1
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Capretz Batista Da Silva JP, Medeiros J, Araújo MVG, Lima DP, Mianutti LF, Mafaldo H, De Lima A, Naylor GJP. The appendicular skeleton of the enigmatic shark Leptocharias smithii in comparison with other sharks of the order Carcharhiniformes (Elasmobranchii: Leptochariidae). J Morphol 2024; 285:e21744. [PMID: 38850202 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Leptocharias smithii has been poorly explored in anatomical terms. This species bears a mosaic of morphological characters and is considered to represent an intermediate condition between other carcharhiniform clades. In the present paper, the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of the species is thoroughly investigated and compared with other representatives of the order Carcharhiniformes. Leptocharias bears exclusive characteristics, such as the visible separation of the pro- and mesopterygia but it also has an aplesodic pectoral fin, a condition shared with carcharhiniforms placed at the base of the phylogenetic tree and at the same time a chevron-shaped coracoid bar, a condition characteristic of charcharhiniforms placed at the apex of the phylogenetic tree. Additionally, in an attempt to understand the evolution of its appendicular skeleton and of other carcharhiniforms, 20 characters of the paired fins and girdles are explored and discussed in light of two recent phylogenetic hypotheses. Most of these characters were not previously explored and support not only the monophyly of Carcharhiniformes, such as the mesopterygium overlapping the metapterygium in ventral view, but also the monophyly of the less inclusive clade Hemigaleidae + (Galeocerdonidae + (Carcharhinidae+Sphyrnidae)), such as the morphology and arrangement of the distal radials, which are pointed and spaced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade Medeiros
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Gonçalves Araújo
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Danilo Pinto Lima
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Laura Franco Mianutti
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Henrique Mafaldo
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Arthur De Lima
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gavin J P Naylor
- Florida Program for Shark Research, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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2
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Brée B, Condamine FL, Guinot G. Combining palaeontological and neontological data shows a delayed diversification burst of carcharhiniform sharks likely mediated by environmental change. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21906. [PMID: 36535995 PMCID: PMC9763247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating deep-time species-level diversification processes remains challenging. Both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies allow the estimation of speciation and extinction rates, but each type of data may still provide an incomplete picture of diversification dynamics. Here, we combine species-level palaeontological (fossil occurrences) and neontological (molecular phylogenies) data to estimate deep-time diversity dynamics through process-based birth-death models for Carcharhiniformes, the most speciose shark order today. Despite their abundant fossil record dating back to the Middle Jurassic, only a small fraction of extant carcharhiniform species is recorded as fossils, which impedes relying only on the fossil record to study their recent diversification. Combining fossil and phylogenetic data, we recover a complex evolutionary history for carcharhiniforms, exemplified by several variations in diversification rates with an early low diversity period followed by a Cenozoic radiation. We further reveal a burst of diversification in the last 30 million years, which is partially recorded with fossil data only. We also find that reef expansion and temperature change can explain variations in speciation and extinction through time. These results pinpoint the primordial importance of these environmental variables in the evolution of marine clades. Our study also highlights the benefit of combining the fossil record with phylogenetic data to address macroevolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Brée
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Guinot
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
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3
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Determinants of diversity and composition of the tapeworm fauna of blue sharks, Prionace glauca: a geographical and host-specificity analysis. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e87. [PMID: 36475451 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blue sharks, Prionace glauca, are cosmopolitan, extremely vagile sharks and the species among elasmobranchs for which most surveys containing tapeworm community data are available worldwide. In this study we report on the tapeworm fauna of three samples of blue sharks (n = 37) from two new regions (one sample from Galicia, north-east Atlantic, and two from Valencia, western Mediterranean), and compared it with previous studies, assessing the relative role of the ecological and evolutionary factors in structuring local tapeworm assemblages. Nine cestode taxa were identified, of which four included adult specimens, that is, Platybothrium auriculatum, Prosobothrium armigerum, Anthobothrium caseyi and Molicola horridus. The abundance of these species, and Brillouin's diversity index, differed significantly among samples without a clear geographical signal. A comparison with six previous surveys revealed that tapeworm assemblages were composed of the same 'core' taxa, with mean species richness typically ranging from two to four species. Global records of adult tapeworms in blue sharks included: 15 taxa identified at species level, of which only eight (generalist trypanorhynchs) were shared with other sympatric host species; five mostly with other carcharhinids; and three with large lamnid sharks sharing the blue sharks' habitat. The composition of tapeworm communities of blue sharks is thus highly constrained by strong host specificity, with composition and abundance varying across localities depending on idiosyncratic environmental conditions.
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4
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The Nursehound Scyliorhinus stellaris Mitochondrial Genome—Phylogeny, Relationships among Scyliorhinidae and Variability in Waters of the Balearic Islands. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810355. [PMID: 36142266 PMCID: PMC9499419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Nursehound Scyliorhinus stellaris has been determined for the first time and compared with congeneric species. The mitogenome sequence was 16,684 bp in length. The mitogenome is composed of 13 PCGs, 2 rRNAs, 22 transfer RNA genes and non-coding regions. The gene order of the newly sequenced mitogenome is analogous to the organization described in other vertebrate genomes. The typical conservative blocks in the control region were indicated. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a monophyletic origin of the Scyliorhininae subfamily, and within it, two subclades were identified. A significant divergence of Scyliorhinus spp. together with Poroderna patherinum in relation to the group of Cephaloscyllium spp. was observed, except for Scyliorhinus torazame, more related to this last cited clade. A hypothesis of a divergent evolution consequent to a selective pressure in different geographic areas, which lead to a global latitudinal diversity gradient, has been suggested to explain this phylogenetic reconstruction. However, convergent evolution on mitochondrial genes could also involve different species in some areas of the world.
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5
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Soares KDA, Mathubara K. Combined phylogeny and new classification of catsharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes). Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This is the first study to combine morphological and molecular characters to infer the phylogenetic relationships among catsharks. All currently valid genera classified in the family Scyliorhinidae s.l. and representatives of other carcharhinoid families plus one lamnoid and two orectoloboids were included as terminal taxa. A total of 143 morphological characters and 44 NADH2 sequences were analysed. Parsimony analyses under different weighting schemes and strengths were used to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analysis of 78 terminal taxa, using the combined dataset and weighting each column separately (SEP; k = 3) resulted in one most-parsimonious cladogram of 4441 steps with the greatest internal resolution of clades and strongest support. The main changes in nomenclature and classification are the revised definition and scope of Scyliorhinidae, Apristurus and Pentanchus and the revalidation of Atelomycteridae. The monophyly of Pentanchidae is supported, as is that of most catshark genera. Two new subfamilies of the family Pentanchidae are defined: Halaelurinae subfam. nov. and Galeinae subfam. nov. Our analysis emphasizes the relevance of morphological characters in the inference of evolutionary history of carcharhinoids and sheds light on the taxonomic status of some genera in need of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla D A Soares
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber Mathubara
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Straube N, Lyra ML, Paijmans JLA, Preick M, Basler N, Penner J, Rödel MO, Westbury MV, Haddad CFB, Barlow A, Hofreiter M. Successful application of ancient DNA extraction and library construction protocols to museum wet collection specimens. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2299-2315. [PMID: 34036732 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Millions of scientific specimens are housed in museum collections, a large part of which are fluid preserved. The use of formaldehyde as fixative and subsequent storage in ethanol is especially common in ichthyology and herpetology. This type of preservation damages DNA and reduces the chance of successful retrieval of genetic data. We applied ancient DNA extraction and single stranded library construction protocols to a variety of vertebrate samples obtained from wet collections and of different ages. Our results show that almost all samples tested yielded endogenous DNA. Archival DNA extraction was successful across different tissue types as well as using small amounts of tissue. Conversion of archival DNA fragments into single-stranded libraries resulted in usable data even for samples with initially undetectable DNA amounts. Subsequent target capture approaches for mitochondrial DNA using homemade baits on a subset of 30 samples resulted in almost complete mitochondrial genome sequences in several instances. Thus, application of ancient DNA methodology makes wet collection specimens, including type material as well as rare, old or extinct species, accessible for genetic and genomic analyses. Our results, accompanied by detailed step-by-step protocols, are a large step forward to open the DNA archive of museum wet collections for scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Straube
- University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,SNSB Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, München, Germany
| | - Mariana L Lyra
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.,Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johanna L A Paijmans
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Preick
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nikolas Basler
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Johannes Penner
- Museum für Naturkunde- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.,Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael V Westbury
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Axel Barlow
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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7
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Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of Nine Species of Sharks and Rays and Their Phylogenetic Placement among Modern Elasmobranchs. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030324. [PMID: 33668210 PMCID: PMC7995966 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrichthyes occupy a key position in the phylogeny of vertebrates. The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of four species of sharks and five species of rays was obtained by whole genome sequencing (DNA-seq) in the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. The arrangement and features of the genes in the assembled mitogenomes were identical to those found in vertebrates. Both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among 172 species (including 163 mitogenomes retrieved from GenBank) based on the concatenated dataset of 13 individual protein coding genes. Both ML and BI analyses did not support the “Hypnosqualea” hypothesis and confirmed the monophyly of sharks and rays. The broad notion in shark phylogeny, namely the division of sharks into Galeomorphii and Squalomorphii and the monophyly of the eight shark orders, was also supported. The phylogenetic placement of all nine species sequenced in this study produced high statistical support values. The present study expands our knowledge on the systematics, genetic differentiation, and conservation genetics of the species studied, and contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary history of Chondrichthyes.
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8
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Berio F, Evin A, Goudemand N, Debiais‐Thibaud M. The intraspecific diversity of tooth morphology in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris: insights into the ontogenetic cues driving sexual dimorphism. J Anat 2020; 237:960-978. [PMID: 32667054 PMCID: PMC7542197 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth in sharks are shed and replaced throughout their lifetime. Morphological dental changes through ontogeny have been identified in several species and have been correlated with shifts in diet and the acquisition of sexual maturity. However, these changes were rarely quantified in detail along multiple ontogenetic stages, which makes it difficult to infer the developmental processes responsible for the observed plasticity. In this work, we use micro-computed tomography and 3D geometric morphometrics to describe and analyze the tooth size and shape diversity across three ontogenetic stages (hatchling, juvenile, and sexually mature) in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758). We first describe the intra-individual variation of tooth form for each sex at each ontogenetic stage. We provide a tooth morphospace for palatoquadrate and Meckelian teeth and identify dental features, such as relative size and number of cusps, involved in the range of variation of the observed morphologies. We then use these shape data to draw developmental trajectories between ontogenetic stages and for each tooth position within the jaw to characterize ontogenetic patterns of sexual dimorphism. We highlight the emergence of gynandric heterodonty between the juvenile and mature ontogenetic stages, with mature females having tooth morphologies more similar to juveniles' than mature males that display regression in the number of accessory cusps. From these data, we speculate on the developmental processes that could account for such developmental plasticity in S. stellaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidji Berio
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonUMR 5242Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ. LyonLyonFrance
| | - Allowen Evin
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonUMR 5242Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ. LyonLyonFrance
| | - Mélanie Debiais‐Thibaud
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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9
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Serena F, Abella AJ, Bargnesi F, Barone M, Colloca F, Ferretti F, Fiorentino F, Jenrette J, Moro S. Species diversity, taxonomy and distribution of Chondrichthyes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1805518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Serena
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Mazara Del Vallo (TR), Italy
| | | | - F. Bargnesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (Disva), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- Cattolica Aquarium, Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - M. Barone
- Fisheries Resources Consultant, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Colloca
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn-Italian National Institute for Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Naples, Italy
| | - F. Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (VA), USA
| | - F. Fiorentino
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Mazara Del Vallo (TR), Italy
| | - J. Jenrette
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (VA), USA
| | - S. Moro
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Nakaya K, White WT, Ho HC. Discovery of a new mode of oviparous reproduction in sharks and its evolutionary implications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12280. [PMID: 32703969 PMCID: PMC7378224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two modes of oviparity are known in cartilaginous fishes, (1) single oviparity where one egg case is retained in an oviduct for a short period and then deposited, quickly followed by another egg case, and (2) multiple oviparity where multiple egg cases are retained in an oviduct for a substantial period and deposited later when the embryo has developed to a large size in each case. Sarawak swellshark Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis of the family Scyliorhinidae from the South China Sea performs a new mode of oviparity, which is named “sustained single oviparity”, characterized by a lengthy retention of a single egg case in an oviduct until the embryo attains a sizable length. The resulting fecundity of the Sarawak swellshark within a season is quite low, but this disadvantage is balanced by smaller body, larger neonates and quicker maturation. The Sarawak swellshark is further uniquely characterized by having glassy transparent egg cases, and this is correlated with a vivid polka-dot pattern of the embryos. Five modes of lecithotrophic (yolk-dependent) reproduction, i.e. short single oviparity, sustained single oviparity, multiple oviparity, yolk-sac viviparity of single pregnancy and yolk-sac viviparity of multiple pregnancy were discussed from an evolutionary point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakaya
- Hokkaido Univerisity, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - William T White
- CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Australia
| | - Hsuan-Ching Ho
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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11
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Maduna SN, Hull KL, Farrell ED, Boomer JJ, Veríssimo A, Marino IAM, Mazzoldi C, Zane L, Wintner SP, Chesalin MV, da Silva C, Gubili C, Mariani S, Bester-Van Der Merwe AE. Historical biogeography of smoothhound sharks (genus Mustelus) of Southern Africa reveals multiple dispersal events from the Northern Hemisphere. SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1787550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simo N. Maduna
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Kelvin L. Hull
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Edward D. Farrell
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jessica J. Boomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Route 1208, Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Ilaria A. M. Marino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Roma 00196, Italy
| | - Carlotta Mazzoldi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Roma 00196, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zane
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Roma 00196, Italy
| | - Sabine P. Wintner
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, Private Bag 2, Umhlanga Rocks, KwaZulu-Natal 4320, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mikhail V. Chesalin
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Russian Federation
| | - Charlene da Silva
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Branch: Fisheries Research Development, Inshore Research, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, South Africa
| | - Chrysoula Gubili
- Fisheries Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DEMETER, Nea Peramos, 64007, Kavala, Greece
| | - Stefano Mariani
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Aletta E. Bester-Van Der Merwe
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
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12
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Soares KDA, de Carvalho MR. Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. ZOOSYST EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.96.52420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the cladogram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the first time.
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13
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Aicardi S, Amaroli A, Gallus L, Di Blasi D, Ghigliotti L, Betti F, Vacchi M, Ferrando S. Quantification of neurons in the olfactory bulb of the catsharks Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) and Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810). ZOOLOGY 2020; 141:125796. [PMID: 32464514 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the olfactory bulb (OB) is the zone of the brain devoted to receiving the olfactory stimuli. The size of the OB relative to the size of the brain has been positively correlated to a good olfactory capability but, recently, this correlation was questioned after new investigation techniques were developed. Among them, the isotropic fractionator allows to estimate the number of neurons and non-neurons in a given portion of nervous tissue. To date, this technique has been applied in a number of species; in particular the OB was separately analyzed in numerous mammals and in a single crocodile species. Thus, a quantitative description of the OB's cells is available for a small portion of vertebrates. Main aim of this work was to apply isotropic fractionator to investigate the olfactory capability of elasmobranch fishes, whose traditional concept of outstanding olfaction has recently been scaled down by anatomical and physiological studies. For this purpose, the OB of two elasmobranch species, Galeus melastomus and Scyliorhinus canicula, was studied leading to the determination of the number of neurons vs non-neurons in the OB of the specimens. In addition, the obtained cell quantification was related to the olfactory epithelium surface area to obtain a new parameter that encapsulates both information on the peripheral olfactory organ and the OB. The analyzed species resulted in an overall similar quantitative organization of the peripheral olfactory system; slight differences were detected possibly reflecting different environment preference and feeding strategy. Moreover, the non-neurons/neurons ratio of these species, compared to those available in the literature, seems to place elasmobranch fishes among the vertebrate species in which olfaction plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aicardi
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 8, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Ulitsa, 19с1, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Di Blasi
- Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Ghigliotti
- Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Betti
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marino Vacchi
- Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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14
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A. Soares KD. Comparative anatomy of the clasper of catsharks and its phylogenetic implications (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). J Morphol 2020; 281:591-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla D. A. Soares
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
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15
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Burton EJ, Lea RN. Annotated checklist of fishes from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with notes on extralimital species. Zookeys 2019; 887:1-119. [PMID: 31745387 PMCID: PMC6856198 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.887.38024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is a federal, marine protected area located off the central coast of California, USA. Understanding biodiversity, and how it is changing, is necessary to effectively manage the sanctuary. The large size of this sanctuary, which contains a variety of habitats and is influenced by several water masses, provides for a diverse fish fauna. The central California coast has a rich history of ichthyological research and surveys, contributing to a unique repository of information on fish diversity. Herein, we provide a checklist of fishes that occur within the sanctuary, including justification for each species. Ancillary record information including name-bearing type specimens, historic species, cold- or warm-water event species, introduced species, and occurrence at Davidson Seamount or Elkhorn Slough are also provided. This represents the first comprehensive annotated checklist of 507 fishes known to occur within the sanctuary. In addition, 18 species are considered to be extralimital. This annotated checklist of fishes can be used by those interested in zoogeography, marine protected areas, ichthyology, regional natural history, and sanctuary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Burton
- Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 99 Pacific Street, Building 455A, Monterey, California 93940, USA National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Monterey United States of America
| | - Robert N Lea
- Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences San Francisco United States of America.,Section of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, 90007, USA Section of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles United States of America
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16
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Soares KDDA, Carvalho MRD, Schwingel PR, Gadig OBF. A New Species of Parmaturus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-18-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Diamantina De Araújo Soares
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 101, São Paulo SP CEP 05508-090 Brazil; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues De Carvalho
- Formerly of Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Schwingel
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Otto Bismarck Fazzano Gadig
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Elasmobrânquios, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio Mesquita Filho,” Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, CEP 11330-9
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17
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Carrillo-Briceño JD, Carrillo JD, Aguilera OA, Sanchez-Villagra MR. Shark and ray diversity in the Tropical America (Neotropics)-an examination of environmental and historical factors affecting diversity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5313. [PMID: 30042900 PMCID: PMC6055692 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first comprehensive review of the present and past shark and ray diversity in marine waters of Tropical America, examining the patterns of distribution in the Eastern Central Pacific (EP) and Western Central Atlantic (WA) realms. We identified the major regions of diversity and of endemism, and explored the relations to physical variables. We found a strong relationship between shark and ray diversity with area and coastal length of each province. The Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province is characterized by high diversity and greater occurrence of endemic species, suggesting this province as the hotspot of sharks and rays in Tropical America. The historical background for the current biogeography is explored and analyzed. Referential data from 67 geological units in 17 countries, from both shallow and deep-water habitats, across five time-clusters from the Miocene to the Pleistocene were studied. New data include 20 new assemblages from six countries. The most diverse Neogene and extant groups of shark and ray are Carcharhiniformes and Myliobatiformes, respectively. The differentiation between Pacific and Atlantic faunas goes to at least the middle Miocene, probably related with the increasing closure of the Central American Seaway acting as a barrier. The highest faunal similarity between the assemblages from the EP and the WA at the early Miocene could be related to the lack of a barrier back then, but increased sampling is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan D Carrillo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Orangel Antonio Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Paleoecologia Marinha e Mudanças Globais, Campus de Gragoatá, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Moreira RA, Gomes UL, de Carvalho MR. Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Moreira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ulisses L Gomes
- Laboratório de Taxonomia de Elasmobrânquios, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R de Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Engelbrecht A, Mörs T, Reguero MA, Kriwet J. New Carcharhiniform Sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Early to Middle Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 2017; 27:e1371724. [PMID: 29551850 PMCID: PMC5856364 DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1371724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, is known for its wealth of fossil remains. This island provides one of the richest fossiliferous Paleogene sequences in the world. Chondrichthyans seemingly dominate this Eocene marine fauna and offer a rare insight into high-latitude faunas during the Palaeogene. So far, only a few isolated teeth of carcharhinid sharks have been reported from Seymour Island. Bulk sampling in the well-exposed La Meseta and Submeseta formations yielded new and abundant chondrichthyan material, including numerous teeth of carcharhinid and triakid sharks. Here, we present a reevaluation of the previously described carcharhinid remains and a description of new taxa: Meridiogaleus cristatus, gen. et sp. nov., Kallodentis rythistemma, gen. et sp. nov., Abdounia richteri, sp. nov., and Abdounia mesetae, sp. nov. The carcharhiniforms Mustelus sp. and Galeorhinus sp. are reported based on rare material, whereas teeth previously assigned to Scoliodon represent a nomen dubium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Engelbrecht
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Mörs
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcelo A. Reguero
- División Paleontologìa de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina, CONICET
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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20
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Wallis GP, Cameron-Christie SR, Kennedy HL, Palmer G, Sanders TR, Winter DJ. Interspecific hybridization causes long-term phylogenetic discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in freshwater fishes. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3116-3127. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham P. Wallis
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Sophia R. Cameron-Christie
- Women's and Children's Health; Paediatrics & Child Health; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Hannah L. Kennedy
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory; Canterbury Health Laboratories; PO Box 151 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
- Department of Pathology; University of Otago; Riccarton Avenue PO Box 4345 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Gemma Palmer
- Melbourne IVF; Suite 10 320 Victoria Parade East Melbourne Vic. 3002 Australia
| | - Tessa R. Sanders
- National Institutes of Health; 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - David J. Winter
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University; Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
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21
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Feutry P, Kyne PM, Chen X. The phylogenomic position of the Winghead Shark Eusphyra blochii (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) inferred from the mitochondrial genome. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2016; 1:386-387. [PMID: 33473491 PMCID: PMC7800558 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitogenome of the Winghead Shark Eusphyra blochii (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae) is determined in this study, which is 16,727 bp with a nucleotide base composition: 31.6% A, 25.7% C, 13.0% G and 29.7% T, containing 37 genes with the typical gene arrangement pattern and translate orientation in vertebrates. Two start codons (ATG and GTG) and two stop codons (TAG and TAA/T) are found in the protein-coding genes. The 22 tRNA genes range from 67 bp (tRNA-Cys and tRNA-Ser2) to 75 bp (tRNA-Leu1). The phylogenetic position showed that E. blochii clustered with the Sphyrna clade with strong posterior probability (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Feutry
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter M Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Guangxi Key Lab for Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Beihai, PR China
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22
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Chen H, Lin L, Chen X, Ai W, Chen S. Complete mitochondrial genome and the phylogenetic position of the Blotchy swell shark Cephaloscyllium umbratile. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:3045-7. [PMID: 26258506 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1063127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the Blotchy swell shark Cephaloscyllium umbratile was determined. It was a circle molecular (16 698 bp), contained 37 genes with typical order to that of most other vertebrates. The nucleotide composition was 31.0% A, 24.0% C, 14.0% G, and 31.3% T. There were 26 bp short intergenic spaces located in 11 gene junctions and 28 bp overlaps located in 7 gene junctions in the whole mitogenome. Two start codons (GTG and ATG) and two stop codons (TAG and TAA/T) were used in the protein-coding genes. The phylogenetic result showed that C. umbratile was clustered with Scyliorhinus canicula and formed the Scyliorhinidae clade, which was the most basal clade within Carcharhiniformes, and Carcharhinidae is not monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- a Department of Marine Biotechnology , School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China and
| | - Lingling Lin
- a Department of Marine Biotechnology , School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China and
| | - Xiao Chen
- a Department of Marine Biotechnology , School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China and.,b Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Weiming Ai
- a Department of Marine Biotechnology , School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China and.,b Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Shaobo Chen
- a Department of Marine Biotechnology , School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China and.,b Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
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23
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Molecular phylogenetic convergence within Elasmobranchii revealed by cytochrome oxidase subunits. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Hussey NE, Cosandey-Godin A, Walter RP, Hedges KJ, VanGerwen-Toyne M, Barkley AN, Kessel ST, Fisk AT. Juvenile Greenland sharks Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in the Canadian Arctic. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Molecular phylogeny of the bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium spp.). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:213896. [PMID: 25013766 PMCID: PMC4071782 DOI: 10.1155/2014/213896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chiloscyllium, commonly called bamboo shark, can be found inhabiting the waters of the Indo-West Pacific around East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List has categorized them as nearly threatened sharks out of their declining population status due to overexploitation. A molecular study was carried out to portray the systematic relationships within Chiloscyllium species using 12S rRNA and cytochrome b gene sequences. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian were used to reconstruct their phylogeny trees. A total of 381 bp sequences' lengths were successfully aligned in the 12S rRNA region, with 41 bp sites being parsimony-informative. In the cytochrome b region, a total of 1120 bp sites were aligned, with 352 parsimony-informative characters. All analyses yield phylogeny trees on which C. indicum has close relationships with C. plagiosum. C. punctatum is sister taxon to both C. indicum and C. plagiosum while C. griseum and C. hasseltii formed their own clade as sister taxa. These Chiloscyllium classifications can be supported by some morphological characters (lateral dermal ridges on the body, coloring patterns, and appearance of hypobranchials and basibranchial plate) that can clearly be used to differentiate each species.
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26
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Molecular phylogeny of elasmobranchs inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:447-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Liu SYV, Chan CLC, Lin O, Hu CS, Chen CA. DNA barcoding of shark meats identify species composition and CITES-listed species from the markets in Taiwan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79373. [PMID: 24260209 PMCID: PMC3832526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing awareness of the vulnerability of sharks to exploitation by shark finning has contributed to a growing concern about an unsustainable shark fishery. Taiwan's fleet has the 4th largest shark catch in the world, accounting for almost 6% of the global figures. Revealing the diversity of sharks consumed by Taiwanese is important in designing conservation plans. However, fins make up less than 5% of the total body weight of a shark, and their bodies are sold as filets in the market, making it difficult or impossible to identify species using morphological traits. METHODS In the present study, we adopted a DNA barcoding technique using a 391-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene to examine the diversity of shark filets and fins collected from markets and restaurants island-wide in Taiwan. RESULTS Amongst the 548 tissue samples collected and sequenced, 20 major clusters were apparent by phylogenetic analyses, each of them containing individuals belonging to the same species (most with more than 95% bootstrap values), corresponding to 20 species of sharks. Additionally, Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Isurus oxyrinchus, and Prionace glauca consisted of 80% of the samples we collected, indicating that these species might be heavily consumed in Taiwan. Approximately 5% of the tissue samples used in this study were identified as species listed in CITES Appendix II, including two species of Sphyrna, C. longimanus and Carcharodon carcharias. CONCLUSION DNA barcoding provides an alternative method for understanding shark species composition when species-specific data is unavailable. Considering the global population decline, stock assessments of Appendix II species and highly consumed species are needed to accomplish the ultimate goal of shark conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yin Vanson Liu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | | | - Oceana Lin
- The Society of Wilderness, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chaolun Allen Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program-Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Phylogenetic analysis and reconfiguration of genera in the cestode order Diphyllidea. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:621-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Renz AJ, Meyer A, Kuraku S. Revealing less derived nature of cartilaginous fish genomes with their evolutionary time scale inferred with nuclear genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66400. [PMID: 23825540 PMCID: PMC3692497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes, divided into Holocephali (chimaeras) and Elasmoblanchii (sharks, rays and skates), occupy a key phylogenetic position among extant vertebrates in reconstructing their evolutionary processes. Their accurate evolutionary time scale is indispensable for better understanding of the relationship between phenotypic and molecular evolution of cartilaginous fishes. However, our current knowledge on the time scale of cartilaginous fish evolution largely relies on estimates using mitochondrial DNA sequences. In this study, making the best use of the still partial, but large-scale sequencing data of cartilaginous fish species, we estimate the divergence times between the major cartilaginous fish lineages employing nuclear genes. By rigorous orthology assessment based on available genomic and transcriptomic sequence resources for cartilaginous fishes, we selected 20 protein-coding genes in the nuclear genome, spanning 2973 amino acid residues. Our analysis based on the Bayesian inference resulted in the mean divergence time of 421 Ma, the late Silurian, for the Holocephali-Elasmobranchii split, and 306 Ma, the late Carboniferous, for the split between sharks and rays/skates. By applying these results and other documented divergence times, we measured the relative evolutionary rate of the Hox A cluster sequences in the cartilaginous fish lineages, which resulted in a lower substitution rate with a factor of at least 2.4 in comparison to tetrapod lineages. The obtained time scale enables mapping phenotypic and molecular changes in a quantitative framework. It is of great interest to corroborate the less derived nature of cartilaginous fish at the molecular level as a genome-wide phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina J. Renz
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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30
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Blower DC, Hereward JP, Ovenden JR. The complete mitochondrial genome of the dusky sharkCarcharhinus obscurus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:619-21. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.772154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Compagnucci C, Debiais-Thibaud M, Coolen M, Fish J, Griffin JN, Bertocchini F, Minoux M, Rijli FM, Borday-Birraux V, Casane D, Mazan S, Depew MJ. Pattern and polarity in the development and evolution of the gnathostome jaw: both conservation and heterotopy in the branchial arches of the shark, Scyliorhinus canicula. Dev Biol 2013; 377:428-48. [PMID: 23473983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of jaws constitutes a landmark event in vertebrate evolution, one that in large part potentiated their success and diversification. Jaw development and patterning involves an intricate spatiotemporal series of reciprocal inductive and responsive interactions between the cephalic epithelia and the cranial neural crest (CNC) and cephalic mesodermal mesenchyme. The coordinated regulation of these interactions is critical for both the ontogenetic registration of the jaws and the evolutionary elaboration of variable jaw morphologies and designs. Current models of jaw development and evolution have been built on molecular and cellular evidence gathered mostly in amniotes such as mice, chicks and humans, and augmented by a much smaller body of work on the zebrafish. These have been partnered by essential work attempting to understand the origins of jaws that has focused on the jawless lamprey. Chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) are the most distant group to amniotes within extant gnathostomes, and comprise the crucial clade uniting amniotes and agnathans; yet despite their critical phylogenetic position, evidence of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of jaw development in chondrichthyans is still lacking. Recent advances in genome and molecular developmental biology of the lesser spotted dogfish shark, Scyliorhinus canicula, make it ideal for the molecular study of chondrichthyan jaw development. Here, following the 'Hinge and Caps' model of jaw development, we have investigated evidence of heterotopic (relative changes in position) and heterochronic (relative changes in timing) shifts in gene expression, relative to amniotes, in the jaw primordia of S. canicula embryos. We demonstrate the presence of clear proximo-distal polarity in gene expression patterns in the shark embryo, thus establishing a baseline molecular baüplan for branchial arch-derived jaw development and further validating the utility of the 'Hinge and Caps' model in comparative studies of jaw development and evolution. Moreover, we correlate gene expression patterns with the absence of a lambdoidal junction (formed where the maxillary first arch meets the frontonasal processes) in chondrichthyans, further highlighting the importance of this region for the development and evolution of jaw structure in advanced gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Habegger ML, Motta PJ, Huber DR, Dean MN. Feeding biomechanics and theoretical calculations of bite force in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) during ontogeny. ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:354-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maisey JG. What is an 'elasmobranch'? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:918-51. [PMID: 22497368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Subclass Elasmobranchii is widely considered nowadays to be the sister group of the Subclass Holocephali, although chimaeroid fishes were originally classified as elasmobranchs along with modern sharks and rays. While this modern systematic treatment provides an accurate reflection of the phylogenetic relationships among extant taxa, the classification of many extinct non-holocephalan shark-like chondrichthyans as elasmobranchs is challenged. A revised, apomorphy-based definition of elasmobranchs is presented in which they are considered the equivalent of neoselachians, i.e. a monophyletic group of modern sharks and rays which not only excludes all stem and crown holocephalans, but also many Palaeozoic shark-like chondrichthyans and even close extinct relatives of neoselachians such as hybodonts. The fossil record of elasmobranchs (i.e. neoselachians) is reviewed, focusing not only on their earliest records but also on their subsequent distribution patterns through time. The value and limitations of the fossil record in answering questions about elasmobranch phylogeny are discussed. Extinction is seen as a major factor in shaping early elasmobranch history, especially during the Triassic. Extinctions may also have helped shape modern lamniform diversity, despite uncertainties surrounding the phylogenetic affinities of supposedly extinct clades such as cretoxyrhinids, anacoracids and odontids. Apart from these examples, and the supposed Cretaceous extinction of 'sclerorhynchids', elasmobranch evolution since the Jurassic has mostly involved increased diversification (especially during the Cretaceous). The biogeographical distribution of early elasmobranchs may be obscured by sampling bias, but the earliest records of numerous groups are located within the Tethyan realm. The break-up of Gondwana, and particularly the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (together with the development of epicontinental seaways across Brazil and Africa during the Cretaceous), provided repeated opportunities for dispersal from both eastern (European) and western (Caribbean) Tethys into newly formed ocean basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Maisey
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street & Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA.
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Griffiths AM, Jacoby DMP, Casane D, McHugh M, Croft DP, Genner MJ, Sims DW. First analysis of multiple paternity in an oviparous shark, the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 103:166-73. [PMID: 22058410 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple paternity (MP) has been demonstrated in a variety of sharks, although its prevalence and the number of sires per litter vary considerably among species. To date, such analyses have focused on viviparous species that possess only part of the wide spectrum of reproductive strategies developed in elasmobranchs. We analyzed MP in an oviparous species, the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). In total, 150 neonates originating from 13 different mothers were genotyped using 12 microsatellite loci. MP was commonplace, with progeny from 92% of females sired by multiple males. This result is consistent with the reproductive biology of the species, particularly its protracted breeding season and potential for long-term sperm storage. The significance of these findings is discussed in light of small-spotted catshark behavior, which suggests that the cost of avoiding mating attempts initiated by males may be high and is therefore supportive of convenience polyandry as an explanation for MP. Eggs were followed from the time they were laid to when they hatched, offering a rare opportunity to investigate juvenile development in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Griffiths
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.
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35
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Moftah M, Abdel Aziz SH, Elramah S, Favereaux A. Classification of sharks in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters using morphological and DNA barcoding approaches. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27001. [PMID: 22087242 PMCID: PMC3206905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of species constitutes the first basic step in phylogenetic studies, biodiversity monitoring and conservation. DNA barcoding, i.e. the sequencing of a short standardized region of DNA, has been proposed as a new tool for animal species identification. The present study provides an update on the composition of shark in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters off Alexandria, since the latest study to date was performed 30 years ago, DNA barcoding was used in addition to classical taxonomical methodologies. Thus, 51 specimen were DNA barcoded for a 667 bp region of the mitochondrial COI gene. Although DNA barcoding aims at developing species identification systems, some phylogenetic signals were apparent in the data. In the neighbor-joining tree, 8 major clusters were apparent, each of them containing individuals belonging to the same species, and most with 100% bootstrap value. This study is the first to our knowledge to use DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial COI gene in order to confirm the presence of species Squalus acanthias, Oxynotus centrina, Squatina squatina, Scyliorhinus canicula, Scyliorhinus stellaris, Mustelus mustelus, Mustelus punctulatus and Carcharhinus altimus in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Finally, our study is the starting point of a new barcoding database concerning shark composition in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters (Barcoding of Egyptian Mediterranean Sharks [BEMS], http://www.boldsystems.org/views/projectlist.php?&#Barcoding%20Fish%20%28FishBOL%29).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Moftah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sayeda H. Abdel Aziz
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sara Elramah
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- University de Bordeaux, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Favereaux
- University de Bordeaux, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Griffiths AM, Casane D, McHugh M, Wearmouth VJ, Sims DW, Genner MJ. Characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula L.). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-011-9438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Vélez-Zuazo X, Agnarsson I. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 58:207-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Straube N, Kriwet J, Schliewen UK. Cryptic diversity and species assignment of large lantern sharks of the Etmopterus spinax clade from the Southern Hemisphere (Squaliformes, Etmopteridae). ZOOL SCR 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Straube N, Iglésias SP, Sellos DY, Kriwet J, Schliewen UK. Molecular phylogeny and node time estimation of bioluminescent Lantern Sharks (Elasmobranchii: Etmopteridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:905-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Stelbrink B, von Rintelen T, Cliff G, Kriwet J. Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus Squatina). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 54:395-404. [PMID: 19647086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Angel sharks of the genus Squatina represent a group comprising 22 extant benthic species inhabiting continental shelves and upper slopes. In the present study, a comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of 17 Squatina species based on two mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S rRNA) is provided. The phylogenetic reconstructions are used to test biogeographic patterns. In addition, a molecular clock analysis is conducted to estimate divergence times of the emerged clades. All analyses show Squatina to be monophyletic. Four geographic clades are recognized, of which the Europe-North Africa-Asia clade is probably a result of the Tethys Sea closure. A second sister group relationship emerged in the analyses, including S. californica (eastern North Pacific) and S. dumeril (western North Atlantic), probably related to the rise of the Panamanian isthmus. The molecular clock analysis show that both lineage divergences coincide with the estimated time of these two geological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Stelbrink
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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41
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Corrigan S, Beheregaray LB. A recent shark radiation: Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and speciation of wobbegong sharks (family: Orectolobidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 52:205-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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da Silva Rodrigues-Filho LF, da Rocha TC, do Rêgo PS, Schneider H, Sampaio I, Vallinoto M. Identification and phylogenetic inferences on stocks of sharks affected by the fishing industry off the Northern coast of Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:405-13. [PMID: 21637699 PMCID: PMC3036939 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009005000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing decline in abundance and diversity of shark stocks, primarily due to uncontrolled fishery exploitation, is a worldwide problem. An additional problem for the development of conservation and management programmes is the identification of species diversity within a given area, given the morphological similarities among shark species, and the typical disembarkation of processed carcasses which are almost impossible to differentiate. The main aim of the present study was to identify those shark species being exploited off northern Brazil, by using the 12S-16S molecular marker. For this, DNA sequences were obtained from 122 specimens collected on the docks and the fish market in Bragança, in the Brazilian state of Pará. We identified at least 11 species. Three-quarters of the specimens collected were either Carcharhinus porosus or Rhizoprionodon sp, while a notable absence was the daggernose shark, Isogomphodon oxyrhyncus, previously one of the most common species in local catches. The study emphasises the value of molecular techniques for the identification of cryptic shark species, and the potential of the 12S-16S marker as a tool for phylogenetic inferences in a study of elasmobranchs.
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43
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Huber D, Claes J, Mallefet J, Herrel A. Is Extreme Bite Performance Associated with Extreme Morphologies in Sharks? Physiol Biochem Zool 2009; 82:20-8. [DOI: 10.1086/588177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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SCHULTZ JK, FELDHEIM KA, GRUBER SH, ASHLEY MV, MCGOVERN TM, BOWEN BW. Global phylogeography and seascape genetics of the lemon sharks (genusNegaprion). Mol Ecol 2008; 17:5336-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Coolen M, Menuet A, Chassoux D, Compagnucci C, Henry S, Lévèque L, Da Silva C, Gavory F, Samain S, Wincker P, Thermes C, D'Aubenton-Carafa Y, Rodriguez-Moldes I, Naylor G, Depew M, Sourdaine P, Mazan S. The Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula: A Reference in Jawed Vertebrates. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008; 2008:pdb.emo111. [PMID: 21356737 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.emo111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONDue to their large size and long generation times, chondrichthyans have been largely ignored by geneticists. However, their key phylogenetic position makes them ideal subjects to study the molecular bases of the important morphological and physiological innovations that characterize jawed vertebrates. Such analyses are crucial to understanding the origin of the complex genetic mechanisms unraveled in osteichthyans. The small spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, a representative of the largest order of extant sharks, presents a number of advantages in this context. Due to its relatively small size among sharks, its abundance, and easy maintenance, the dogfish has been an important model in comparative anatomy and physiology for more than a century. Recently, revived interest has occurred with the development of large-scale transcriptomic and genomic resources, together with the establishment of facilities allowing massive egg and embryo production. These new tools open the way to molecular analyses of the elaborate physiological and sensory systems used by sharks. They also make it possible to take advantage of unique characteristics of these species, such as organ zonation, in analyses of cell proliferation and differentiation. Finally, they offer important perspectives to evolutionary developmental biology that will provide a better understanding of the origin and diversifications of jawed vertebrates. The dogfish whole-genome sequence, which may shortly become accessible, should establish this species as an essential shark reference, complementary to other chondrichthyan models. These analyses are likely to reveal an organism of an underestimated complexity, far from the primitive prototypical gnathostome anticipated in gradistic views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Coolen
- CNRS UMR 6218 Immunologie et Embryologie Moléculaires, Université Sciences et Techniques d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
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46
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Dosay-Akbulut M. The phylogenetic relationship within the genus Carcharhinus. C R Biol 2008; 331:500-9. [PMID: 18558373 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of elasmobranchs, especially sharks, are unclear. All previously made research and hypotheses indicate that there are still unsolved relationships within and between the class Chondrichthyes. To find out the relationship and sister group of this genus, the ribosomal ITS1-2 regions sequence has been chosen to differentiate the genus Carcharhinus from the blue shark (genus Prionace) and from some other genus species as an outgroup. The results show that the blue shark is a member of the genus Carcharhinus, suggesting that maybe the blue shark belongs also to the genus Carcharhinus instead of Prionace, or that there is a misclassification, Prionace being not a separate genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Dosay-Akbulut
- Afyon Kocatepe Universitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Medikal Bioloji ve Genetik Anabilim Dali, Afyon, Turkey.
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47
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Flammang BE, Ebert DA, Cailliet GM. Egg cases of the genus Apristurus (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae): Phylogenetic and ecological implications. ZOOLOGY 2007; 110:308-17. [PMID: 17611091 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Apristurus has been divided formerly into three species subgroups based on morphological and molecular phylogenies. Previous studies have agreed on the separation into distinct species groups, the largest two of which have been described as the brunneus and spongiceps groups. An examination of the egg cases produced by these oviparous catsharks corroborates the distinction in species groups: egg cases of the brunneus group have long fibrous and curly tendrils at either end, whereas egg cases of the spongiceps group lack tendrils. The egg cases of A. kampae, A. manis, A. spongiceps and Apristurus sp. D are described for the first time, and the egg cases of A. brunneus and A. riveri are re-described to include comparable morphological characteristics. The ecological implications of egg case morphology on oviposition and ventilation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Flammang
- Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
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48
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López JA, Ryburn JA, Fedrigo O, Naylor GJP. Phylogeny of sharks of the family Triakidae (Carcharhiniformes) and its implications for the evolution of carcharhiniform placental viviparity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 40:50-60. [PMID: 16564708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a study of inter- and intra-familial relationships of the carcharhiniform shark family Triakidae aimed at testing existing hypotheses of relationships for this group and at improving understanding of the evolution of reproductive traits in elasmobranchs. Our analyses and conclusions are based on evidence from DNA sequences of four protein-coding genes (three from the mitochondrial genome and a single copy nuclear gene) from eight of the nine genera and 20 of the 39 species currently assigned to the Triakidae. The sequence data offer strong support for the following previously proposed triakid clades: Galeorhinini (Hypogaleus+Galeorhinus); a subset of the Iagini (Furgaleus+Hemitriakis but not Iago); and part of the Triakinae (Mustelus, Scylliogaleus and part of Triakis). Interestingly, the molecular data provide considerable evidence of paraphyly of the genera Triakis and Mustelus. Our results suggest that the subgenera Triakis and Cazon of Triakis represent two distinct lineages that are only distantly related and that the genus Mustelus as currently defined does not constitute a monophyletic assemblage unless S. quecketti and some species of Triakis (subgenus Cazon) are included in Mustelus. Within our sample of species of Mustelus (including Cazon and Scylliogaleus), the sequence data support two well-defined clades that can be diagnosed by mode of reproduction (placental vs. aplacental species). The phylogenetic framework presented here is used to infer key events in the evolution and loss of placental viviparity among carcharhiniform sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrés López
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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49
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Guérard F, Sellos D, Le Gal Y. Fish and Shellfish Upgrading, Traceability. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:127-63. [PMID: 16566090 DOI: 10.1007/b135783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the limited biological resources and the increasing environmental pollution has emphasised the need for better utilisation of by-products from the fisheries. Currently, the seafood industry is dependent on the processing of the few selected fish and shellfish species that are highly popular with consumers but, from economic and nutritional points of view, it is essential to utilise the entire catch. In this review, we will focus on recent developments and innovations in the field of underutilised marine species and marine by-product upgrading and, more precisely, on two aspects of the bioconversion of wastes from marine organisms, i.e. extraction of enzymes and preparation of protein hydrolysates. We will deal with the question of accurate determination of fish species at the various steps of processing. Methods of genetic identification applicable to fresh fish samples and to derived products will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Guérard
- ANTiOX-UBO, Pôle universitaire P.J. Helias, Creac'h Gwen, 29000 Quimper, France.
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