1
|
Grishina DY, Schepetov DM, Antokhina TI, Malaquias MAE, Valdés Á, Ekimova IA. Panmixia and local endemism: a revision of the Eubranchus rupium species complex with a description of new species. INVERTEBR SYST 2024; 38:IS24032. [PMID: 39106334 DOI: 10.1071/is24032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Species of the genus Eubranchus Forbes, 1838 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) are common faunistic elements of boreal benthic ecosystems, associated with hydroid communities. Recent studies have suggested that the widely distributed trans-Arctic E. rupium (Møller, 1842) constitutes a complex of at least three candidate species, but the detailed taxonomy of the complex remains unresolved. The purpose of the present paper is to conduct an integrative taxonomic study including molecular genetic methods (a phylogenetic analysis using COI , 16S rRNA and histone H3 with application of species delimitation methods) and morphological study (light and scanning electron microscopy) of E. rupium and closely related species. The specific aims of this study were to establish the species boundaries, morphological variability, and the phylogeographic structure within this group. The phylogeographic analysis included a TCS -based network analysis, an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), divergence time estimations, and ancestral area reconstructions. We demonstrate that specimens initially identified as E. rupium included three distinctive species: the nominal E. rupium with an amphiboreal range, the new species Eubranchus novik sp. nov. from the Sea of Japan, for which a taxonomic description is provided in this paper, and Eubranchus sp. from the northern Kuril Islands, which requires the collection and study of additional material for formal description. Our results confirm the amphiboreal distribution of E. rupium , as no geographic structure was found across Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic populations, and the results of the AMOVA analysis showed no differences between groups of samples from different geographic regions. The divergence of the 'Eubrancus rupium species complex' is estimated from the late Miocene or the Miocene-Pliocene boundary to the late Pliocene. It is hypothesised that the most probable ancestral region for the Eubranchus rupium species complex is the north-western Pacific, and the subsequent speciation likely occurred due to dispersal followed by allopatric speciation. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:228E0C46-0BF7-4DDD-9C00-67B50E298D65.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana I Antokhina
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Manuel António E Malaquias
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and Institute of Marine Sciences-OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Ángel Valdés
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Irina A Ekimova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krings W, Gorb SN. Performance of biological food processing interfaces: Perspectives on the science of mollusc radula. Biointerphases 2024; 19:030801. [PMID: 38940493 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mollusca comprises a diverse range of organisms, with the class Gastropoda alone boasting approximately 80 000 extant species. Their adaptability across various habitats is facilitated by the evolution of the radula, a key structure for food acquisition. The radula's composition and mechanical properties, including its chitinous membrane, teeth, and supporting structures, enable efficient food gathering and processing. Through adaptive tooth morphology and composition, an interplay between radular components is facilitated, which results in collective effects to withstand forces encountered during feeding and reduce structural failure, with the broad range of variations reflecting ecological niches. Furthermore, teeth consist of composite materials with sometimes high contents of iron, calcium, or silicon to reduce wear. During interaction with the food, the radula performs complex three-dimensional motions, challenging to document. Here, we provide a review on the morphology, the mechanical properties, the composition, and various other parameters that contribute to radular performance. Due to, e.g., the smallness of these structures, there are, however, limitations to radular research. However, numerical simulations and physical models tested on substrates offer avenues for further understanding radular function and performance during feeding. These studies not only advance our knowledge of molluscan biology and ecology but also provide inspirations for biomimetic design and further advances in materials engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Paleoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paz-Sedano S, Moles J, Smirnoff D, Gosliner TM, Pola M. A combined phylogenetic strategy illuminates the evolution of Goniodorididae nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 192:107990. [PMID: 38072142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Goniodorididae is a family of small dorid nudibranchs distributed worldwide that feed on entoprocts, ascidians, and bryozoans. The evolutionary relationships between its taxa have been uncertain due to the limited taxa available for phylogenetic analyses; some genera being paraphyletic. The family includes a remarkable number of synonymized genera in which the species richness is unequally distributed, while some genera have dozens of species others are monospecific. Some clades are very uniform morphologically while others are considered highly variable. To increase backbone phylogenetic resolution a target enrichment approach of ultra-conserved elements was aimed at representative Goniodorididae species for the first time. Additionally, we increase species representation by including mitochondrial markers cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and ribosomal RNA 16S as well as nuclear Histone 3 and ribosomal RNA 18S from 109 Goniodorididae species, out of approximately 160 currently valid species. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were performed to infer the phylogeny of the family. As a result, two subfamilies and eleven genera were elucidated. The synonymized genera Bermudella, Cargoa, and Ceratodoris are here resurrected and a new genus, Naisdoris gen. nov., is described. The clades included taxa with shared prey preference, showing that trophic behavior could have driven species evolution and morphological uniqueness within the family Goniodorididae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Paz-Sedano
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Moles
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitri Smirnoff
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terrence M Gosliner
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marta Pola
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Biodiversity and Global Change Research Center (CIBC-UAM), Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mikhlina A, Vortsepneva E. Morphology of the buccal apparatus of Dendronotus frondosus (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21593. [PMID: 37183498 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nudibranchia is the order of Gastropoda, which is known for its high diversity of dietary specializations and a diversified morphology of the buccal armature. The characters of the buccal armature are adaptive to the feeding mechanisms and diet preferences, but they also are phylogenetically informative. The morphological differences in the buccal armature imply different mechanisms of the synthesis and morphology of the formation zones. Here, we report new data on the morphology of the buccal complex in a cladobranch species with broad radula, Dendronotus frondosus, using light microscopy, transmission and scanning elctron microscopy and computer-based three- dimensional reconstruction and compare them with those on other nudibranchs. We report the presence of protective chitinous spindles in the epithelia of the oral tube and esophagus, which suggests the presence of Cnidaria in the diet of the studied mollusc species. Similar to other Cladobranchia, the jaw plate of D. frondosus is synthesized by the layer of gnathoblasts located posteriorly in the epithelial fold. Near the zone of jaw synthesis, the gnathoblasts with concentric granular endoplasmic reticulum structures were found. This may indicate the turnover of gnathoblasts during the life of a specimen. Despite that D. frondosus has a broad radula, the zone of its synthesis does not split into two parts, unlike other molluscs with broad radulae. A single radular tooth is formed by a few cells, such as in other Nudibranchia. The number of odontoblasts per tooth in D. frondosus is not defined by a tooth size. At the same time, the linear dimensions of the cells secreting radular teeth depend on the size of the teeth synthesized by them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mikhlina
- N.A. Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vortsepneva
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krings W, Wägele H, Neumann C, Gorb SN. Coping with abrasive food: diverging composition of radular teeth in two Porifera-consuming nudibranch species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220927. [PMID: 37221862 PMCID: PMC10206459 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscs forage with their radula, a chitinous membrane with teeth. Adaptations to hard or abrasive ingesta were well studied in Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda, but for other taxa there are large gaps in knowledge. Here, we investigated the nudibranch gastropods Felimare picta and Doris pseudoargus, both of which feed on Porifera. Tooth morphologies were documented by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation. We found that these parameters are rather similar in both species, indicating that teeth are similar in their function. To study the composition, teeth were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), to determine the degree of tanning, and analysed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, to test the elemental composition. The emitted autofluorescence signal and the inorganic content differed between the species. This was especially prominent when studying the inner and outer tooth surfaces (leading and trailing edges). In F. picta, we detected high proportions of Si, whereas teeth of D. pseudoargus contained high amounts of Ca, which influenced the autofluorescence signal in CLSM. Employing nanoindentation, we determined high Young's modulus and hardness values for the leading edges of teeth, which relate to the Si and Ca content. This highlights that teeth with a similar morphology and mechanical properties can be mechanically enhanced via different chemical pathways in Nudibranchia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Department of Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Biology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Neumann
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The ontogeny of elements: distinct ontogenetic patterns in the radular tooth mineralization of gastropods. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2022; 109:58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The molluscan phylum is characterized by the radula, used for the gathering and processing of food. This structure can consist of a chitinous membrane with embedded rows of teeth, which show structural, chemical, and biomechanical adaptations to the preferred ingesta. With regard to the chemical composition of teeth, some taxa (Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda) were extensively studied, and high proportions of incorporated iron, calcium, and silicon were previously reported. However, outside these two groups, there is an immense lack of knowledge about the elemental composition of radular teeth. The here presented work aims at shedding some light on the radular composition by performing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on six non-patelliform gastropod species (Anentome helena, Cornu aspersum, Lavigeria nassa, Littorina littorea, Reymondia horei, and Vittina turrita), with the focus on the ontogeny of the elemental composition. Proportions of elements, which are not part of chitin and other purely organic molecules, were documented for overall 1027 individual teeth of all ontogenetic radular stages, i.e., for the building zone, the maturation zone, and the working zone. We detected that the proportions of these elements increased from the building to the maturation zone. However, from the maturation to the working zone, two general trends are visible: either the proportions of the elements increased or decreased. The latter trend could potentially be explained by the acidic pH of the gastropod saliva, which awaits further investigations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ekimova IA, Vorobyeva OA, Mikhlina AL, Schepetov DM, Vortsepneva EV, Antokhina TI, Malakhov VV. Nematocyst sequestration within the family Fionidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) considering ecological properties and evolution. Front Zool 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 36384570 PMCID: PMC9670572 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeolid nudibranchs are well-known for their ability to incorporate cnidarian nematocysts and use them for defense; this process is tightly linked with the feeding preferences of molluscs. As many nudibranch groups show signs of ecology-based adaptive radiation, studies of prey-based defensive mechanisms can provide valuable insight into details of nudibranch evolutionary history. The main goal of this study is to test the correlation of ecological traits, feeding mechanisms, and prey preferences with cnidosac fine morphology and to pinpoint the phylogenetic value of these traits. We study the cnidosac morphology in thirteen species—representatives of the main lineages within the family Fionidae s.l. The morphological analysis includes histological sections, transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. For phylogenetic study, available molecular data from public repositories were used, and phylogenetic trees were produced based on Bayesian Inference and Maximum likelihood analysis for a concatenated dataset of three molecular markers (COI, 16S, H3). In general, fionid cnidosacs fit the common aeolid pattern, but among different species we detected a high variation in type of obtained nematocysts, their arrangement within cnidophages, and in number of cell types within cnidosacs. We report on presence of cellules speciale in the haemocoel of all studied species, and for the first time, we report on cells with chitinous spindles in the haemocoel of all fionids except Eubranchus. The function of both these cell types remains unknown. The loss of functional cnidosacs occurred at least three times within Fionidae, and in case of the genera Phestilla, Calma, and Fiona, this loss is linked to their non-cnidarian diet. The diversity of cnidosac fine structure within Fionidae s.l. correlates with that of the radular morphology and feeding preferences of each species. Prey shifts between cnidarian and non-cnidarian prey (both through evolutionary shifts and individual variation) rarely occur within Fionidae s.l.; however, microevolutionary shifts between different hydrozoan species within a single genus are more common. Cnidosac morphology demonstrates considerable resulting changes even when switching between similar hydrozoan species, or changing the feeding site on same prey species. These data indicate that cnidosac morphology likely follows microevolutionary prey shifts—in other words, it is affected by switches in prey species and changes in feeding sites with a single prey species. Thus, the cnidosac morphology may be a useful indicator when studying ecological features of particular species.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuang Z, Li F, Duan Q, Tian C, Nevo E, Li K. Host diet shapes functionally differentiated gut microbiomes in sympatric speciation of blind mole rats in Upper Galilee, Israel. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1062763. [PMID: 36458196 PMCID: PMC9707624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1062763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is important for host nutrient metabolism and ecological adaptation. However, how the gut microbiome is affected by host phylogeny, ecology and diet during sympatric speciation remain unclear. Here, we compare and contrast the gut microbiome of two sympatric blind mole rat species and correlate them with their corresponding host phylogeny, ecology soil metagenomes, and diet to determine how these factors may influence their gut microbiome. Our results indicate that within the host microbiome there is no significant difference in community composition, but the functions between the two sympatric species populations vary significantly. No significant correlations were found between the gut microbiome differentiation and their corresponding ecological soil metagenomes and host phylogeny. Functional enrichment analysis suggests that the host diets may account for the functional divergence of the gut microbiome. Our results will help us understand how the gut microbiome changes with corresponding ecological dietary factors in sympatric speciation of blind subterranean mole rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qijiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Northwest Surveying and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xi’an, China
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kolbasova G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Syomin V, Bredikhin D, Morozov T, Neretina T. Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Krings W, Brütt JO, Gorb SN. Elemental analyses reveal distinct mineralization patterns in radular teeth of various molluscan taxa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7499. [PMID: 35525838 PMCID: PMC9079087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molluscan phylum is the second specious animal group with its taxa feeding on a variety of food sources. This is enabled by the radula, a chitinous membrane with embedded teeth, one important autapomorphy. Between species, radulae can vary in their morphology, mechanical, and chemical properties. With regard to chemical composition, some taxa (Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda) were studied extensively in the past decades, due to their specificity to incorporate high proportions of iron, calcium, and silicon. There is, however, a huge lack of knowledge about radular composition in other taxa. The work presented aims at shedding light on the chemistry by performing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses on 24 molluscan species, thereof two Polyplacophora, two Cephalopoda, and 20 Gastropoda, which was never done before in such a comprehensiveness. The elements and their proportions were documented for 1448 individual, mature teeth and hypotheses about potential biomineralization types were proposed. The presented work additionally comprises a detailed record on past studies about the chemical composition of molluscan teeth, which is an important basis for further investigation of the radular chemistry. The found disparity in elements detected, in their distribution and proportions highlights the diversity of evolutionary solutions, as it depicts multiple biomineralization types present within Mollusca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan-Ole Brütt
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chaban EM, Ekimova IA, Schepetov DM, Chernyshev AV. The new genus Aglaona: the first abyssal aglajid (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea: Aglajidae) with a description of two new species from the north-western Pacific Ocean. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper we describe the new genus Aglaona, the first abyssal genus of the family Aglajidae, comprising two new species: Aglaona rudmani sp. nov. from the Sea of Okhotsk (inhabiting a depth of 3206 m) and Aglaona valdesi sp. nov. from the Pacific slope of the Kuril Islands (at a depth of 3374–3580 m). For species descriptions and inference of relationships, we have followed an integrative approach, including molecular phylogenetic analyses based on four markers (COI, 16S, H3 and 28S) and a morphological analysis based on traditional anatomical dissections and scanning electron microscopy. The new genus is characterized by a well-developed radula with marginal teeth (2:1:0:1:2) and an internal bulloid shell with a wing-like parietal callus. External and internal morphology of Aglaonagen. nov. species is similar to that of the philinoid genus Laona (family Laonidae). Phylogenetic analyses support the inclusion of the new genus in the family Aglajidae, but its sister-relationships are unresolved. Our results suggest that Aglaonagen. nov. possesses several plesiomorphic characters, and that the reduction of shell and radula in Aglajidae occurred in parallel in different lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Chaban
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina A Ekimova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-12, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexei V Chernyshev
- A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Komisarenko A, Mordukhovich V, Ekimova I, Imbs A. A comparison of food sources of nudibranch mollusks at different depths off the Kuril Islands using fatty acid trophic markers. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12336. [PMID: 34900407 PMCID: PMC8627124 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastropod molluscs such as nudibranchs are important members of deep-sea benthic ecosystems. However, data on the trophic ecology and feeding specialization of these animals are limited to date. The method of fatty acid trophic markers (FATM) was applied to determine the dietary preferences of nudibranchs off the Kuril Islands. Fatty acid (FA) compositions of Dendronotus sp., Tritonia tetraquetra, and Colga pacifica collected from deep waters were analyzed and compared with those of Aeolidia papillosa and Coryphella verrucosa from the offshore zone. The high level of FATM such as 22:5n-6 and C20 monounsaturated FAs indicated that Dendronotus sp. preys on sea anemones and/or anthoathecates hydroids similarly to that of shallow-water species A. papillosa and C. verrucosa. The high percentage of tetracosapolyenoic acids and the ratio 24:6n-3/24:5n-6 indicated that T. tetraquetra preys on soft corals such as Gersemia and/or Acanella at a depth of 250 m, but soft corals of the family Primnoidae may be the main item in the diet of T. tetraquetra at a depth of 500 m. The high content of Δ 7,13-22:2 and 22:6n-3 shows that C. pacifica can feed on bryozoans. In C. pacifica, 22:5n-6 may be synthesized intrinsically by the mollusks, whereas odd-chain and branched saturated FAs originate from associated bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Komisarenko
- Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Mordukhovich
- Laboratory of Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.,Department of Ecology, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Ekimova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Imbs
- Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Herring J. Cooperative Equilibrium in Biosphere Evolution: Reconciling Competition and Cooperation in Evolutionary Ecology. Acta Biotheor 2021; 69:629-641. [PMID: 33595738 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-021-09409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of biological evolution continues to deepen, tension still surrounds the relationship between competition and cooperation in the evolution of the biosphere, with rival viewpoints often associated with the Red Queen and Black Queen hypotheses respectively. This essay seeks to reconcile these viewpoints by integrating observations of some general trends in biosphere evolution with concepts from game theory. It is here argued that biodiversity and ecological cooperation are intimately related, and that both tend to cyclically increase over biological history; this is likely due to the greater relative stability of cooperation over competition as a means of long-term conflict resolution within ecosystems. By integrating this view of the biosphere with existing models such as Niche Game Theory, it may be argued that competition and cooperation in ecosystems coexist at equilibria which shift preferentially towards increasing cooperation over biological history. This potentially points to a state of "cooperative equilibrium" as a limit or endpoint in long-term biosphere evolution, such that Black Queen and Red Queen behavior dominate different phases in an evolutionary movement towards optimal cooperative stability in ecological networks. This concept, if accepted, may also bear implications for developing future mathematical models in evolutionary biology, as well as for resolving the perennial debate regarding the relative roles of conflict and harmony in nature.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ekimova I, Valdés Á, Stanovova M, Mikhlina A, Antokhina T, Neretina T, Chichvarkhina O, Schepetov D. Connected across the ocean: taxonomy and biogeography of deep-water Nudibranchia from the Northwest Pacific reveal trans-Pacific links and two undescribed species. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Warren DL, Eytan RI, Dornburg A, Iglesias TL, Brandley MC, Wainwright PC. Reevaluating claims of ecological speciation in Halichoeres bivittatus. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11449-11456. [PMID: 34429932 PMCID: PMC8366890 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopatry has traditionally been viewed as the primary driver of speciation in marine taxa, but the geography of the marine environment and the larval dispersal capabilities of many marine organisms render this view somewhat questionable. In marine fishes, one of the earliest and most highly cited empirical examples of ecological speciation with gene flow is the slippery dick wrasse, Halichoeres bivittatus. Evidence for this cryptic or incipient speciation event was primarily in the form of a deep divergence in a single mitochondrial locus between the northern and southern Gulf of Mexico, combined with a finding that these two haplotypes were associated with different habitat types ("tropical" vs. "subtropical") in the Florida Keys and Bermuda, where they overlap. Here, we examine habitat assortment in the Florida Keys using a broader sampling of populations and habitat types than were available for the original study. We find no evidence to support the claim that haplotype frequencies differ between habitat types, and little evidence to support any differences between populations in the Keys. These results undermine claims of ecological speciation with gene flow in Halichoeres bivittatus. Future claims of this type should be supported by multiple lines of evidence that illuminate potential mechanisms and allow researchers to rule out alternative explanations for spatial patterns of genetic differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan L. Warren
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Ron I. Eytan
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and GenomicsUniversity of North Carolina CharlotteCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Teresa L. Iglesias
- Animal Resources SectionOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Matthew C. Brandley
- Section of Amphibians and ReptilesCarnegie Museum of Natural HistoryPittsburghPAUSA
- Powdermill Nature ReserveCarnegie Museum of Natural HistoryRectorPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vortsepneva E, Herbert DG, Kantor Y. The rhipidoglossan radula: Formation and morphology of the radula in Puncturella noachina (Linnaeus, 1771) (Fissurellidae, Vetigastropoda). J Morphol 2021; 282:1523-1532. [PMID: 34309924 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rhipidoglossan radula, which is characterized by presence of a central tooth, several lateral teeth, and numerous (more than 10) long marginal teeth in each transverse row, is found in three different subclasses, that is, Vetigastropoda, Neritomorpha and "lower" Heterobranchia. Details of radula formation and its ultrastructure have not been studied in any species with a rhipidoglossan radula. For the first time, we present such data for one vetigastropod species, Puncturella noachina. The radula itself and the radula formation zone were studied using light and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission), as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy. We identify the major features of Vetigastropoda rhipidoglossan radula formation, that is: the posterior bifurcation of the radula formation zone, creating paired horns into which the zones of formation of the marginal teeth extend; the supporting structure in the radula formation zone extends ventrally to strengthen this division; the odontoblasts of the marginal teeth form a multi-layered epithelium; membranoblasts do not differ from odontoblasts in ultrastructure; in some membranoblasts and cells of the sub- and supraradular epithelium basal bodies were found in the apical regions of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vortsepneva
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - David G Herbert
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yuri Kantor
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Furfaro G, Salvi D, Trainito E, Vitale F, Mariottini P. When morphology does not match phylogeny: The puzzling case of two sibling nudibranchs (Gastropoda). ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furfaro
- Department of Science and Biological and Environmental Technologies ‐ DiSTeBA University of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Daniele Salvi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
- CIBIO‐InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Egidio Trainito
- Marine Protected Area 'Tavolara‐Punta Coda Cavallo' Olbia Italy
| | - Fabio Vitale
- Museum of Natural History of Salento (Calimera) Lecce Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Krings W, Neiber MT, Kovalev A, Gorb SN, Glaubrecht M. Trophic specialisation reflected by radular tooth material properties in an "ancient" Lake Tanganyikan gastropod species flock. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:35. [PMID: 33658005 PMCID: PMC7931582 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lake Tanganyika belongs to the East African Great Lakes and is well known for harbouring a high proportion of endemic and morphologically distinct genera, in cichlids but also in paludomid gastropods. With about 50 species these snails form a flock of high interest because of its diversity, the question of its origin and the evolutionary processes that might have resulted in its elevated amount of taxa. While earlier debates centred on these paludomids to be a result of an intralacustrine adaptive radiation, there are strong indications for the existence of several lineages before the lake formation. To evaluate hypotheses on the evolution and radiation the detection of actual adaptations is however crucial. Since the Tanganyikan gastropods show distinct radular tooth morphologies hypotheses about potential trophic specializations are at hand. Results Here, based on a phylogenetic tree of the paludomid species from Lake Tanganyika and adjacent river systems, the mechanical properties of their teeth were evaluated by nanoindentation, a method measuring the hardness and elasticity of a structure, and related with the gastropods’ specific feeding substrate (soft, solid, mixed). Results identify mechanical adaptations in the tooth cusps to the substrate and, with reference to the tooth morphology, assign distinct functions (scratching or gathering) to tooth types. Analysing pure tooth morphology does not consistently reflect ecological specializations, but the mechanical properties allow the determination of eco-morphotypes. Conclusion In almost every lineage we discovered adaptations to different substrates, leading to the hypothesis that one main engine of the flock’s evolution is trophic specialization, establishing distinct ecological niches and allowing the coexistence of taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany. .,Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marco T Neiber
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Zoological Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Glaubrecht
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Functional morphology and post-larval development of the buccal complex in Eubranchus rupium (Nudibranchia: Aeolidida: Fionidae). ZOOLOGY 2020; 143:125850. [PMID: 33130490 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nudibranch molluscs represent an interesting model group to study the evolution of feeding apparatus and feeding modes, being characterized by specialized buccal complex in combination with extremely diverse dietary preferences and multiply prey shifts in evolutionary history. However, the plasticity of the buccal complex morphology in response to diet and specific feeding modes remains understudied. Here we study the general morphology and ontogenesis of the buccal complex in Eubranchus rupium (Nudibranchia: Fionidae). Specific goals are to provide a detailed description of buccal structures morphology in post-larval stages, suggest the feeding mechanism and discuss the phylogenetic value of the morphological characteristics of buccal armature within the genus Eubranchus. Methods included in vivo observations of the feeding process for E. rupium, light microscopic methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). According to our results, E. rupium is a mechanical driller, boring holes in hydrozoan perisarc and sucking internal content. The mechanical drilling is supplied by functionally uniserial radula with plate-like laterals teeth of exclusively supportive function and by massive buccal musculature. Comparative phylogeny-based analysis suggests that the drilling feeding mode is common for the genus Eubranchus and indicates radular characters may have a high phylogenetic signal. The buccal complex morphology and feeding mode were found to be similar in both adults and post-metamorphic specimens, its general structures occur even in settled veligers. Juveniles and adults compete for food source, but the competition is smoothed due to characteristics of prey species growth and life cycle.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang A, Conti-Jerpe IE, Richards JL, Baker DM. Phestilla subodiosus sp. nov. (Nudibranchia, Trinchesiidae), a corallivorous pest species in the aquarium trade. Zookeys 2020; 909:1-24. [PMID: 32089632 PMCID: PMC7015969 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.909.35278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phestillasubodiosussp. nov. (Nudibranchia: Trinchesiidae) is a novel species that feeds on corals in the genus Montipora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) which are economically important in the aquarium industry. Nuclear-encoded H3, 28SC1-C2, and mitochondrial-encoded COI and 16S markers were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), morphological data, and feeding specialization all support the designation of Phestillasubodiosussp. nov. as a distinct species. Although new to science, Phestillasubodiosussp. nov. had been extensively reported by aquarium hobbyists as a prolific pest over the past two decades. The species fell into a well-studied genus, which could facilitate research into its control in reef aquaria. Our phylogenetic analysis also revealed Tenelliachaetopterana formed a well-supported clade with Phestilla. Based upon a literature review, its original morphological description, and our phylogenetic hypothesis, we reclassified this species as Phestillachaetopteranacomb. nov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wang
- Chinese International School, Hau Yuen Path, Braemar Hill, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Inga Elizabeth Conti-Jerpe
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - David Michael Baker
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|