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Verdú JR, Cortez V, Rosa-García R, Ortiz AJ, García-Prieto U, Lumaret JP, García Romero C, Sánchez-Piñero F. Nontoxic effects of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and garlic oil on dung beetles: A potential alternative to ecotoxic anthelmintics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295753. [PMID: 38117762 PMCID: PMC10732372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustainability of the traditional extensive livestock sector will only be possible if healthy dung-decomposing insect communities are preserved. However, many current pharmaceutical anthelmintics are harmful to dung beetles, their presence can have a negative impact on biological systems. Phytochemical anthelmintics are an alternative to ecotoxic synthetic pharmaceutical anthelmintics, although ecotoxicological tests of their possible indirect effects on dung beetles are required to demonstrate their viability. In this study, the potential ecotoxicity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil (diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide) were tested for the first time. Inhibition of antennal response was measured as a relevant parameter by obtaining relevant toxicity thresholds derived from concentration‒response curves, such as the IC50. All phytochemical compounds tested were demonstrated to be suitable alternative candidates to the highly ecotoxic compound ivermectin, considering their non-toxicity to nontarget organisms. Residues of the phytochemical antiparasitics found in cattle droppings were extremely low, even undetectable in the case of diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide. Furthermore, our results showed that none of the phytochemical compounds have ecotoxic effects, even at extremely high concentrations, including those almost 1000 times higher than what is most likely to be found in dung susceptible to ingestion by dung beetles in the field. We can conclude that the four selected phytochemical compounds meet the requirements to be considered reliable alternatives to ecotoxic veterinary medicinal products, such as ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Verdú
- Research Institute CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), Science Park, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vieyle Cortez
- Research Institute CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), Science Park, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rocío Rosa-García
- SERIDA – Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
| | - Urcesino García-Prieto
- SERIDA – Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Laboratoire Zoogéographie, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Carmelo García Romero
- Sociedad Española de Agricultura Ecológica (SEAE), Escuela Capataces Agrícolas, Catarroja, Valencia, Spain
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El Mahmoudi A, Fegrouche R, Tachallait H, Lumaret JP, Arshad S, Karrouchi K, Bougrin K. Green synthesis, characterization, and biochemical impacts of new bioactive isoxazoline-sulfonamides as potential insecticidal agents against the Sphodroxia maroccana Ley. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:4847-4857. [PMID: 37500586 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphodroxia maroccana Ley is a pest of cork oak crops that damages the roots of seedlings and can severely impair cork oak regeneration. Since the banning of carbosulfan and chlorpyriphos, which were widely used against the larvae of Sphodroxia maroccana because of their harmful impact on the environment, until now there has been no pesticide against these pests. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop highly effective insecticidal molecules with novel scaffolds. Isoxazolines are a class of insecticides that act on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators. In this work, a green synthesis of novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoline-sulfonamide derivatives was achieved in water via ultrasound-assisted four-component reactions, and their insecticidal activities against fourth-instar larvae of S. maroccana were evaluated. RESULTS Most of the tested compounds showed insecticidal activity compared to fluralaner as positive control and commercially available insecticide. Especially, the isoxazoline-secondary sulfonamides containing halogens (Br and Cl) on the phenyl group attached to the isoxazoline, 6g (LC50 = 0.31 mg/mL), 6j (LC50 = 0.38 mg/mL), 6k (LC50 = 0.18 mg/mL), 6L (LC50 = 0.49 mg/mL), 6m (LC50 = 0.24 mg/mL), 6q (LC50 = 0.46 mg/mL), exhibited much higher larvicidal activity than fluralaner (LC50 = 0.99 mg/mL). CONCLUSION Novel isoxazolines containing sulfonamide moieties were designed, synthesized and confirmed by two single-crystal structures of 4e and 6q. Their bioassay results showed significant larvicidal activity with significant morphological changes in vivo. These results will lay the foundation for the further discovery and development of isoxazoline-sulfonamide derivatives as novel crop protection larvicides of cork oak. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub El Mahmoudi
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculty of Science, B.P. 1014, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Morocco
| | - Rachida Fegrouche
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Genome (BioEcoGen), Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 1014, Biotechnologies Végétale et Microbienne, Biodiversité et Environnement (Biobio) Research Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Morocco
| | - Hamza Tachallait
- Chemical & Biochemical Sciences Green-Process Engineering (CBS) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Zoogeography Laboratory, University Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Suhana Arshad
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Karrouchi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Morocco
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Faculty of Science, B.P. 1014, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Morocco
- Chemical & Biochemical Sciences Green-Process Engineering (CBS) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
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3
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deCastro-Arrazola I, Andrew NR, Berg MP, Curtsdotter A, Lumaret JP, Menéndez R, Moretti M, Nervo B, Nichols ES, Sánchez-Piñero F, Santos AMC, Sheldon KS, Slade EM, Hortal J. A trait-based framework for dung beetle functional ecology. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:44-65. [PMID: 36443916 PMCID: PMC10099951 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traits are key for understanding the environmental responses and ecological roles of organisms. Trait approaches to functional ecology are well established for plants, whereas consistent frameworks for animal groups are less developed. Here we suggest a framework for the study of the functional ecology of animals from a trait-based response-effect approach, using dung beetles as model system. Dung beetles are a key group of decomposers that are important for many ecosystem processes. The lack of a trait-based framework tailored to this group has limited the use of traits in dung beetle functional ecology. We review which dung beetle traits respond to the environment and affect ecosystem processes, covering the wide range of spatial, temporal and biological scales at which they are involved. Dung beetles show trait-based responses to variation in temperature, water, soil properties, trophic resources, light, vegetation structure, competition, predation and parasitism. Dung beetles' influence on ecosystem processes includes trait-mediated effects on nutrient cycling, bioturbation, plant growth, seed dispersal, other dung-based organisms and parasite transmission, as well as some cases of pollination and predation. We identify 66 dung beetle traits that are either response or effect traits, or both, pertaining to six main categories: morphology, feeding, reproduction, physiology, activity and movement. Several traits pertain to more than one category, in particular dung relocation behaviour during nesting or feeding. We also identify 136 trait-response and 77 trait-effect relationships in dung beetles. No response to environmental stressors nor effect over ecological processes were related with traits of a single category. This highlights the interrelationship between the traits shaping body-plans, the multi-functionality of traits, and their role linking responses to the environment and effects on the ecosystem. Despite current developments in dung beetle functional ecology, many knowledge gaps remain, and there are biases towards certain traits, functions, taxonomic groups and regions. Our framework provides the foundations for the thorough development of trait-based dung beetle ecology. It also serves as an example framework for other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradatta deCastro-Arrazola
- Germans Cabot Franciscans 48, Bunyola, Spain.,Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- Insect Ecology Lab, Natural History Museum, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matty P Berg
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alva Curtsdotter
- Insect Ecology Lab, Natural History Museum, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rosa Menéndez
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Marco Moretti
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Nervo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Ana M C Santos
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG-UAM), Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kimberly S Sheldon
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Verdú JR, Cortez V, Ortiz AJ, Lumaret JP, Lobo JM, Sánchez-Piñero F. Biomagnification and body distribution of ivermectin in dung beetles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9073. [PMID: 32493927 PMCID: PMC7270108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A terrestrial test system to investigate the biomagnification potential and tissue-specific distribution of ivermectin, a widely used parasiticide, in the non-target dung beetle Thorectes lusitanicus (Jekel) was developed and validated. Biomagnification kinetics of ivermectin in T. lusitanicus was investigated by following uptake, elimination, and distribution of the compound in dung beetles feeding on contaminated faeces. Results showed that ivermectin was biomagnified in adults of T. lusitanicus when exposed to non-lethal doses via food uptake. Ivermectin was quickly transferred from the gut to the haemolymph, generating a biomagnification factor (BMFk) three times higher in the haemolymph than in the gut after an uptake period of 12 days. The fat body appeared to exert a major role on the biomagnification of ivermectin in the insect body, showing a BMFk 1.6 times higher than in the haemolymph. The results of this study highlight that the biomagnification of ivermectin should be investigated from a global dung-based food web perspective and that the use of these antiparasitic substances should be monitored and controlled on a precautionary basis. Thus, we suggest that an additional effort be made in the development of standardised regulatory recommendations to guide biomagnification studies in terrestrial organisms, but also that it is necessary to adapt existing methods to assess the effects of such veterinary medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Verdú
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03690, Spain.
| | - Vieyle Cortez
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, E-03690, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, E-23071, Spain
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, CNRS, IRD, CEFE UMR 5175, F34000. Université Paul-Valéry Laboratoire Zoogéographie, route de Mende, 34199, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Jorge M Lobo
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global. José Abascal 2, Madrid, E-28006, Spain
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Verdú JR, Cortez V, Martinez-Pinna J, Ortiz AJ, Lumaret JP, Lobo JM, Sánchez-Piñero F, Numa C. Author Correction: First assessment of the comparative toxicity of ivermectin and moxidectin in adult dung beetles: Sub-lethal symptoms and pre-lethal consequences. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7845. [PMID: 31110196 PMCID: PMC6527691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Niogret J, Felix AE, Nicot A, Lumaret JP. Chemosystematics Using Cuticular Compounds: A Powerful Tool to Separate Species in Mediterranean Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae). J Insect Sci 2019; 19:5420490. [PMID: 30915445 PMCID: PMC6435918 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical characters to infer a phylogeny is known to be promising to ascertain phylogenetic relationships in controversial groups. Dung beetle classifications containing the Geotrupidae family, based on morphological characters and genes, are debated with respect to the subfamilies, such as the Bolboceratids. In our study, we used different approaches to generate and compare the Geotrupidae phylogenies based on genetics and chemotaxonomy. Cuticular compounds were analyzed for 12 species of Mediterranean dung beetles to build a chemical phylogeny. In addition, mitochondrial and nuclear marker concatenation have been used to elaborate the molecular phylogeny. Using the cuticular compound continuous data, our results showed that each species was associated with a specific chemical pattern and that all individuals belonging to the same species displayed a similar chemical blend. The most distant species was Bolbelasmus gallicus, with an evident distinction from the other species due to several compounds. The maximum parsimony tree showed that all genera belonging to a Geotrupidae subfamily were grouped in the same clade, with B. gallicus species isolated in another clade, similar to the chemotaxonomy grouping. A strong positive correlation between chemotaxonomy and genetic phylogeny has been demonstrated, underlying a genetic basis for cuticular hydrocarbon variations. Our results are congruent with previous studies using morphological or genetic data. Our results also showed that only 10 compounds can be used to distinguish at least six species of dung beetle and that chemotaxonomy could become a useful and affordable tool to determine phylogenetic relationships in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Niogret
- Niogret Ecology Consulting LLC, Miami, FL
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Felix
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Nicot
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex, France
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Verdú JR, Lobo JM, Sánchez-Piñero F, Gallego B, Numa C, Lumaret JP, Cortez V, Ortiz AJ, Tonelli M, García-Teba JP, Rey A, Rodríguez A, Durán J. Ivermectin residues disrupt dung beetle diversity, soil properties and ecosystem functioning: An interdisciplinary field study. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:219-228. [PMID: 29128770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is the most common endectocide used to control parasites affecting livestock. Short-term physiological and behavioural effects of ivermectin on dung beetles may have long-term consequences for beetle populations and ecosystem functioning. Long-term effects of the use of ivermectin can be estimated by comparing dung assemblages and ecosystem functions in areas with conventional ivermectin-treated livestock and environmentally similar areas in which livestock are not treated with veterinary medical products (organic farming). In this study, we investigated both short-term and long-term effects of the administration of ivermectin on the characteristics of dung beetle assemblages and the services they provided in a protected area (Doñana National Park, SW Spain). We examined short-term dung colonization, dwelling, relocation, and disaggregation rates and the associations between these processes and the key assemblage parameters of species richness, abundance, biomass and functional diversity. Furthermore, we analysed changes in soil physical-chemical properties and processes. Short-term differences were observed in the total amount of dung relocated by dung beetles at different colonization vs. emigration stages, suggesting that dung beetles in this area were affected by the recent treatments of livestock with ivermectin. Moreover, short-term effects could also be responsible for the significant differences in dung spreading rates between sites. Conventional use of ivermectin disrupted ecosystem functioning by affecting species richness, abundance and biomass. The decrease in diversity parameters was related to a reduction in the functional efficiency, which resulted in the long-term accumulation of dung on the ground and considerable changes in soil functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Verdú
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03690, Spain.
| | - Jorge M Lobo
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Abascal 2, Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gallego
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03690, Spain
| | - Catherine Numa
- IUCN-Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Marie Curie 22, Campanillas, Málaga E-29590, Spain
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 - EPHE, Université Paul-Valéry Laboratoire Zoogéographie, Route de Mende, 34199 cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Vieyle Cortez
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03690, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén E-23071, Spain
| | - Mattia Tonelli
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03690, Spain
| | | | - Ana Rey
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Abascal 2, Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | - Alexandra Rodríguez
- Center for Functional Ecology (CEF), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Durán
- Center for Functional Ecology (CEF), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Sullivan GT, Ozman-Sullivan SK, Lumaret JP, Bourne A, Zeybekoglu U, Zalucki MP, Baxter G. How Guilds Build Success; Aspects of Temporal Resource Partitioning in a Warm, Temperate Climate Assemblage of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Environ Entomol 2017; 46:1060-1069. [PMID: 28981655 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Succession in local dung beetle assemblages influences their delivery of ecological functions in natural and modified environments globally. Short-term changes in dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) species richness, abundance, and biomass were investigated in standardized dung pads in northern, coastal Turkey. For mean tunneling guild abundance, dung deposition time, dung exposure period, and their interaction were significant, and for mean dung dwelling guild abundance, dung exposure period was significant, as was the interaction with dung deposition time, which collectively evidenced temporal resource partitioning, based principally on differences in diel activity. Succession was highly compressed, with maximum abundance at 12 h and maximum species richness at 24 h. A large ball roller and small- to medium-sized tunnelers dominated different periods in the first 24 h but were superseded by dwellers. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant, positive relationship between species richness and the evenness of abundance for both dung deposition times. Correlation analysis generally showed strong, positive correlations between tunneling species, low correlations between tunneling and dwelling species, and low correlations between dwelling species. Niche partitioning based on size difference appears to have acted on the environmental filtering of tunneling species along the temporal gradient of declining moisture, thereby limiting the number of abundant, concurrent species. The aggregation of tunneling species provided opportunities for the less competitive dwelling species to occupy less densely populated zones termed probability refuges. The network of strong, positive habitat' correlations between tunneling species may indicate that their collective functionality is vulnerable to loss of efficiency if species are lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Sullivan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sebahat K Ozman-Sullivan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 - EPHE, Laboratoire Zoogéographie UPVM3, route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Anne Bourne
- Ecosciences Precinct, CSIRO, Dutton Park, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Unal Zeybekoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greg Baxter
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
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González-Tokman D, Martínez M I, Villalobos-Ávalos Y, Munguía-Steyer R, Ortiz-Zayas MDR, Cruz-Rosales M, Lumaret JP. Ivermectin alters reproductive success, body condition and sexual trait expression in dung beetles. Chemosphere 2017; 178:129-135. [PMID: 28324834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a very common parasiticide used in livestock. It is excreted in the dung and has negative effects on survival and reproduction of dung-degrading organisms, including dung beetles. Here we exposed the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius to different concentrations of ivermectin in the food and evaluated reproductive success and the expression of traits associated with survival and reproduction under laboratory conditions. It is the first time the effects of ivermectin were evaluated on offspring physiological condition and the expression of a secondary sexual trait. We also registered the number of emerged beetles, sex ratio and body size of emerged adult beetles. Besides reducing the number of emerged beetles and body size, as found in the same and other insects, ivermectin at high doses reduced muscle mass while at intermediate doses it increased lipid mass. Ivermectin changed offspring sex ratio and at high doses increased the size of male horn, which is an important trait defining the male mating success. Our results highlight the importance of regulating parasiticide usage in livestock in order to maintain ecosystem services provided by dung beetles and confirm that contaminants impose new environmental conditions that not only impact on wild animal survival, but also on evolutionary processes such as sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Tokman
- CONACYT, Mexico; Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico.
| | - Imelda Martínez M
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Yesenia Villalobos-Ávalos
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Roberto Munguía-Steyer
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes de Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Magdalena Cruz-Rosales
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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González-Tokman D, Martínez-Morales I, Farrera A, Del Rosario Ortiz-Zayas M, Lumaret JP. Effects of an herbicide on physiology, morphology, and fitness of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:96-102. [PMID: 27206992 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Some agrochemical compounds threaten nontarget organisms and their functions in the ecosystem. The authors experimentally evaluated the effects of one of the most common herbicide mixtures used worldwide, containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and picloram, on dung beetles, which play fundamental roles in the function of natural and managed ecosystems. The present study employed techniques of physiology and geometric morphometrics, besides including fitness measurements, to assess the effects of the herbicide in the introduced beetle Euoniticellus intermedius. Because herbicide components promote oxidative stress and affect survival in certain insects, the authors predicted negative effects on the beetles. Unexpectedly, no effect of herbicide concentration was found on clutch size, sex ratio, and fluctuating asymmetry, and it even increased physiological condition and body size in exposed beetles. Because the studied species presents 2 male morphs, the authors, for the first time, evaluated the effect of a pollutant on the ratio of these morphs. Contrary to the prediction, the herbicide mixture increased the proportion of major males. Thus, the herbicide does not threaten populations of the studied beetles. The present study discusses how both negative and positive effects of pollutants on wild animals modify natural and sexual selection processes occurring in nature, which ultimately impact population dynamics. The authors recommend the use of physiological and geometric morphometrics techniques to assess the impact of pollutants on nontarget animals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:96-102. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Tokman
- CONACYT, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Instituto de Ecología, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Arodi Farrera
- Posgrado en Antropología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Centre d'Ecologie Fontctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Sullivan GT, Ozman-Sullivan SK, Bourne A, Lumaret JP, Zeybekoglu U, Zalucki MP, Baxter G. Temporal Resource Partitioning and Interspecific Correlations in a Warm, Temperate Climate Assemblage of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Insect Sci 2017; 17:3051721. [PMID: 28423425 PMCID: PMC5388308 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Guilds of dung dwelling and tunneling dung beetles coexist in local assemblages in warm temperate regions, despite the tendency of dwellers to be inferior competitors. A field experiment on the Black Sea coast of Turkey examined the role of temporal resource partitioning in their coexistence. Standardized dung pads deposited at 4 h intervals through a 24 h period in summer were collected 12, 24, or 48 h later. Adults from 10 tunneling and seven dung dwelling species were collected. The tunnelers contributed a high proportion of both total abundance and biomass. There was a significant effect of dung deposition time and exposure period on mean tunneler abundance. Mean tunneler abundance was nearly seven times higher in dung deposited at 06:00 than at 18:00. The dwellers reduced the potential for competitive interactions with tunnelers by relatively uniform dispersal across the six dung deposition times. The distinctly different dung use patterns by dwellers and tunnelers demonstrated temporal resource partitioning. Interspecific correlation coefficients were also determined because interspecific relationships are at the core of resource partitioning. Total tunneler and dweller abundances were not correlated. Overall, there were strong positive correlations between tunneling species and low correlations between tunneling and dwelling species, and between dwelling species. The five most abundant tunnelers, from two tribes and three genera, were strongly positively correlated. There were substantial size differences among the four most abundant tunnelers that probably facilitate their coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T. Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sebahat K. Ozman-Sullivan
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Anne Bourne
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3—EPHE, Laboratoire Zoogéographie UPVM3, route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Unal Zeybekoglu
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Myron P. Zalucki
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greg Baxter
- The University of Queensland, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, St Lucia 4072, Brisbane, Australia
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Scheffczyk A, Floate KD, Blanckenhorn WU, Düring RA, Klockner A, Lahr J, Lumaret JP, Salamon JA, Tixier T, Wohde M, Römbke J. Nontarget effects of ivermectin residues on earthworms and springtails dwelling beneath dung of treated cattle in four countries. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1959-1969. [PMID: 26565894 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The authorization of veterinary medicinal products requires that they be assessed for nontarget effects in the environment. Numerous field studies have assessed these effects on dung organisms. However, few studies have examined effects on soil-dwelling organisms, which might be exposed to veterinary medicinal product residues released during dung degradation. The authors compared the abundance of earthworms and springtails in soil beneath dung from untreated cattle and from cattle treated 0 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d previously with ivermectin. Study sites were located in different ecoregions in Switzerland (Continental), The Netherlands (Atlantic), France (Mediterranean), and Canada (Northern Mixed Grassland). Samples were collected using standard methods from 1 mo to 12 mo after pat deposition. Ivermectin concentrations in soil beneath dung pats ranged from 0.02 mg/kg dry weight (3 mo) to typically <0.006 mg/kg dry weight (5-7 mo). Earthworms were abundant and species-rich at the Swiss and Dutch sites, less common with fewer species at the French site, and essentially absent at the Canadian site. Diverse but highly variable communities of springtails were present at all sites. Overall, results showed little effect of residues on either earthworms or springtails. The authors recommend that inclusion of soil organisms in field studies to assess the nontarget effects of veterinary medicinal products be required only if earthworms or springtails exhibit sensitivity to the product in laboratory tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1959-1969. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin D Floate
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Klockner
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joost Lahr
- Alterra, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie UPVM, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jörg-Alfred Salamon
- Ecology & Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, ITZ, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Tixier
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie UPVM, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuel Wohde
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Giessen, Germany
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Wohde M, Blanckenhorn WU, Floate KD, Lahr J, Lumaret JP, Römbke J, Scheffczyk A, Tixier T, Düring RA. Analysis and dissipation of the antiparasitic agent ivermectin in cattle dung under different field conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1924-33. [PMID: 27100922 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cattle treated with the veterinary parasiticide ivermectin fecally excrete residues. The authors report the exposition and dissipation characteristics of these residues in dung of ivermectin-treated cattle and in soil beneath this dung on pastures in Canada, France, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. Residues were quantified for dung collected from cattle after 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d posttreatment and subsequently exposed in the field for up to 13 mo. The authors optimized a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method to detect ivermectin residues in dung and soil matrices. They showed that a solid phase extraction and purification step generally can be eliminated to reduce the time and cost of these analyses. They also found that the addition of water to relatively dry samples improves the extraction efficiency of residues. They then analyzed the field samples to document differences in ivermectin dissipation in cattle dung among sites, with 50% dissipation times of up to 32 d and 90% dissipation times >396 d. They further showed that the dissipation characteristics of residues are comparable between dung of ivermectin-treated cattle and dung to which ivermectin has been added directly. Lastly, they report the first use of a desorption electrospray ionization-high-resolution-mass spectrometric method to detect residues of metabolites in a dung matrix. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1924-1933. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wohde
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin D Floate
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joost Lahr
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Centre for Evolutionary & Functional Ecology, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Tixier
- Centre for Evolutionary & Functional Ecology, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Floate KD, Düring RA, Hanafi J, Jud P, Lahr J, Lumaret JP, Scheffczyk A, Tixier T, Wohde M, Römbke J, Sautot L, Blanckenhorn WU. Validation of a standard field test method in four countries to assess the toxicity of residues in dung of cattle treated with veterinary medical products. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1934-1946. [PMID: 26174741 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Registration of veterinary medical products includes the provision that field tests may be required to assess potential nontarget effects associated with the excretion of product residues in dung of treated livestock (phase II, tier B testing). However, regulatory agencies provide no guidance on the format of these tests. In the present study, the authors report on the development of a standardized field test method designed to serve as a tier B test. Dung was collected from cattle before and up to 2 mo after treatment with a topical application of a test compound (ivermectin). Pats formed of dung from the different treatments were placed concurrently in the field to be colonized by insects. The abundance, richness, and diversity of insects developing from egg to adult in these pats were compared across treatments using analysis of variance tests. Regression analyses were used to regress abundance, richness, and diversity against residue concentrations in each treatment. Results of the regression were used to estimate mean lethal concentration (LC50) values. The robustness of the method and the repeatability of its findings were assessed concurrently in 4 countries (Canada, France, Switzerland, and The Netherlands) in climatically diverse ecoregions. Results were generally consistent across countries, and support the method's formal adoption by the European Union to assess the effects of veterinary medical product residues on the composition and diversity of insects in dung of treated livestock. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1934-1946. © 2015 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Floate
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Jamal Hanafi
- Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Priska Jud
- Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joost Lahr
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Center for Evolutionary and Functional Ecology, French National Center for Scientific Research; École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paul Valéry University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thomas Tixier
- Center for Evolutionary and Functional Ecology, French National Center for Scientific Research; École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paul Valéry University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuel Wohde
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Lucille Sautot
- Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tixier T, Blanckenhorn WU, Lahr J, Floate K, Scheffczyk A, Düring RA, Wohde M, Römbke J, Lumaret JP. A four-country ring test of nontarget effects of ivermectin residues on the function of coprophilous communities of arthropods in breaking down livestock dung. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1953-1958. [PMID: 26363179 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
By degrading the dung of livestock that graze on pastures, coprophilous arthropods accelerate the cycling of nutrients to maintain pasture quality. Many veterinary medicinal products, such as ivermectin, are excreted unchanged in the dung of treated livestock. These residues can be insecticidal and may reduce the function (i.e., dung-degradation) of the coprophilous community. In the present study, we used a standard method to monitor the degradation of dung from cattle treated with ivermectin. The present study was performed during a 1-yr period on pastures in Canada, France, The Netherlands, and Switzerland. Large effects of residue were detected on the coprophilous community, but degradation of dung was not significantly hampered. The results emphasize that failure to detect an effect of veterinary medicinal product residues on dung-degradation does not mean that the residues do not affect the coprophilous community. Rather, insect activity is only one of many factors that affect degradation, and these other factors may mask the nontarget effect of residues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1953-1958. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tixier
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology Center UMR 5175, Zoogéographie, Université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin Floate
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Wohde
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Institut für Bodenkunde und Bodenerhaltung, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology Center UMR 5175, Zoogéographie, Université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Lumaret JP, Errouissi F, Floate K, Römbke J, Wardhaugh K. A review on the toxicity and non-target effects of macrocyclic lactones in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13:1004-60. [PMID: 22039795 PMCID: PMC3409360 DOI: 10.2174/138920112800399257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The avermectins, milbemycins and spinosyns are collectively referred to as macrocyclic lactones (MLs) which comprise several classes of chemicals derived from cultures of soil micro-organisms. These compounds are extensively and increasingly used in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Due to their potential effects on non-target organisms, large amounts of information on their impact in the environment has been compiled in recent years, mainly caused by legal requirements related to their marketing authorization or registration. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the present knowledge about the acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of MLs on organisms, mainly invertebrates, in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. Detailed information is presented on the mode-of-action as well as the ecotoxicity of the most important compounds representing the three groups of MLs. This information, based on more than 360 references, is mainly provided in nine tables, presenting the effects of abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, emamectin, moxidectin, and spinosad on individual species of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as well as plants and algae. Since dung dwelling organisms are particularly important non-targets, as they are exposed via dung from treated animals over their whole life-cycle, the information on the effects of MLs on dung communities is compiled in an additional table. The results of this review clearly demonstrate that regarding environmental impacts many macrocyclic lactones are substances of high concern particularly with larval instars of invertebrates. Recent studies have also shown that susceptibility varies with life cycle stage and impacts can be mitigated by using MLs when these stages are not present. However information on the environmental impact of the MLs is scattered across a wide range of specialised scientific journals with research focusing mainly on ivermectin and to a lesser extent on abamectin doramectin and moxidectin. By comparison, information on compounds such as eprinomectin, emamectin and selamectin is still relatively scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Montpellier III, 34199 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Jochmann R, Blanckenhorn WU, Bussière L, Eirkson CE, Jensen J, Kryger U, Lahr J, Lumaret JP, Römbke J, Wardhaugh KG, Floate KD. How to test nontarget effects of veterinary pharmaceutical residues in livestock dung in the field. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011; 7:287-296. [PMID: 21442736 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To register veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) as parasiticides on pastured animals, legislation in the European Union requires an environmental risk assessment to test the potential nontarget effects of fecal residues on dung-dwelling organisms. Products with adverse effects in single-species laboratory tests require further, higher-tier testing to assess the extent of these effects on entire communities of dung-dwelling organisms under more realistic field or semifield conditions. Currently, there are no documents specifically written to assist researchers in conducting higher-tier tests or to assist regulators in interpreting the results of such tests in an appropriate context. Here we provide such a document, written by members of the SETAC Advisory Group DOTTS (Dung Organism Toxicity Testing Standardization) with research experience on dung fauna in central and southern Europe, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. This document briefly reviews the organisms that make up the dung community and their role in dung degradation, identifies key considerations in the design and interpretation of experimental studies, and makes recommendations on how to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jochmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The effects of insect larval diet on adult olfactory responses to host-plant or food volatiles are still debated. The induction of adult host preferences has been studied in insects with diverse ecologies, including parasitoids, flower-visitors and phytophagous species. We investigated this question for the first time in a coprophagous insect species. Larvae of the French scarab dung beetle Agrilinus constans were reared on four different artificial substrates containing dung from cattle, horse, sheep or wild boar, and responses of imagos to dung volatiles were then behaviourally tested in an olfactometer. We also reported the first analysis of the composition of different mammal dung volatiles. We showed that adult beetles were more attracted to cattle and sheep dung odours, and that larval feeding experience had no effect on the adult olfactory responses to dung volatiles. A second experiment showed that the presence of other insects inside the dung resource affects the process of dung selection by adults. We identified 64 chemical compounds from dung emissions, and showed that dung volatiles clearly differed among different mammal species, allowing olfactory discrimination by dung beetles. Our results suggest that resource selection in coprophagous insects may be based on innate olfactory preferences. Further experiments should examine whether Agrilinus adults can learn new dung odours, and whether larval diet may influence the behaviour of adults in other coprophagous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Jay-Robert
- Laboratoire Ecologie des Arthropodes dans les Agroécosystèmes Méditerranéens, CNRS UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul Valéry, Route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bessière
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, CNRS UMR 5175 CEFE, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Montpellier 1, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- Laboratoire Ecologie des Arthropodes dans les Agroécosystèmes Méditerranéens, CNRS UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul Valéry, Route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Römbke J, Barrett K, Blanckenhorn WU, Hargreaves T, Kadiri N, Knäbe S, Lehmhus J, Lumaret JP, Rosenkranz B, Scheffczyk A, Sekine T. Results of an international ring test with the dung fly Musca autumnalis in support of a new OECD test guideline. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:4102-4106. [PMID: 20542534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A standardized bioassay using the face fly, Musca autumnalis L. (Diptera: Muscidae), was developed to test the lethal and sublethal toxicity of parasiticide residues in livestock dung. The repeatability of this test was assessed for the parasiticide ivermectin in seven tests performed in four laboratories in Germany and France. Additional results of limit tests were provided by two laboratories from the UK. Test results had an acceptable range of heterogeneity. The calculated effect concentration at which 50% emergence was observed (EC50) averaged 4.65+/-2.17 (Standard Deviation (SD) microg ivermectin/kg fresh dung (range: 1.20-7.7)). Effects on emergence were, with one exception, not observed below the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) ranging between 1.11 and 3.33microg ivermectin/kg. No effect on development time was observed. We conclude that the face fly is suitably sensitive, and the methods sufficiently repeatable, to support use of this standardized bioassay by the international community in the registration of new veterinary pharmaceuticals. Following these considerations, this species was accepted as a possible test organism in a recently published OECD Guideline (No. 228).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany.
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Jay-Robert P, Errouissi F, Lumaret JP. Temporal coexistence of dung-dweller and soil-digger dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) in contrasting Mediterranean habitats. Bull Entomol Res 2008; 98:303-316. [PMID: 18257957 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485307005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The western part of the Mediterranean basin is a transitional biogeographical region for the distribution of the representatives of the main guilds of dung beetles; towards the south, Aphodiinae (dung-dwellers) become scarce, whereas northwards Scarabaeinae (soil-diggers) progressively disappear. The number of species in local dung beetle assemblages is enhanced by this double faunistic contribution. Annual dung beetle assemblages were sampled in two sub-Mediterranean sites, which differed by 600 m in elevation, in order to determine the phenological dynamics related to the way of using dung (dung-dwellers/Aphodiinae vs. soil-diggers/Scarabaeinae and Geotrupinae). Aphodiids were active all year round, although they were affected by summer drought and, at high elevation, by the length of the cold season. This reduced activity was related to an impoverishment of Aphodiinae and to reduced temporal segregation between species. In contrast, soil-diggers were not active all year round and showed different species assemblages in the two sites. An extension of the activity period of these beetles was observed due to the occurrence of cold resistant species at high elevation. Our results suggested that the occurrence of soil-diggers seemingly did not affect the seasonality of dung-dwellers; their local abundance showed no negative correlation and, most importantly, phenological differences between dung-dwellers were always significantly higher than the seasonal differences between dwellers and diggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jay-Robert
- UMR 5175 Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Montpellier III route de Mende, Montpellier, France.
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Hempel H, Scheffczyk A, Schallnass HJ, Lumaret JP, Alvinerie M, Römbke J. Toxicity of four veterinary parasiticides on larvae of the dung beetle Aphodius constans in the laboratory. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006; 25:3155-63. [PMID: 17220084 DOI: 10.1897/06-022r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risk assessment of veterinary pharmaceuticals for dung beetles is strongly hampered because no standardized test method is available so far. Therefore, a test with the temperate dung beetle species Aphodius constans was developed. The survival of beetle larvae was determined after exposure to four veterinary parasitical pharmaceuticals (ivermectin, moxidectin, dicyclanil, and praziquantel) representing different treatment regimes, modes of action, and effect levels. The test was performed in the laboratory (three week duration) with fresh dung, as well as formulated (dried, ground, and rewetted) dung as test substrate (i.e., at least one range-finding test, two definitive test runs per pharmaceutical). Ivermectin was the most toxic substance (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.88-0.98 mg of active substance per kilogram of dung dry weight [mg a.s./kg dung (dry wt)] followed by dicyclanil (LC50 = 1.5-6.0 mg a.s./kg dung [dry wt]) and moxidectin (LC50 = 4.0-5.4 mg a.s./kg dung [dry wt]), whereas praziquantel showed very low toxicity (LC50 > 1,000 mg a.s./kg dung [dry wt]). The toxicity in fresh and formulated dung differed by a factor of between 1.1 and 4. The comparison with literature data on toxic effects of these substances on dung beetles in the laboratory or in the field is difficult because no results for praziquantel and dicyclanil have been published so far. With the use of data from ivermectin and moxidectin, the test results are on the same order of magnitude as those known from other studies. On the basis of the experiments reported here, it is recommended that this test be standardized in an international ring test so that it can be incorporated into the risk assessment process as described in the respective international guidelines for the registration of veterinary pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Hempel
- ECT Oekotoxikologie, Böttgerstr. 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim, Germany
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Lumaret JP, Alvinerie M, Hempel H, Schallnass HJ, Claret D, Römbke J. New screening test to predict the potential impact of ivermectin-contaminated cattle dung on dung beetles. Vet Res 2006; 38:15-24. [PMID: 17074292 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pour-on administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 microg a.s. kg(-1) dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 microg a.s. kg(-1) dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 microg a.s. kg(-1) dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 microg a.s. kg(-1) dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC50 880-985 microg a.s. kg(-1) dung (d.w.)), the LC50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Montpellier 3 Paul Valéry, Route de Mende, 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Niogret J, Lumaret JP, Bertrand M. Semiochemicals mediating host-finding behaviour in the phoretic association between Macrocheles saceri (Acari: Mesostigmata) and Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). CHEMOECOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-006-0338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lumaret JP, Errouissi F, Galtier P, Alvinerie M. Pour-on formulation of eprinomectin for cattle: fecal elimination profile and effects on the development of the dung-inhabiting Diptera Neomyia cornicina (L.) (Muscidae). Environ Toxicol Chem 2005; 24:797-801. [PMID: 15839552 DOI: 10.1897/03-583.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plasma and fecal concentrations of eprinomectin were determined in cattle following topical administration at a dose rate of 0.5 mg kg(-1). The maximum plasma concentrations of 12.24 ng ml(-1) occurred 2 d after administration, and eprinomectin remained detectable in plasma 29 d after administration (0.10 ng ml(-1)). The maximum dung concentration of 350 ng g(-1) was observed 3 d after administration and thereafter for at least 29 d (4 ng g(-1)). The amount of drug recovered in dung during this period was 20.50%+/-4.31% of the total administered dose. The effects of eprinomectin against the nontarget dung-feeding Diptera Neomyia cornicina was assessed under laboratory conditions. Feces voided by cattle treated with eprinomectin were associated with high larval mortality during the first 12 d after treatment, with null emergence until day 7. The no-observed-effect concentration for N. cornicina was estimated to be close to 7+/-5 ng g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive), Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Paul Valéry-Montpellier III, Route de Mende, F-34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Abstract
The morphology of some Hoplia species (Scarabaeoidea: Hopliinae) is so variable that parapatric populations have often been considered different species or subspecies. In this study we analyze the nucleotide sequences of a fragment of mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of six species and two subspecies of Palaearctic Hoplia to reexamine the species limits. Based on the analysis of sequences from COI and morphological and ecological observations, we consider Hoplia freyi Baraud to be a junior synonym of Hoplia chlorophana Erichson and H. philanthus ramburi Heyden to be a junior synonym of H. philanthus philanthus (Fuessly). However, complete resolution of relationships among H. philanthus subspecies requires the addition of sequences from genes evolving faster than COI. Phylogenetic relationships among the species studied are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Micó
- Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad, Universidad de Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Jay-Robert P, Lumaret JP, Lobo JM, André J. The relationship between body size and population abundance in summer dung beetle communities of South European mountains (Coleoptera : Scarabaeoidea). revec 2003. [DOI: 10.3406/revec.2003.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The overall purpose ofthis paperwas to review the major and most recent literature relating the effects of anthelmintics on dung breeding invertebrates and dung degradation. Faecal residues or metabolites of drugs belonging to the benzimidazole and levamisole/morantel groups are relatively harmless to dung fauna, on the contrary to other anthelmintics such as coumaphos, dichlorvos, phenothiazine, piperazine, synthetic pyrethroids, and most macrocyclic lactones which have been shown to be highly toxic for dung beetles (abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin), among which moxidectin was the less toxic for dung beetles. To date, the detrimental impact upon non-target organisms has been considered acceptable in eradicating the parasites because of their economic importance to commercial livestock production. The consequences of routine treatments are discussed with consideration of the long-term consequences for cow pat fauna and sustainable pastureland ecology.
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Lobo JM, Lumaret JP, Jay-Robert P. Diversity, distinctiveness and conservation status of the Mediterranean coastal dung beetle assemblage in the Regional Natural Park of the Camargue (France). DIVERS DISTRIB 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1366-9516.2001.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper addresses the association between use of a herbicide and anecdotal reports of reduced dung degradation and dung beetle populations. Dung beetles were monthly collected at two adjacent ranches in Mexico. Ranches were similar in area, elevation, exposition, soil, and vegetation, but differed in weed control. Ranch A controlled weeds manually, and ranch B controlled unwanted vegetation with applications of the herbicide Tordon 101M. The main species recovered on each ranch (Ataenius apicalis) was significantly more abundant at ranch A than at ranch B. Conversely, similar numbers of a second species, Ataenius sculptor, were recovered from both ranches. Three lines of evidence support the tentative conclusion that herbicide applications may be causing a decline in populations of A. apicalis on ranch B. First, the greatest reductions of A. apicalis were observed during periods of herbicide application. Second, A. sculptor, apparently little affected by these same herbicide applications, is active primarily during months without herbicide applications. Third, preliminary results of laboratory studies show that exposure to herbicide can impair reproductive function of the dung beetle Canthon cyanellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Martínez
- Departamento de Ecología y Comportamiento Animal, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
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Errouissi F, Alvinerie M, Galtier P, Kerboeuf D, Lumaret JP. The negative effects of the residues of ivermectin in cattle dung using a sustained-release bolus on Aphodius constans (Duft.) (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae). Vet Res 2001; 32:421-7. [PMID: 11592612 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the findings of two trials into the effects of the treatment of cattle with ivermectin slow-release (SR) bolus on the larval development of the dung beetle Aphodius constans Duft. Rectal faecal samples were collected prior to treatment and every 3 and 2 weeks in a first and second trial, respectively, and up to 156 days post-administration of the SR bolus. Faecal ivermectin concentration reached a peak at 63 days post-treatment (1427 ng g(-1)) and ivermectin was detected up to 147 days post-treatment in the first trial (7.2 ng g(-1)). First stage larvae of A. constans were reared with control or contaminated dung and adult beetles were counted after emergence. In the first trial, the comparison of pairwise samples showed that ivermectin prevented the development of larval A. constans until day 105, while at day 135 the rate of emergence was still significantly lower than the corresponding series of control (p < 0.05). In the second trial, the difference between control and treated series remained significant until 143 days post-treatment, with no emergence until 128 days post-administration of SR bolus to cattle. These results show the negative effect of ivermectin on the development of larval A. constans, even at a low concentration (38.4 ng g(-1)). The administration of ivermectin sustained-release bolus to cattle was highly effective in killing dung beetle larvae for approximately 143 days after treatment. The results were similar when dung was obtained from a single animal kept alone, or from a blending of faecal pats obtained from a group of animals kept in field conditions during the whole trial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Errouissi
- Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Paul Valéry-Montpellier 3, France
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Jay-Robert P, Lobo JM, Lumaret JP. Altitudinal Turnover and Species Richness Variation in European Montane Dung Beetle Assemblages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/1552046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kadiri N, Lobo JM, Lumaret JP. Conséquences de l'interaction entre préférences pour l'habitat et quantité de ressources trophiques sur les communautés d'insectes coprophages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Acta Oecologica 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lumaret JP, Lobo JM. Geographic Distribution of Endemic Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) in the Western Palaearctic Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/2999676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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