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Leschen RAB, Gimmel ML. Sternodea arcana, new species (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae: Caenoscelini): part of the Nearctic fauna? Zootaxa 2023; 5278:396-400. [PMID: 37518275 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The leaf litter-inhabiting genus Sternodea Reitter (Cryptophagidae: Cryptophaginae: Caenoscelini) presently contains seven Palearctic species and up to 27 undescribed species from North and Central America. Here we describe Sternodea arcana, new species, ostensibly from Florida but possibly mislabeled, and likely originating from Mexico or Central America. Consequently, the existence of Sternodea among the North American cryptophagid fauna is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A B Leschen
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research; New Zealand Arthropod Collection; Private Bag 92170; Auckland; New Zealand.
| | - Matthew L Gimmel
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History; 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd; Santa Barbara; CA 93105; USA.
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Gimmel ML, Johnston MA, Caterino MS. Annotated checklist of the beetles (Coleoptera) of the California Channel Islands. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14793. [PMID: 36915664 PMCID: PMC10007975 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The beetle fauna of the California Channel Islands is here enumerated for the first time in over 120 years. We provide an annotated checklist documenting species-by-island diversity from an exhaustive literature review and analysis of a compiled dataset of 26,609 digitized specimen records to which were added over 3,000 individual specimen determinations. We report 825 unique species from 514 genera and 71 families (including 17 new family records) comprising 1,829 species-by-island records. Species totals for each island are as follows: Anacapa (74); San Clemente (197); San Miguel (138); San Nicolas (146); Santa Barbara (64); Santa Catalina (370); Santa Cruz (503); and Santa Rosa (337). This represents the largest list of species published to date for any taxonomic group of animals on the Channel Islands; despite this, we consider the checklist to be preliminary. We present evidence that both inventory and taxonomic efforts on Channel Islands beetles are far from complete. Rarefaction estimates indicate there are at least several hundred more species of beetles yet to be recorded from the islands. Despite the incomplete nature of existing records, we found that species diversity is highly correlated with island area. We report 56 species which are putatively geographically restricted (endemic) to the Channel Islands, with two additional species of questionable endemic status. We also report 52 species from the islands which do not natively occur in the southern California region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Gimmel
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - M Andrew Johnston
- Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Michael S Caterino
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
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Cai C, Tihelka E, Giacomelli M, Lawrence JF, Ślipiński A, Kundrata R, Yamamoto S, Thayer MK, Newton AF, Leschen RAB, Gimmel ML, Lü L, Engel MS, Bouchard P, Huang D, Pisani D, Donoghue PCJ. Integrated phylogenomics and fossil data illuminate the evolution of beetles. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211771. [PMID: 35345430 PMCID: PMC8941382 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Beetles constitute the most biodiverse animal order with over 380 000 described species and possibly several million more yet unnamed. Recent phylogenomic studies have arrived at considerably incongruent topologies and widely varying estimates of divergence dates for major beetle clades. Here, we use a dataset of 68 single-copy nuclear protein-coding (NPC) genes sampling 129 out of the 193 recognized extant families as well as the first comprehensive set of fully justified fossil calibrations to recover a refined timescale of beetle evolution. Using phylogenetic methods that counter the effects of compositional and rate heterogeneity, we recover a topology congruent with morphological studies, which we use, combined with other recent phylogenomic studies, to propose several formal changes in the classification of Coleoptera: Scirtiformia and Scirtoidea sensu nov., Clambiformia ser. nov. and Clamboidea sensu nov., Rhinorhipiformia ser. nov., Byrrhoidea sensu nov., Dryopoidea stat. res., Nosodendriformia ser. nov. and Staphyliniformia sensu nov., and Erotyloidea stat. nov., Nitiduloidea stat. nov. and Cucujoidea sensu nov., alongside changes below the superfamily level. Our divergence time analyses recovered a late Carboniferous origin of Coleoptera, a late Palaeozoic origin of all modern beetle suborders and a Triassic-Jurassic origin of most extant families, while fundamental divergences within beetle phylogeny did not coincide with the hypothesis of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Erik Tihelka
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mattia Giacomelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - John F. Lawrence
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Margaret K. Thayer
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Alfred F. Newton
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Richard A. B. Leschen
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew L. Gimmel
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Liang Lü
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patrice Bouchard
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Diying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Gimmel ML, Leschen RAB. First report of Austroporus doctus (Blackburn) from New Zealand and description of its larva (Coleoptera: Phalacridae). Pap Avulsos Zool 2020. [DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.special-issue.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Australian species Austroporus doctus (Blackburn) is reported from New Zealand for the first time. Adults are illustrated and diagnosed, and late-instar larvae are fully described and illustrated. In addition, a summary of prior larval descriptions of Phalacridae is provided. This represents the first description of the morphology and habitat of the larvae within the genus Austroporus Gimmel and the Olibroporus-group of genera. Austroporus doctus is native to eastern Australia, where adults are distinguished from similar species by characters of the male genitalia and by a suite of external morphological features. There are no native members of Phalacridae known from New Zealand, but A. doctus represents the second introduced and established species there. A key is given to differentiate adult and larval A. doctus from the other introduced New Zealand species, Phalacrus uniformis (Blackburn).
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Gimmel ML, Szawaryn K, Cai C, Leschen RAB. Mesozoic sooty mould beetles as living relicts in New Zealand. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192176. [PMID: 31847777 PMCID: PMC6939926 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New Zealand is an island continent that completed its split from the Gondwanan continent at 52 Ma, harbouring an iconic biota of tuatara, kiwi and weta. The sooty mould community is a distinctive trophic element of New Zealand forest ecosystems that is driven by plant-feeding sternorrhynchan Hemiptera. These produce honeydew, which supports fungal growth, which in turn supports numerous endemic invertebrates, including endemic New Zealand beetle families. Ancient New Zealand insect fossils are rare but a single fossil of a sooty mould cyclaxyrid was recently described from Cretaceous Burmese amber, a family that was previously known from two extant New Zealand species. Well-preserved fossils like this one are recasting Earth history, and, based on a wealth of additional specimens, we re-evaluate the taxonomy of Cretaceous cyclaxyrids and one Eocene species here transferred to Cyclaxyridae. Cyclaxyridae are highly tied to the sooty mould community and have now been discovered to occur in disparate biogeographic realms in deep time. Our discovery indicates that the family, and perhaps the sooty mould community in general, was widespread in Pangaea from at least the Cretaceous and survived as a relict in New Zealand. Persistence of a sooty mould ecosystem in New Zealand and fungal specialization may not necessarily be an evolutionary 'dead-end' for cyclaxyrids and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Gimmel
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Karol Szawaryn
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Chenyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard A. B. Leschen
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Zealand Arthropod Collection, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kundrata R, Blank SM, Prosvirov AS, Sormova E, Gimmel ML, Vondráček D, Kramp K. One less mystery in Coleoptera systematics: the position of Cydistinae (Elateriformia incertae sedis) resolved by multigene phylogenetic analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cydistinae are a rare monogeneric beetle lineage from Asia with a convoluted history of classification, historically placed in various groups within the series Elateriformia. However, their position has never been rigorously tested. To resolve this long-standing puzzle, we are the first to present sequences of two nuclear and two mitochondrial markers for four species of Cydistinae to determine their phylogenetic position. We included these sequences in two rounds of analyses: one including a broad Elateriformia dataset to test placement at the superfamily/family level, and a second, including a richer, targeted sampling of presumed close relatives. Our results strongly support Cydistinae as sister to Phengodidae in a clade with Rhagophthalmidae. Based on our molecular phylogenetic results and examination of morphological characters, we hereby transfer the formerly unplaced Cydistinae into Phengodidae and provide diagnoses for the newly circumscribed Phengodidae, Cydistinae and Cydistus. Since both Phengodidae and Rhagophthalmidae have bioluminescent larvae and strongly neotenic females, similar features can be hypothesized for Cydistinae. Additionally, Cydistus minor is transferred to the new genus Microcydistus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stephan M Blank
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Alexander S Prosvirov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eliska Sormova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dominik Vondráček
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Praha 9 – Horní Počernice, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Katja Kramp
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
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Bocakova M, Bocak L, Gimmel ML, Motyka M, Vogler AP. Aposematism and mimicry in soft-bodied beetles of the superfamily Cleroidea (Insecta). ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milada Bocakova
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Education; Palacky University; Zizkovo nam. 5 CZ-771 40 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 50 CZ-771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 50 CZ-771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Matthew L. Gimmel
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Education; Palacky University; Zizkovo nam. 5 CZ-771 40 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Michal Motyka
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 17. listopadu 50 CZ-771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK
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Crampton-Platt A, Timmermans MJTN, Gimmel ML, Kutty SN, Cockerill TD, Vun Khen C, Vogler AP. Soup to Tree: The Phylogeny of Beetles Inferred by Mitochondrial Metagenomics of a Bornean Rainforest Sample. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2302-16. [PMID: 25957318 PMCID: PMC4540967 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the growth of molecular ecology, systematics and next-generation sequencing, the discovery and analysis of diversity is not currently integrated with building the tree-of-life. Tropical arthropod ecologists are well placed to accelerate this process if all specimens obtained through mass-trapping, many of which will be new species, could be incorporated routinely into phylogeny reconstruction. Here we test a shotgun sequencing approach, whereby mitochondrial genomes are assembled from complex ecological mixtures through mitochondrial metagenomics, and demonstrate how the approach overcomes many of the taxonomic impediments to the study of biodiversity. DNA from approximately 500 beetle specimens, originating from a single rainforest canopy fogging sample from Borneo, was pooled and shotgun sequenced, followed by de novo assembly of complete and partial mitogenomes for 175 species. The phylogenetic tree obtained from this local sample was highly similar to that from existing mitogenomes selected for global coverage of major lineages of Coleoptera. When all sequences were combined only minor topological changes were induced against this reference set, indicating an increasingly stable estimate of coleopteran phylogeny, while the ecological sample expanded the tip-level representation of several lineages. Robust trees generated from ecological samples now enable an evolutionary framework for ecology. Meanwhile, the inclusion of uncharacterized samples in the tree-of-life rapidly expands taxon and biogeographic representation of lineages without morphological identification. Mitogenomes from shotgun sequencing of unsorted environmental samples and their associated metadata, placed robustly into the phylogenetic tree, constitute novel DNA “superbarcodes” for testing hypotheses regarding global patterns of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Crampton-Platt
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn J T N Timmermans
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L Gimmel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Timothy D Cockerill
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chey Vun Khen
- Entomology Section, Forest Research Centre, Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom
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Gimmel ML, Bocakova M. A new extant species of Electribius Crowson from Honduras (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Artematopodidae). Zootaxa 2015; 3926:296-300. [PMID: 25781786 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new extant species of Electribius Crowson, E. llamae sp.n., is described from Cusuco National Park, Cortés Province, Honduras. This new species lacks one of the supposed autapomorphies of the genus; therefore the definition of the genus requires modification. A revised key to the known extant species is presented, and their known distributions are mapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Gimmel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacky University, Purkrabska 2, 771-40, Olomouc, Czech Republic.;
| | - Milada Bocakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacky University, Purkrabska 2, 771-40, Olomouc, Czech Republic.;
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Abstract
The Ototretinae genus Lamellipalpodes Maulik, 1921 is reviewed. Four species are proposed as new to science, L. bajhangensis Bocakova sp. nov., L. holzschuhi Bocakova sp. nov. and L. godawarensis Bocakova sp. nov., all from Nepal, and L. yunnanensis Bocakova sp. nov. from China (Yunnan) and northern Laos. Six species are redescribed. Illustrations of diagnostic characters are included, with a checklist and a key to Lamellipalpodes species. The genus is newly recorded from China and Laos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Bocakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacky University, Purkrabska 2, CZ-77140 Olomouc, Czech Republic.;
| | - Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.;
| | - Matthew L Gimmel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacky University, Purkrabska 2, CZ-77140 Olomouc, Czech Republic.;
| | - Tereza Friedlova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacky University, Purkrabska 2, CZ-77140 Olomouc, Czech Republic.;
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Gimmel ML, Leschen RA. A new species of mycophagousRentonium(Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Trogossitidae) based on larvae and adults, and a catalogue of Rentoniinae. J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.839846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
This study presents a list of adult insects (excluding Diptera and Lepidoptera) collected from an infestation of an invasive aquatic weed, common salvinia (Salvinia minima Baker), in southern Louisiana, USA. Insects were sampled from May – November of 2009 and 2010 using floating pitfall traps. A total of 7,933 specimens were collected, representing seven orders, 70 families, and 235 species. Species of note include three currently undescribed species of Coleoptera, one previously undescribed braconid wasp, two new state records of Curculionidae, a new state generic record for the family Limnichidae, and a new record for the United States.
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Allison JD, McKenney JL, Miller DR, Gimmel ML. Role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in chemical ecology of Ips avulsus, Ips calligraphus, and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). J Econ Entomol 2012; 105:923-929. [PMID: 22812131 DOI: 10.1603/ec12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stressed or damaged pine (Pinus sp.) trees in the southeastern United States are often colonized simultaneously by three southern Ips species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): small southern pine engraver, Ips avulsus (Eichhoff); sixspined ips, Ips calligraphus (Germar); and eastern fivespined ips, Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff). All three species mediate colonization of host material with volatile pheromones. All of the southern Ips produce cis-verbenol, and either ipsdienol or ipsenol, and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that all three southern Ips are able to detect all three compounds. This study examined the role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in the chemical ecology of the southern Ips in Georgia and Louisiana. The most attractive blends of pheromones, with the fewest number of components, were ipsdienol plus ipsenol for I. avulsus, cis-verbenol plus ipsdienol for I. calligraphus, and either cis-verbenol plus ipsenol or ipsdienol plus ipsenol for I. grandicollis. Cross-attraction of I. grandicollis to the pheromone blend most attractive to I. avulsus was observed. Although the presence of heterospecific pheromone reduced the catches of all three species (i.e., the tertiary blend captured fewer beetles than the most attractive binary blends) in both states (significantly in two cases), high numbers of all three species were still captured in traps baited with all three compounds. These results suggest that the pheromones cis-verbenol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol can be combined for monitoring all three species of the southern Ips simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Allison
- Department of Entomology, LSU AgCenter, LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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