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Sikes DS, Thayer MK, Newton AF. Large carrion and burying beetles evolved from Staphylinidae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Silphinae): a review of the evidence. Zookeys 2024; 1200:159-182. [PMID: 38756344 PMCID: PMC11096728 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1200.122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Large carrion beetles (Silphidae) are the focus of ongoing behavioral ecology, forensic, ecological, conservation, evolutionary, systematic, and other research, and were recently reclassified as a subfamily of Staphylinidae. Twenty-three analyses in 21 publications spanning the years 1927-2023 that are relevant to the question of the evolutionary origin and taxonomic classification of Silphidae are reviewed. Most of these analyses (20) found Silphidae nested inside Staphylinidae (an average of 4.38 branches deep), two found Silphidae in an ambiguous position, and one found Silphidae outside Staphylinidae, as sister to Hydrophilidae. There is strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that large carrion beetles evolved from within Staphylinidae and good justification for their classification as the subfamily Silphinae of the megadiverse, and apparently now monophyletic, Staphylinidae. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding the interrelationships and monophyly of many staphylinid subfamilies. Nonetheless, the subfamily Tachyporinae was found to be the sister of Silphinae in more analyses (7) than any other subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Sikes
- University of Alaska Museum / Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1962 Yukon Dr., Fairbanks, Alaska, USAUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States of America
| | - Margaret K. Thayer
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South DuSable Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, USANegaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States of America
| | - Alfred F. Newton
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South DuSable Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, USANegaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States of America
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2
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Cai C, Tihelka E, Giacomelli M, Lawrence JF, Ślipiński A, Kundrata R, Yamamoto S, Thayer MK, Newton AF, Leschen RAB, Gimmel ML, Lü L, Engel MS, Bouchard P, Huang D, Pisani D, Donoghue PCJ. Integrated phylogenomics and fossil data illuminate the evolution of beetles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211771. [PMID: 35345430 PMCID: PMC8941382 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Beetles constitute the most biodiverse animal order with over 380 000 described species and possibly several million more yet unnamed. Recent phylogenomic studies have arrived at considerably incongruent topologies and widely varying estimates of divergence dates for major beetle clades. Here, we use a dataset of 68 single-copy nuclear protein-coding (NPC) genes sampling 129 out of the 193 recognized extant families as well as the first comprehensive set of fully justified fossil calibrations to recover a refined timescale of beetle evolution. Using phylogenetic methods that counter the effects of compositional and rate heterogeneity, we recover a topology congruent with morphological studies, which we use, combined with other recent phylogenomic studies, to propose several formal changes in the classification of Coleoptera: Scirtiformia and Scirtoidea sensu nov., Clambiformia ser. nov. and Clamboidea sensu nov., Rhinorhipiformia ser. nov., Byrrhoidea sensu nov., Dryopoidea stat. res., Nosodendriformia ser. nov. and Staphyliniformia sensu nov., and Erotyloidea stat. nov., Nitiduloidea stat. nov. and Cucujoidea sensu nov., alongside changes below the superfamily level. Our divergence time analyses recovered a late Carboniferous origin of Coleoptera, a late Palaeozoic origin of all modern beetle suborders and a Triassic-Jurassic origin of most extant families, while fundamental divergences within beetle phylogeny did not coincide with the hypothesis of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Erik Tihelka
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mattia Giacomelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - John F. Lawrence
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Margaret K. Thayer
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Alfred F. Newton
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Richard A. B. Leschen
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew L. Gimmel
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Liang Lü
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patrice Bouchard
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Diying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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3
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Zhou YL, Caterino MS, Ren D, Ślipiński A. Phylogeny and evolution of Mesozoic and extant lineages of Histeridae (Coleoptera), with discovery of a new subfamily Antigracilinae from the Lower Cretaceous. Cladistics 2021; 36:521-539. [PMID: 34618954 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to place a newly discovered species Antigracilus costatus gen. sp. n. from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) and to assess previously unplaced fossil taxa, we investigated the relationships of extant and extinct lineages of Histeridae based on three data sets: (i) 69 morphological characters belonging to 48 taxa (representing all 11 subfamilies and 15 of 17 tribes of modern Histeridae); (ii) partitioned alignment of 6030 bp from downloaded nucleotide sequences (28S, CAD, COI, 18S) of 50 taxa (representing 10 subfamilies and 15 of 17 tribes of modern Histeridae); and (iii) a combined morphological and molecular dataset for 75 taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of the morphology and combined matrices recovered the new Lower Cretaceous taxon as a sister group to remaining Histeridae and it is placed in †Antigracilinae subfam. n. †Antigracilinae constitutes the earliest record of Histeridae from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (∼125 Myr), backdating the minimum age of the family by 25 Myr from the earliest Cenomanian (~99 Myr) to the Barremian of the Cretaceous Period. Our molecular phylogeny supports Histeridae to be divided into seven different clades, with currently recognised subfamilies Abraeinae (sensu lato), Saprininae, Chlamydopsinae, and Histerinae (sensu lato) recovered as monophyletic, while Dendrophilinae, Onthophilinae, and Tribalinae are polyphyletic taxa. The Burmese amber species †Pantostictus burmanicus Poinar & Brown is placed as a sister group to the tribe Plegaderini (Abraeinae) and was assigned as a new tribe Pantostictini trib. n. Both molecular and combined phylogenies recovered the subfamilies Trypanaeinae and Trypeticinae deeply within the subfamily Abraeinae (sensu lato), and they are downgraded into Trypanaeini stat. n. and Trypeticini stat. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lingzi Zhou
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael S Caterino
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuanbeilu 105, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Prušáková D, Peska V, Pekár S, Bubeník M, Čížek L, Bezděk A, Čapková Frydrychová R. Telomeric DNA sequences in beetle taxa vary with species richness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13319. [PMID: 34172809 PMCID: PMC8233369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are protective structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and disruption of their nucleoprotein composition usually results in genome instability and cell death. Telomeric DNA sequences have generally been found to be exceptionally conserved in evolution, and the most common pattern of telomeric sequences across eukaryotes is (TxAyGz)n maintained by telomerase. However, telomerase-added DNA repeats in some insect taxa frequently vary, show unusual features, and can even be absent. It has been speculated about factors that might allow frequent changes in telomere composition in Insecta. Coleoptera (beetles) is the largest of all insect orders and based on previously available data, it seemed that the telomeric sequence of beetles varies to a great extent. We performed an extensive mapping of the (TTAGG)n sequence, the ancestral telomeric sequence in Insects, across the main branches of Coleoptera. Our study indicates that the (TTAGG)n sequence has been repeatedly or completely lost in more than half of the tested beetle superfamilies. Although the exact telomeric motif in most of the (TTAGG)n-negative beetles is unknown, we found that the (TTAGG)n sequence has been replaced by two alternative telomeric motifs, the (TCAGG)n and (TTAGGG)n, in at least three superfamilies of Coleoptera. The diversity of the telomeric motifs was positively related to the species richness of taxa, regardless of the age of the taxa. The presence/absence of the (TTAGG)n sequence highly varied within the Curculionoidea, Chrysomeloidea, and Staphylinoidea, which are the three most diverse superfamilies within Metazoa. Our data supports the hypothesis that telomere dysfunctions can initiate rapid genomic changes that lead to reproductive isolation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Prušáková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vratislav Peska
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bubeník
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Čížek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Bezděk
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radmila Čapková Frydrychová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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5
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Song N, Zhai Q, Zhang Y. Higher-level phylogenetic relationships of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2021; 32:98-105. [PMID: 33570440 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2021.1882444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) and allied families constitute a huge radiation of Coleoptera, but basal relationships in this group remain controversial. In this study, we newly sequenced eight mitogenomes of representatives of Staphylinidae by using next-generation sequencing method. Together with 99 existing mitogenomes of Staphyliniformia, (sub)family relationships were investigated with ML and Bayesian searches under various substitution models and data recoding schemes. The results consistently supported Scydmaenidae and Silphidae to be subordinate groups of Staphylinidae. Within the monophyletic Staphylinidae (including Scydmaenidae and Silphidae), the hypothesis of four major subfamily groups cannot be confirmed. Bayesian inferences under the site-heterogeneous mixture model generally supported the basal position of major clades corresponding to the Omaliine group. At the subfamily level, the monophyly of Pselaphinae, Oxytelinae, Scaphidiinae, Steninae and Staphylininae was supported. However, the subfamilies Omaliinae, Tachyporinae, Aleocharinae and Paederinae were each non-monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
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6
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Niogret J, Felix AE, Nicot A, Lumaret JP. Chemosystematics Using Cuticular Compounds: A Powerful Tool to Separate Species in Mediterranean Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5420490. [PMID: 30915445 PMCID: PMC6435918 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical characters to infer a phylogeny is known to be promising to ascertain phylogenetic relationships in controversial groups. Dung beetle classifications containing the Geotrupidae family, based on morphological characters and genes, are debated with respect to the subfamilies, such as the Bolboceratids. In our study, we used different approaches to generate and compare the Geotrupidae phylogenies based on genetics and chemotaxonomy. Cuticular compounds were analyzed for 12 species of Mediterranean dung beetles to build a chemical phylogeny. In addition, mitochondrial and nuclear marker concatenation have been used to elaborate the molecular phylogeny. Using the cuticular compound continuous data, our results showed that each species was associated with a specific chemical pattern and that all individuals belonging to the same species displayed a similar chemical blend. The most distant species was Bolbelasmus gallicus, with an evident distinction from the other species due to several compounds. The maximum parsimony tree showed that all genera belonging to a Geotrupidae subfamily were grouped in the same clade, with B. gallicus species isolated in another clade, similar to the chemotaxonomy grouping. A strong positive correlation between chemotaxonomy and genetic phylogeny has been demonstrated, underlying a genetic basis for cuticular hydrocarbon variations. Our results are congruent with previous studies using morphological or genetic data. Our results also showed that only 10 compounds can be used to distinguish at least six species of dung beetle and that chemotaxonomy could become a useful and affordable tool to determine phylogenetic relationships in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Niogret
- Niogret Ecology Consulting LLC, Miami, FL
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Felix
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Nicot
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
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7
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Zhang SQ, Che LH, Li Y, Dan Liang, Pang H, Ślipiński A, Zhang P. Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species. Nat Commun 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29335414 PMCID: PMC5768713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse and species-rich group of insects, and a robust, time-calibrated phylogeny is fundamental to understanding macroevolutionary processes that underlie their diversity. Here we infer the phylogeny and divergence times of all major lineages of Coleoptera by analyzing 95 protein-coding genes in 373 beetle species, including ~67% of the currently recognized families. The subordinal relationships are strongly supported as Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga)). The series and superfamilies of Polyphaga are mostly monophyletic. The species-poor Nosodendridae is robustly recovered in a novel position sister to Staphyliniformia, Bostrichiformia, and Cucujiformia. Our divergence time analyses suggest that the crown group of extant beetles occurred ~297 million years ago (Mya) and that ~64% of families originated in the Cretaceous. Most of the herbivorous families experienced a significant increase in diversification rate during the Cretaceous, thus suggesting that the rise of angiosperms in the Cretaceous may have been an 'evolutionary impetus' driving the hyperdiversity of herbivorous beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Heng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Antunes-Carvalho C, Ribera I, Beutel RG, Gnaspini P. Morphology-based phylogenetic reconstruction of Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae): a new view on higher-level relationships. Cladistics 2017; 35:1-41. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Antunes-Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101 São Paulo SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Instituto de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49 Barcelona 08003 Spain
| | - Rolf G. Beutel
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; FSU Jena; Erbertstrasse 1 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Pedro Gnaspini
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101 São Paulo SP 05508-090 Brazil
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9
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The mitogenomes of three beetles (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Cucujiformia): New gene rearrangement and phylogeny. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Kundrata R, Jäch MA, Bocak L. Molecular phylogeny of the Byrrhoidea-Buprestoidea complex (Coleoptera, Elateriformia). ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 50 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Manfred A. Jäch
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien; Burgring 7 A-1010 Wien Austria
| | - Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 50 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic
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11
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Du C, He S, Song X, Liao Q, Zhang X, Yue B. The complete mitochondrial genome of Epicauta chinensis (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and phylogenetic analysis among Coleopteran insects. Gene 2016; 578:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Ahrens D, Schwarzer J, Vogler AP. The evolution of scarab beetles tracks the sequential rise of angiosperms and mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141470. [PMID: 25100705 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant terrestrial biodiversity arguably is driven by the evolutionary success of angiosperm plants, but the evolutionary mechanisms and timescales of angiosperm-dependent radiations remain poorly understood. The Scarabaeoidea is a diverse lineage of predominantly plant- and dung-feeding beetles. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of Scarabaeoidea based on four DNA markers for a taxonomically comprehensive set of specimens and link it to recently described fossil evidence. The phylogeny strongly supports multiple origins of coprophagy, phytophagy and anthophagy. The ingroup-based fossil calibration of the tree widely confirmed a Jurassic origin of the Scarabaeoidea crown group. The crown groups of phytophagous lineages began to radiate first (Pleurostict scarabs: 108 Ma; Glaphyridae between 101 Ma), followed by the later diversification of coprophagous lineages (crown-group age Scarabaeinae: 76 Ma; Aphodiinae: 50 Ma). Pollen feeding arose even later, at maximally 62 Ma in the oldest anthophagous lineage. The clear time lag between the origins of herbivores and coprophages suggests an evolutionary path driven by the angiosperms that first favoured the herbivore fauna (mammals and insects) followed by the secondary radiation of the dung feeders. This finding makes it less likely that extant dung beetle lineages initially fed on dinosaur excrements, as often hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ahrens
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Julia Schwarzer
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, Bonn 53113, Germany Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland EAWAG Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL7 5PY, UK
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13
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Kundrata R, Bocakova M, Bocak L. The comprehensive phylogeny of the superfamily Elateroidea (Coleoptera: Elateriformia). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 76:162-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Zhang X, Zhou HZ. How old are the rove beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and their lineages? Seeking an answer with DNA. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:490-501. [PMID: 23721473 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phylogeny and related evolutionary history of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) remain unclear. This study provides phylogenetic analyses for the family based on three genes (mitochondrial COI, nuclear protein-coding wingless and a portion of the ribosomal 28S rDNA) including 2413 bp for 104 taxa representing most major staphylinid lineages. The subfamilies Oxyporinae, Paederinae, Steninae, and Proteininae are all well-supported clades, as evidenced by all three inference methods, namely maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference, and maximum likelihood. From fossils available for calibration, the divergence time of the main lineages in the family is estimated based on an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock analysis method. The molecular clock analysis suggests that the family Staphylinidae dates from approximately the Early Triassic epoch and the most lineages of the family started to radiate from the Late Jurassic to the Early Paleogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chao Yang, 100101 Beijing, China
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Solodovnikov A, Yue Y, Tarasov S, Ren D. Extinct and extant rove beetles meet in the matrix: Early Cretaceous fossils shed light on the evolution of a hyperdiverse insect lineage (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Cladistics 2012; 29:360-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Freitag H, Balke M. Larvae and a new species of Ancyronyx Erichson, 1847 (Insecta, Coleoptera, Elmidae) from Palawan, Philippines, using DNA sequences for the assignment of the developmental stages. Zookeys 2011:47-82. [PMID: 22140348 PMCID: PMC3229288 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.136.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancyronyx montanussp. n. is described based on adults and larvae, matched using their cox1 DNA sequence data. Larvae of six additional species of Ancyronyx Erichson, 1847 were also described here for the first time, aided by cox1 or cob data: Ancyronyx helgeschneideri Freitag & Jäch, 2007, Ancyronyx minerva Freitag & Jäch, 2007, Ancyronyx patrolus Freitag & Jäch, 2007, Ancyronyx procerus Jäch, 1994, Ancyronyx punkti Freitag & Jäch, 2007, Ancyronyx pseudopatrolus Freitag & Jäch, 2007. Ancyronyx procerus is newly recorded from the Philippines by a larval specimen from Busuanga island. The new species and larval stages are described in detail and illustrated by digital and SEM images. A key to the Ancyronyx larvae of Palawan and an updated checklist of Philippine Ancyronyx is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Freitag
- Biology Department, De La Salle University, Taft Avenue 2401, RP-1004 Manila, Philippines and Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Chatzimanolis S, Cohen IM, Schomann A, Solodovnikov A. Molecular phylogeny of the mega-diverse rove beetle tribe Staphylinini (Insecta, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). ZOOL SCR 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Ahn KJ, Jeon MJ, Branham MA. Phylogeny, biogeography and the stepwise evolutionary colonization of intertidal habitat in the Liparocephalini based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Cladistics 2010; 26:344-358. [PMID: 34875809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Liparocephalini Fenyes is presented based on morphological and molecular characters. The data set comprised 50 adult morphological characters, partial COI (907 bp), COII (366 bp) and 12S rDNA (325-355 bp), and nearly complete sequences of 18S rDNA (1768-1902 bp) for 21 species. Eighteen species of liparocephaline beetles from all eight genera and three outgroups, are included. The sequences were analysed separately and simultaneously with morphological characters by direct optimization in the program POY4 and by partitioned Bayesian analysis for the combined data. The direct optimization (DO) tree for the combined data under equal weighting, which also shows a minimum incongruence length difference value, resulted in a monophyletic Liparocephalini with the following patterns of phylogenetic relationships (outgroup ((Baeostethus, Ianmoorea) (Paramblopusa ((Amblopusa, Halorhadinus) (Liparocephalus, Diaulota))))). A sensitivity analysis using 16 different parameter sets for the combined data shows the monophyly of the liparocephalines and all its genera under all parameter sets. Bayesian analysis resulted in topological differences in comparison with the DO tree under equal weighting only in the position of the genus Paramblopusa and clade (Amblopusa + Halorhadinus), which were reversed. Historical biogeography and the stepwise evolutionary colonization of intertidal habitat in the Liparocephalini are discussed. Based on the biogeographical analyses, we hypothesize that the ancestor of the Liparocephalini occurred along the Panthallassan Ocean, the direct antecedent of the Pacific Ocean, followed by repeated dispersals to the Nearctic from the Palearctic. We also hypothesize that ancestors of the Liparocephalini appear to have arisen in the littoral zone of beaches and then colonized rocky reef areas in the low tidal zone later through high- to mid-tide zones. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Jeong Ahn
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Jeon
- Biological Resources Research Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-170, South Korea
| | - Marc A Branham
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Lukhtanov VA. From Haeckel’s phylogenetics and Hennig’s cladistics to the method of maximum likelihood: Advantages and limitations of modern and traditional approaches to phylogeny reconstruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873810030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Weide D, Betz O. Head morphology of selected Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia) with an evaluation of possible groundplan features in Staphylinidae. J Morphol 2009; 270:1503-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hong MY, Jeong HC, Kim MJ, Jeong HU, Lee SH, Kim I. Complete mitogenome sequence of the jewel beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:46-60. [PMID: 19444700 DOI: 10.1080/19401730802644978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the jewel beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), from four overlapping fragments. The 15,592 bp C. fulgidissima mitogenome exhibits a gene arrangement and content identical to the most common type in insects. The start codon of the C. fulgidissima COI gene is unusual, in that no typical ATN codon is available. The 875 bp A+T-rich region is the shortest among the coleopteran mitogenomes that have thus far been sequenced in their entirety. The most unusual feature of the genome is the presence of three tRNA-like sequences within the A+T-rich region: two tRNA(Leu)(UUR)-like sequences and one tRNA(Asn)-like sequence. These sequence stretches have the proper anticodon sequence and the potential to form secondary structures, but also harbor many mismatches in the stems. Phylogenetic analysis using a concatenation of 13 amino acid sequences of protein-coding genes among the available sequenced species of coleopteran superfamilies (Buprestoidea and Elateroidea belonging to the infraorder Elateriformia, and Chrysomeloidea and Tenebrioroidea belonging to the infraorder Cucujiformia) by Bayesian inference, maximum-likelihood analysis, and maximum-parsimony analysis revealed a lack of strong support for monophyletic Elateriformia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Yeon Hong
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Kim KG, Hong MY, Kim MJ, Im HH, Kim MI, Bae CH, Seo SJ, Lee SH, Kim I. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the yellow-spotted long-horned beetle Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and phylogenetic analysis among coleopteran insects. Mol Cells 2009; 27:429-41. [PMID: 19390824 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the yellow-spotted long horned beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an endangered insect species in Korea. The 15,856-bp long P. hilaris mitogenome harbors gene content typical of the animal mitogenome and a gene arrangement identical to the most common type found in insect mitogenomes. As with all other sequenced coleopteran species, the 5-bp long TAGTA motif was also detected in the intergenic space sequence located between tRNA(Ser)(UCN) and ND1 of P. hilaris. The 1,190-bp long non-coding A+T-rich region harbors an unusual series of seven identical repeat sequences of 57-bp in length and several stretches of sequences with the potential to form stem-and-loop structures. Furthermore, it contains one tRNA(Arg)-like sequence and one tRNA(Lys)-like sequence. Phylogenetic analysis among available coleopteran mitogenomes using the concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs appear to support the sister group relationship of the suborder Polyphaga to all remaining suborders, including Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Archostemata. Among the two available infraorders in Polyphaga, a monophyletic Cucujiformia was confirmed, with the placement of Cleroidea as the basal lineage for Cucujiformia. On the other hand, the infraorder Elateriformia was not identified as monophyletic, thereby indicating that Scirtoidea and Buprestoidea are the basal lineages for Cucujiformia and the remaining Elateriformia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Gyoung Kim
- Biological Resources Research Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
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Ikeda H, Kagaya T, Kubota K, Abe T. Evolutionary relationships among food habit, loss of flight, and reproductive traits: life-history evolution in the Silphinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Evolution 2008; 62:2065-79. [PMID: 18507741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flightlessness in insects is generally thought to have evolved due to changes in habitat environment or habitat isolation. Loss of flight may have changed reproductive traits in insects, but very few attempts have been made to assess evolutionary relationships between flight and reproductive traits in a group of related species. We elucidated the evolutionary history of flight loss and its relationship to evolution in food habit, relative reproductive investment, and egg size in the Silphinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Most flight-capable species in this group feed primarily on vertebrate carcasses, whereas flightless or flight-dimorphic species feed primarily on soil invertebrates. Ancestral state reconstruction based on our newly constructed molecular phylogenetic tree implied that flight muscle degeneration occurred twice in association with food habit changes from necrophagy to predatory, suggesting that flight loss could evolve independently from changes in the environmental circumstances per se. We found that total egg production increased with flight loss. We also found that egg size increased with decreased egg number following food habit changes in the lineage leading to predaceous species, suggesting that selection for larger larvae intensified with the food habit change. This correlated evolution has shaped diverse life-history patterns among extant species of Silphinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Hunt T, Bergsten J, Levkanicova Z, Papadopoulou A, John OS, Wild R, Hammond PM, Ahrens D, Balke M, Caterino MS, Gómez-Zurita J, Ribera I, Barraclough TG, Bocakova M, Bocak L, Vogler AP. A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science 2008; 318:1913-6. [PMID: 18096805 DOI: 10.1126/science.1146954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Beetles represent almost one-fourth of all described species, and knowledge about their relationships and evolution adds to our understanding of biodiversity. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera inferred from three genes and nearly 1900 species, representing more than 80% of the world's recognized beetle families. We defined basal relationships in the Polyphaga supergroup, which contains over 300,000 species, and established five families as the earliest branching lineages. By dating the phylogeny, we found that the success of beetles is explained neither by exceptional net diversification rates nor by a predominant role of herbivory and the Cretaceous rise of angiosperms. Instead, the pre-Cretaceous origin of more than 100 present-day lineages suggests that beetle species richness is due to high survival of lineages and sustained diversification in a variety of niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Hunt
- Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Whitfield JB, Kjer KM. Ancient rapid radiations of insects: challenges for phylogenetic analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 53:449-72. [PMID: 17877448 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenies of major groups of insects based on both morphological and molecular data have sometimes been contentious, often lacking the data to distinguish between alternative views of relationships. This paucity of data is often due to real biological and historical causes, such as shortness of time spans between divergences for evolution to occur and long time spans after divergences for subsequent evolutionary changes to obscure the earlier ones. Another reason for difficulty in resolving some of the relationships using molecular data is the limited spectrum of genes so far developed for phylogeny estimation. For this latter issue, there is cause for current optimism owing to rapid increases in our knowledge of comparative genomics. At least some historical patterns of divergence may, however, continue to defy our attempts to completely reconstruct them with confidence, at least using current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61821, USA.
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Bocakova M, Bocak L, Hunt T, Teraväinen M, Vogler AP. Molecular phylogenetics of Elateriformia (Coleoptera): evolution of bioluminescence and neoteny. Cladistics 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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27
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Beutel RG, Bocak L, Bocakova M. Are Polyphaga (Coleoptera) really a basal neopteran lineage - a reply to Kazantsev. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Bernhard D, Schmidt C, Korte A, Fritzsch G, Beutel RG. From terrestrial to aquatic habitats and back again ? molecular insights into the evolution and phylogeny of Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera) using multigene analyses. ZOOL SCR 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Hughes J, Longhorn SJ, Papadopoulou A, Theodorides K, de Riva A, Mejia-Chang M, Foster PG, Vogler AP. Dense taxonomic EST sampling and its applications for molecular systematics of the Coleoptera (beetles). Mol Biol Evol 2005; 23:268-78. [PMID: 16237206 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences can provide a wealth of data for phylogenetic and genomic studies, but the utility of these resources is restricted by poor taxonomic sampling. Here, we use small EST libraries (<1,000 clones) to generate phylogenetic markers across a broad sample of insects, focusing on the species-rich Coleoptera (beetles). We sequenced over 23,000 ESTs from 34 taxa, which produced 8,728 unique sequences after clustering nonredundant sequences. Between taxa, the sequences could be grouped into 731 gene clusters, with the largest corresponding to mitochondrial DNA transcripts and gene families chymotrypsin, actin, troponin, and tubulin. While levels of paralogy were high in most gene clusters, several midsized clusters including many ribosomal protein (RP) genes appeared to be free of expressed paralogs. To evaluate the utility of EST data for molecular systematics, we curated available transcripts for 66 RP genes from representatives of the major groups of Coleoptera. Using supertree and supermatrix approaches for phylogenetic analysis, the results were consistent with the emerging phylogenetic conclusions about basal relationships in Coleoptera. Numerous small EST libraries from a taxonomically densely sampled lineage can provide a core set of genes that together act as a scaffold in phylogenetic reconstruction, comparative genomics, and studies of gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hughes
- Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
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