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Romariz SAA, Sanabria V, da Silva KR, Quintella ML, de Melo BAG, Porcionatto M, de Almeida DC, Longo BM. High Concentrations of Cannabidiol Induce Neurotoxicity in Neurosphere Culture System. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:14. [PMID: 38349488 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids are potentially effective in the treatment of various neurological conditions, and cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most studied compounds, has been proposed as a non-toxic option. However, the adverse effects of CBD on neurodevelopmental processes have rarely been studied in cell culture systems. To better understand CBD's influence on neurodevelopment, we exposed neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to different concentrations of CBD (1 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM). We assessed the morphology, migration, differentiation, cell death, and gene expression in 2D and 3D bioprinted models to stimulate physiological conditions more effectively. Our results showed that CBD was more toxic at higher concentrations (5 µM and 10 µM) and affected the viability of NPCs than at lower concentrations (1 µM), in both 2D and 3D models. Moreover, our study revealed that higher concentrations of CBD drastically reduced the size of neurospheres and the number of NPCs within neurospheres, impaired the morphology and mobility of neurons and astrocytes after differentiation, and reduced neurite sprouting. Interestingly, we also found that CBD alters cellular metabolism by influencing the expression of glycolytic and β-oxidative enzymes in the early and late stages of metabolic pathways. Therefore, our study demonstrated that higher concentrations of CBD promote important changes in cellular functions that are crucial during CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A A Romariz
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviam Sanabria
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Ribeiro da Silva
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Quintella
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna A G de Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Developmental and Degenerative Cerebellar Pathologies in Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Deficiency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33417211 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the cerebellum is exquisitely dependent on peroxisomal β-oxidation metabolism. Patients with peroxisomal β-oxidation defects commonly develop malformation, leukodystrophy, and/or atrophy of the cerebellum depending on the gene defect and on the severity of the mutation. By analyzing mouse models lacking the central peroxisomal β-oxidation enzyme, multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), either globally or in selected cell types, insights into the pathomechanisms could be obtained. All mouse models developed ataxia, but the onset was earlier in global and neural-selective (Nestin) Mfp2-/- knockout mice as compared to Purkinje cell (PC)-selective Mfp2 knockouts.At the histological level, this was associated with developmental anomalies in global and Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice, including aberrant wiring of PCs by parallel and climbing fibers and altered electrical properties of PCs. In all mouse models, dystrophy of PC axons with swellings initiating in the deep cerebellar nuclei and evolving to the proximal axon, preceded death of PCs. These degenerative features are in part mediated by deficient peroxisomal β-oxidation within PCs but are accelerated when MFP2 is also absent from other neural cell types. The metabolic causes of the diverse cerebellar pathologies remain unknown.In conclusion, peroxisomal β-oxidation is required both for the development and for the maintenance of the cerebellum. This is mediated by PC autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms.
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Turton N, Rutherford T, Thijssen D, Hargreaves IP. Putative adjunct therapies to target mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in phenylketonuria, lysosomal storage disorders and peroxisomal disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1850254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tricia Rutherford
- Department of research and development, Vitaflo International Ltd, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dick Thijssen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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De Munter S, Bamps D, Malheiro AR, Kumar Baboota R, Brites P, Baes M. Autonomous Purkinje cell axonal dystrophy causes ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:631-643. [PMID: 29341299 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurodevelopment and in the maintenance of the adult brain. This depends largely on intact peroxisomal β-oxidation given the similarities in pathologies between peroxisome biogenesis disorders and deficiency of multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), the central enzyme of this pathway. Recently, adult patients diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia were shown to have mild mutations in the MFP2 gene, hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (17 beta) type 4 (HSD17B4). Cerebellar atrophy also develops in MFP2 deficient mice but the cellular origin of the degeneration is unexplored. In order to investigate whether peroxisomal β-oxidation is essential within Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellum, we generated and characterized a mouse model with Purkinje cell selective deletion of the MFP2 gene. We show that selective loss of MFP2 from mature cerebellar Purkinje neurons causes a late-onset motor phenotype and progressive Purkinje cell degeneration, thereby mimicking ataxia and cerebellar deterioration in patients with mild HSD17B4 mutations. We demonstrate that swellings on Purkinje cell axons coincide with ataxic behavior and precede neurodegeneration. Loss of Purkinje cells occurs in a characteristic banded pattern, proceeds in an anterior to posterior fashion and is accompanied by progressive astro- and microgliosis. These data prove that the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway is required within Purkinje neurons to maintain their axonal integrity, independent of glial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Bamps
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Malheiro
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ritesh Kumar Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. From peroxisomal disorders to common neurodegenerative diseases - the role of ether phospholipids in the nervous system. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2761-2788. [PMID: 28796901 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging diverse roles of ether (phospho)lipids in nervous system development and function in health and disease are currently attracting growing interest. Plasmalogens, a subgroup of ether lipids, are important membrane components involved in vesicle fusion and membrane raft composition. They store polyunsaturated fatty acids and may serve as antioxidants. Ether lipid metabolites act as precursors for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchors; others, like platelet-activating factor, are implicated in signaling functions. Consolidating the available information, we attempt to provide molecular explanations for the dramatic neurological phenotype in ether lipid-deficient human patients and mice by linking individual functional properties of ether lipids with pathological features. Furthermore, recent publications have identified altered ether lipid levels in the context of many acquired neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism. Finally, current efforts to restore ether lipids in peroxisomal disorders as well as AD are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Morvay PL, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Differential activities of peroxisomes along the mouse intestinal epithelium. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:144-155. [PMID: 28370438 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of peroxisomes in mammalian intestine has been revealed formerly by catalase staining combined with electron microscopy. Despite the central role of intestine in lipid uptake and the established importance of peroxisomes in different lipid-related pathways, few data are available on the physiological role of peroxisomes in intestinal metabolism, more specifically, α-, β-oxidation, and etherlipid synthesis. Hence, the peroxisomal compartment was analyzed in more detail in mouse intestine. On the basis of immunohistochemistry, the organelles are mainly confined to the epithelial cells. The expression of the classical peroxisome marker catalase was highest in the proximal part of jejunum and decreased along the tract. PEX14 showed a similar profile, but was still substantial expressed in large intestinal epithelium. Immunoblotting of epithelial cells, isolated from the different segments, showed also such gradient for some enzymes, ie, catalase, ACOX1, and D-specific multifunctional protein 2, and for the ABCD1 transporter, being high in small and low or absent in large intestine. Other peroxisomal enzymes (PHYH, HACL1, and ACAA1), the ABCD2 and ABCD3 transporters, and peroxins PEX13 and PEX14, however, did not follow this pattern, displaying rather constant signals throughout the intestinal epithelium. The small intestine displayed the highest peroxisomal β-oxidation activity and is particularly active on dicarboxylic acids. Etherlipid synthesis was high in the large intestine, and colonic cells had the highest content of plasmalogens. Overall, these data suggest that peroxisomes exert different functions according to the intestinal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petruta L Morvay
- Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Régal L, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders: A Review on Cerebellar Pathologies. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:663-78. [PMID: 26201894 PMCID: PMC8029412 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineTARGIDKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic DisordersUZ Brussel—University Hospital Brussels1000BrusselsBelgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
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9
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Revisiting the neuropathogenesis of Zellweger syndrome. Neurochem Int 2014; 69:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Wang B, Van Veldhoven PP, Brees C, Rubio N, Nordgren M, Apanasets O, Kunze M, Baes M, Agostinis P, Fransen M. Mitochondria are targets for peroxisome-derived oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:882-894. [PMID: 23988789 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular processes are driven by spatially and temporally regulated redox-dependent signaling events. Although mounting evidence indicates that organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria can function as signaling platforms for oxidative stress-regulated pathways, little is known about the role of peroxisomes in these processes. In this study, we employ targeted variants of the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed to gain a better insight into the interplay between peroxisomes and cellular oxidative stress. We show that the phototoxic effects of peroxisomal KillerRed induce mitochondria-mediated cell death and that this process can be counteracted by targeted overexpression of a select set of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxisomal glutathione S-transferase kappa 1, superoxide dismutase 1, and mitochondrial catalase. We also present evidence that peroxisomal disease cell lines deficient in plasmalogen biosynthesis or peroxisome assembly are more sensitive to KillerRed-induced oxidative stress than control cells. Collectively, these findings confirm and extend previous observations suggesting that disturbances in peroxisomal redox control and metabolism can sensitize cells to oxidative stress. In addition, they lend strong support to the ideas that peroxisomes and mitochondria share a redox-sensitive relationship and that the redox communication between these organelles is not only mediated by diffusion of reactive oxygen species from one compartment to the other. Finally, these findings indicate that mitochondria may act as dynamic receivers, integrators, and transmitters of peroxisome-derived mediators of oxidative stress, and this may have profound implications for our views on cellular aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Brees
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noemí Rubio
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oksana Apanasets
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Kunze
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Braverman NE, D'Agostino MD, MacLean GE. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: Biological, clinical and pathophysiological perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 17:187-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Mouse models for peroxisome biogenesis defects and β-oxidation enzyme deficiencies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1489-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Brites P. The importance of ether-phospholipids: a view from the perspective of mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1501-8. [PMID: 22659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids represent an important group of phospholipids characterized by an alkyl or an alkenyl bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of alkenyl-glycerophospholipids, and their synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Defects in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are the biochemical hallmark of the human peroxisomal disorder Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), which is characterized by defects in eye, bone and nervous tissue. The generation and characterization of mouse models with defects in plasmalogen levels have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and importance of plasmalogens as well as pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RCDP. A review of the current mouse models and the description of the combined knowledge gathered from the histopathological and biochemical studies is presented and discussed. Further characterization of the role and functions of plasmalogens will contribute to the elucidation of disease pathogenesis in peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease.
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Islinger M, Grille S, Fahimi HD, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:547-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Galea E, Launay N, Portero-Otin M, Ruiz M, Pamplona R, Aubourg P, Ferrer I, Pujol A. Oxidative stress underlying axonal degeneration in adrenoleukodystrophy: a paradigm for multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1475-88. [PMID: 22353463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder expressed as four disease variants characterized by adrenal insufficiency and graded damage in the nervous system. X-ALD is caused by a loss of function of the peroxisomal ABCD1 fatty-acid transporter, resulting in the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in the organs and plasma, which have potentially toxic effects in CNS and adrenal glands. We have recently shown that treatment with a combination of antioxidants containing α-tocopherol, N-acetyl-cysteine and α-lipoic acid reversed oxidative damage and energetic failure, together with the axonal degeneration and locomotor impairment displayed by Abcd1 null mice, the animal model of X-ALD. This is the first direct demonstration that oxidative stress, which is a hallmark not only of X-ALD, but also of other neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), contributes to axonal damage. The purpose of this review is, first, to discuss the molecular and cellular underpinnings of VLCFA-induced oxidative stress, and how it interacts with energy metabolism and/or inflammation to generate a complex syndrome wherein multiple factors are contributing. Particular attention will be paid to the dysregulation of redox homeostasis by the interplay between peroxisomes and mitochondria. Second, we will extend this analysis to the aforementioned neurodegenerative diseases with the aim of defining differences as well as the existence of a core pathogenic mechanism that would justify the exchange of therapeutic opportunities among these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Galea
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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