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Mazina OM, Mazin AV. Branch Migration Activity of Rad54 Protein. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2153:145-167. [PMID: 32840778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0644-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rad54 is a eukaryotic protein that plays an important role in homologous recombination. Rad54, a member of the Swi2/Snf2 family, binds to Holliday junctions with high specificity and promotes their branch migration in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner. Here we describe the methods our laboratory used to characterize the branch migration activity of Rad54. These assays are applicable for other branch migration proteins regardless of whether they have canonical helicase activity or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Hanamshet K, Mazin AV. The function of RAD52 N-terminal domain is essential for viability of BRCA-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 48:12778-12791. [PMID: 33275133 PMCID: PMC7736796 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD52 is a member of the homologous recombination pathway that is important for survival of BRCA-deficient cells. Inhibition of RAD52 leads to lethality in BRCA-deficient cells. However, the exact mechanism of how RAD52 contributes to viability of BRCA-deficient cells remains unknown. Two major activities of RAD52 were previously identified: DNA or RNA pairing, which includes DNA/RNA annealing and strand exchange, and mediator, which is to assist RAD51 loading on RPA-covered ssDNA. Here, we report that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of RAD52 devoid of the potential mediator function is essential for maintaining viability of BRCA-deficient cells owing to its ability to promote DNA/RNA pairing. We show that RAD52 NTD forms nuclear foci upon DNA damage in BRCA-deficient human cells and promotes DNA double-strand break repair through two pathways: homology-directed repair (HDR) and single-strand annealing (SSA). Furthermore, we show that mutations in the RAD52 NTD that disrupt these activities fail to maintain viability of BRCA-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Hanamshet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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3
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Mazina OM, Somarowthu S, Kadyrova LY, Baranovskiy AG, Tahirov TH, Kadyrov FA, Mazin AV. Replication protein A binds RNA and promotes R-loop formation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14203-14213. [PMID: 32796030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA), a major eukaryotic ssDNA-binding protein, is essential for all metabolic processes that involve ssDNA, including DNA replication, repair, and damage signaling. To perform its functions, RPA binds ssDNA tightly. In contrast, it was presumed that RPA binds RNA weakly. However, recent data suggest that RPA may play a role in RNA metabolism. RPA stimulates RNA-templated DNA repair in vitro and associates in vivo with R-loops, the three-stranded structures consisting of an RNA-DNA hybrid and the displaced ssDNA strand. R-loops are common in the genomes of pro- and eukaryotes, including humans, and may play an important role in transcription-coupled homologous recombination and DNA replication restart. However, the mechanism of R-loop formation remains unknown. Here, we investigated the RNA-binding properties of human RPA and its possible role in R-loop formation. Using gel-retardation and RNA/DNA competition assays, we found that RPA binds RNA with an unexpectedly high affinity (KD ≈ 100 pm). Furthermore, RPA, by forming a complex with RNA, can promote R-loop formation with homologous dsDNA. In reconstitution experiments, we showed that human DNA polymerases can utilize RPA-generated R-loops for initiation of DNA synthesis, mimicking the process of replication restart in vivo These results demonstrate that RPA binds RNA with high affinity, supporting the role of this protein in RNA metabolism and suggesting a mechanism of genome maintenance that depends on RPA-mediated DNA replication restart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Srinivas Somarowthu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lyudmila Y Kadyrova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrey G Baranovskiy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tahir H Tahirov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Farid A Kadyrov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Abstract
Proteins of the Rad51 family play a key role in homologous recombination by carrying out DNA strand exchange. Here, we present the methodology and the protocols for the 4-strand exchange between gapped circular DNA and homologous linear duplex DNA promoted by human Rad51 and Escherichia coli RecA orthologs. This reaction includes formation of joint molecules and their extension by branch migration in a polar manner. The presented methodology may be used for reconstitution of the medial-to-late stages of homologous recombination in vitro as well as for investigation of the mechanisms of branch migration by helicase-like proteins, e.g., Rad54, BLM, or RecQ1.
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Goyal N, Rossi MJ, Mazina OM, Chi Y, Moritz RL, Clurman BE, Mazin AV. RAD54 N-terminal domain is a DNA sensor that couples ATP hydrolysis with branch migration of Holliday junctions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:34. [PMID: 29295984 PMCID: PMC5750232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, RAD54 catalyzes branch migration (BM) of Holliday junctions, a basic process during DNA repair, replication, and recombination. RAD54 also stimulates RAD51 recombinase and has other activities. Here, we investigate the structural determinants for different RAD54 activities. We find that the RAD54 N-terminal domain (NTD) is responsible for initiation of BM through two coupled, but distinct steps; specific binding to Holliday junctions and RAD54 oligomerization. Furthermore, we find that the RAD54 oligomeric state can be controlled by NTD phosphorylation at S49, a CDK2 consensus site, which inhibits RAD54 oligomerization and, consequently, BM. Importantly, the effect of phosphorylation on RAD54 oligomerization is specific for BM, as it does not affect stimulation of RAD51 recombinase by RAD54. Thus, the transition of the oligomeric states provides an important control of the biological functions of RAD54 and, likely, other multifunctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadish Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Matthew J Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Yong Chi
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Bruce E Clurman
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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6
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Mazina OM, Keskin H, Hanamshet K, Storici F, Mazin AV. Rad52 Inverse Strand Exchange Drives RNA-Templated DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Mol Cell 2017; 67:19-29.e3. [PMID: 28602639 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA can serve as a template for DNA double-strand break repair in yeast cells, and Rad52, a member of the homologous recombination pathway, emerged as an important player in this process. However, the exact mechanism of how Rad52 contributes to RNA-dependent DSB repair remained unknown. Here, we report an unanticipated activity of yeast and human Rad52: inverse strand exchange, in which Rad52 forms a complex with dsDNA and promotes strand exchange with homologous ssRNA or ssDNA. We show that in eukaryotes, inverse strand exchange between homologous dsDNA and RNA is a distinctive activity of Rad52; neither Rad51 recombinase nor the yeast Rad52 paralog Rad59 has this activity. In accord with our in vitro results, our experiments in budding yeast provide evidence that Rad52 inverse strand exchange plays an important role in RNA-templated DSB repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Havva Keskin
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kritika Hanamshet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Francesca Storici
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Huang F, Goyal N, Sullivan K, Hanamshet K, Patel M, Mazina OM, Wang CX, An WF, Spoonamore J, Metkar S, Emmitte KA, Cocklin S, Skorski T, Mazin AV. Targeting BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells with RAD52 small molecule inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4189-99. [PMID: 26873923 PMCID: PMC4872086 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD52 is a member of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway that is important for maintenance of genome integrity. While single RAD52 mutations show no significant phenotype in mammals, their combination with mutations in genes that cause hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer like BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and RAD51C are lethal. Consequently, RAD52 may represent an important target for cancer therapy. In vitro, RAD52 has ssDNA annealing and DNA strand exchange activities. Here, to identify small molecule inhibitors of RAD52 we screened a 372,903-compound library using a fluorescence-quenching assay for ssDNA annealing activity of RAD52. The obtained 70 putative inhibitors were further characterized using biochemical and cell-based assays. As a result, we identified compounds that specifically inhibit the biochemical activities of RAD52, suppress growth of BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells and inhibit RAD52-dependent single-strand annealing (SSA) in human cells. We will use these compounds for development of novel cancer therapy and as a probe to study mechanisms of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Nadish Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Katherine Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 10140, USA
| | - Kritika Hanamshet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mikir Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Charles X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - W Frank An
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James Spoonamore
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shailesh Metkar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 10140, USA
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Bugreev DV, Huang F, Mazina OM, Pezza RJ, Voloshin ON, Camerini-Otero RD, Mazin AV. HOP2-MND1 modulates RAD51 binding to nucleotides and DNA. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4198. [PMID: 24943459 PMCID: PMC4279451 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOP2-MND1 heterodimer is required for progression of homologous recombination in eukaryotes. In vitro, HOP2-MND1 stimulates the DNA strand exchange activities of RAD51 and DMC1. We demonstrate that HOP2-MND1 induces changes in the conformation of RAD51 that profoundly alter the basic properties of RAD51. HOP2-MND1 enhances the interaction of RAD51 with nucleotide cofactors and modifies its DNA binding specificity in a manner that stimulates DNA strand exchange. It enables RAD51 DNA strand exchange in the absence of divalent metal ions required for ATP binding and offsets the effect of the K133A mutation that disrupts ATP binding. During nucleoprotein formation HOP2-MND1 helps to load RAD51 on ssDNA restricting its dsDNA-binding and during the homology search it promotes dsDNA binding removing the inhibitory effect of ssDNA. The magnitude of the changes induced in RAD51 defines HOP2-MND1 as a “molecular trigger” of RAD51 DNA strand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Bugreev
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA [2]
| | - Fei Huang
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA [2]
| | - Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA
| | - Roberto J Pezza
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Oleg N Voloshin
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - R Daniel Camerini-Otero
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA
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Shahar OD, Kalousi A, Eini L, Fisher B, Weiss A, Darr J, Mazina O, Bramson S, Kupiec M, Eden A, Meshorer E, Mazin AV, Brino L, Goldberg M, Soutoglou E. A high-throughput chemical screen with FDA approved drugs reveals that the antihypertensive drug Spironolactone impairs cancer cell survival by inhibiting homology directed repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5689-701. [PMID: 24682826 PMCID: PMC4027216 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most severe type of DNA damage. DSBs are repaired by non-homologous end-joining or homology directed repair (HDR). Identifying novel small molecules that affect HDR is of great importance both for research use and therapy. Molecules that elevate HDR may improve gene targeting whereas inhibiting molecules can be used for chemotherapy, since some of the cancers are more sensitive to repair impairment. Here, we performed a high-throughput chemical screen for FDA approved drugs, which affect HDR in cancer cells. We found that HDR frequencies are increased by retinoic acid and Idoxuridine and reduced by the antihypertensive drug Spironolactone. We further revealed that Spironolactone impairs Rad51 foci formation, sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damaging agents, to Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and cross-linking agents and inhibits tumor growth in xenografts, in mice. This study suggests Spironolactone as a new candidate for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or David Shahar
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alkmini Kalousi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS, UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Lital Eini
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Benoit Fisher
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS, UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Amelie Weiss
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS, UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jonatan Darr
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Olga Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Shay Bramson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amir Eden
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexander V Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Laurent Brino
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS, UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Evi Soutoglou
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS, UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Deakyne JS, Huang F, Negri J, Tolliday N, Cocklin S, Mazin AV. Analysis of the activities of RAD54, a SWI2/SNF2 protein, using a specific small-molecule inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31567-80. [PMID: 24043618 PMCID: PMC3814753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.502195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD54, an important homologous recombination protein, is a member of the SWI2/SNF2 family of ATPase-dependent DNA translocases. In vitro, RAD54 stimulates RAD51-mediated DNA strand exchange and promotes branch migration of Holliday junctions. It is thought that an ATPase-dependent DNA translocation is required for both of these RAD54 activities. Here we identified, by high-throughput screening, a specific RAD54 inhibitor, streptonigrin (SN), and used it to investigate the mechanisms of RAD54 activities. We found that SN specifically targets the RAD54 ATPase, but not DNA binding, through direct interaction with RAD54 and generation of reactive oxygen species. Consistent with the dependence of branch migration (BM) on the ATPase-dependent DNA translocation of RAD54, SN inhibited RAD54 BM. Surprisingly, the ability of RAD54 to stimulate RAD51 DNA strand exchange was not significantly affected by SN, indicating a relatively smaller role of RAD54 DNA translocation in this process. Thus, the use of SN enabled us to identify important differences in the effect of the RAD54 ATPase and DNA translocation on two major activities of RAD54, BM of Holliday junctions and stimulation of DNA pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna S. Deakyne
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 and
| | - Fei Huang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 and
| | - Joseph Negri
- the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Nicola Tolliday
- the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Simon Cocklin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 and
| | - Alexander V. Mazin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 and
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Huang F, Mazina OM, Zentner IJ, Cocklin S, Mazin AV. Inhibition of homologous recombination in human cells by targeting RAD51 recombinase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3011-20. [PMID: 22380680 DOI: 10.1021/jm201173g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The homologous recombination (HR) pathway plays a crucial role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and interstrand cross-links (ICLs). RAD51, a key protein of HR, possesses a unique activity: DNA strand exchange between homologous DNA sequences. Recently, using a high-throughput screening (HTS), we identified compound 1 (B02), which specifically inhibits the DNA strand exchange activity of human RAD51. Here, we analyzed the mechanism of inhibition and found that 1 disrupts RAD51 binding to DNA. We then examined the effect of 1 on HR and DNA repair in the cell. The results show that 1 inhibits HR and increases cell sensitivity to DNA damage. We propose to use 1 for analysis of cellular functions of RAD51. Because DSB- and ICL-inducing agents are commonly used in anticancer therapy, specific inhibitors of RAD51 may also help to increase killing of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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12
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Mazina OM, Rossi MJ, Deakyne JS, Huang F, Mazin AV. Polarity and bypass of DNA heterology during branch migration of Holliday junctions by human RAD54, BLM, and RECQ1 proteins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11820-32. [PMID: 22356911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proteins have been shown to catalyze branch migration (BM) of the Holliday junction, a key intermediate in DNA repair and recombination. Here, using joint molecules made by human RAD51 or Escherichia coli RecA, we find that the polarity of the displaced ssDNA strand of the joint molecules defines the polarity of BM of RAD54, BLM, RECQ1, and RuvAB. Our results demonstrate that RAD54, BLM, and RECQ1 promote BM preferentially in the 3'→5' direction, whereas RuvAB drives it in the 5'→3' direction relative to the displaced ssDNA strand. Our data indicate that the helicase activity of BM proteins does not play a role in the heterology bypass. Thus, RAD54 that lacks helicase activity is more efficient in DNA heterology bypass than BLM or REQ1 helicases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the BLM helicase and BM activities require different protein stoichiometries, indicating that different complexes, monomers and multimers, respectively, are responsible for these two activities. These results define BM as a mechanistically distinct activity of DNA translocating proteins, which may serve an important function in DNA repair and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Mazina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA
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13
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Huang F, Motlekar NA, Burgwin CM, Napper AD, Diamond SL, Mazin AV. Identification of specific inhibitors of human RAD51 recombinase using high-throughput screening. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:628-35. [PMID: 21428443 DOI: 10.1021/cb100428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 is a key protein of homologous recombination that plays a critical role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and interstrand cross-links (ICL). To better understand the cellular function(s) of human RAD51, we propose to develop specific RAD51 inhibitors. RAD51 inhibitors may also help to increase the potency of anticancer drugs that act by inducing DSBs or ICLs, e.g., cisplatin or ionizing radiation. In vitro, RAD51 promotes DNA strand exchange between homologous ss- and dsDNA. Here, we developed a DNA strand exchange assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and used this assay to identify RAD51 inhibitors by high-throughput screening of the NIH Small Molecule Repository (>200,000 compounds). Seventeen RAD51 inhibitors were identified and analyzed for selectivity using additional nonfluorescent DNA-based assays. As a result, we identified a compound (B02) that specifically inhibited human RAD51 (IC(50) = 27.4 μM) but not its E. coli homologue RecA (IC(50) > 250 μM). Two other compounds (A03 and A10) were identified that inhibited both RAD51 and RecA but not the structurally unrelated RAD54 protein. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis allowed us to identify the structural components of B02 that are critical for RAD51 inhibition. The described approach can be used for identification of specific inhibitors of other human proteins that play an important role in DNA repair, e.g., RAD54 or Bloom's syndrome helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Nuzhat A. Motlekar
- Penn center for Molecular Discovery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Chelsea M. Burgwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Andrew D. Napper
- Penn center for Molecular Discovery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Penn center for Molecular Discovery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexander V. Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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The RecA/RAD51 protein drives migration of Holliday junctions via polymerization on DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6432-7. [PMID: 21464277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016072108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Holliday junction (HJ), a cross-shaped structure that physically links the two DNA helices, is a key intermediate in homologous recombination, DNA repair, and replication. Several helicase-like proteins are known to bind HJs and promote their branch migration (BM) by translocating along DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Surprisingly, the bacterial recombinase protein RecA and its eukaryotic homologue Rad51 also promote BM of HJs despite the fact they do not bind HJs preferentially and do not translocate along DNA. RecA/Rad51 plays a key role in DNA double-stranded break repair and homologous recombination. RecA/Rad51 binds to ssDNA and forms contiguous filaments that promote the search for homologous DNA sequences and DNA strand exchange. The mechanism of BM promoted by RecA/RAD51 is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that cycles of RecA/Rad51 polymerization and dissociation coupled with ATP hydrolysis drives the BM of HJs.
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Brosh RM. Special Methods collection on DNA helicases. Methods 2010; 51:257-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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