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Zhang W, Liu K, Kong F, Ye T, Wang T. Multiple Functions of Compatible Solute Ectoine and Strategies for Constructing Overproducers for Biobased Production. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1772-1785. [PMID: 37488320 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine and its derivative 5-hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes initially found in the hyperhalophilic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, which inhabits the desert in Egypt. The habitat of ectoine producers implies the primary function of ectoine as a cytoprotectant against harsh conditions such as high salinity, drought, and high radiation. More extensive and in-depth studies have revealed the multiple functions of ectoine in its native producer bacterial cells and other types of cells and its biomolecular components (such as proteins and DNA) as a general protective agent. Its chemical properties as a bio-based amino acid derivative make it attractive for basic scientific research and related industries, such as the food/agricultural industry, cosmetic manufacturing, biologics, and therapeutic agent preparation. This article first discusses the functions and applications of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine. Subsequently, more emphasis was placed on advances in bio-based ectoine and/or 5-hydroxyectoine production. Strategies for developing more robust cell factories for highly efficient ectoine and/or 5-hydroxyectoine production are further discussed. We hope this review will provide a valuable reference for studies on the bio-based production of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Kong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ye
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhang X, Niu P, Liu H, Fang H. Production of pyrimidine nucleosides in microbial systems via metabolic engineering: Theoretical analysis research and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108419. [PMID: 39053562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleosides, as intermediate materials of significant commercial value, find extensive applications in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the current production of pyrimidine nucleosides largely relies on chemical synthesis, creating environmental problems that do not align with sustainable development goals. Recent progress in systemic metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has enabled the synthesis of natural products like pyrimidine nucleosides through microbial fermentation, offering a more sustainable alternative. Nevertheless, the intricate and tightly regulated biosynthetic pathways involved in the microbial production of pyrimidine nucleosides pose a formidable challenge. This study focuses on metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies aimed at enhancing pyrimidine nucleoside production. These strategies include gene modification, transcriptional regulation, metabolic flux analysis, cofactor balance optimization, and transporter engineering. Finally, this research highlights the challenges involved in the further development of pyrimidine nucleoside-producing strains and offers potential solutions in order to provide theoretical guidance for future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Pilian Niu
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Haitian Fang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
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3
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Ma Z, Chang R, Zhu L, Zhu D, Deng Y, Guo X, Cheng Z, Chen X. Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Highly Efficient Production of Ectoine. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2081-2090. [PMID: 38607270 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible solute that functions as a cell protector from various stresses, protecting cells and stabilizing biomolecules, and is widely used in medicine, cosmetics, and biotechnology. Microbial fermentation has been widely used for the large-scale production of ectoine, and a number of fermentation strategies have been developed to increase the ectoine yield, reduce production costs, and simplify the production process. Here, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered for ectoine production by heterologous expression of the ectoine biosynthesis operon ectBAC gene from Halomonas elongata, and a series of genetic modifications were implemented. This included introducing the de3 gene from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to express the T7 promoter, eliminating the lysine transporter protein lysE to limit lysine production, and performing a targeted mutation lysCS301Y on aspartate kinase to alleviate feedback inhibition of lysine. The new engineered strain Ect10 obtained an ectoine titer of 115.87 g/L in an optimized fed-batch fermentation, representing the highest ectoine production level in C. glutamicum and achieving the efficient production of ectoine in a low-salt environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Renjie Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Dianhao Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xinying Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
- Quzhou Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Quzhou 324003, PR China
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4
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Su B, Yang W, Zhou Y, Lin J. Efficiently manufacturing ectoine via metabolic engineering and protein engineering of L-2,4-diaminobutyrate transaminase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133612. [PMID: 38960226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ectoine, so-called tetrahydropyrimidine, is an important osmotic adjustment solute and widely applied in cosmetics and protein protectant. Some attempts have been made to improve the ectoine productivity. However, the strains with both high ectoine production capacity and high glucose conversion were still absent so far. Aim to construct a strain for efficiently producing ectoine, ectoine synthetic gene cluster ectABC from Pseudomonas stutzeri was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The ection production was improved by 382 % (ectoine titer increased from 1.73 g/L to 8.33 g/L) after the rational design of rate-limiting enzyme L-2,4-diaminobutyrate transaminase EctBps (protein engineering) combined with the metabolic engineering that focused on the enrichment and conversion of precursors. The final strain YW20 was applied to overproduce ectoine in fed-batch fermentation and yield 68.9 g/L of ectoine with 0.88 g/L/h of space-time yield and the highest glucose conversion reported [34 % (g/g)]. From the fermentation broth, ectoine was purified with 99.7 % purity and 79.8 % yield. This study successfully provided an engineered strain as well as an efficient method for the industrial bio-synthesis and preparation of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingmei Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wen Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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5
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Chen J, Qiao D, Yuan T, Feng Y, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang L. Biotechnological production of ectoine: current status and prospects. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:247-258. [PMID: 37962826 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is an important natural secondary metabolite in halophilic microorganisms. It protects cells against environmental stressors, such as salinity, freezing, drying, and high temperatures. Ectoine is widely used in medical, cosmetic, and other industries. Due to the commercial market demand of ectoine, halophilic microorganisms are the primary method for producing ectoine, which is produced using the industrial fermentation process "bacterial milking." The method has some limitations, such as the high salt concentration fermentation, which is highly corrosive to the equipment, and this also increases the difficulty of downstream purification and causes high production costs. The ectoine synthesis gene cluster has been successfully heterologously expressed in industrial microorganisms, and the yield of ectoine was significantly increased and the cost was reduced. This review aims to summarize and update microbial production of ectoine using different microorganisms, environments, and metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies and provides important reference for the development and application of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-Agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 23702, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Deliang Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluationand, Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu, 237012, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Yeyuan Feng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluationand, Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu, 237012, China.
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6
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Feng Y, Qiu M, Shao L, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Jiang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Strategies for the biological production of ectoine by using different chassis strains. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108306. [PMID: 38157997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As an amino acid derivative and a typical compatible solute, ectoine can assist microorganisms in resisting high osmotic pressure. Own to its long-term moisturizing effects, ectoine shows extensive applications in cosmetics, medicine and other fields. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and fermentation engineering, many biological strategies have been developed to improve the ectoine production and simplify the production process. Currently, the microbial fermentation has been widely used for large scaling ectoine production. Accordingly, this review will introduce the metabolic pathway for ectoine synthesis and also comprehensively evaluate both wild-type and genetically modified strains for ectoine production. Furthermore, process parameters affecting the ectoine production efficiency and adoption of low cost substrates will be evaluated. Lastly, future prospects on the improvement of ectoine production will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Lei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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Afordoanyi DM, Akosah YA, Shnakhova L, Saparmyradov K, Diabankana RGC, Validov S. Biotechnological Key Genes of the Rhodococcus erythropolis MGMM8 Genome: Genes for Bioremediation, Antibiotics, Plant Protection, and Growth Stimulation. Microorganisms 2023; 12:88. [PMID: 38257915 PMCID: PMC10819586 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution, including residues from the green revolution initially aimed at addressing food security and healthcare, has paradoxically exacerbated environmental challenges. The transition towards comprehensive green biotechnology and bioremediation, achieved with lower financial investment, hinges on microbial biotechnology, with the Rhodococcus genus emerging as a promising contender. The significance of fully annotating genome sequences lies in comprehending strain constituents, devising experimental protocols, and strategically deploying these strains to address pertinent issues using pivotal genes. This study revolves around Rhodococcus erythropolis MGMM8, an associate of winter wheat plants in the rhizosphere. Through the annotation of its chromosomal genome and subsequent comparison with other strains, its potential applications were explored. Using the antiSMASH server, 19 gene clusters were predicted, encompassing genes responsible for antibiotics and siderophores. Antibiotic resistance evaluation via the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) identified five genes (vanW, vanY, RbpA, iri, and folC) that were parallel to strain CCM2595. Leveraging the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP) for biodegradation, heavy metal resistance, and remediation genes, the presence of chlorimuron-ethyl, formaldehyde, benzene-desulfurization degradation genes, and heavy metal-related genes (ACR3, arsC, corA, DsbA, modA, and recG) in MGMM8 was confirmed. Furthermore, quorum-quenching signal genes, critical for curbing biofilm formation and virulence elicited by quorum-sensing in pathogens, were also discerned within MGMM8's genome. In light of these predictions, the novel isolate MGMM8 warrants phenotypic assessment to gauge its potential in biocontrol and bioremediation. This evaluation extends to isolating active compounds for potential antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The comprehensive genome annotation process has facilitated the genetic characterization of MGMM8 and has solidified its potential as a biotechnological strain to address global anthropogenic predicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mawuena Afordoanyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia (R.G.C.D.)
- Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yaw Abayie Akosah
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Lidiya Shnakhova
- Dermatology Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Keremli Saparmyradov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia (R.G.C.D.)
| | - Roderic Gilles Claret Diabankana
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia (R.G.C.D.)
| | - Shamil Validov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Methods, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia (R.G.C.D.)
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Xu S, Zhang B, Chen W, Ye K, Shen J, Liu P, Wu J, Wang H, Chu X. Highly efficient production of ectoine via an optimized combination of precursor metabolic modules in Escherichia coli BL21. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129803. [PMID: 37758030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is an osmotic pressure protectant observed in various microorganisms and is widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The market value of ectoine has increased considerably with social progress, resulting in high demand for ectoine production technology. Herein, a microbial cell factory in Escherichia coli that produces ectoine at high titers is described as developing efficient and environmentally friendly bio-based ectoine production technology. The ectoine biosynthetic pathway of Halomonas hydrothermalis was introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Subsequent overexpression of precursor metabolic modules, including aspartate branching, pyruvate-oxoacetate, and glutamate biosynthesis pathways, resulted in the final strain, E. coli BCT08, which produced ectoine at a titer of 36.58 g/L during 30 h of fermentation. Sugar feeding speed optimization improved the ectoine titer to 131.8 g/L after 96 h of cultivation. This represents a remarkable achievement in ectoine production from glucose under low-salt conditions and has vast potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqing Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wanhe Chen
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Ye
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiequn Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohe Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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Li L, Li N, Wang X, Gao S, Zhang J, Zhou J, Wu Z, Zeng W. Metabolic engineering combined with enzyme engineering for overproduction of ectoine in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129862. [PMID: 37839643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine, a natural protective agent, is naturally synthesized at low titers by some extreme environment microorganisms that are usually difficult to culture. There is a need for an efficient and eco-friendly ectoine production process. In this study, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with the ectABC gene cluster from Halomonas venusta achieved 1.7 g/L ectoine. After optimizing the expression plasmid, 2.1 g/L ectoine was achieved. Besides, the aspartate kinase mutant LysCT311I from Corynebacterium glutamicum and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Halomonas elongata were overexpressed to increase precursors supply. Furthermore, the rate-limiting enzyme EctB was semirationally engineered, and the E407D mutation enhanced ectoine production by 13.8 %. To improve acetyl-CoA supply, the non-oxidative glycolysis pathway was introduced. Overall, the optimized strain ECT9-5 produced 67.1 g/L ectoine by fed-batch fermentation with a 0.3 g/g of glucose and the kinetic model resulted in a good fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ning Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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10
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Shu Z, Zhang X, Wang R, Xing J, Li Y, Zhu D, Shen G. Metabolic engineering of Halomonas campaniensis strain XH26 to remove competing pathways to enhance ectoine production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9732. [PMID: 37322079 PMCID: PMC10272175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectoine has gained considerable attention as a high-value chemical with significant application potential and market demand. This study aimed to increase ectoine yields by blocking the metabolic shunt pathway of L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde, the precursor substrate in ectoine synthesis. The homoserine dehydrogenase encoded by hom in H. campaniensis strain XH26 is responsible for the metabolic shunt of L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde to glycine. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to seamlessly knockout hom, blocking the metabolic shunt pathway to increase ectoine yields. The ectoine yield of XH26/Δhom was 351.13 mg (g CDW)-1 after 48 h of incubation in 500 mL shake flasks using optimal medium with 1.5 mol L-1 NaCl, which was significantly higher than the 239.18 mg (g CDW)-1 of the wild-type strain. Additionally, the absence of the ectoine metabolic shunt pathway affects betaine synthesis, and thus the betaine yields of XH26/Δhom was 19.98 mg (g CDW)-1, considerably lower than the 69.58 mg (g CDW)-1 of the wild-type strain. Batch fermentation parameters were optimized, and the wild-type strain and XH26/Δhom were fermented in 3 L fermenters, resulting in a high ectoine yield of 587.09 mg (g CDW)-1 for the defective strain, which was significantly greater than the ectoine yield of 385.03 mg (g CDW)-1 of the wild-type strain. This study showed that blocking the metabolic shunt of synthetic substrates effectively increases ectoine production, and a reduction in the competitively compatible solute betaine appears to promote increased ectoine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwan Shu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Derui Zhu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Guoping Shen
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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11
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Dong Z, Sun T, Zhang W, Chen L. Improved salt tolerance of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 by heterologous synthesis of compatible solute ectoine. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1123081. [PMID: 36819058 PMCID: PMC9932913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the essential abiotic stresses for the survival of cyanobacteria. However, the realization of large-scale cultivation of cyanobacteria is inseparable from the utilization of abundant seawater resources. Therefore, research on the regulatory mechanism, as well as the improvement of salt tolerance of cyanobacteria is fundamental. Ectoine, a compatible solute which was found in halophilic microorganisms, has potentiality to confer salt tolerance. Here in this article, the salt tolerance of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (Syn7942) was significantly improved via expressing the ectoine biosynthetic pathway, reaching an increased final OD750 by 20% under 300 mM NaCl and 80% under 400 mM NaCl than that of wild-type (WT), respectively. Encouragingly, the engineered strain could even survive under 500 mM NaCl which was lethal to WT. In addition, by introducing the ectoine synthetic pathway into the sucrose-deficient strain, the salt tolerance of the obtained strain Syn7942/Δsps-ect was restored to the level of WT under 300 mM NaCl stress, demonstrating that ectoine could substitute for sucrose to combat against salt stress in Syn7942. In order to study the difference in the regulation of mechanism on the salt adaptation process after replacing sucrose with ectoine, transcriptomic analysis was performed for Syn7942/Δsps-ect and WT. The differentially expressed gene analysis successfully identified 19 up-regulated genes and 39 down-regulated genes in Syn7942/Δsps-ect compared with WT under salt stress condition. The results also showed that the global regulation of Syn7942/Δsps-ect and WT had certain differences in the process of salt adaptation, in which Syn7942/Δsps-ect reduced the demand for the intensity of sulfur metabolism in this process. This study provides a valuable reference for further salt tolerance engineering in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Dong
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Tao Sun,
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China,Lei Chen,
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12
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Production and Recovery of Ectoine: A Review of Current State and Future Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a revolutionizing substance with vast applications in the cosmetic and food industries. Ectoine is often sourced from halobacteria. The increasing market demand for ectoine has urged the development of cost-effective and sustainable large-scale production of ectoine from microbial sources. This review describes the existing and potential microbial sources of ectoine and its derivatives, as well as microbial production and fermentation approaches for ectoine recovery. In addition, conventional methods and emerging technologies for enhanced production and recovery of ectoine from microbial fermentation with a focus on the aqueous biphasic system (ABS) are discussed. The ABS is a practically feasible approach for the integration of fermentation, cell disruption, bioconversion, and clarification of various biomolecules in a single-step operation. Nonetheless, the implementation of the ABS on an industrial-scale basis for the enhanced production and recovery of ectoine is yet to be exploited. Therefore, the feasibility of the ABS to integrate the production and direct recovery of ectoine from microbial sources is also highlighted in this review.
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13
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Jungmann L, Hoffmann SL, Lang C, De Agazio R, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. High-efficiency production of 5-hydroxyectoine using metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:274. [PMID: 36578077 PMCID: PMC9798599 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremolytes enable microbes to withstand even the most extreme conditions in nature. Due to their unique protective properties, the small organic molecules, more and more, become high-value active ingredients for the cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industries. While ectoine, the industrial extremolyte flagship, has been successfully commercialized before, an economically viable route to its highly interesting derivative 5-hydroxyectoine (hydroxyectoine) is not existing. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate high-level hydroxyectoine production, using metabolically engineered strains of C. glutamicum that express a codon-optimized, heterologous ectD gene, encoding for ectoine hydroxylase, to convert supplemented ectoine in the presence of sucrose as growth substrate into the desired derivative. Fourteen out of sixteen codon-optimized ectD variants from phylogenetically diverse bacterial and archaeal donors enabled hydroxyectoine production, showing the strategy to work almost regardless of the origin of the gene. The genes from Pseudomonas stutzeri (PST) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSM) worked best and enabled hydroxyectoine production up to 97% yield. Metabolic analyses revealed high enrichment of the ectoines inside the cells, which, inter alia, reduced the synthesis of other compatible solutes, including proline and trehalose. After further optimization, C. glutamicum Ptuf ectDPST achieved a titre of 74 g L-1 hydroxyectoine at 70% selectivity within 12 h, using a simple batch process. In a two-step procedure, hydroxyectoine production from ectoine, previously synthesized fermentatively with C. glutamicum ectABCopt, was successfully achieved without intermediate purification. CONCLUSIONS C. glutamicum is a well-known and industrially proven host, allowing the synthesis of commercial products with granted GRAS status, a great benefit for a safe production of hydroxyectoine as active ingredient for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Because ectoine is already available at commercial scale, its use as precursor appears straightforward. In the future, two-step processes might provide hydroxyectoine de novo from sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jungmann
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sarah Lisa Hoffmann
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Caroline Lang
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Raphaela De Agazio
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Yang P, Liu W, Chen Y, Gong AD. Engineering the glyoxylate cycle for chemical bioproduction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1066651. [PMID: 36532595 PMCID: PMC9755347 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1066651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing concerns about environmental issues and sustainable economy, bioproduction of chemicals utilizing microbial cell factories provides an eco-friendly alternative to current petro-based processes. Creating high-performance strains (with high titer, yield, and productivity) through metabolic engineering strategies is critical for cost-competitive production. Commonly, it is inevitable to fine-tuning or rewire the endogenous or heterologous pathways in such processes. As an important pathway involved in the synthesis of many kinds of chemicals, the potential of the glyoxylate cycle in metabolic engineering has been studied extensively these years. Here, we review the metabolic regulation of the glyoxylate cycle and summarize recent achievements in microbial production of chemicals through tuning of the glyoxylate cycle, with a focus on studies implemented in model microorganisms. Also, future prospects for bioproduction of glyoxylate cycle-related chemicals are discussed.
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15
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Ma Z, Wu C, Zhu L, Chang R, Ma W, Deng Y, Chen X. Bioactivity profiling of the extremolyte ectoine as a promising protectant and its heterologous production. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:331. [PMID: 36311375 PMCID: PMC9606177 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible solutes that is diffusely dispersed in bacteria and archaea. It plays a significant role as protectant against various external pressures, such as high temperature, high osmolarity, dryness and radiation, in cells. Ectoine can be utilized in cosmetics due to its properties of moisturizing and antiultraviolet. It can also be used in the pharmaceutical industry for treating various diseases. Therefore, strong protection of ectoine creates a high commercial value. Its current market value is approximately US$1000 kg-1. However, traditional ectoine production in high-salinity media causes high costs of equipment loss and wastewater treatment. There is a growing attention to reduce the salinity of the fermentation broth without sacrificing the production of ectoine. Thus, heterologous production of ectoine in nonhalophilic microorganisms may represent the new generation of the industrial production of ectoine. In this review, we summarized and discussed the biological activities of ectoine on cell and human health protection and its heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chutian Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renjie Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilin Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Jiang A, Song Y, You J, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. High-yield ectoine production in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum by fine metabolic regulation via plug-in repressor library. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127802. [PMID: 36007762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is a high-value protective and stabilizing agent with different applications in biopharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and fine chemicals. Here, efficient production of ectoine in Corynebacterium glutamicum was achieved by combination of metabolic engineering and plug-in repressor library strategy. First, the ectBAC cluster from Pseudomonas stutzeri was introduced into strain K02, and the titer of the obtained strain was 2.12 g/L. Metabolic engineering was then performed for further optimization, including removal of competing pathways (pck and ldh knockout), deletion of glycolysis repressor (sugR knockout), and enhancement of precursor supply (overexpression of Ecasd and CglysCS301Y). Next, two repressor libraries were designed for targeted flux control to improve ectoine production. Finally, strain CB5L6 produced 45.52 g/L ectoine and had the highest yield in C. glutamicum. For the first time, plug-in repressor library was employed to engineer C. glutamicum for metabolites production, which will provide a guideline for the construction of microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yunhai Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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17
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Wei M, Li G, Xie H, Yang W, Xu H, Han S, Wang J, Meng Y, Xu Q, Li Y, Chen N, Zhang C. Sustainable production of 4-hydroxyisoleucine with minimised carbon loss by simultaneously utilising glucose and xylose in engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127196. [PMID: 35460845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyisoleucine is a promising drug for diabetes therapy; however, microbial production of 4-hydroxyisoleucine is not economically efficient because of the carbon loss in the form of CO2. This study aims to achieve de novo synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine with minimised carbon loss in engineered Escherichia coli. Initially, an L-isoleucine-producing strain, ILE-5, was established, and the 4-hydroxyisoleucine synthesis pathway was introduced. The flux toward α-ketoglutarate was enhanced by reinforcing the anaplerotic pathway and disrupting competitive pathways. Subsequently, the metabolic flux for 4-hydroxyisoleucine synthesis was redistributed by dynamically modulating the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity, achieving a 4-hydroxyisoleucine production of 16.53 g/L. Finally, carbon loss was minimised by employing the Weimberg pathway, resulting in a 24.5% decrease in sugar consumption and a 31.6% yield increase. The 4-hydroxyisoleucine production by strain IEOH-11 reached 29.16 g/L in a 5-L fermenter. The 4-hydroxyisoleucine yield (0.29 mol/mol sugar) and productivity (0.91 g/(L⋅h)) were higher than those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guirong Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haixiao Xie
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shibao Han
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junzhe Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Meng
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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18
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Zhang T, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang N, Qiao L, Miao Z, Xing J, Zhu D. Study of osmoadaptation mechanisms of halophilic Halomonas alkaliphila XH26 under salt stress by transcriptome and ectoine analysis. Extremophiles 2022; 26:14. [PMID: 35229247 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic bacteria such as the genus Halomonas are promising candidates in diverse industrial, agricultural and biomedical applications. Here, we successfully isolated a halophilic Halomonas alkaliphila strain XH26 from Xiaochaidan Salt Lake, and studied its osmoadaptation strategies using transcriptome and ectoine analysis. Divergent mechanisms were involved in osmoadaptation at different salinities in H. alkaliphila XH26. At moderate salinity (6% NaCl), increased transcriptions of ABC transporters related to iron (III), phosphate, phosphonate, monosaccharide and oligosaccharide import were observed. At high salinity (15% NaCl), transcriptions of flagellum assembly and cell motility were significantly inhibited. The transcriptional levels of ABC transporter genes related to iron (III) and iron3+-hydroxamate import, glycine betaine and putrescine uptake, and cytochrome biogenesis and assembly were significantly up-regulated. Ectoine synthesis and accumulation was significantly increased under salt stress, and the increased transcriptional expressions of ectoine synthesis genes ectB and ectC may play a key role in high salinity induced osmoadaptation. At extreme high salinity (18% NaCl), 5-hydroxyectoine and ectoine worked together to maintain cell survival. Together these results give valuable insights into the osmoadaptation mechanisms of H. alkaliphila XH26, and provide useful information for further engineering this specific strain for increased ectoine synthesis and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Qiao
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengqiang Miao
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Derui Zhu
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Zhang H, Liang Z, Zhao M, Ma Y, Luo Z, Li S, Xu H. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Ectoine Production With a Fermentation Strategy of Supplementing the Amino Donor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:824859. [PMID: 35145959 PMCID: PMC8822159 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.824859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine, an osmotic pressure-compensated solute, is used in the food, agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics industries due to its ability to protect macromolecules. In this study, an ectoine-producing variant of Escherichia coli, ET08, was genetically constructed by introducing the ectABC gene cluster and eliminating metabolic pathways involving lysine and pyruvate. Medium optimization enhanced ectoine production from 1.87 to 10.2 g/L. Analysis of the transcriptional levels revealed that supplementation with ammonium sulfate enhanced the metabolic flux towards the biosynthesis of ectoine. Furthermore, by optimizing the copy number of ectA, ectB, and ectC, the recombinant E. coli ET11 (ectA:ectB:ectC = 1:2:1) produced 12.9 g/L ectoine in the shake flask and 53.2 g/L ectoine in a fed-batch fermenter, representing the highest ectoine titer produced by E. coli, which has great industrial prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li, ; Hong Xu,
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li, ; Hong Xu,
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20
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Wang P, Zhou HY, Li B, Ding WQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Multiplex modification of Escherichia coli for enhanced β-alanine biosynthesis through metabolic engineering. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126050. [PMID: 34597803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Alanine is the only naturally occurring β-amino acid, widely used in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical fields. In this study, metabolic design strategies were attempted in Escherichia coli W3110 for enhancing β-alanine biosynthesis. Specifically, heterologous L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase was used, the aspartate kinase I and III involved in competitive pathways were down-regulated, the β-alanine uptake system was disrupted, the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was overexpressed, and the isocitrate lyase repressor repressing glyoxylate cycle shunt was delete, the glucose uptake system was modified, and the regeneration of amino donor was up-regulated. On this basis, a plasmid harboring the heterologous panD and aspB was constructed. The resultant strain ALA17/pTrc99a-panDBS-aspBCG could yield 4.20 g/L β-alanine in shake flask and 43.94 g/L β-alanine (a yield of 0.20 g/g glucose) in 5-L bioreactor via fed-batch cultivation. These modification strategies were proved effective and the constructed β-alanine producer was a promising microbial cell factory for industrial production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Ding
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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21
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Ma Q, Xia L, Wu H, Zhuo M, Yang M, Zhang Y, Tan M, Zhao K, Sun Q, Xu Q, Chen N, Xie X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient osmotic stress-free production of compatible solute hydroxyectoine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:89-101. [PMID: 34612520 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compatible solutes are key for the ability of halophilic bacteria to resist high osmotic stress. They have received wide attention from researchers for their excellent osmotic protection properties. Hydroxyectoine is a particularly important compatible solute, but its production by microbes faces several challenges, including low titer/yield, the presence of the byproduct ectoine, and the requirement of high salinity. Here, we aimed to metabolically engineer Escherichia coli to efficiently produce hydroxyectoine in the absence of osmotic stress without accumulating the byproduct ectoine. First, combinatorial optimization of the expression strength of key genes in the ectoine synthesis module and hydroxyectoine synthesis module was conducted. After optimization of the expression of these genes, 12.12 g/L hydroxyectoine and 0.24 g/L ectoine were obtained at 36 h in shake-flask fermentation with the addition of the co-substrate α-ketoglutarate. Further optimization of the addition of α-ketoglutarate achieved the sole production of hydroxyectoine (i.e., no ectoine accumulation), indicating that the supply of α-ketoglutarate is critically important for sole hydroxyectoine production. Finally, quorum sensing-based auto-regulation of intracellular α-ketoglutarate pool was implemented as an alternative to α-ketoglutarate addition by coupling the expression of sucA with the esaI/esaR circuit, which led to 14.93 g/L hydroxyectoine with a unit cell yield of 1.678 g/g and no ectoine accumulation in the absence of osmotic stress. This is the highest reported titer of sole hydroxyectoine production under salinity-free fermentation to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Heyun Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyang Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengya Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Kexin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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22
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Zhu F, Peña M, Bennett GN. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for quinolinic acid production by assembling L-aspartate oxidase and quinolinate synthase as an enzyme complex. Metab Eng 2021; 67:164-172. [PMID: 34192552 PMCID: PMC10024596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) is a key intermediate of nicotinic acid (Niacin) which is an essential human nutrient and widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a quinolinic acid producer was constructed by employing comprehensive engineering strategies. Firstly, the quinolinic acid production was improved by deactivation of NadC (to block the consumption pathway), NadR (to eliminate the repression of L-aspartate oxidase and quinolinate synthase), and PtsG (to slow the glucose utilization rate and achieve a more balanced metabolism, and also to increase the availability of the precursor phosphoenolpyruvate). Further modifications to enhance quinolinic acid production were investigated by increasing the oxaloacetate pool through overproduction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and deactivation of acetate-producing pathway enzymes. Moreover, quinolinic acid production was accelerated by assembling NadB and NadA as an enzyme complex with the help of peptide-peptide interaction peptides RIAD and RIDD, which resulted in up to 3.7 g/L quinolinic acid being produced from 40 g/L glucose in shake-flask cultures. A quinolinic acid producer was constructed in this study, and these results lay a foundation for further engineering of microbial cell factories to efficiently produce quinolinic acid and subsequently convert this product to nicotinic acid for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayin Zhu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Matthew Peña
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - George N Bennett
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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23
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Mu Q, Zhang S, Mao X, Tao Y, Yu B. Highly efficient production of L-homoserine in Escherichia coli by engineering a redox balance route. Metab Eng 2021; 67:321-329. [PMID: 34329706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
L-Homoserine is a nonessential chiral amino acid and the precursor of L-threonine and L-methionine. It has great potential to be used in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, and fragrance industries. However, the current low efficiency in the fermentation process of L-homoserine drives up the cost and therefore limits applications. Here, we systematically analyzed the L-homoserine production network in Escherichia coli to design a redox balance route for L-homoserine fermentation from glucose. Production of L-homoserine from L-aspartate via reduction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate oxaloacetate lacks reducing power. This deficiency could be corrected by activating the glyoxylate shunt and driving the flux from fumarate to L-aspartate with excess reducing power. This redox balance route decreases cell growth pressure and the theoretical yield of L-homoserine is 1.5 mol/mol of glucose without carbon loss. We fine-tuned the flux from fumarate to L-aspartate, deleted competitive and degradative pathways, enhanced L-homoserine efflux, and generated 84.1 g/L L-homoserine with 1.96 g/L/h productivity and 0.50 g/g glucose yield in a fed-batch fermentation. This study proposes a novel balanced redox metabolic network strategy for highly efficient production of L-homoserine and its derivative amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianjun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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24
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Halomonas as a chassis. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:393-403. [PMID: 33885142 PMCID: PMC8314019 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of systems and synthetic biology, the non-model bacteria, Halomonas spp., have been developed recently to become a cost-competitive platform for producing a variety of products including polyesters, chemicals and proteins owing to their contamination resistance and ability of high cell density growth at alkaline pH and high salt concentration. These salt-loving microbes can partially solve the challenges of current industrial biotechnology (CIB) which requires high energy-consuming sterilization to prevent contamination as CIB is based on traditional chassis, typically, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The advantages and current status of Halomonas spp. including their molecular biology and metabolic engineering approaches as well as their applications are reviewed here. Moreover, a systematic strain engineering streamline, including product-based host development, genetic parts mining, static and dynamic optimization of modularized pathways and bioprocess-inspired cell engineering are summarized. All of these developments result in the term called next-generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB). Increasing efforts are made to develop their versatile cell factories powered by synthetic biology to demonstrate a new biomanufacturing strategy under open and continuous processes with significant cost-reduction on process complexity, energy, substrates and fresh water consumption.
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25
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Lozano Terol G, Gallego-Jara J, Sola Martínez RA, Martínez Vivancos A, Cánovas Díaz M, de Diego Puente T. Impact of the Expression System on Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli BL21. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682001. [PMID: 34234760 PMCID: PMC8257044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein production for medical, academic, or industrial applications is essential for our current life. Recombinant proteins are obtained mainly through microbial fermentation, with Escherichia coli being the host most used. In spite of that, some problems are associated with the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, such as the formation of inclusion bodies, the metabolic burden, or the inefficient translocation/transport system of expressed proteins. Optimizing transcription of heterologous genes is essential to avoid these drawbacks and develop competitive biotechnological processes. Here, expression of YFP reporter protein is evaluated under the control of four promoters of different strength (PT7lac, Ptrc, Ptac, and PBAD) and two different replication origins (high copy number pMB1′ and low copy number p15A). In addition, the study has been carried out with the E. coli BL21 wt and the ackA mutant strain growing in a rich medium with glucose or glycerol as carbon sources. Results showed that metabolic burden associated with transcription and translation of foreign genes involves a decrease in recombinant protein expression. It is necessary to find a balance between plasmid copy number and promoter strength to maximize soluble recombinant protein expression. The results obtained represent an important advance on the most suitable expression system to improve both the quantity and quality of recombinant proteins in bioproduction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Lozano Terol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Gallego-Jara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Alba Sola Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrián Martínez Vivancos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
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26
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Zhang Y, Wei M, Zhao G, Zhang W, Li Y, Lin B, Li Y, Xu Q, Chen N, Zhang C. High-level production of l-homoserine using a non-induced, non-auxotrophic Escherichia coli chassis through metabolic engineering. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124814. [PMID: 33592493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
l-Homoserine is a valuable non-proteinogenic amino acid used in the synthesis of various important compounds. Microbial fermentation has potential value for producing l-homoserine on a large scale, but suffers from a low yield and the need for expensive additives. In this study, a non-induced, non-auxotrophic, plasmid-free Escherichia coli chassis for the high-efficiency production of l-homoserine was constructed. Initially, the l-homoserine degradation pathway was dynamically attenuated. Subsequently, systems metabolic engineering strategies were employed, including reinforcing the synthetic flux, improving NADPH generation, and elevating l-homoserine efflux. The constructed strain HOM-14, produced 60.1 g/L l-homoserine without additional supplements or inducers, which achieved the highest fermentative production efficiency of l-homoserine till date. Moreover, common byproducts, such as acetate, did not accumulate. The strategies presented here can be applied in the further engineering of chassis for the scale-up production of l-homoserine and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Minhua Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guihong Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Beibei Lin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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27
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Liu M, Liu H, Shi M, Jiang M, Li L, Zheng Y. Microbial production of ectoine and hydroxyectoine as high-value chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:76. [PMID: 33771157 PMCID: PMC7995798 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as typical representatives of compatible solutes are not only essential for extremophiles to survive in extreme environments, but also widely used in cosmetic and medical industries. Ectoine was traditionally produced by Halomonas elongata through a "bacterial milking" process, of which the marked feature is using a high-salt medium to stimulate ectoine biosynthesis and then excreting ectoine into a low-salt medium by osmotic shock. The optimal hydroxyectoine production was achieved by optimizing the fermentation process of Halomonas salina. However, high-salinity broth exacerbates the corrosion to fermenters, and more importantly, brings a big challenge to the subsequent wastewater treatment. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to reducing the salinity of the fermentation broth but without a sacrifice of ectoine/hydroxyectoine production. With the fast development of functional genomics and synthetic biology, quite a lot of progress on the bioproduction of ectoine/hydroxyectoine has been achieved in recent years. The importation and expression of an ectoine producing pathway in a non-halophilic chassis has so far achieved the highest titer of ectoine (~ 65 g/L), while rational flux-tuning of halophilic chassis represents a promising strategy for the next-generation of ectoine industrial production. However, efficient conversion of ectoine to hydroxyectoine, which could benefit from a clearer understanding of the ectoine hydroxylase, is still a challenge to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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28
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Dong Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Ma J, Lei P, Xu H, Li S. Enhancing ectoine production by recombinant Escherichia coli through step-wise fermentation optimization strategy based on kinetic analysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1557-1566. [PMID: 33751211 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the recombinant ectoine-producing Escherichia coli ET01 was constructed by introducing the ectABC operon from Halomonas venusta ZH. To further improve ectoine production, the regulation of the fermentation process was systematically investigated. First, the effects of the initial glucose concentrations and glucose feeding mode on ectoine production were analyzed. Using a combination of pH-feedback feeding and glucose-controlled feeding, the ectoine titer reached 25.5 g/L, representing an 8.8-fold increase over standard batch culture. Then, the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (50, 40, 30, or 20%) on ectoine production were studied, and a DO control strategy was developed based on the fermentation kinetics. When the final optimized two-stage fermentation strategy was used, the ectoine titer reached 47.8 g/L, which was the highest level of ectoine produced by E. coli fermentation. The fermentation regulation strategy developed in this study might be useful for scaling up the commercial production of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - XinYi Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - JunJie Ma
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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29
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E Y, Meng J, Cai H, Li C, Liu S, Sun L, Liu Y. Effect of Biochar on the Production of L-Histidine From Glucose Through Escherichia coli Metabolism. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:605096. [PMID: 33490052 PMCID: PMC7818517 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.605096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic compounds from biochar play a role of hormone analogs, stimulating the expression of metabolites by controlling related gene and protein. In this experiment, we reported the L-histidine biosysthesis was promoted by biochar treatment in E. coli unlike genetic engineering of the traditional method. The related results indicated the most optimal concentration was found to be 3%, and 7% is the lethal dose. E. coli was inhibited in the high-concentration treatment. On the other hand, docking technology was usually used as drug screening, basing on Lock-and-key model of protein in order to better understand mechanisms. So the organic compounds of biochar from GC-MS analysis that acted as ligands were connected to HisG protein controlling L-histidine biosysthesis in E. coli. The result showed that the three organic molecules interacted with HisG protein by hydrogen bond. So we considered that these three compounds play regulatory roles in L-histidine biosysthesis, and the hisG gene expression fully supports this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang E
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Heqing Cai
- Guizhou Tobacco Company in Bijie Company, Bijie, China
| | - Caibin Li
- Guizhou Tobacco Company in Bijie Company, Bijie, China
| | - Sainan Liu
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Luming Sun
- Liaoning Biochar Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanxiang Liu
- Guizhou Tobacco Company in Bijie Company, Bijie, China
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30
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Microbial production of extremolytes — high-value active ingredients for nutrition, health care, and well-being. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:118-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Bethlehem L, Moritz KD. Boosting Escherichia coli's heterologous production rate of ectoines by exploiting the non-halophilic gene cluster from Acidiphilium cryptum. Extremophiles 2020; 24:733-747. [PMID: 32699914 PMCID: PMC7445199 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine are synthesized by many microorganisms as potent osmostress and desiccation protectants. Besides their successful implementation into various skincare products, they are of increasing biotechnological interest due to new applications in the healthcare sector. To meet this growing demand, efficient heterologous overproduction solutions for ectoines need to be found. This study is the first report on the utilization of the non-halophilic biosynthesis enzymes from Acidiphilium cryptum DSM 2389T for efficient heterologous production of ectoines in Escherichia coli. When grown at low salt conditions (≤ 0.5% NaCl) and utilizing the cheap carbon source glycerol, the production was characterized by the highest specific production of ectoine [2.9 g/g dry cell weight (dcw)] and hydroxyectoine (2.2 g/g dcw) reported so far and occurred at rapid specific production rates of up to 345 mg/(g dcw × h). This efficiency in production was related to an unprecedented carbon source conversion rate of approx. 60% of the theoretical maximum. These findings confirm the unique potential of the here implemented non-halophilic enzymes for ectoine production processes in E. coli and demonstrate the first efficient heterologous solution for hydroxyectoine production, as well as an extraordinary efficient low-salt ectoine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bethlehem
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Katharina D Moritz
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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32
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Wu H, Tian D, Fan X, Fan W, Zhang Y, Jiang S, Wen C, Ma Q, Chen N, Xie X. Highly Efficient Production of l-Histidine from Glucose by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1813-1822. [PMID: 32470291 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
l-Histidine is a functional amino acid with numerous therapeutic and ergogenic properties. It is one of the few amino acids that is not produced on a large scale by microbial fermentation due to the lack of an efficient microbial cell factory. In this study, we demonstrated the engineering of wild-type Escherichia coli to overproduce histidine from glucose. First, removal of transcription attenuation and histidine-mediated feedback inhibition resulted in 0.8 g/L histidine accumulation. Second, chromosome-based optimization of the expression levels of histidine biosynthesis genes led to a 4.75-fold increase in histidine titer. Third, strengthening phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate supply and rerouting the purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway improved the histidine production to 8.2 g/L. Fourth, introduction of the NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis and the lysine exporter from Corynebacterium glutamicum enabled the final strain HW6-3 to produce 11.8 g/L histidine. Finally, 66.5 g/L histidine was produced under fed-batch fermentation, with a yield of 0.23 g/g glucose and a productivity of 1.5 g/L/h. This is the highest titer and productivity of histidine ever reported from an engineered strain. Additionally, the metabolic strategies utilized here can be applied to engineering other microorganisms for the industrial production of histidine and related bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Daoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Weiming Fan
- Zhejiang Zhenyuan Pharmaceutial Co., Ltd, Shaoxing, 312071, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Chenhui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
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Rational flux-tuning of Halomonas bluephagenesis for co-production of bioplastic PHB and ectoine. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3313. [PMID: 32620759 PMCID: PMC7334215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine, a compatible solute synthesized by many halophiles for hypersalinity resistance, has been successfully produced by metabolically engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis, which is a bioplastic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) producer allowing open unsterile and continuous conditions. Here we report a de novo synthesis pathway for ectoine constructed into the chromosome of H. bluephagenesis utilizing two inducible systems, which serve to fine-tune the transcription levels of three clusters related to ectoine synthesis, including ectABC, lysC and asd based on a GFP-mediated transcriptional tuning approach. Combined with bypasses deletion, the resulting recombinant H. bluephagenesis TD-ADEL-58 is able to produce 28 g L−1 ectoine during a 28 h fed-batch growth process. Co-production of ectoine and PHB is achieved to 8 g L−1 ectoine and 32 g L−1 dry cell mass containing 75% PHB after a 44 h growth. H. bluephagenesis demonstrates to be a suitable co-production chassis for polyhydroxyalkanoates and non-polymer chemicals such as ectoine. Halomonas bluephagenesis is a halophilic platform bacterium for next generation industrial biotechnology. Here, the authors employ a stimulus response-based flux-tuning method for coproduction of bioplastic PHB and ectoine under open unsterile and continuous growth conditions.
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Increasing L-homoserine production in Escherichia coli by engineering the central metabolic pathways. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Chen J, Liu P, Chu X, Chen J, Zhang H, Rowley DC, Wang H. Metabolic Pathway Construction and Optimization of Escherichia coli for High-Level Ectoine Production. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1412-1418. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hillier HT, Altermark B, Leiros I. The crystal structure of the tetrameric DABA-aminotransferase EctB, a rate-limiting enzyme in the ectoine biosynthesis pathway. FEBS J 2020; 287:4641-4658. [PMID: 32112674 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) aminotransferases can catalyze the formation of amines at the distal ω-position of substrates, and is the intial and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of the cytoprotecting molecule (S)-2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid (ectoine). Although there is an industrial interest in the biosynthesis of ectoine, the DABA aminotransferases remain poorly characterized. Herein, we present the crystal structure of EctB (2.45 Å), a DABA aminotransferase from Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043, a well-studied organism with respect to osmoadaptation by ectoine biosynthesis. We investigate the enzyme's oligomeric state to show that EctB from C. salexigens is a tetramer of two functional dimers, and suggest conserved recognition sites for dimerization that also includes the characteristic gating loop that helps shape the active site of the neighboring monomer. Although ω-transaminases are known to have two binding pockets to accommodate for their dual substrate specificity, we herein provide the first description of two binding pockets in the active site that may account for the catalytic character of DABA aminotransferases. Furthermore, our biochemical data reveal that the EctB enzyme from C. salexigens is a thermostable, halotolerant enzyme with a broad pH tolerance which may be linked to its tetrameric state. Put together, this study creates a solid foundation for a deeper structural understanding of DABA aminotransferases and opening up for future downstream studies of EctB's catalytic character and its redesign as a better catalyst for ectoine biosynthesis. In summary, we believe that the EctB enzyme from C. salexigens can serve as a benchmark enzyme for characterization of DABA aminotransferases. DATABASE: Structural data are available in PDB database under the accession number 6RL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Therese Hillier
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Altermark
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingar Leiros
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Zhao L, Lu Y, Yang J, Fang Y, Zhu L, Ding Z, Wang C, Ma W, Hu X, Wang X. Expression regulation of multiple key genes to improve L-threonine in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:46. [PMID: 32093713 PMCID: PMC7041290 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is an important strain for l-threonine production. Genetic switch is a ubiquitous regulatory tool for gene expression in prokaryotic cells. To sense and regulate intracellular or extracellular chemicals, bacteria evolve a variety of transcription factors. The key enzymes required for l-threonine biosynthesis in E. coli are encoded by the thr operon. The thr operon could coordinate expression of these genes when l-threonine is in short supply in the cell. Results The thrL leader regulatory elements were applied to regulate the expression of genes iclR, arcA, cpxR, gadE, fadR and pykF, while the threonine-activating promoters PcysH, PcysJ and PcysD were applied to regulate the expression of gene aspC, resulting in the increase of l-threonine production in an l-threonine producing E. coli strain TWF001. Firstly, different parts of the regulator thrL were inserted in the iclR regulator region in TWF001, and the best resulting strain TWF063 produced 16.34 g l-threonine from 40 g glucose after 30 h cultivation. Secondly, the gene aspC following different threonine-activating promoters was inserted into the chromosome of TWF063, and the best resulting strain TWF066 produced 17.56 g l-threonine from 40 g glucose after 30 h cultivation. Thirdly, the effect of expression regulation of arcA, cpxR, gadE, pykF and fadR was individually investigated on l-threonine production in TWF001. Finally, using TWF066 as the starting strain, the expression of genes arcA, cpxR, gadE, pykF and fadR was regulated individually or in combination to obtain the best strain for l-threonine production. The resulting strain TWF083, in which the expression of seven genes (iclR, aspC, arcA, cpxR, gadE, pykF, fadR and aspC) was regulated, produced 18.76 g l-threonine from 30 g glucose, 26.50 g l-threonine from 40 g glucose, or 26.93 g l-threonine from 50 g glucose after 30 h cultivation. In 48 h fed-batch fermentation, TWF083 could produce 116.62 g/L l‐threonine with a yield of 0.486 g/g glucose and productivity of 2.43 g/L/h. Conclusion The genetic engineering through the expression regulation of key genes is a better strategy than simple deletion of these genes to improve l-threonine production in E. coli. This strategy has little effect on the intracellular metabolism in the early stage of the growth but could increase l-threonine biosynthesis in the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Nanjing Customs District P. R. China, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhixiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Czech L, Wilcken S, Czech O, Linne U, Brauner J, Smits SHJ, Galinski EA, Bremer E. Exploiting Substrate Promiscuity of Ectoine Hydroxylase for Regio- and Stereoselective Modification of Homoectoine. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2745. [PMID: 31827466 PMCID: PMC6890836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant enzymes are not only highly efficient biocatalysts for a single, or a group of chemically closely related substrates but often have retained, as a mark of their evolutionary history, a certain degree of substrate ambiguity. We have exploited the substrate ambiguity of the ectoine hydroxylase (EctD), a member of the non-heme Fe(II)-containing and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, for such a task. Naturally, the EctD enzyme performs a precise regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of the ubiquitous stress protectant and chemical chaperone ectoine (possessing a six-membered pyrimidine ring structure) to yield trans-5-hydroxyectoine. Using a synthetic ectoine derivative, homoectoine, which possesses an expanded seven-membered diazepine ring structure, we were able to selectively generate, both in vitro and in vivo, trans-5-hydroxyhomoectoine. For this transformation, we specifically used the EctD enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri in a whole cell biocatalyst approach, as this enzyme exhibits high catalytic efficiency not only for its natural substrate ectoine but also for homoectoine. Molecular docking approaches with the crystal structure of the Sphingopyxis alaskensis EctD protein predicted the formation of trans-5-hydroxyhomoectoine, a stereochemical configuration that we experimentally verified by nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An Escherichia coli cell factory expressing the P. stutzeri ectD gene from a synthetic promoter imported homoectoine via the ProU and ProP compatible solute transporters, hydroxylated it, and secreted the formed trans-5-hydroxyhomoectoine, independent from all currently known mechanosensitive channels, into the growth medium from which it could be purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Czech
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wilcken
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Czech
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarryd Brauner
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erwin A Galinski
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,SYNMIKRO Research Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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High ectoine production by an engineered Halomonas hydrothermalis Y2 in a reduced salinity medium. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:184. [PMID: 31655591 PMCID: PMC6815383 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an attracted compatible solute, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (ectoine) showed great potentials in various field. However, lower productivity and high saline medium seriously hinder its wide applications. Results The entire ectoine metabolism, including pathways for ectoine synthesis and catabolism, was identified in the genome of an ectoine-excreting strain Halomonas hydrothermalis Y2. By in-frame deletion of genes encoding ectoine hydroxylase (EctD) and (or) ectoine hydrolase (DoeA) that responsible for ectoine catabolism, the pathways for ectoine utilization were disrupted and resulted in an obviously enhanced productivity. Using an optimized medium containing 100 g L−1 NaCl in a 500-mL flask, the double mutant of Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA synthesized 3.13 g L−1 ectoine after 30 h cultivation. This is much higher than that of the wild type strain (1.91 g L−1), and also exceeds the production of Y2/ΔectD (2.21 g L−1). The remarkably enhanced accumulation of ectoine by Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA implied a critical function of Doe pathway in the ectoine catabolism. Furthermore, to reduce the salinity of fermentation medium and overcome the wastewater treatment difficulty, mutants that lacking key Na+/H+ antiporter, Mrp and (or) NhaD2, were constructed based on strain Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA. As a result, the Mrp-deficient strain could synthesize equal amount of ectoine (around 7 g L−1 or 500 mg (g DCW) −1) in the medium containing lower concentration of NaCl. During a fed-batch fermentation process with 60 g L−1 NaCl stress, a maximum 10.5 g L−1 ectoine was accumulated by the Mrp-deficient strain, with a specific production of 765 mg (g DCW)−1 and a yield of 0.21 g g−1 monosodium glutamate. Conclusion The remarkably enhanced production of ectoine by Y2/ΔectD/ΔdoeA implied the critical function of Doe pathway in the ectoine catabolism. Moreover, the reduced salinity requirement of Mrp-deficient strain implied a feasible protocol for many compatible solute biosynthesis, i.e., by silencing some Na+/H+ antiporters in their halophilic producers and thus lowering the medium salinity.![]()
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40
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Ding Z, Fang Y, Zhu L, Wang J, Wang X. Deletion of arcA, iclR, and tdcC in Escherichia coli to improve l-threonine production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:794-807. [PMID: 31177569 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
l-Threonine is an important amino acid supplemented in food, medicine, or feed. Starting from glucose, l-threonine production in Escherichia coli involves the glycolysis, TCA cycle, and the l-threonine biosynthetic pathway. In this study, how the l-threonine production in an l-threonine producing E. coli TWF001 is controlled by the three regulators ArcA, Cra, and IclR, which control the expression of genes involved in the glycolysis and TCA cycle, has been investigated. Ten mutant strains were constructed from TWF001 by different combinations of deletion or overexpression of arcA, cra, iclR, and tdcC. l-Threonine production was increased in the mutants TWF015 (ΔarcAΔcra), TWF016 (ΔarcAPcra::Ptrc), TWF017 (ΔarcAΔiclR), TWF018 (ΔarcAΔiclRΔtdcC), and TWF019 (ΔarcAΔcraΔiclRΔtdcC). Among these mutant strains, the highest l-threonine production (26.0 g/L) was obtained in TWF018, which was a 109.7% increase compared with the control TWF001. In addition, TWF018 could consume glucose more efficiently than TWF001 and produce less acetate. The results suggest that deletion of arcA, iclR, and tdcC could efficiently increase l-threonine production in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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Gießelmann G, Dietrich D, Jungmann L, Kohlstedt M, Jeon EJ, Yim SS, Sommer F, Zimmer D, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M, Jeong KJ, Becker J, Wittmann C. Metabolic Engineering of
Corynebacterium glutamicum
for High‐Level Ectoine Production: Design, Combinatorial Assembly, and Implementation of a Transcriptionally Balanced Heterologous Ectoine Pathway. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800417. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Gießelmann
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Lukas Jungmann
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Eun J. Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST 335 Gwahagno Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 305‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung S. Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST 335 Gwahagno Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 305‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - David Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems BiologyTU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Ki J. Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKAIST 335 Gwahagno Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 305‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems BiotechnologySaarland University 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Wei L, Wang Q, Xu N, Cheng J, Zhou W, Han G, Jiang H, Liu J, Ma Y. Combining Protein and Metabolic Engineering Strategies for High-Level Production of O-Acetylhomoserine in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1153-1167. [PMID: 30973696 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
O-acetylhomoserine (OAH) is a promising platform chemical for the production of l-methionine and other valuable compounds. However, the relative low titer and yield of OAH greatly limit its industrial production and cost-effective application. In this study, we successfully constructed an efficient OAH-producing strain with high titer and yield by combining protein and metabolic engineering strategies in E. coli. Initially, an OAH-producing strain was created by reconstruction of biosynthetic pathway and deletion of degradation and competitive pathways, which accumulated 1.68 g/L of OAH. Subsequently, several metabolic engineering strategies were implemented to improve the production of OAH. The pathway flux of OAH was enhanced by eliminating byproduct accumulation, increasing oxaloacetate supply and promoting the biosynthesis of precursor homoserine, resulting in a 1.79-fold increase in OAH production. Moreover, protein engineering was applied to improve the properties of the rate-limiting enzyme homoserine acetyltransferase (MetXlm) based on evolutionary conservation analysis and structure-guided engineering. The resulting triple F147L-M182I-M240A mutant of MetXlm exhibited a 12.15-fold increase in specific activity, and the optimized expression of the MetXlm mutant led to a 57.14% improvement in OAH production. Furthermore, the precursor acetyl-CoA supply and NADPH generation were also enhanced to facilitate the biosynthesis of OAH by promoting CoA biosynthesis, overexpressing heterogeneous acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), and introducing NADP-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Finally, the engineered strain OAH-7 produced 62.7 g/L of OAH with yield and productivity values of 0.45 g/g glucose and 1.08 g/L/h, respectively, in a 7.5 L fed-batch fermenter, which was the highest OAH production ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Guoqiang Han
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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43
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Yang J, Fang Y, Wang J, Wang C, Zhao L, Wang X. Deletion of regulator-encoding genes fadR, fabR and iclR to increase L-threonine production in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4549-4564. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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44
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Wendisch VF. Metabolic engineering advances and prospects for amino acid production. Metab Eng 2019; 58:17-34. [PMID: 30940506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid fermentation is one of the major pillars of industrial biotechnology. The multi-billion USD amino acid market is rising steadily and is diversifying. Metabolic engineering is no longer focused solely on strain development for the bulk amino acids L-glutamate and L-lysine that are produced at the million-ton scale, but targets specialty amino acids. These demands are met by the development and application of new metabolic engineering tools including CRISPR and biosensor technologies as well as production processes by enabling a flexible feedstock concept, co-production and co-cultivation schemes. Metabolic engineering advances are exemplified for specialty proteinogenic amino acids, cyclic amino acids, omega-amino acids, and amino acids functionalized by hydroxylation, halogenation and N-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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45
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Pérez-García F, Brito LF, Wendisch VF. Function of L-Pipecolic Acid as Compatible Solute in Corynebacterium glutamicum as Basis for Its Production Under Hyperosmolar Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 30858843 PMCID: PMC6397837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pipecolic acid or L-PA is a cyclic amino acid derived from L-lysine which has gained interest in the recent years within the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. L-PA can be produced efficiently using recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strains by expanding the natural L-lysine biosynthetic pathway. L-PA is a six-membered ring homolog of the five-membered ring amino acid L-proline, which serves as compatible solute in C. glutamicum. Here, we show that de novo synthesized or externally added L-PA partially is beneficial for growth under hyper-osmotic stress conditions. C. glutamicum cells accumulated L-PA under elevated osmotic pressure and released it after an osmotic down shock. In the absence of the mechanosensitive channel YggB intracellular L-PA concentrations increased and its release after osmotic down shock was slower. The proline permease ProP was identified as a candidate L-PA uptake system since RNAseq analysis revealed increased proP RNA levels upon L-PA production. Under hyper-osmotic conditions, a ΔproP strain showed similar growth behavior than the parent strain when L-proline was added externally. By contrast, the growth impairment of the ΔproP strain under hyper-osmotic conditions could not be alleviated by addition of L-PA unless proP was expressed from a plasmid. This is commensurate with the view that L-proline can be imported into the C. glutamicum cell by ProP and other transporters such as EctP and PutP, while ProP appears of major importance for L-PA uptake under hyper-osmotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pérez-García
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology - CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luciana F Brito
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology - CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology - CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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46
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Illuminating the catalytic core of ectoine synthase through structural and biochemical analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:364. [PMID: 30674920 PMCID: PMC6344544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine synthase (EctC) is the signature enzyme for the production of ectoine, a compatible solute and chemical chaperone widely synthesized by bacteria as a cellular defense against the detrimental effects of osmotic stress. EctC catalyzes the last step in ectoine synthesis through cyclo-condensation of the EctA-formed substrate N-gamma-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid via a water elimination reaction. We have biochemically and structurally characterized the EctC enzyme from the thermo-tolerant bacterium Paenibacillus lautus (Pl). EctC is a member of the cupin superfamily and forms dimers, both in solution and in crystals. We obtained high-resolution crystal structures of the (Pl)EctC protein in forms that contain (i) the catalytically important iron, (ii) iron and the substrate N-gamma-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and (iii) iron and the enzyme reaction product ectoine. These crystal structures lay the framework for a proposal for the EctC-mediated water-elimination reaction mechanism. Residues involved in coordinating the metal, the substrate, or the product within the active site of ectoine synthase are highly conserved among a large group of EctC-type proteins. Collectively, the biochemical, mutational, and structural data reported here yielded detailed insight into the structure-function relationship of the (Pl)EctC enzyme and are relevant for a deeper understanding of the ectoine synthase family as a whole.
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47
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Wu H, Li Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Jia Z, Yang B, Xu Q, Fan X, Zhang C, Chen N, Xie X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-yield uridine production. Metab Eng 2018; 49:248-256. [PMID: 30189293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Uridine is a kind of pyrimidine nucleoside that has been widely applied in the pharmaceutical industry. Although microbial fermentation is a promising method for industrial production of uridine, an efficient microbial cell factory is still lacking. In this study, we constructed a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli capable of high-yield uridine production. First, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated chromosomal integration strategy to integrate large DNA into the E. coli chromosome, and a 9.7 kb DNA fragment including eight genes in the pyrimidine operon of Bacillus subtilis F126 was integrated into the yghX locus of E. coli W3110. The resultant strain produced 3.3 g/L uridine and 4.5 g/L uracil in shake flask culture for 32 h. Subsequently, five genes involved in uridine catabolism were knocked out, and the uridine titer increased to 7.8 g/L. As carbamyl phosphate, aspartate, and 5'-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate are important precursors for uridine synthesis, we further modified several metabolism-related genes and synergistically improved the supply of these precursors, leading to a 76.9% increase in uridine production. Finally, nupC and nupG encoding nucleoside transport proteins were deleted, and the extracellular uridine accumulation increased to 14.5 g/L. After 64 h of fed-batch fermentation, the final engineered strain UR6 produced 70.3 g/L uridine with a yield and productivity of 0.259 g/g glucose and 1.1 g/L/h, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest uridine titer and productivity ever reported for the fermentative production of uridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Wu
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qian Ma
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zifan Jia
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Bo Yang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Chen
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xixian Xie
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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48
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Xiao-Ran J, Jin Y, Xiangbin C, Guo-Qiang C. Halomonas and Pathway Engineering for Bioplastics Production. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:309-328. [PMID: 30173767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional microbial chassis, including Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Ralstonia eutropha, and Pseudomonas putida, are grown under neutral pH and mild osmotic pressure for production of chemicals and materials. They tend to be contaminated easily by many microorganisms. To address this issue, next-generation industrial biotechnology employing halophilic Halomonas spp. has been developed for production of bioplastics polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and other chemicals. Halomonas spp. that can be grown contamination free under open and unsterile condition at alkali pH and high NaCl have been engineered to produce several PHA polymers in elongated or enlarged cells. New pathways can also be constructed both in plasmids and on chromosomes for Halomonas spp. Synthetic biology approaches and parts have been developed for Halomonas spp., allowing better control of their growth and product formation as well as morphology adjustment. Halomonas spp. and their synthetic biology will play an increasingly important role for industrial production of large volume chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiao-Ran
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jin
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xiangbin
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Guo-Qiang
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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49
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Zhao H, Fang Y, Wang X, Zhao L, Wang J, Li Y. Increasing L-threonine production in Escherichia coli by engineering the glyoxylate shunt and the L-threonine biosynthesis pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5505-5518. [PMID: 29713792 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
L-threonine is an important amino acid that can be added in food, medicine, or feed. Here, the influence of glyoxylate shunt on an L-threonine producing strain Escherichia coli TWF001 has been studied. The gene iclR was deleted, and the native promoter of the aceBA operon was replaced by the trc promoter in the chromosome of TWF001, the resulting strainTWF004 could produce 0.39 g L-threonine from1 g glucose after 36-h flask cultivation. Further replacing the native promoter of aspC by the trc promoter in the chromosome of TWF004 resulted in the strain TWF006. TWF006 could produce 0.42 g L-threonine from 1 g glucose after 36-h flask cultivation. Three key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of L-threonine, thrA * (a mutated thrA), thrB, and thrC were overexpressed in TWF006, resulting the strain TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC. TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC could produce 0.49 g L-threonine from 1 g glucose after 36-h flask cultivation. Next, the genes asd, rhtA, rhtC, or thrE were inserted into the plasmid TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC, and TWF006 was transformed with these plasmids, resulting the strains TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC-asd, TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC-rhtA, TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC-rhtC, and TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC-thrE, respectively. These four strains could produce more L-threonine than the control strain, and the highest yield was produced by TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC-asd; after 36-h flask cultivation, TWF006/pFW01-thrA * BC-asd could produce 15.85 g/l L-threonine, i.e., 0.53 g L-threonine per 1 g glucose, which is a 70% increase relative to the control strain TWF001. The results suggested that the combined engineering of glyoxylate shunt and L-threonine biosynthesis pathway could significantly increase the L-threonine production in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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50
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Czech L, Hermann L, Stöveken N, Richter AA, Höppner A, Smits SHJ, Heider J, Bremer E. Role of the Extremolytes Ectoine and Hydroxyectoine as Stress Protectants and Nutrients: Genetics, Phylogenomics, Biochemistry, and Structural Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040177. [PMID: 29565833 PMCID: PMC5924519 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in environmental osmolarity are ubiquitous stress factors in many natural habitats of microorganisms, as they inevitably trigger osmotically instigated fluxes of water across the semi-permeable cytoplasmic membrane. Under hyperosmotic conditions, many microorganisms fend off the detrimental effects of water efflux and the ensuing dehydration of the cytoplasm and drop in turgor through the accumulation of a restricted class of organic osmolytes, the compatible solutes. Ectoine and its derivative 5-hydroxyectoine are prominent members of these compounds and are synthesized widely by members of the Bacteria and a few Archaea and Eukarya in response to high salinity/osmolarity and/or growth temperature extremes. Ectoines have excellent function-preserving properties, attributes that have led to their description as chemical chaperones and fostered the development of an industrial-scale biotechnological production process for their exploitation in biotechnology, skin care, and medicine. We review, here, the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the ectoine/hydroxyectoine biosynthetic enzymes and the available crystal structures of some of them, explore the genetics of the underlying biosynthetic genes and their transcriptional regulation, and present an extensive phylogenomic analysis of the ectoine/hydroxyectoine biosynthetic genes. In addition, we address the biochemistry, phylogenomics, and genetic regulation for the alternative use of ectoines as nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Czech
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lucas Hermann
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Nadine Stöveken
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 6, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra A Richter
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Höppner
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Johann Heider
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 6, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 6, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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