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Tomanović Ž, Stanković SS, Petrović A, Villegas C, Zepeda-Paulo F, Lavandero B, Žikić V. Four New Species of Pseudephedrus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) from Chile with a Key to Species Identification. Neotrop Entomol 2023; 52:909-920. [PMID: 37725281 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The following work consists of the description of four new species of the genus Pseudephedrus Starý (Aphidiinae), endemic to South America, associated with endemic callaphidid aphid hosts. The descriptions of the new species are based on new samples from Chile and Argentina. The new species described here are as follows: Pseudephedrus staryi sp.n., which is morphologically very close to the already described P. chilensis Starý, with clear apomorphies; P. pubescens sp.n., which presents a setose scutellum, P. flava sp.n. and P. patagonicus sp.n. which have distinct, very elongated, and crenulated petioles representing synapomorphies and probably form separate phylogenetic lineages within Pseudephedrus. All hosts are aphids from the genus Neuquenaphis Blanchard, with varying degrees of diet specialization. From our field and laboratory observations, we hypothesize that, since attempts to sample parasitoids using sweep nets were much more successful than sampling from collected aphids, and since we found mummified aphids only on the ground among the fallen leaves under the trees, Neuquenaphis aphids fall to the ground showing a dropping behaviour as a defence against natural enemies after being stung by parasitoids. This makes rearing from live aphids very unsuccessful and could help explain why it has been difficult to collect and describe species. We supplement the distribution of Pseudephedrus from South America and present a key for the identification of all species based on their morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Tomanović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Univ of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša S Stanković
- Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Univ of Niš, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Andjeljko Petrović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Univ of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Cinthya Villegas
- Instituto de Ciencias BiológicasLaboratorio de Control Biológico, Univ de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Francisca Zepeda-Paulo
- Instituto de Ciencias BiológicasLaboratorio de Control Biológico, Univ de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Instituto de Ciencias BiológicasLaboratorio de Control Biológico, Univ de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Vladimir Žikić
- Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Univ of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Hill RS, Khan R. Past climates and plant migration - the significance of the fossil record. New Phytol 2023; 238:2261-2263. [PMID: 37060280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Raees Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
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Fontúrbel FE, Villarroel J, Orellana JI. With a little help from my friends: Hyperparasitism allows a generalist mistletoe to expand habitat use. Ecology 2023; 104:e3919. [PMID: 36415080 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javiera Villarroel
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José I Orellana
- Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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Lusk CH. A field test of forest canopy structure measurements with the CanopyCapture smartphone application. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13450. [PMID: 35586134 PMCID: PMC9109689 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several smartphone applications have been developed for the purpose of low-cost and convenient assessments of vegetation canopy structure and understorey illumination. Like standard hemispherical photography, most of these applications require user decisions about image processing, posing challenges for repeatability of measurements. Here I report a test of CanopyCapture, an application that instantaneously estimates percentage canopy gap fraction without any input from the user, and has the added advantage of an intuitive levelling mechanism. Methods Gap fraction estimates by CanopyCapture were compared with gap fraction values computed by the LAI-2200C Canopy Analyzer, in two contrasting evergreen temperate forests in New Zealand: an even-aged southern beech (Nothofagus) stand and an old-growth podocarp/broadleaf forest. These comparisons were repeated using a wide-angle adapter to enhance the smartphone camera's field of view from 45 to 65°. I also asked if CanopyCapture results depended on sky condition (sunny vs. overcast) and on the type of smartphone used. Results CanopyCapture output was significantly correlated with gap fraction computed by the LAI-2200C (R2 = 0.39), and use of the wide-angle adapter lifted this value to 0.56. However, CanopyCapture output was not significantly correlated with LAI-2200C output in the even-aged Nothofagus stand, where there was less spatial variation in canopy structure. Despite being much less sensitive to variation in gap fraction than the LAI-2200C, CanopyCapture was nevertheless able to detect differences in average gap fraction between the two forests studied. CanopyCapture results beneath intact canopies were not significantly affected by sky condition, but reflection of direct light off tree trunks in sunny weather caused slight overestimation of gap fraction beneath broken canopies and gaps. Uneven or patchy cloud cover can also cause erroneous readings beneath large canopy openings. Three different models of smartphone gave different results. Conclusions CanopyCapture offers a rapid and repeatable proxy for comparisons of average canopy gap fraction in multiple stands/forests, provided large sample sizes are used. Measurement under even overcast skies is recommended, and studies involving multiple operators will need to standardize smartphones to ensure comparability of results. Although wide-angle adapters can improve performance, CanopyCapture's low sensitivity prevents high-resolution comparisons of the light environments of individual understorey plants within a stand.
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de Armas-Ricard M, Quinán-Cárdenas F, Sanhueza H, Pérez-Vidal R, Mayorga-Lobos C, Ramírez-Rodríguez O. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Seven Native Species Growing in the Forests of Southern Chilean Patagonia. Molecules 2021; 26:6722. [PMID: 34771130 PMCID: PMC8587661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Nothofagus is one of the most abundant in the subantarctic Patagonian forests. Five species inhabit these ecosystems, three evergreen (Nothofagus betuloides, Nothofagus dombeyi, and Nothofagus nitida) and two deciduous (Nothofagus pumilio and Nothofagus antarctica). This is the first report on the levels of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant capacity of Patagonian tree species growing in natural environments. The aim of this work was to carry out a phytochemical screening, to determine the antioxidant capacity, the sun protection factor, and the α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of foliar extracts of the five previous species. Besides, Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla, two species of Patagonian shrubs growing in the same forests, were used as reference. N. dombeyi was the Nothofagus with the best antioxidant capacity. B. microphylla differed from all studied species. Moreover, the Nothofagus was split into two groups. N. betuloides and N. dombeyi are the most similar species to A. chilensis. The α-glucosidase was completely inhibited by all studied extracts. Furthermore, N. antarctica, N.pumilio, and N. nitida inhibited about 70% of the tyrosinase activity. All the results found in this study for the species of the genus Nothofagus support further research on their potential beneficial properties for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merly de Armas-Ricard
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Lillo, University of Aysén. Eusebio Lillo 667, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile; (F.Q.-C.); (H.S.); (R.P.-V.); (C.M.-L.)
- Campus Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino a Coyhaique Alto Km. 4, Coyhaique 5950000, Chile
| | - Francisco Quinán-Cárdenas
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Lillo, University of Aysén. Eusebio Lillo 667, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile; (F.Q.-C.); (H.S.); (R.P.-V.); (C.M.-L.)
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Harold Sanhueza
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Lillo, University of Aysén. Eusebio Lillo 667, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile; (F.Q.-C.); (H.S.); (R.P.-V.); (C.M.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Pérez-Vidal
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Lillo, University of Aysén. Eusebio Lillo 667, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile; (F.Q.-C.); (H.S.); (R.P.-V.); (C.M.-L.)
| | - Cristina Mayorga-Lobos
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Lillo, University of Aysén. Eusebio Lillo 667, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile; (F.Q.-C.); (H.S.); (R.P.-V.); (C.M.-L.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Oney Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campus Lillo, University of Aysén. Eusebio Lillo 667, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile; (F.Q.-C.); (H.S.); (R.P.-V.); (C.M.-L.)
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Quintero-Galvis JF, Saenz-Agudelo P, Celis-Diez JL, Amico GC, Vazquez S, Shafer ABA, Nespolo RF. The biogeography of Dromiciops in southern South America: Middle Miocene transgressions, speciation and associations with Nothofagus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 163:107234. [PMID: 34146676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The current distribution of the flora and fauna of southern South America is the result of drastic geological events that occurred during the last 20 million years, including marine transgressions, glaciations and active vulcanism. All these have been associated with fragmentation, isolation and subsequent expansion of the biota, south of 35°S, such as the temperate rainforest. This forest is mostly dominated by Nothofagus trees and is the habitat of the relict marsupial monito del monte, genus Dromiciops, sole survivor of the order Microbiotheria. Preliminary analyses using mtDNA proposed the existence of three main Dromiciops lineages, distributed latitudinally, whose divergence was initially attributed to recent Pleistocene glaciations. Using fossil-calibrated dating on nuclear and mitochondrial genes, here we reevaluate this hypothesis and report an older (Miocene) biogeographic history for the genus. We performed phylogenetic reconstructions using sequences from two mitochondrial DNA and four nuclear DNA genes in 159 specimens from 31 sites across Chile and Argentina. Our phylogenetic analysis resolved three main clades with discrete geographic distributions. The oldest and most differentiated clade corresponds to that of the northern distribution (35.2°S to 39.3°S), which should be considered a distinct species (D. bozinovici, sensu D'Elía et al. 2016). According to our estimations, this species shared a common ancestor with D. gliroides (southern clades) about ~13 million years ago. Divergence time estimates for the southern clades (39.6°S to 42.0°S) ranged from 9.57 to 6.5 Mya. A strong genetic structure was also detected within and between clades. Demographic analyses suggest population size stability for the northern clade (D. bozinovici), and recent demographic expansions for the central and southern clades. All together, our results suggest that the diversification of Dromiciops were initiated by the Middle Miocene transgression (MMT), the massive marine flooding that covered several lowlands of the western face of Los Andes between 37 and 48°S. The MMT resulted from an increase in global sea levels at the Miocene climatic optimum, which shaped the biogeographic origin of several species, including Nothofagus forests, the habitat of Dromiciops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian F Quintero-Galvis
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias mención Ecología y Evolución, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Pablo Saenz-Agudelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan L Celis-Diez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Escuela de Agronomía Quillota, Chile
| | - Guillermo C Amico
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Soledad Vazquez
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Aaron B A Shafer
- Department of Forensic Science & Environmental Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile; Millenium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.
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Abstract
Sequestrate fungi have enclosed hypogeous, subhypogeous, or epigeous basidiomes and have lost the ability to actively discharge their spores. They can be distinguished as gasteroid (basidiome fully enclosed with a loculated hymenophore) or secotioid (basidiome with some agaricoid or pileate-stipitate features, but the lamellae are misshapen and unexposed or mostly unexposed at maturity). There are only four reports of sequestrate taxa within the ectomycorrhizal family Inocybaceae, three from Australia and one from western North America. Recent field work in Nothofagaceae forests in the Chilean coastal range revealed novel sequestrate forms of Inocybe. We examined specimens using a combination of morphological and molecular data from nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and portions of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) and the gene encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). Here, we describe four new sequestrate Inocybe species, I. ranunculiformis, I. anfractuosa, I. illariae, and I. nahuelbutensis. Results of our phylogenetic analysis resolved the four new species as distinct species-level clades with strong support, suggesting that these fungi have convergently evolved sequestrate forms independently. The species described here were all placed along with members of the "smooth-spored temperate austral clade," which includes almost exclusively Australasian and South American species of Inocybe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V Caiafa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | | | - P Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | | | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Nilsen AR, Wang XY, Soop K, Cooper JA, Ridley GS, Wallace M, Summerfield TC, Brown CM, Orlovich DA. Purple haze: Cryptic purple sequestrate Cortinarius in New Zealand. Mycologia 2020; 112:588-605. [PMID: 32315246 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1730120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CORTINARIUS is a species-rich ectomycorrhizal genus containing taxa that exhibit agaricoid or sequestrate basidiome morphologies. In New Zealand, one of the most recognizable and common Cortinarius species is the purple sequestrate fungus, C. porphyroideus. We used genome skimming of the almost 100-y-old type specimen from C. porphyroideus to obtain the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and partial nuc rDNA 28S (28S) sequences. The phylogenetic position of C. porphyroideus was established, and we found that it represents a rarely collected species. Purple sequestrate Cortinarius comprise multiple cryptic species in several lineages. We describe four new species of Cortinarius with strong morphological similarity to C. porphyroideus: Cortinarius diaphorus, C. minorisporus, C. purpureocapitatus, and C. violaceocystidiatus. Based on molecular evidence, Thaxterogaster viola is recognized as Cortinarius violaceovolvatus var. viola. These species are associated with Nothofagus (southern beech) and have very similar morphology to C. porphyroideus but are all phylogenetically distinct based on molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy R Nilsen
- Department of Botany, University of Otago , PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Xin Yue Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karl Soop
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History , Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Geoff S Ridley
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research , Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Tina C Summerfield
- Department of Botany, University of Otago , PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David A Orlovich
- Department of Botany, University of Otago , PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Cai C, Lawrence JF, Yamamoto S, Leschen RAB, Newton AF, Ślipiński A, Yin Z, Huang D, Engel MS. Basal polyphagan beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar: biogeographic implications and long-term morphological stasis. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182175. [PMID: 30963875 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and early evolutionary history of polyphagan beetles have been largely based on evidence from the derived and diverse 'core Polyphaga', whereas little is known about the species-poor basal polyphagan lineages, which include Scirtoidea (Clambidae, Decliniidae, Eucinetidae, and Scirtidae) and Derodontidae. Here, we report two new species Acalyptomerus thayerae sp. nov. and Sphaerothorax uenoi sp. nov., both belonging to extant genera of Clambidae, from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Acalyptomerus thayerae has a close affinity to A. herbertfranzi, a species currently occurring in Mesoamerica and northern South America. Sphaerothorax uenoi is closely related to extant species of Sphaerothorax, which are usually collected in forests of Nothofagus of Australia, Chile, and New Zealand. The discovery of two Cretaceous species from northern Myanmar indicates that both genera had lengthy evolutionary histories, originated at least by the earliest Cenomanian, and were probably more widespread than at present. Remarkable morphological similarities between fossil and living species suggest that both genera changed little over long periods of geological time. The long-term persistence of similar mesic microhabitats such as leaf litter may account for the 99 Myr morphological stasis in Acalyptomerus and Sphaerothorax. Additionally, the extinct staphylinoid family Ptismidae is proposed as a new synonym of Clambidae, and its only included species Ptisma zasukhae is placed as incertae sedis within Clambidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cai
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , People's Republic of China.,3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ , UK
| | - John F Lawrence
- 4 Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO , GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- 5 Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History , 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 , USA
| | - Richard A B Leschen
- 6 Landcare Research, New Zealand Arthropod Collection , Private Bag 92170, Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Alfred F Newton
- 5 Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History , 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 , USA
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- 4 Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO , GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Ziwei Yin
- 7 Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234 , People's Republic of China
| | - Diying Huang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Michael S Engel
- 8 Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045 , USA.,9 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045 , USA
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Gimmel ML, Szawaryn K, Cai C, Leschen RAB. Mesozoic sooty mould beetles as living relicts in New Zealand. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192176. [PMID: 31847777 PMCID: PMC6939926 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New Zealand is an island continent that completed its split from the Gondwanan continent at 52 Ma, harbouring an iconic biota of tuatara, kiwi and weta. The sooty mould community is a distinctive trophic element of New Zealand forest ecosystems that is driven by plant-feeding sternorrhynchan Hemiptera. These produce honeydew, which supports fungal growth, which in turn supports numerous endemic invertebrates, including endemic New Zealand beetle families. Ancient New Zealand insect fossils are rare but a single fossil of a sooty mould cyclaxyrid was recently described from Cretaceous Burmese amber, a family that was previously known from two extant New Zealand species. Well-preserved fossils like this one are recasting Earth history, and, based on a wealth of additional specimens, we re-evaluate the taxonomy of Cretaceous cyclaxyrids and one Eocene species here transferred to Cyclaxyridae. Cyclaxyridae are highly tied to the sooty mould community and have now been discovered to occur in disparate biogeographic realms in deep time. Our discovery indicates that the family, and perhaps the sooty mould community in general, was widespread in Pangaea from at least the Cretaceous and survived as a relict in New Zealand. Persistence of a sooty mould ecosystem in New Zealand and fungal specialization may not necessarily be an evolutionary 'dead-end' for cyclaxyrids and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Gimmel
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Karol Szawaryn
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Chenyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard A. B. Leschen
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Zealand Arthropod Collection, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
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Solano J, Anabalón L, Encina F, Esse C, Penneckamp D. Hybrid identification in Nothofagus subgenus using high resolution melting with ITS and trnL approach. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6779. [PMID: 31119070 PMCID: PMC6511385 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Nothofagus is the main component of southern South American temperate forests. The 40 Nothofagus species, evergreen and deciduous, and some natural hybrids are spread among Central and Southern Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Nothofagus nervosa, Nothofagus obliqua and Nothofagus dombeyi are potentially very important timber producers due to their high wood quality and relative fast growth; however, indiscriminate logging has degraded vast areas the Chilean forest causing a serious state of deterioration of their genetic resource. The South of Chile has a large area covered by secondary forests of Nothofagus dombeyi. These forests have a high diversity of species, large amount of biomass and high silvicultural potential. This work shows a case of hybrid identification in Nothofagus subgenus in different secondary forests of Chile, using high resolution melting. Unknown samples of Nothofagus subgenus are genetically distinguishable with the ITS region of Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus nitida and N. obliqua species. It was not possible to distinguish between unknown samples of Andean versus coastal origin. Melting curves with ITS approach of unknown material are genetically similar, positioned between N. dombeyi and N. antarctica and distant from N. nitida. The unknown samples are genetically very close to Nothofagus dombeyi. This suggests the presence of hybrid individuality between species (N. dombeyi × N. antarctica) with the possibility of introgression towards the gene pool of N. antarctica, producing the deciduous foliage that is both present. The trnL locus has no distinction between the N. dombeyi and N. antarctica species, since a similar melting curve is present and equal Tm (80.00 °C). The trnL locus cannot be genetically distinguished from one unknown sample of Nothofagus to another, as highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Solano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leonardo Anabalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Francisco Encina
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos Esse
- Instituto de Estudios del Hábitat (IEH), Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Centro de Investigación Multidisciplinario de la Araucanía (CIMA), Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Diego Penneckamp
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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12
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Quijada L, Johnston PR, Cooper JA, Pfister DH. Overview of Phacidiales, including Aotearoamyces gen. nov. on Nothofagus. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:371-382. [PMID: 30622887 PMCID: PMC6317588 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The new genus Aotearoamyces is proposed to accommodate a single species that was repeatedly collected on fallen wood in Nothofagaceae forests of New Zealand and was previously misidentified as a Claussenomyces species. This monotypic genus belongs to Tympanidaceae, a recently erected family in Phacidiales. Aotearoamyces is differentiated from other Tympanidaceae by phragmospores that do not form conidia either in or outside the asci, an exciple of textura intricata with hyphae widely spaced and strongly gelatinized (plectenchyma), and apically flexuous, partly helicoid paraphyses. The asexual morph was studied in pure culture. Phylogenetic analyses of combined SSU, ITS and LSU sequences strongly support a sister relationship between the sexually typified Aotearoamyces and the asexually typified “Collophorina” paarla characterized morphologically by forming endoconidia, a feature not found in the genetically distinct type species of Collophorina. Based on our molecular results, we place the genus Epithamnolia in the Mniaecia lineage within Phacidiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Peter R Johnston
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
| | - Jerry A Cooper
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, United States of America
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13
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Vivanco L, Rascovan N, Austin AT. Plant, fungal, bacterial, and nitrogen interactions in the litter layer of a native Patagonian forest. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4754. [PMID: 29770275 PMCID: PMC5951145 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant–microbial interactions in the litter layer represent one of the most relevant interactions for biogeochemical cycling as litter decomposition is a key first step in carbon and nitrogen turnover. However, our understanding of these interactions in the litter layer remains elusive. In an old-growth mixed Nothofagus forest in Patagonia, we studied the effects of single tree species identity and the mixture of three tree species on the fungal and bacterial composition in the litter layer. We also evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) addition on these plant–microbial interactions. In addition, we compared the magnitude of stimulation of litter decomposition due to home field advantage (HFA, decomposition occurs more rapidly when litter is placed beneath the plant species from which it had been derived than beneath a different plant species) and N addition that we previously demonstrated in this same forest, and used microbial information to interpret these results. Tree species identity had a strong and significant effect on the composition of fungal communities but not on the bacterial community of the litter layer. The microbial composition of the litter layer under the tree species mixture show an averaged contribution of each single tree species. N addition did not erase the plant species footprint on the fungal community, and neither altered the bacterial community. N addition stimulated litter decomposition as much as HFA for certain tree species, but the mechanisms behind N and HFA stimulation may have differed. Our results suggest that stimulation of decomposition from N addition might have occurred due to increased microbial activity without large changes in microbial community composition, while HFA may have resulted principally from plant species’ effects on the litter fungal community. Together, our results suggest that plant–microbial interactions can be an unconsidered driver of litter decomposition in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vivanco
- Instituto de Fisiología y Ecología Vinculado a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Rascovan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología Rosario (INDEAR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Amy T Austin
- Instituto de Fisiología y Ecología Vinculado a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Möller AL, Kaulfuss U, Lee DE, Wappler T. High richness of insect herbivory from the early Miocene Hindon Maar crater, Otago, New Zealand. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2985. [PMID: 28224051 PMCID: PMC5316282 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and insects are key components of terrestrial ecosystems and insect herbivory is the most important type of interaction in these ecosystems. This study presents the first analysis of associations between plants and insects for the early Miocene Hindon Maar fossil lagerstätte, Otago, New Zealand. A total of 584 fossil angiosperm leaves representing 24 morphotypes were examined to determine the presence or absence of insect damage types. Of these leaves, 73% show signs of insect damage; they comprise 821 occurrences of damage from 87 damage types representing all eight functional feeding groups. In comparison to other fossil localities, the Hindon leaves display a high abundance of insect damage and a high diversity of damage types. Leaves of Nothofagus(southern beech), the dominant angiosperm in the fossil assemblage, exhibit a similar leaf damage pattern to leaves from the nearby mid to late Miocene Dunedin Volcano Group sites but display a more diverse spectrum and much higher percentage of herbivory damage than a comparable dataset of leaves from Palaeocene and Eocene sites in the Antarctic Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Möller
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Division Palaeontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Uwe Kaulfuss
- Department of Geology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Daphne E Lee
- Department of Geology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Division Palaeontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Current affiliation: Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Kuhar F, Barroetaveña C, Rajchenberg M. New species of Tomentella (Thelephorales) from the Patagonian Andes forests. Mycologia 2016; 108:780-90. [PMID: 27091385 DOI: 10.3852/15-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The genus Tomentella forms abundant ectomycorrhizae in coniferous and deciduous forests worldwide. Molecular identification of root tips suggests undescribed species in the Nothofagus forests of Patagonia, Argentina. Tomentella tenuissima, T. pulvinulata and T. patagonica are described here as new to science based on morphological and molecular analyses. Their host range is addressed using available soil sequences. The identity of previous records of T. galzinii and T. radiosa are discussed with morphological and molecular evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Kuhar
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), C.C. 14, Ruta 259 km 14.6, Esquel, Chubut, 9200 ArgentinaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Carolina Barroetaveña
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), C.C. 14, Ruta 259 km 14.6, Esquel, Chubut, 9200 Argentina, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de la Patagonia S.J. Bosco, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede Esquel, Ruta 259 km 14.6, Esquel, Chubut, 9200 Argentina
| | - Mario Rajchenberg
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), C.C. 14, Ruta 259 km 14.6, Esquel, Chubut, 9200 Argentina, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de la Patagonia S.J. Bosco, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede Esquel, Ruta 259 km 14.6, Esquel, Chubut, 9200 Argentina
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16
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Arana MV, Gonzalez-Polo M, Martinez-Meier A, Gallo LA, Benech-Arnold RL, Sánchez RA, Batlla D. Seed dormancy responses to temperature relate to Nothofagus species distribution and determine temporal patterns of germination across altitudes in Patagonia. New Phytol 2016; 209:507-520. [PMID: 26306993 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seeds integrate environmental cues that modulate their dormancy and germination. Although many mechanisms have been identified in laboratory experiments, their contribution to germination dynamics in existing communities and their involvement in defining species habitats remain elusive. By coupling mathematical models with ecological data we investigated the contribution of seed temperature responses to the dynamics of germination of three Nothofagus species that are sharply distributed across different altitudes in the Patagonian Andes. Seed responsiveness to temperature of the three Nothofagus species was linked to the thermal characteristics of their preferred ecological niche. In their natural distribution range, there was overlap in the timing of germination of the species, which was restricted to mid-spring. By contrast, outside their species distribution range, germination was temporally uncoupled with altitude. This phenomenon was described mathematically by the interplay between interspecific differences in seed population thermal parameters and the range in soil thermic environments across different altitudes. The observed interspecific variations in seed responsiveness to temperature and its environmental regulation, constitute a major determinant of the dynamics of Nothofagus germination across elevations. This phenomenon likely contributes to the maintenance of patterns of species abundance across altitude by placing germinated seeds in a favorable environment for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Arana
- (INTA) EEA Bariloche, Modesta Victorai 4450, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, R8403DVZ, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Marina Gonzalez-Polo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional Comahue, Río Negro, R8400FRF, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Meier
- (INTA) EEA Bariloche, Modesta Victorai 4450, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, R8403DVZ, Argentina
| | - Leonardo A Gallo
- (INTA) EEA Bariloche, Modesta Victorai 4450, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, R8403DVZ, Argentina
| | - Roberto L Benech-Arnold
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Sánchez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Diego Batlla
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
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17
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Bader MY, Loranger H, Zotz G. A cool experimental approach to explain elevational treelines, but can it explain them? Am J Bot 2014; 101:1403-1408. [PMID: 25253701 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
At alpine treeline, trees give way to low-stature alpine vegetation. The main reason may be that tree canopies warm up less in the sun and experience lower average temperatures than alpine vegetation. Low growth temperatures limit tissue formation more than carbon gain, but whether this mechanism universally determines potential treeline elevations is the subject of debate. To study low-temperature limitation in two contrasting treeline tree species, Fajardo and Piper (American Journal of Botany 101: 788-795) grew potted seedlings at ground level or suspended at tree-canopy height (2 m), introducing a promising experimental method for studying the effects of alpine-vegetation and tree-canopy microclimates on tree growth. On the basis of this experiment, the authors concluded that lower temperatures at 2 m caused carbon limitation in one of the species and that treeline-forming mechanisms may thus be taxon-dependent. Here we contest that this important conclusion can be drawn based on the presented experiment, because of confounding effects of extreme root-zone temperature fluctuations and potential drought conditions. To interpret the results of this elegant experiment without logistically challenging technical modifications and to better understand how low temperature leads to treeline formation, studies on effects of fluctuating vs. stable temperatures are badly needed. Other treeline research priorities are interactions between temperature and other climatic factors and differences in microclimate between tree canopies with contrasting morphology and physiology. In spite of our criticism of this particular study, we agree that the development of a universal treeline theory should include continuing explorations of taxon-specific treeline-forming mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Y Bader
- University of Oldenburg, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology of Plants, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Loranger
- University of Oldenburg, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology of Plants, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- University of Oldenburg, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology of Plants, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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18
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Sandoval-Leiva P, Carmarán CC, Park D, Romero AI, Johnston PR. Vibrisseaceous fungi from the southern hemisphere, including Chlorovibrissea chilensis (Helotiales, incertaesedis) sp. nov. Mycologia 2014; 106:1159-67. [PMID: 25152002 DOI: 10.3852/14-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of Chlorovibrissea chilensis sp. nov.expands the distribution of Chlorovibrissea from Australasia to include South America. C. chilensis, phylogenetically distinct from other species in the genus, is also characterized morphologically by its ascoma with emerald green stalk and pale orange-brown head, budding paraphyses and 5-6-septate ascospores. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the Australasian species Vibrisseaalbofusca is recombined in Chlorovibrissea, despite the fact it lacks the distinctive green pigmentation of other species in this genus. In addition, the genus Vibrissea in a strict phylogenetic sense is confirmed from the southern hemisphere for the first time; Vibrissea truncorum is reported from Chile and V. flavovirens from New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sandoval-Leiva
- Biota Gestión y Consultorías Ambientales Ltda. Miguel Claro 1224, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - C C Carmarán
- PRHIDEB-CONICET, Depto. Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - D Park
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - A I Romero
- PRHIDEB-CONICET, Depto. Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - P R Johnston
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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19
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Michalik P, Piacentini L, Lipke E, Ramírez MJ. The enigmatic Otway odd-clawed spider (Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997, Gradungulidae, Araneae): Natural history, first description of the female and micro-computed tomography of the male palpal organ. Zookeys 2013:101-12. [PMID: 24146568 PMCID: PMC3800794 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.335.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently described cribellate gradungulid Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997 is endemic to the Great Otway National Park (Victoria, Australia) and known from only one male and a few juvenile specimens. In a recent survey we recorded 47 specimens at several localities across the western part of the Great Otway National park. Our field data suggest that this species is dependant on the microclimate in the hollows of old myrtle beech trees since other hollow trees were very much less inhabited. Furthermore, we describe the female for the first time and study the male palpal organ by using X-ray microtomography. The female genitalia are characterized by eight spermathecae which are grouped in two quartets. The spermophor resembles the general organization of gradungulids, but is similar to Kaiya Gray, 1987 by a convoluted appearance within the embolus. The muscle 30 is located in the cymbium and resembles the organization of other non-entelegyne Araneomorphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michalik
- Allgemeine und Systematische Zoologie, Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, J.-S.-Bach-Str. 11/12, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany ; Research Associate, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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