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Sirtori R, Gregoire M, Collins A, Santangelo S, Chatragadda B, Cullen R, Ratti A, Fallini C. Altered nuclear envelope homeostasis is a key pathogenic event in C9ORF72-linked ALS/FTD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578318. [PMID: 38352403 PMCID: PMC10862841 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
ALS and FTD are complex neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and cortical neurons in the frontal lobe. Although the pathogenesis of ALS/FTD is unclear, recent research spotlights nucleocytoplasmic transport impairment, DNA damage, and nuclear abnormalities as drivers of neuronal death. In this study, we show that loss of nuclear envelope (NE) integrity is a key pathology associated with nuclear pore complex (NPC) injury in C9ORF72 mutant neurons. Importantly, we show that mechanical stresses generated by cytoskeletal forces on the NE can lead to NPC injury, loss of nuclear integrity, and accumulation of DNA damage. Importantly, we demonstrate that restoring NE tensional homeostasis, by disconnecting the nucleus from the cytoskeleton, can rescue NPC injury and reduce DNA damage in C9ORF72 mutant cells. Together, our data suggest that modulation of NE homeostasis and repair may represent a novel and promising therapeutic target for ALS/FTD.
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Kim WS, Min S, Kim SK, Kang S, An S, Criado-Hidalgo E, Davis H, Bar-Zion A, Malounda D, Kim YH, Lee JH, Bae SH, Lee JG, Kwak M, Cho SW, Shapiro MG, Cheon J. Magneto-acoustic protein nanostructures for non-invasive imaging of tissue mechanics in vivo. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:290-300. [PMID: 37845321 PMCID: PMC10837075 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Measuring cellular and tissue mechanics inside intact living organisms is essential for interrogating the roles of force in physiological and disease processes. Current agents for studying the mechanobiology of intact, living organisms are limited by poor light penetration and material stability. Magnetomotive ultrasound is an emerging modality for real-time in vivo imaging of tissue mechanics. Nonetheless, it has poor sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Here we describe magneto-gas vesicles (MGVs), protein nanostructures based on gas vesicles and magnetic nanoparticles that produce differential ultrasound signals in response to varying mechanical properties of surrounding tissues. These hybrid nanomaterials significantly improve signal strength and detection sensitivity. Furthermore, MGVs enable non-invasive, long-term and quantitative measurements of mechanical properties within three-dimensional tissues and in vivo fibrosis models. Using MGVs as novel contrast agents, we demonstrate their potential for non-invasive imaging of tissue elasticity, offering insights into mechanobiology and its application to disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whee-Soo Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kyeom Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwi Kang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan An
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ernesto Criado-Hidalgo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hunter Davis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Avinoam Bar-Zion
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dina Malounda
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yu Heun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kwak
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Amiri S, Muresan C, Shang X, Huet-Calderwood C, Schwartz MA, Calderwood DA, Murrell M. Intracellular tension sensor reveals mechanical anisotropy of the actin cytoskeleton. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8011. [PMID: 38049429 PMCID: PMC10695988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton is a composite material consisting of cortical actin and bundled F-actin stress fibers, which together mediate the mechanical behaviors of the cell, from cell division to cell migration. However, as mechanical forces are typically measured upon transmission to the extracellular matrix, the internal distribution of forces within the cytoskeleton is unknown. Likewise, how distinct F-actin architectures contribute to the generation and transmission of mechanical forces is unclear. Therefore, we have developed a molecular tension sensor that embeds into the F-actin cytoskeleton. Using this sensor, we measure tension within stress fibers and cortical actin, as the cell is subject to uniaxial stretch. We find that the mechanical response, as measured by FRET, depends on the direction of applied stretch relative to the cell's axis of alignment. When the cell is aligned parallel to the direction of the stretch, stress fibers and cortical actin both accumulate tension. By contrast, when aligned perpendicular to the direction of stretch, stress fibers relax tension while the cortex accumulates tension, indicating mechanical anisotropy within the cytoskeleton. We further show that myosin inhibition regulates this anisotropy. Thus, the mechanical anisotropy of the cell and the coordination between distinct F-actin architectures vary and depend upon applied load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorosh Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Camelia Muresan
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Xingbo Shang
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 333 Cedar St, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, 300 George St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar St, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 333 Cedar St, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael Murrell
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Physics, 217 Prospect Street, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Recent methodological advances in measurements of geometry and forces in the early embryo and its models are enabling a deeper understanding of the complex interplay of genetics, mechanics and geometry during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Yuan Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- EMBL Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Ichbiah S, Delbary F, McDougall A, Dumollard R, Turlier H. Embryo mechanics cartography: inference of 3D force atlases from fluorescence microscopy. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1989-1999. [PMID: 38057527 PMCID: PMC10703677 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis results from a tight interplay between gene expression, biochemical signaling and mechanics. Although sequencing methods allow the generation of cell-resolved spatiotemporal maps of gene expression, creating similar maps of cell mechanics in three-dimensional (3D) developing tissues has remained a real challenge. Exploiting the foam-like arrangement of cells, we propose a robust end-to-end computational method called 'foambryo' to infer spatiotemporal atlases of cellular forces from fluorescence microscopy images of cell membranes. Our method generates precise 3D meshes of cells' geometry and successively predicts relative cell surface tensions and pressures. We validate it with 3D foam simulations, study its noise sensitivity and prove its biological relevance in mouse, ascidian and worm embryos. 3D force inference allows us to recover mechanical features identified previously, but also predicts new ones, unveiling potential new insights on the spatiotemporal regulation of cell mechanics in developing embryos. Our code is freely available and paves the way for unraveling the unknown mechanochemical feedbacks that control embryo and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ichbiah
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College of France, CNRS, INSERM, University of PSL, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Delbary
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College of France, CNRS, INSERM, University of PSL, Paris, France
| | - Alex McDougall
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology of the Villefranche-sur-Mer, Institute of Villefranche-sur-Mer, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology of the Villefranche-sur-Mer, Institute of Villefranche-sur-Mer, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College of France, CNRS, INSERM, University of PSL, Paris, France.
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6
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Barroso M, Monaghan MG, Niesner R, Dmitriev RI. Probing organoid metabolism using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): The next frontier of drug discovery and disease understanding. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115081. [PMID: 37647987 PMCID: PMC10543546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Organoid models have been used to address important questions in developmental and cancer biology, tissue repair, advanced modelling of disease and therapies, among other bioengineering applications. Such 3D microenvironmental models can investigate the regulation of cell metabolism, and provide key insights into the mechanisms at the basis of cell growth, differentiation, communication, interactions with the environment and cell death. Their accessibility and complexity, based on 3D spatial and temporal heterogeneity, make organoids suitable for the application of novel, dynamic imaging microscopy methods, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and related decay time-assessing readouts. Several biomarkers and assays have been proposed to study cell metabolism by FLIM in various organoid models. Herein, we present an expert-opinion discussion on the principles of FLIM and PLIM, instrumentation and data collection and analysis protocols, and general and emerging biosensor-based approaches, to highlight the pioneering work being performed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 02, Ireland
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin and Biophysical Analytics, German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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SubramanianBalachandar V, Islam MM, Steward RL. A machine learning approach to predict cellular mechanical stresses in response to chemical perturbation. Biophys J 2023; 122:3413-3424. [PMID: 37496269 PMCID: PMC10502424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stresses generated at the cell-cell level and cell-substrate level have been suggested to be important in a host of physiological and pathological processes. However, the influence various chemical compounds have on the mechanical stresses mentioned above is poorly understood, hindering the discovery of novel therapeutics, and representing a barrier in the field. To overcome this barrier, we implemented two approaches: 1) monolayer boundary predictor and 2) discretized window predictor utilizing either stepwise linear regression or quadratic support vector machine machine learning model to predict the dose-dependent response of tractions and intercellular stresses to chemical perturbation. We used experimental traction and intercellular stress data gathered from samples subject to 0.2 or 2 μg/mL drug concentrations along with cell morphological properties extracted from the bright-field images as predictors to train our model. To demonstrate the predictive capability of our machine learning models, we predicted tractions and intercellular stresses in response to 0 and 1 μg/mL drug concentrations which were not utilized in the training sets. Results revealed the discretized window predictor trained just with four samples (292 images) to best predict both intercellular stresses and tractions using the quadratic support vector machine and stepwise linear regression models, respectively, for the unseen sample images.
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Affiliation(s)
- VigneshAravind SubramanianBalachandar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Md Mydul Islam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - R L Steward
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
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8
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Dubois C, Houel-Renault L, Erard M, Boustany NN, Westbrook N. Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency measurements on vinculin tension sensors at focal adhesions using a simple and cost-effective setup. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:082808. [PMID: 37441563 PMCID: PMC10335361 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.082808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance Forces inside cells play a fundamental role in tissue growth, affecting important processes such as cancer cell migration or tissue repair after injury. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensors are a remarkable tool for studying these forces and should be made easier to use. Aim We prove that absolute FRET efficiency can be measured on a simple setup, an order of magnitude more cost-effective than a standard FRET microscopy setup, by applying it to vinculin tension sensors (VinTS) at the focal adhesions of live CHO-K1 cells. Approach Our setup located at Université Paris-Saclay acquires donor and acceptor fluorescence in parallel on two low-cost CMOS cameras and uses two LEDs for rapid switching of the excitation wavelength at a reduced cost. The calibration required to extract FRET efficiency was achieved using a single construct (TSMod). FRET efficiencies were measured for VinTS and the tail-less control VinTL, lacking the actin-binding domain of vinculin. Measurements were confirmed on the same cell type using a more standard intensity-based setup located at Rutgers University. Results The average FRET efficiency of VinTS (22.0 % ± 4 % ) over more than 10,000 focal adhesions is significantly lower (p < 10 - 6 ) than that of VinTL (30.4 % ± 5 % ), our control that is insensitive to force, in agreement with the force exerted on vinculin at focal adhesions. Attachment of the CHO-K1 cells on fibronectin decreases FRET efficiency, thus increasing the force, compared with poly-lysine. FRET efficiency for the VinTL control is consistent with all measurements currently available in the literature, confirming the validity of our measurements and hence of our simpler setup. Conclusions Force measurements, resolved spatially inside a cell, can be achieved using FRET-based tension sensors with a cost effective intensity-based setup. This will facilitate combining FRET with techniques for applying controlled forces such as optical tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | - Ludivine Houel-Renault
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, CNRS, Centre de Photonique pour la Biologie et les Matériaux, Orsay, France
| | - Marie Erard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Nada N. Boustany
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Nathalie Westbrook
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
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9
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Tao A, LaCroix AS, Shoyer TC, Venkatraman V, Xu KL, Feiger B, Hoffman BD. Identifying constitutive and context-specific molecular-tension-sensitive protein recruitment within focal adhesions. Dev Cell 2023; 58:522-534.e7. [PMID: 36924770 PMCID: PMC10080727 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive processes often rely on adhesion structures to strengthen, or mature, in response to applied loads. However, a limited understanding of how the molecular tensions that are experienced by a particular protein affect the recruitment of other proteins represents a major obstacle in the way of deciphering molecular mechanisms that underlie mechanosensitive processes. Here, we describe an imaging-based technique, termed fluorescence-tension co-localization (FTC), for studying molecular-tension-sensitive protein recruitment inside cells. Guided by discrete time Markov chain simulations of protein recruitment, we integrate immunofluorescence labeling, molecular tension sensors, and machine learning to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and context dependence of molecular-tension-sensitive protein recruitment. The application of FTC to the mechanical linker protein vinculin in mouse embryonic fibroblasts reveals constitutive and context-specific molecular-tension-sensitive protein recruitment that varies with adhesion maturation. FTC overcomes limitations associated with the alteration of numerous proteins during the manipulation of cell contractility, providing molecularly specific insights into tension-sensitive protein recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Tao
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karen L Xu
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bradley Feiger
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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10
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Sanfeliu-Cerdán N, Lin LC, Dunn AR, Goodman MB, Krieg M. Visualizing Neurons Under Tension In Vivo with Optogenetic Molecular Force Sensors. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:239-266. [PMID: 36587102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The visualization of mechanical stress distribution in specific molecular networks within a living and physiologically active cell or animal remains a formidable challenge in mechanobiology. The advent of fluorescence-resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular tension sensors overcame a significant hurdle that now enables us to address previously technically limited questions. Here, we describe a method that uses genetically encoded FRET tension sensors to visualize the mechanics of cytoskeletal networks in neurons of living animals with sensitized emission FRET and confocal scanning light microscopy. This method uses noninvasive immobilization of living animals to image neuronal β-spectrin cytoskeleton at the diffraction limit, and leverages multiple imaging controls to verify and underline the quality of the measurements. In combination with a semiautomated machine-vision algorithm to identify and trace individual neurites, our analysis performs simultaneous calculation of FRET efficiencies and visualizes statistical uncertainty on a pixel by pixel basis. Our approach is not limited to genetically encoded spectrin tension sensors, but can also be used for any kind of ratiometric imaging in neuronal cells both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanfeliu-Cerdán
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Li-Chun Lin
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Krieg
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, Castelldefels, Spain.
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11
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Lashkarinia SS, Coban G, Banu Siddiqui H, Hwai Yap C, Pekkan K. Embryonic aortic arch material properties obtained by optical coherence tomography-guided micropipette aspiration. J Biomech 2023; 146:111392. [PMID: 36473286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to determine the in vivo material properties of a very soft, mesoscale arterial vesselsof size ∼ 80 to 120 μm diameter. This information is essential to understand the early embryonic cardiovascular development featuring rapidly evolving dynamic microstructure. Previous research efforts to describe the properties of the embryonic great vessels are very limited. Our objective is to measure the local material properties of pharyngeal aortic arch tissue of the chick-embryo during the early Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stages, HH18 and HH24. Integrating the micropipette aspiration technique with optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, a clear vision of the aspirated arch geometry is achieved for an inner pipette radius of Rp = 25 μm. The aspiration of this region is performed through a calibrated negatively pressurized micro-pipette. A computational finite element model is developed to model the nonlinear behaviour of the arch structure by considering the geometry-dependent constraints. Numerical estimations of the nonlinear material parameters for aortic arch samples are presented. The exponential material nonlinearity parameter (a) of aortic arch tissue increases statistically significantly from a = 0.068 ± 0.013 at HH18 to a = 0.260 ± 0.014 at HH24 (p = 0.0286). As such, the aspirated tissue length decreases from 53 μm at HH18 to 34 μm at HH24. The calculated NeoHookean shear modulus increases from 51 Pa at HH18 to 93 Pa at HH24 which indicates a statistically significant stiffness increase. These changes are due to the dynamic changes of collagen and elastin content in the media layer of the vessel during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Samaneh Lashkarinia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Gursan Coban
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istinye University, Turkey
| | | | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kerem Pekkan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Beedle AEM, Garcia-Manyes S. The role of single protein elasticity in mechanobiology. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2023; 8:10-24. [PMID: 37469679 PMCID: PMC7614781 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In addition to biochemical signals and genetic considerations, mechanical forces are rapidly emerging as a master regulator of human physiology. Yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate force-induced functionalities across a wide range of scales, encompassing the cell, tissue or organ levels, are comparatively not so well understood. With the advent, development and refining of single molecule nanomechanical techniques, enabling to exquisitely probe the conformational dynamics of individual proteins under the effect of a calibrated force, we have begun to acquire a comprehensive knowledge on the rich plethora of physicochemical principles that regulate the elasticity of single proteins. Here we review the major advances underpinning our current understanding of how the elasticity of single proteins regulates mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. We discuss the present limitations and future challenges of such a prolific and burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy EM Beedle
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, London, UK
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13
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Abstract
This unit describes the basic principles of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Beginning with a brief summary of the history of FRET applications, the theory of FRET is introduced in detail using figures to explain all the important parameters of the FRET process. After listing various approaches for measuring FRET efficiency, several pieces of advice are given on choosing the appropriate instrumentation. The unit concludes with a discussion of the limitations of FRET measurements followed by a few examples of the latest FRET applications, including new developments such as spectral flow cytometric FRET, single-molecule FRET, and combinations of FRET with super-resolution or lifetime imaging microscopy and with molecular dynamics simulations. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Mustapha F, Sengupta K, Puech PH. May the force be with your (immune) cells: an introduction to traction force microscopy in Immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898558. [PMID: 35990636 PMCID: PMC9389945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a couple of decades now, “force” has been recognized as an important physical parameter that cells employ to adapt to their microenvironment. Whether it is externally applied, or internally generated, cells use force to modulate their various actions, from adhesion and migration to differentiation and immune function. T lymphocytes use such mechano-sensitivity to decipher signals when recognizing cognate antigens presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a critical process in the adaptive immune response. As such, many techniques have been developed and used to measure the forces felt/exerted by these small, solitary and extremely reactive cells to decipher their influence on diverse T cell functions, primarily activation. Here, we focus on traction force microscopy (TFM), in which a deformable substrate, coated with the appropriate molecules, acts as a force sensor on the cellular scale. This technique has recently become a center of interest for many groups in the “ImmunoBiophysics” community and, as a consequence, has been subjected to refinements for its application to immune cells. Here, we present an overview of TFM, the precautions and pitfalls, and the most recent developments in the context of T cell immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Mustapha
- Laboratory Adhesion Inflammation (LAI), INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Pierre-Henri Puech, ; Kheya Sengupta,
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Laboratory Adhesion Inflammation (LAI), INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Pierre-Henri Puech, ; Kheya Sengupta,
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15
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Ayad MA, Mahon T, Patel M, Cararo-Lopes MM, Hacihaliloglu I, Firestein BL, Boustany NN. Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency of the vinculin tension sensor in cultured primary cortical neuronal growth cones. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:025002. [PMID: 35651869 PMCID: PMC9150715 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Interaction of neurons with their extracellular environment and the mechanical forces at focal adhesions and synaptic junctions play important roles in neuronal development. Aim: To advance studies of mechanotransduction, we demonstrate the use of the vinculin tension sensor (VinTS) in primary cultures of cortical neurons. VinTS consists of TS module (TSMod), a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensor, inserted between vinculin's head and tail. FRET efficiency decreases with increased tension across vinculin. Approach: Primary cortical neurons cultured on glass coverslips coated with poly-d-lysine and laminin were transfected with plasmids encoding untargeted TSMod, VinTS, or tail-less vinculinTS (VinTL) lacking the actin-binding domain. The neurons were imaged between day in vitro (DIV) 5 to 8. We detail the image processing steps for calculation of FRET efficiency and use this system to investigate the expression and FRET efficiency of VinTS in growth cones. Results: The distribution of fluorescent constructs was similar within growth cones at DIV 5 to 8. The mean FRET efficiency of TSMod ( 28.5 ± 3.6 % ) in growth cones was higher than the mean FRET efficiency of VinTS ( 24.6 ± 2 % ) and VinTL ( 25.8 ± 1.8 % ) ( p < 10 - 6 ). While small, the difference between the FRET efficiency of VinTS and VinTL was statistically significant ( p < 10 - 3 ), suggesting that vinculin is under low tension in growth cones. Two-hour treatment with the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 did not affect the mean FRET efficiency. Growth cones exhibited dynamic changes in morphology as observed by time-lapse imaging. VinTS FRET efficiency showed greater variance than TSMod FRET efficiency as a function of time, suggesting a greater dependence of VinTS FRET efficiency on growth cone dynamics compared with TSMod. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the feasibility of using VinTS to probe the function of vinculin in neuronal growth cones and provide a foundation for studies of mechanotransduction in neurons using this tension probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Ayad
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Timothy Mahon
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Mihir Patel
- Rutgers University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Marina M. Cararo-Lopes
- Rutgers University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Ilker Hacihaliloglu
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Bonnie L. Firestein
- Rutgers University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Nada N. Boustany
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
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16
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Sun W, Gao X, Lei H, Wang W, Cao Y. Biophysical Approaches for Applying and Measuring Biological Forces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105254. [PMID: 34923777 PMCID: PMC8844594 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, increasing evidence has indicated that mechanical loads can regulate the morphogenesis, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of living cells. Investigations of how cells sense mechanical stimuli or the mechanotransduction mechanism is an active field of biomaterials and biophysics. Gaining a further understanding of mechanical regulation and depicting the mechanotransduction network inside cells require advanced experimental techniques and new theories. In this review, the fundamental principles of various experimental approaches that have been developed to characterize various types and magnitudes of forces experienced at the cellular and subcellular levels are summarized. The broad applications of these techniques are introduced with an emphasis on the difficulties in implementing these techniques in special biological systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, which can guide readers to choose the most suitable technique for their questions. A perspective on future directions in this field is also provided. It is anticipated that technical advancement can be a driving force for the development of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Sun
- School of SciencesNantong UniversityNantong226019P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
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17
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Sutlive J, Xiu H, Chen Y, Gou K, Xiong F, Guo M, Chen Z. Generation, Transmission, and Regulation of Mechanical Forces in Embryonic Morphogenesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103466. [PMID: 34837328 PMCID: PMC8831476 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis is a biological process which depicts shape forming of tissues and organs during development. Unveiling the roles of mechanical forces generated, transmitted, and regulated in cells and tissues through these processes is key to understanding the biophysical mechanisms governing morphogenesis. To this end, it is imperative to measure, simulate, and predict the regulation and control of these mechanical forces during morphogenesis. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances on mechanical properties of cells and tissues, generation of mechanical forces in cells and tissues, the transmission processes of these generated forces during cells and tissues, the tools and methods used to measure and predict these mechanical forces in vivo, in vitro, or in silico, and to better understand the corresponding regulation and control of generated forces. Understanding the biomechanics and mechanobiology of morphogenesis will not only shed light on the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying these concerted biological processes during normal development, but also uncover new information that will benefit biomedical research in preventing and treating congenital defects or tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sutlive
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Haning Xiu
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kun Gou
- Department of Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78224
| | - Fengzhu Xiong
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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18
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Sipieter F, Laurent L, Borghi N. [Nesprins mechanically discriminate between distinct epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:984-986. [PMID: 34851273 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- François Sipieter
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Louis Laurent
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
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19
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Pan J, Kmieciak T, Liu YT, Wildenradt M, Chen YS, Zhao Y. Quantifying molecular- to cellular-level forces in living cells. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2021; 54:483001. [PMID: 34866655 PMCID: PMC8635116 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues have been suggested to play an important role in cell functions and cell fate determination, however, such physical quantities are challenging to directly measure in living cells with single molecule sensitivity and resolution. In this review, we focus on two main technologies that are promising in probing forces at the single molecule level. We review their theoretical fundamentals, recent technical advancements, and future directions, tailored specifically for interrogating mechanosensitive molecules in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Tommy Kmieciak
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wildenradt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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20
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Bredov DV, Volodyaev IV, Luchinskaya NN. Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Embryonic Tissue Deformations during Gastrulation in Xenopus laevis: Morphometric Analysis. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Hobson CM, Aaron JS, Heddleston JM, Chew TL. Visualizing the Invisible: Advanced Optical Microscopy as a Tool to Measure Biomechanical Forces. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706126. [PMID: 34552926 PMCID: PMC8450411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of mechanical force in biology is evident across diverse length scales, ranging from tissue morphogenesis during embryo development to mechanotransduction across single adhesion proteins at the cell surface. Consequently, many force measurement techniques rely on optical microscopy to measure forces being applied by cells on their environment, to visualize specimen deformations due to external forces, or even to directly apply a physical perturbation to the sample via photoablation or optogenetic tools. Recent developments in advanced microscopy offer improved approaches to enhance spatiotemporal resolution, imaging depth, and sample viability. These advances can be coupled with already existing force measurement methods to improve sensitivity, duration and speed, amongst other parameters. However, gaining access to advanced microscopy instrumentation and the expertise necessary to extract meaningful insights from these techniques is an unavoidable hurdle. In this Live Cell Imaging special issue Review, we survey common microscopy-based force measurement techniques and examine how they can be bolstered by emerging microscopy methods. We further explore challenges related to the accompanying data analysis in biomechanical studies and discuss the various resources available to tackle the global issue of technology dissemination, an important avenue for biologists to gain access to pre-commercial instruments that can be leveraged for biomechanical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Hobson
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States
| | - Jesse S. Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States
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22
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Bordanaba-Florit G, Royo F, Kruglik SG, Falcón-Pérez JM. Using single-vesicle technologies to unravel the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3163-3185. [PMID: 34135505 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous lipid containers with a complex molecular cargo comprising several populations with unique roles in biological processes. These vesicles are closely associated with specific physiological features, which makes them invaluable in the detection and monitoring of various diseases. EVs play a key role in pathophysiological processes by actively triggering genetic or metabolic responses. However, the heterogeneity of their structure and composition hinders their application in medical diagnosis and therapies. This diversity makes it difficult to establish their exact physiological roles, and the functions and composition of different EV (sub)populations. Ensemble averaging approaches currently employed for EV characterization, such as western blotting or 'omics' technologies, tend to obscure rather than reveal these heterogeneities. Recent developments in single-vesicle analysis have made it possible to overcome these limitations and have facilitated the development of practical clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the benefits and challenges inherent to the current methods for the analysis of single vesicles and review the contribution of these approaches to the understanding of EV biology. We describe the contributions of these recent technological advances to the characterization and phenotyping of EVs, examination of the role of EVs in cell-to-cell communication pathways and the identification and validation of EVs as disease biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the potential of innovative single-vesicle imaging and analysis methodologies using microfluidic devices, which promise to deliver rapid and effective basic and practical applications for minimally invasive prognosis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Bordanaba-Florit
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
| | - Félix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Paris, France
| | - Juan M Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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23
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Déjardin T, Carollo PS, Sipieter F, Davidson PM, Seiler C, Cuvelier D, Cadot B, Sykes C, Gomes ER, Borghi N. Nesprins are mechanotransducers that discriminate epithelial-mesenchymal transition programs. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152020. [PMID: 32790861 PMCID: PMC7659719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
LINC complexes are transmembrane protein assemblies that physically connect the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton through the nuclear envelope. Dysfunctions of LINC complexes are associated with pathologies such as cancer and muscular disorders. The mechanical roles of LINC complexes are poorly understood. To address this, we used genetically encoded FRET biosensors of molecular tension in a nesprin protein of the LINC complex of fibroblastic and epithelial cells in culture. We exposed cells to mechanical, genetic, and pharmacological perturbations, mimicking a range of physiological and pathological situations. We show that nesprin experiences tension generated by the cytoskeleton and acts as a mechanical sensor of cell packing. Moreover, nesprin discriminates between inductions of partial and complete epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. We identify the implicated mechanisms, which involve α-catenin capture at the nuclear envelope by nesprin upon its relaxation, thereby regulating β-catenin transcription. Our data thus implicate LINC complex proteins as mechanotransducers that fine-tune β-catenin signaling in a manner dependent on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théophile Déjardin
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Pietro Salvatore Carollo
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - François Sipieter
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Seiler
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Rercherche 144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Center for Research in Myology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 974, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Sykes
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Center for Research in Myology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 974, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Instituto de Medecina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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24
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Pennacchio FA, Nastały P, Poli A, Maiuri P. Tailoring Cellular Function: The Contribution of the Nucleus in Mechanotransduction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:596746. [PMID: 33490050 PMCID: PMC7820809 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.596746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells sense a variety of different mechanochemical stimuli and promptly react to such signals by reshaping their morphology and adapting their structural organization and tensional state. Cell reactions to mechanical stimuli arising from the local microenvironment, mechanotransduction, play a crucial role in many cellular functions in both physiological and pathological conditions. To decipher this complex process, several studies have been undertaken to develop engineered materials and devices as tools to properly control cell mechanical state and evaluate cellular responses. Recent reports highlight how the nucleus serves as an important mechanosensor organelle and governs cell mechanoresponse. In this review, we will introduce the basic mechanisms linking cytoskeleton organization to the nucleus and how this reacts to mechanical properties of the cell microenvironment. We will also discuss how perturbations of nucleus-cytoskeleton connections, affecting mechanotransduction, influence health and disease. Moreover, we will present some of the main technological tools used to characterize and perturb the nuclear mechanical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio A. Pennacchio
- FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Paulina Nastały
- FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alessandro Poli
- FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
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25
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Canever H, Carollo PS, Fleurisson R, Girard PP, Borghi N. Molecular Tension Microscopy of E-Cadherin During Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2179:289-299. [PMID: 32939728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0779-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular Tension Microscopy has been increasingly used in the last years to investigate mechanical forces acting in cells at the molecular scale. Here, we describe a protocol to image the tension of the junctional protein E-cadherin in cultured epithelial cells undergoing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). We report how to prepare cells and induce EMT, and how to acquire, analyze, and quantitatively interpret FRET data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Canever
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe P Girard
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France.
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26
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Javier-Torrent M, Zimmer-Bensch G, Nguyen L. Mechanical Forces Orchestrate Brain Development. Trends Neurosci 2020; 44:110-121. [PMID: 33203515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During brain development, progenitors generate successive waves of neurons that populate distinct cerebral regions, where they settle and differentiate within layers or nuclei. While migrating and differentiating, neurons are subjected to mechanical forces arising from the extracellular matrix, and their interaction with neighboring cells. Changes in brain biomechanical properties, during its formation or aging, are converted in neural cells by mechanotransduction into intracellular signals that control key neurobiological processes. Here, we summarize recent findings that support the contribution of mechanobiology to neurodevelopment, with focus on the cerebral cortex. Also discussed are the existing toolbox and emerging technologies made available to assess and manipulate the physical properties of neurons and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Javier-Torrent
- GIGA Stem Cells, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA Stem Cells, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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27
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Othman HO, Salehnia F, Fakhri N, Hassan R, Hosseini M, Faizullah A, Ganjali MR, Kazem Aghamir SM. A highly sensitive fluorescent immunosensor for sensitive detection of nuclear matrix protein 22 as biomarker for early stage diagnosis of bladder cancer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28865-28871. [PMID: 35520044 PMCID: PMC9055858 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06191c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy is reported for highly sensitive, rapid, and selective detection of nuclear matrix protein NMP22 using two-color quantum dots based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Quantum dots (QDs) are highly advantageous for biological imaging and analysis, particularly when combined with (FRET) properties of semiconductor quantum dot (QDs) are ideal for biological analysis to improve sensitivity and accuracy. In this FRET system narrowly dispersed green emitting quantum dot CdTe core is used as a donor and labelled by monoclonal (mAb) antibody, while orange emitting quantum dot CdTe/CdS core shell is used as an accepter and labelled by polyclonal (pAb) antibody. The quantum dots are labelled by antibodies using EDC/NHS as crosslinking agent. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution was added to block nonspecific binding sites. The fluorescence intensity of QDs accepter decreased linearly with the increasing concentrations of NMP22 from 2–22 pg mL−1 due to FRET system and fluoroimmunoassay reaction. This method has good regression coefficient (R2 = 0.998) and detection limit was 0.05 pg mL−1. The proposed FRET-based immunosensor provides a quick, simple and sensitive immunoassay tool for protein detection, and can be considered as a promising approach for clinical applications. The proposed FRET-based immunosensor provides a quick, simple and sensitive immunoassay tool for protein detection, and can be considered as a promising approach for clinical applications. A novel strategy is reported for highly sensitive, rapid, and selective detection of nuclear matrix protein NMP22 using two-color quantum dots based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazha Omar Othman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil Iraq.,Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran Tehran 1417614418 Iran
| | - Foad Salehnia
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran Tehran 1417614418 Iran
| | - Neda Fakhri
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Tehran 1417614418 Iran
| | - Rebwar Hassan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil Iraq
| | - Morteza Hosseini
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran Tehran 1417614418 Iran .,Medicinal Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Azad Faizullah
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil Iraq
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran Tehran 1417614418 Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 1417614418 Iran
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28
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Zhang J, Chada NC, Reinhart-King CA. Microscale Interrogation of 3D Tissue Mechanics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:412. [PMID: 31921816 PMCID: PMC6927918 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in vivo live in a complex microenvironment composed of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and other cells. Growing evidence suggests that the mechanical interaction between the cells and their microenvironment is of critical importance to their behaviors under both normal and diseased conditions, such as migration, differentiation, and proliferation. The study of tissue mechanics in the past two decades, including the assessment of both mechanical properties and mechanical stresses of the extracellular microenvironment, has greatly enriched our knowledge about how cells interact with their mechanical environment. Tissue mechanical properties are often heterogeneous and sometimes anisotropic, which makes them difficult to obtain from macroscale bulk measurements. Mechanical stresses were first measured for cells cultured on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces with well-defined mechanical properties. While 2D measurements are relatively straightforward and efficient, and they have provided us with valuable knowledge on cell-ECM interactions, that knowledge may not be directly applicable to in vivo systems. Hence, the measurement of tissue stresses in a more physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) environment is required. In this mini review, we will summarize and discuss recent developments in using optical, magnetic, genetic, and mechanical approaches to interrogate 3D tissue stresses and mechanical properties at the microscale.
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29
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Yasunaga A, Murad Y, Li ITS. Quantifying molecular tension-classifications, interpretations and limitations of force sensors. Phys Biol 2019; 17:011001. [PMID: 31387091 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab38ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular force sensors (MFSs) have grown to become an important tool to study the mechanobiology of cells and tissues. They provide a minimally invasive means to optically report mechanical interactions at the molecular level. One of the challenges in molecular force sensor studies is the interpretation of the fluorescence readout. In this review, we divide existing MFSs into three classes based on the force-sensing mechanism (reversibility) and the signal output (analog/digital). From single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) perspectives, we provided a critical discussion on how the sensors respond to force and how the different sensor designs affect the interpretation of their fluorescence readout. Lastly, the review focuses on the limitations and attention one must pay in designing MFSs and biological experiments using them; in terms of their tunability, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and perturbation of the biological system under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yasunaga
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript (co-first author)
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30
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Vasan R, Maleckar MM, Williams CD, Rangamani P. DLITE Uses Cell-Cell Interface Movement to Better Infer Cell-Cell Tensions. Biophys J 2019; 117:1714-1727. [PMID: 31648791 PMCID: PMC6838938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shapes and connectivities evolve over time as the colony changes shape or embryos develop. Shapes of intercellular interfaces are closely coupled with the forces resulting from actomyosin interactions, membrane tension, or cell-cell adhesions. Although it is possible to computationally infer cell-cell forces from a mechanical model of collective cell behavior, doing so for temporally evolving forces in a manner robust to digitization difficulties is challenging. Here, we introduce a method for dynamic local intercellular tension estimation (DLITE) that infers such evolution in temporal force with less sensitivity to digitization ambiguities or errors. This method builds upon previous work on single time points (cellular force-inference toolkit). We validate our method using synthetic geometries. DLITE's inferred cell colony tension evolutions correlate better with ground truth for these synthetic geometries as compared to tension values inferred from methods that consider each time point in isolation. We introduce cell connectivity errors, angle estimate errors, connection mislocalization, and connection topological changes to synthetic data and show that DLITE has reduced sensitivity to these conditions. Finally, we apply DLITE to time series of human-induced pluripotent stem cell colonies with endogenously expressed GFP-tagged zonulae occludentes-1. We show that DLITE offers improved stability in the inference of cell-cell tensions and supports a correlation between the dynamics of cell-cell forces and colony rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritvik Vasan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
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31
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Shams H, Hoffman BD, Mofrad MRK. The "Stressful" Life of Cell Adhesion Molecules: On the Mechanosensitivity of Integrin Adhesome. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2667887. [PMID: 29272321 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells have evolved into complex sensory machines that communicate with their microenvironment via mechanochemical signaling. Extracellular mechanical cues trigger complex biochemical pathways in the cell, which regulate various cellular processes. Integrin-mediated focal adhesions (FAs) are large multiprotein complexes, also known as the integrin adhesome, that link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the actin cytoskeleton, and are part of powerful intracellular machinery orchestrating mechanotransduction pathways. As forces are transmitted across FAs, individual proteins undergo structural and functional changes that involve a conversion of chemical to mechanical energy. The local composition of early adhesions likely defines the regional stress levels and determines the type of newly recruited proteins, which in turn modify the local stress distribution. Various approaches have been used for detecting and exploring molecular mechanisms through which FAs are spatiotemporally regulated, however, many aspects are yet to be understood. Current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of mechanosensitivity in adhesion proteins is discussed herein along with important questions yet to be addressed, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Shams
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, 208A Stanley Hall #1762, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 e-mail:
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32
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Kurzawa L, Balland M. Lost in mechanobiology, what's next?: Missing tools related to the physics of the system. Biol Cell 2019; 111:213-215. [PMID: 31120562 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kurzawa
- CytoMorpho Lab, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Martial Balland
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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33
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Bene L, Damjanovich L. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Pioneers Biomechanics: Molecular-Scale Force Meters for Visualizing Intracellular Stress Fields. Cytometry A 2019; 95:819-822. [PMID: 31034713 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László Bene
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Damjanovich
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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34
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Chen T, Guo Y, Shan J, Zhang J, Shen X, Guo J, Liu XM. Vector Analysis of Cytoskeletal Structural Tension and the Mechanisms that Underpin Spectrin-Related Forces in Pyroptosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1503-1520. [PMID: 29669427 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Pyroptotic cells are characterized by plasma swelling, membrane blebbing, and disintegration of the cell membrane mediated by spectrin-based membrane skeleton and intercellular competitive tension activities. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is involved in membrane organization through the regulation of intercellular tension. Using genetically encoded tension sensors to attain noninvasive force measurements in structural proteins, we investigated how cytoskeletal structural tension influences changes in plasma morphology during pyroptosis and the regulatory mechanism of cytoskeletal structural tension that underpins pyroptosis. Results: The results indicate that increasing spectrin tension is caused by osmotic swelling. Hightened tension of spectrin was closely associated with the shrink tension transmitted synergistically by microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs). However, the increment of spectrin tension in pyroptotic cells was controlled antagonistically by MF and MT forces. Different from MF tension, outward MT forces participated in the formation of membrane blebs. Spectrin tension caused by inward MF forces resisted pyroptosis swelling. Stabilization of MF and MT structure had little influence on intracellular tension and pyroptosis deformation. Pyroptosis-induced cytoskeletal structural tension was highly dependent on calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species generation. Blocking of membrane pores, nonselective ion flux, or elimination of caspase-1 cleavage resulted in the remission of structural forces associated with pyroptosis failure. Innovation and Conclusions: The data suggest that subcellular tension, in terms of magnitude and vector, is integral to pyroptosis through the mediation of swelling and blebbing and the elimination of structural tension, especially MT forces, may result in pyroptosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
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35
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Rothenberg KE, Scott DW, Christoforou N, Hoffman BD. Vinculin Force-Sensitive Dynamics at Focal Adhesions Enable Effective Directed Cell Migration. Biophys J 2019; 114:1680-1694. [PMID: 29642037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a complex process, requiring coordination of many subcellular processes including membrane protrusion, adhesion, and contractility. For efficient cell migration, cells must concurrently control both transmission of large forces through adhesion structures and translocation of the cell body via adhesion turnover. Although mechanical regulation of protein dynamics has been proposed to play a major role in force transmission during cell migration, the key proteins and their exact roles are not completely understood. Vinculin is an adhesion protein that mediates force-sensitive processes, such as adhesion assembly under cytoskeletal load. Here, we elucidate the mechanical regulation of vinculin dynamics. Specifically, we paired measurements of vinculin loads using a Förster resonance energy transfer-based tension sensor and vinculin dynamics using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure force-sensitive protein dynamics in living cells. We find that vinculin adopts a variety of mechanical states at adhesions, and the relationship between vinculin load and vinculin dynamics can be altered by the inhibition of vinculin binding to talin or actin or reduction of cytoskeletal contractility. Furthermore, the force-stabilized state of vinculin required for the stabilization of membrane protrusions is unnecessary for random migration, but is required for directional migration along a substrate-bound cue. These data show that the force-sensitive dynamics of vinculin impact force transmission and enable the mechanical integration of subcellular processes. These results suggest that the regulation of force-sensitive protein dynamics may have an underappreciated role in many cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W Scott
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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36
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Cost A, Khalaji S, Grashoff C. Genetically Encoded FRET‐Based Tension Sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 83:e85. [DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Lena Cost
- Group of Molecular Mechanotransduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Samira Khalaji
- Group of Molecular Mechanotransduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Carsten Grashoff
- Group of Molecular Mechanotransduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
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37
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Gates EM, LaCroix AS, Rothenberg KE, Hoffman BD. Improving Quality, Reproducibility, and Usability of FRET-Based Tension Sensors. Cytometry A 2018; 95:201-213. [PMID: 30523675 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology, the study of how mechanical forces affect cellular behavior, is an emerging field of study that has garnered broad and significant interest. Researchers are currently seeking to better understand how mechanical signals are transmitted, detected, and integrated at a subcellular level. One tool for addressing these questions is a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensor, which enables the measurement of molecular-scale forces across proteins based on changes in emitted light. However, the reliability and reproducibility of measurements made with these sensors has not been thoroughly examined. To address these concerns, we developed numerical methods that improve the accuracy of measurements made using sensitized emission-based imaging. To establish that FRET-based tension sensors are versatile tools that provide consistent measurements, we used these methods, and demonstrated that a vinculin tension sensor is unperturbed by cell fixation, permeabilization, and immunolabeling. This suggests FRET-based tension sensors could be coupled with a variety of immuno-fluorescent labeling techniques. Additionally, as tension sensors are frequently employed in complex biological samples where large experimental repeats may be challenging, we examined how sample size affects the uncertainty of FRET measurements. In total, this work establishes guidelines to improve FRET-based tension sensor measurements, validate novel implementations of these sensors, and ensure that results are precise and reproducible. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Andrew S LaCroix
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Katheryn E Rothenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
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38
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Meyerink JG, Kota D, Wood ST, Crawford GA. Transparent titanium dioxide nanotubes: Processing, characterization, and application in establishing cellular response mechanisms. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:364-374. [PMID: 30172934 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic applications of titanium dioxide nanotubes as osteogenic surface treatments for titanium-based implants are largely due to the finely tunable physical characteristics of these nanostructures. As these characteristics change, so does the cellular response, yet the exact mechanisms for this relationship remains largely undefined. We present a novel TiO2 NT imaging platform that is suitable for use with live-cell imaging techniques, thereby enabling, for the first time, dynamic investigation of those mechanisms. In this work, fabrication methods for producing transparent TiO2 NTs with diameters of 56 ± 6 nm, 75 ± 7 nm, 92 ± 9 nm, and 116 ± 10 nm are described. To demonstrate the diagnostic potential of these TiO2 NT imaging platforms, the focal adhesion protein vinculin and actin cytoskeletal filaments were fluorescently tagged in osteoblasts and real-time, high-resolution fluorescent microscopy of live-cell interactions with TiO2 NT substrates were observed. The scope of such a platform is expected to extend far beyond the current proof-of-concept, with great potential for addressing the dynamic response of cells interacting with nanostructured substrates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are known to strongly enhance bone/mesenchymal stem cell behavior and, consequently, have gained attention as potential osteogenic surface treatments for titanium-bone implants. The exact mechanism by which TiO2 nanotubes influence cellular function remains controversial, partly due to limitations in existing cellular imaging methods with opaque substrates. This work identifies fabrication conditions for the successful production of transparent TiO2 nanotube arrays with tailorable diameters, as well as their functionality with pre-osteoblast mouse cells (MC3T3-E1) transfected with fluorescent focal adhesion protein vinculin and cytoskeletal filament actin. We demonstrate a means of recording live-cell, cell-substrate interaction mechanisms via high-resolution fluorescent microscopy and customizable, transparent TiO2 nanotubes to begin defining the relationship between TiO2 nanotube features and cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevin G Meyerink
- Biomedical Engineering Program, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, BioSNTR Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Divya Kota
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, BioSNTR Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Scott T Wood
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, BioSNTR Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Grant A Crawford
- Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, BioSNTR Rapid City, SD 57701, United States.
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39
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Mathieu S, Manneville JB. Intracellular mechanics: connecting rheology and mechanotransduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:34-44. [PMID: 30253328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell mechanics is crucial for a wide range of cell functions, including proliferation, polarity, migration and differentiation. Cells sense external physical cues and translate them into a cellular response. While force sensing occurs in the vicinity of the plasma membrane, forces can reach deep in the cell interior and to the nucleus. We review here the recent developments in the field of intracellular mechanics. We focus first on intracellular rheology, the study of the mechanical properties of the cell interior, and recapitulate the contribution of active mechanisms, the cytoskeleton and intracellular organelles to cell rheology. We then discuss how forces are transmitted inside the cell during mechanotransduction events, through direct force transmission and biochemical signaling, and how intracellular rheology and mechanotransduction are connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mathieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.
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40
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Gayrard C, Borghi N. [How mechanotransduction between adhesion complexes results in β-catenin pathway activation]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:506-508. [PMID: 30067197 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20183406004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Gayrard
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS, université Paris-Diderot, bâtiment Buffon, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS, université Paris-Diderot, bâtiment Buffon, 15, rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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41
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Gayrard C, Bernaudin C, Déjardin T, Seiler C, Borghi N. Src- and confinement-dependent FAK activation causes E-cadherin relaxation and β-catenin activity. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1063-1077. [PMID: 29311227 PMCID: PMC5839785 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin is a transcription cofactor proposed to be released from E-cadherin upon mechanically induced phosphorylation. However, evidence for this mechanism is lacking. Gayrard et al. show instead that during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, Src- and multicellular confinement–dependent FAK-induced cytoskeleton remodeling causes E-cadherin tension relaxation and phosphorylation-independent β-catenin nuclear translocation from the membrane. In epithelia, E-cadherin cytoplasmic tail is under cytoskeleton-generated tension via a link that contains β-catenin. A cotranscription factor, β-catenin, is also active in morphogenetic processes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. β-Catenin signaling appears mechanically inducible and was proposed to follow phosphorylation-induced β-catenin release from E-cadherin. Evidence for this mechanism is lacking, and whether E-cadherin tension is involved is unknown. To test this, we combined quantitative fluorescence microscopies with genetic and pharmacological perturbations of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–induced cells in culture. We showed that β-catenin nuclear activity follows a substantial release from the membrane specific to migrating cells and requires multicellular deconfinement and Src activity. Selective nuclear translocation occurs downstream of focal adhesion kinase activation, which targets E-cadherin tension relaxation through actomyosin remodeling. In contrast, phosphorylations of the cadherin/catenin complex are not substantially required. These data demonstrate that E-cadherin acts as a sensor of intracellular mechanics in a crosstalk with cell-substrate adhesions that target β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Gayrard
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Clément Bernaudin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Théophile Déjardin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Seiler
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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42
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Kurzawa L, Vianay B, Senger F, Vignaud T, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Dissipation of contractile forces: the missing piece in cell mechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1825-1832. [PMID: 28684608 PMCID: PMC5526557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are key regulators of cell and tissue physiology. The basic molecular mechanism of fiber contraction by the sliding of actin filament upon myosin leading to conformational change has been known for decades. The regulation of force generation at the level of the cell, however, is still far from elucidated. Indeed, the magnitude of cell traction forces on the underlying extracellular matrix in culture is almost impossible to predict or experimentally control. The considerable variability in measurements of cell-traction forces indicates that they may not be the optimal readout to properly characterize cell contractile state and that a significant part of the contractile energy is not transferred to cell anchorage but instead is involved in actin network dynamics. Here we discuss the experimental, numerical, and biological parameters that may be responsible for the variability in traction force production. We argue that limiting these sources of variability and investigating the dissipation of mechanical work that occurs with structural rearrangements and the disengagement of force transmission is key for further understanding of cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kurzawa
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Senger
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Timothée Vignaud
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, CEA, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, UMRS1160, 75010 Paris, France
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43
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Ohashi K, Fujiwara S, Mizuno K. Roles of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and rho signalling in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. J Biochem 2017; 161:245-254. [PMID: 28082721 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells sense and respond to various mechanical forces in and mechanical properties of their environment. To respond appropriately, cells must be able to sense the location, direction, strength and duration of these forces. Recent progress in mechanobiology has provided a better understanding of the mechanisms of mechanoresponses underlying many cellular and developmental processes. Various roles of mechanoresponses in development and tissue homeostasis have been elucidated, and many molecules involved in mechanotransduction have been identified. However, the whole picture of the functions and molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction remains to be understood. Recently, novel mechanisms for sensing and transducing mechanical stresses via the cytoskeleton, cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesions and related proteins have been identified. In this review, we outline the roles of the cytoskeleton, cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesions, and related proteins in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. We also describe the roles and regulation of Rho-family GTPases in mechanoresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Ohashi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sachiko Fujiwara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan Osaka
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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44
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Nerger BA, Siedlik MJ, Nelson CM. Microfabricated tissues for investigating traction forces involved in cell migration and tissue morphogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1819-1834. [PMID: 28008471 PMCID: PMC5391279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-generated forces drive an array of biological processes ranging from wound healing to tumor metastasis. Whereas experimental techniques such as traction force microscopy are capable of quantifying traction forces in multidimensional systems, the physical mechanisms by which these forces induce changes in tissue form remain to be elucidated. Understanding these mechanisms will ultimately require techniques that are capable of quantifying traction forces with high precision and accuracy in vivo or in systems that recapitulate in vivo conditions, such as microfabricated tissues and engineered substrata. To that end, here we review the fundamentals of traction forces, their quantification, and the use of microfabricated tissues designed to study these forces during cell migration and tissue morphogenesis. We emphasize the differences between traction forces in two- and three-dimensional systems, and highlight recently developed techniques for quantifying traction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Nerger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Siedlik
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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45
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Actomyosin-generated tension on cadherin is similar between dividing and non-dividing epithelial cells in early Xenopus laevis embryos. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45058. [PMID: 28327558 PMCID: PMC5361196 DOI: 10.1038/srep45058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia represent a unique situation where polarized cells must maintain sufficiently strong cell-cell contacts to guarantee the epithelial integrity indispensable for barrier functions. Nevertheless, epithelia must also keep sufficient plasticity which is crucial during development and morphogenesis. Adherens junctions and mechanical forces produced by the actomyosin cytoskeleton are major players for epithelial integrity maintenance and plasticity regulations. To understand how the epithelium is able to meet such a challenge, it is indispensable to determine how cellular junctions and mechanical forces acting at adherens junctions are regulated. Here, we investigate the tensile forces acting on adherens junctions via cadherin during cell division in the Xenopus embryos epithelium. Using the recently developed E-cadherin FRET tension sensor and a fastFLIM prototype microscope, we were able to measure mechanical forces applied on cadherin at cell-cell junctions. We have shown that the Xenopus epithelium is under tension, approximately 3 pN which remains stable, indicating that tensile forces acting on cadherin at the adherens junction are at equilibrium. Unexpectedly, mechanical tension across cadherin was similar between dividing and non-dividing epithelial cells.
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46
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Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnosis Tool: Recent Progress with Multimodal Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Uçar MC, Lipowsky R. Tug-of-war between two elastically coupled molecular motors: a case study on force generation and force balance. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:328-344. [PMID: 27910992 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01853j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is performed by molecular motors that pull cargos along cytoskeletal filaments. Many cellular cargos are observed to move bidirectionally, with fast transport in both directions. This behaviour can be understood as a stochastic tug-of-war between two teams of antagonistic motors. The first theoretical model for such a tug-of-war, the Müller-Klumpp-Lipowsky (MKL) model, was based on two simplifying assumptions: (i) both motor teams move with the same velocity in the direction of the stronger team, and (ii) this velocity matching and the associated force balance arise immediately after the rebinding of an unbound motor to the filament. In this study, we extend the MKL model by including an elastic coupling between the antagonistic motors, and by allowing the motors to perform discrete motor steps. Each motor step changes the elastic interaction forces experienced by the motors. In order to elucidate the basic concepts of force balance and force fluctuations, we focus on the simplest case of two antagonistic motors, one kinesin against one dynein. We calculate the probability distribution for the spatial separation of the motors and the dependence of this distribution on the motors' unbinding rate. We also compute the probability distribution for the elastic interaction forces experienced by the motors, which determines the average elastic force 〈F〉 and the standard deviation of the force fluctuations around this average value. The average force 〈F〉 is found to decrease monotonically with increasing unbinding rate ε0. The behaviour of the MKL model is recovered in the limit of small ε0. In the opposite limit of large ε0, 〈F〉 is found to decay to zero as 1/ε0. Finally, we study the limiting case with ε0 = 0 for which we determine both the force statistics and the time needed to attain the steady state. Our theoretical predictions are accessible to experimental studies of in vitro systems consisting of two antagonistic motors attached to a synthetic scaffold or crosslinked via DNA hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Uçar
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Borghi N, Farge E, Lavelle C. Experimental approaches in mechanotransduction: From molecules to pathology. Methods 2016; 94:1-3. [PMID: 26896045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Borghi
- Jacques Monod Institute, CNRS UMR 7592 - Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Farge
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ 06, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Lavelle
- National Museum of Natural History, CNRS UMR 7196 - INSERM U1154, 75005 Paris, France.
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49
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Hirata E, Kiyokawa E. Future Perspective of Single-Molecule FRET Biosensors and Intravital FRET Microscopy. Biophys J 2016; 111:1103-1111. [PMID: 27475975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Förster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a nonradiative energy transfer process between two fluorophores located in close proximity to each other. To date, a variety of biosensors based on the principle of FRET have been developed to monitor the activity of kinases, proteases, GTPases or lipid concentration in living cells. In addition, generation of biosensors that can monitor physical stresses such as mechanical power, heat, or electric/magnetic fields is also expected based on recent discoveries on the effects of these stressors on cell behavior. These biosensors can now be stably expressed in cells and mice by transposon technologies. In addition, two-photon excitation microscopy can be used to detect the activities or concentrations of bioactive molecules in vivo. In the future, more sophisticated techniques for image acquisition and quantitative analysis will be needed to obtain more precise FRET signals in spatiotemporal dimensions. Improvement of tissue/organ position fixation methods for mouse imaging is the first step toward effective image acquisition. Progress in the development of fluorescent proteins that can be excited with longer wavelength should be applied to FRET biosensors to obtain deeper structures. The development of computational programs that can separately quantify signals from single cells embedded in complicated three-dimensional environments is also expected. Along with the progress in these methodologies, two-photon excitation intravital FRET microscopy will be a powerful and valuable tool for the comprehensive understanding of biomedical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eishu Hirata
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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50
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In silico CDM model sheds light on force transmission in cell from focal adhesions to nucleus. J Biomech 2016; 49:2625-2634. [PMID: 27298154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is crucial for many types of cell, conditioning differentiation, proliferation, and protein synthesis. As a mechanical process, cell adhesion involves forces exerted by the cytoskeleton and transmitted by focal adhesions to extracellular matrix. These forces constitute signals that infer specific biological responses. Therefore, analyzing mechanotransduction during cell adhesion could lead to a better understanding of the mechanobiology of adherent cells. For instance this may explain how, the shape of adherent stem cells influences their differentiation or how the stiffness of the extracellular matrix affects adhesion strength. To assess the mechanical signals involved in cell adhesion, we computed intracellular forces using the Cytoskeleton Divided Medium model in endothelial cells adherent on micropost arrays of different stiffnesses. For each cell, focal adhesion location and forces measured by micropost deflection were used as an input for the model. The cytoskeleton and the nucleoskeleton were computed as systems of multiple tensile and compressive interactions. At the end of computation, the systems respected mechanical equilibrium while exerting the exact same traction force intensities on focal adhesions as the observed cell. The results indicate that not only the level of adhesion forces, but also the shape of the cell has an influence on intracellular tension and on nucleus strain. The combination of experimental micropost technology with the present CDM model constitutes a tool able to estimate the intracellular forces.
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