanine production in fed-batch fermentation was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Enhancement of β-Alanine Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli Based on Multivariate Modular Metabolic Engineering. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101017. [PMID: 34681116 PMCID: PMC8533518 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
β-alanine is widely used as an intermediate in industrial production. However, the low production of microbial cell factories limits its further application. Here, to improve the biosynthesis production of β-alanine in Escherichia coli, multivariate modular metabolic engineering was recruited to manipulate the β-alanine biosynthesis pathway through keeping the balance of metabolic flux among the whole metabolic network. The β-alanine biosynthesis pathway was separated into three modules: the β-alanine biosynthesis module, TCA module, and glycolysis module. Global regulation was performed throughout the entire β-alanine biosynthesis pathway rationally and systematically by optimizing metabolic flux, overcoming metabolic bottlenecks and weakening branch pathways. As a result, metabolic flux was channeled in the direction of β-alanine biosynthesis without huge metabolic burden, and 37.9 g/L β-alanine was generated by engineered Escherichia coli strain B0016-07 in fed-batch fermentation. This study was meaningful to the synthetic biology of β-alanine industrial production.
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Miao L, Li Y, Zhu T. Metabolic engineering of methylotrophic Pichia pastoris for the production of β-alanine. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:89. [PMID: 38650288 PMCID: PMC10991944 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Alanine (3-aminopropionic acid) is the only naturally occurring β-amino acid and an important precursor for the synthesis of a variety of nitrogen-containing chemicals. Fermentative production of β-alanine from renewable feedstocks such as glucose has attracted significant interest in recent years. Methanol has become an emerging and promising renewable feedstock for biomanufacturing as an alternative to glucose. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of β-alanine production from methanol using Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) as a methylotrophic cell factory. L-Aspartate-α-decarboxylases (ADCs) from different sources were screened and expressed in P. pastoris, followed by the optimization of aspartate decarboxylation by increasing the ADC copy number and C4 precursor supply via the overexpression of aspartate dehydrogenase. The production potential of the best strain was further evaluated in a 1-L fermenter, and a β-alanine titer of 5.6 g/L was obtained. To our best knowledge, this is the highest metabolite production titer ever reached in P. pastoris using methanol as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtian Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taicheng Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Mu Q, Zhang S, Mao X, Tao Y, Yu B. Highly efficient production of L-homoserine in Escherichia coli by engineering a redox balance route. Metab Eng 2021; 67:321-329. [PMID: 34329706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
L-Homoserine is a nonessential chiral amino acid and the precursor of L-threonine and L-methionine. It has great potential to be used in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, and fragrance industries. However, the current low efficiency in the fermentation process of L-homoserine drives up the cost and therefore limits applications. Here, we systematically analyzed the L-homoserine production network in Escherichia coli to design a redox balance route for L-homoserine fermentation from glucose. Production of L-homoserine from L-aspartate via reduction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate oxaloacetate lacks reducing power. This deficiency could be corrected by activating the glyoxylate shunt and driving the flux from fumarate to L-aspartate with excess reducing power. This redox balance route decreases cell growth pressure and the theoretical yield of L-homoserine is 1.5 mol/mol of glucose without carbon loss. We fine-tuned the flux from fumarate to L-aspartate, deleted competitive and degradative pathways, enhanced L-homoserine efflux, and generated 84.1 g/L L-homoserine with 1.96 g/L/h productivity and 0.50 g/g glucose yield in a fed-batch fermentation. This study proposes a novel balanced redox metabolic network strategy for highly efficient production of L-homoserine and its derivative amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianjun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Tadi SRR, Nehru G, Sivaprakasam S. Combinatorial approach for improved production of whole-cell 3-aminopropionic acid in recombinant Bacillus megaterium: codon optimization, gene duplication and process optimization. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:333. [PMID: 34221804 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop a Bacillus megaterium based whole-cell biocatalyst for the bio-production of 3-aminopropionic acid (3-APA). l-aspartate-α-decarboxylases (ADC) (EC: 4.1.1.11) from Escherichia coli, B. megaterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Bacillus subtilis were expressed in B. megaterium. B. subtilis derived ADC (panD Bs ) exhibited the highest ADC activity of 0.9 ± 0.02 U/mL in recombinant B. megaterium. Combination of codon optimization and gene duplication strategies resulted in 415.56% enhancement of ADC activity compared to panD Bs . The culture growth conditions of B. megaterium (BMD-7) for 3-APA production were optimized as follows: inducer concentration, 0.5% (w/v); time of induction, 3 h; induction temperature, 37 °C and post-induction incubation time, 8 h. Improvement of the whole-cell biocatalytic process efficiency, was dealt by optimization of reaction temperature, reaction pH, metal ion additives and l-aspartic acid concentration. Shake flask level experiments yielded an enhanced 3-APA titer (16.18 ± 0.26 g/L) and a yield of 0.89 g/g under optimized conditions viz., 45 °C, pH 6.0 and 20 g/L of l-aspartic acid. This study demonstrates the potential of B. megaterium for 3-APA production and paves the scope for the development of 3-APA producing strains in near future. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02885-7.
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Zhang Y, Wei M, Zhao G, Zhang W, Li Y, Lin B, Li Y, Xu Q, Chen N, Zhang C. High-level production of l-homoserine using a non-induced, non-auxotrophic Escherichia coli chassis through metabolic engineering. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124814. [PMID: 33592493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
l-Homoserine is a valuable non-proteinogenic amino acid used in the synthesis of various important compounds. Microbial fermentation has potential value for producing l-homoserine on a large scale, but suffers from a low yield and the need for expensive additives. In this study, a non-induced, non-auxotrophic, plasmid-free Escherichia coli chassis for the high-efficiency production of l-homoserine was constructed. Initially, the l-homoserine degradation pathway was dynamically attenuated. Subsequently, systems metabolic engineering strategies were employed, including reinforcing the synthetic flux, improving NADPH generation, and elevating l-homoserine efflux. The constructed strain HOM-14, produced 60.1 g/L l-homoserine without additional supplements or inducers, which achieved the highest fermentative production efficiency of l-homoserine till date. Moreover, common byproducts, such as acetate, did not accumulate. The strategies presented here can be applied in the further engineering of chassis for the scale-up production of l-homoserine and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Minhua Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guihong Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Beibei Lin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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43
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Xu J, Zhu Y, Zhou Z. Systematic engineering of the rate-limiting step of β-alanine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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44
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Advances in biotechnological production of β-alanine. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:79. [PMID: 33825146 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Alanine (3-aminopropionic acid) is the only naturally occurring β-type amino acid. Although it is not incorporated into proteins, it has important physiological functions in the metabolism of animals, plants and microorganisms. Furthermore, it has attracted great interest due to its wide usage as a precursor of many significant industrial chemicals for medicine, feed, food, environmental applications and other fields. With the depletion of fossil fuels and concerns regarding environmental issues, biological production of β-alanine has attracted more attention relative to chemical methods. In this review, we first summarize the pathways through which natural microorganisms synthesize β-alanine. Then, the current research progress in the biological synthesis of β-alanine is also elaborated. Finally, we discuss the main problems and challenges in optimizing the biological pathways, offering perspectives on promising new biological approaches.
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45
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Liu M, Liu H, Shi M, Jiang M, Li L, Zheng Y. Microbial production of ectoine and hydroxyectoine as high-value chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:76. [PMID: 33771157 PMCID: PMC7995798 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as typical representatives of compatible solutes are not only essential for extremophiles to survive in extreme environments, but also widely used in cosmetic and medical industries. Ectoine was traditionally produced by Halomonas elongata through a "bacterial milking" process, of which the marked feature is using a high-salt medium to stimulate ectoine biosynthesis and then excreting ectoine into a low-salt medium by osmotic shock. The optimal hydroxyectoine production was achieved by optimizing the fermentation process of Halomonas salina. However, high-salinity broth exacerbates the corrosion to fermenters, and more importantly, brings a big challenge to the subsequent wastewater treatment. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to reducing the salinity of the fermentation broth but without a sacrifice of ectoine/hydroxyectoine production. With the fast development of functional genomics and synthetic biology, quite a lot of progress on the bioproduction of ectoine/hydroxyectoine has been achieved in recent years. The importation and expression of an ectoine producing pathway in a non-halophilic chassis has so far achieved the highest titer of ectoine (~ 65 g/L), while rational flux-tuning of halophilic chassis represents a promising strategy for the next-generation of ectoine industrial production. However, efficient conversion of ectoine to hydroxyectoine, which could benefit from a clearer understanding of the ectoine hydroxylase, is still a challenge to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Novel Mode Engineering for β-Alanine Production in Escherichia coli with the Guide of Adaptive Laboratory Evolution. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030600. [PMID: 33803992 PMCID: PMC8000549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The strategy of anaerobic biosynthesis of β-alanine by Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been reported. However, the low energy production under anaerobic condition limited cell growth and then affected the production efficiency of β-alanine. Here, the adaptive laboratory evolution was carried out to improve energy production of E. coli lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase under anaerobic condition. Five mutants were isolated and analyzed. Sequence analysis showed that most of the consistent genetic mutations among the mutants were related with pyruvate accumulation, indicating that pyruvate accumulation enabled the growth of the lethal parent. It is possible that the accumulated pyruvate provides sufficient precursors for energy generation and CO2 fixing reaction catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. B0016-100BB (B0016-090BB, recE::FRT, mhpF::FRT, ykgF::FRT, mhpB:: mhpB *, mhpD:: mhpD *, rcsA:: rcsA *) was engineered based on the analysis of the genetic mutations among the mutants for the biosynthesis of β-alanine. Along with the recruitment of glycerol as the sole carbon source, 1.07 g/L β-alanine was generated by B0016-200BB (B0016-100BB, aspA::FRT) harboring pET24a-panD-AspDH, which was used for overexpression of two key enzymes in β-alanine fermentation process. Compared with the starting strain, which can hardly generate β-alanine under anaerobic condition, the production efficiency of β-alanine of the engineered cell factory was significantly improved.
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Li Y, Yang S, Ma D, Song W, Gao C, Liu L, Chen X. Microbial engineering for the production of C 2-C 6 organic acids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1518-1546. [PMID: 33410446 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2020Organic acids, as building block compounds, have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, plastic, and chemical industries. Until now, chemical synthesis is still the primary method for industrial-scale organic acid production. However, this process encounters some inevitable challenges, such as depletable petroleum resources, harsh reaction conditions and complex downstream processes. To solve these problems, microbial cell factories provide a promising approach for achieving the sustainable production of organic acids. However, some key metabolites in central carbon metabolism are strictly regulated by the network of cellular metabolism, resulting in the low productivity of organic acids. Thus, multiple metabolic engineering strategies have been developed to reprogram microbial cell factories to produce organic acids, including monocarboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, amino carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids and monomeric units for polymers. These strategies mainly center on improving the catalytic efficiency of the enzymes to increase the conversion rate, balancing the multi-gene biosynthetic pathways to reduce the byproduct formation, strengthening the metabolic flux to promote the product biosynthesis, optimizing the metabolic network to adapt the environmental conditions and enhancing substrate utilization to broaden the substrate spectrum. Here, we describe the recent advances in producing C2-C6 organic acids by metabolic engineering strategies. In addition, we provide new insights as to when, what and how these strategies should be taken. Future challenges are also discussed in further advancing microbial engineering and establishing efficient biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Fei M, Mao X, Chen Y, Lu Y, Wang L, Yang J, Qiu J, Sun D. Development of a dual-fluorescence reporter system for high-throughput screening of L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1420-1426. [PMID: 33313655 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Alanine (3-aminopropionic acid) holds great potential in industrial application. It can be obtained through a chemical synthesis route, which is hazardous to the environment. It is well known that l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) can convert l-aspartate to β-alanine in bacteria. However, due to the low activity of ADC, industrial production of β-alanine through the green biological route remains unclear. Thus, improving the activity of ADC is critical to reduce the cost of β-alanine production. In this study, we established a dual-fluorescence high-throughput system for efficient ADC screening. By measuring the amount of β-alanine and the expression level of ADC using two different fluorescence markers, we can rapidly quantify the relative activity of ADC variants. From a mutagenesis library containing 2000 ADC variants, we obtained a mutant with 33% increased activity. Further analysis revealed that mutations of K43R and P103Q in ADC significantly improved the yield of β-alanine produced by the whole-cell biocatalysis. Compared with the previous single-fluorescence method, our system can not only quantify the amount of β-alanine but also measure the expression level of ADC with different fluorescence, making it able to effectively screen out ADC variants with improved relative activity. The dual-fluorescence high-throughput system for rapid screening of ADC provides a good strategy for industrial production of β-alanine via the biological conversion route in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Fei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xudan Mao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yalan Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Juanping Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Enhanced production of β-alanine through co-expressing two different subtypes of L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:465-474. [PMID: 32524454 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
β-Alanine (β-Ala) is an important intermediate with numerous applications in food and feed additives, pharmaceuticals, polymeric materials, and electroplating industries. Its biological production routes that employ L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) as the key enzyme are attractive. In this study, we developed an efficient and environmentally safe method for β-Ala production by co-expressing two different subtypes of ADC. A bacterial ADC from Bacillus subtilis (BSADC) and an insect ADC from Tribolium castaneum (TCADC) use pyruvoyl and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) as cofactor, respectively. 3050 mM (271.5 g/L) β-Ala was achieved from L-aspartic acid by using the whole-cell biocatalyst co-expressing BSADC and TCADC, corresponding to a conversion rate of 92.4%. Meanwhile, one-pot synthesis of β-Ala from fumaric acid through using a tri-enzyme cascade route with two different subtypes of ADC and L-aspartase (AspA) from Escherichia coli was established. 2250 mM (200.3 g/L) β-Ala was obtained from fumaric acid with a conversion rate of 90.0%. This work proposes a novel strategy that improves β-Ala production in the decarboxylation pathway of L-aspartic acid.
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50
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Ko YS, Kim JW, Chae TU, Song CW, Lee SY. A Novel Biosynthetic Pathway for the Production of Acrylic Acid through β-Alanine Route in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1150-1159. [PMID: 32243749 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acrylic acid (AA) is an important industrial chemical used for several applications including superabsorbent polymers and acrylate esters. Here, we report the development of a new biosynthetic pathway for the production of AA from glucose in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli through the β-alanine (BA) route. The AA production pathway was partitioned into two modules: an AA forming downstream pathway and a BA forming upstream pathway. We first validated the operation of the downstream pathway in vitro and in vivo, and then constructed the downstream pathway by introducing efficient enzymes (Act, Acl2, and YciA) screened out of various microbial sources and optimizing the expression levels. For the direct fermentative production of AA from glucose, the downstream pathway was introduced into the BA producing E. coli strain. The resulting strain could successfully produce AA from glucose in flask cultivation. AA production was further enhanced by expressing the upstream genes (panD and aspA) under the constitutive BBa_J23100 promoter. Replacement of the native promoter of the acs gene with the BBa_J23100 promoter in the genome increased AA production to 55.7 mg/L in flask. Fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered strain allowed production of 237 mg/L of AA in 57.5 h, representing the highest AA titer reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Sung Ko
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Woong Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong Un Chae
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Song
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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