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Fernández-Palacios JM, Otto R, Capelo J, Caujapé-Castells J, de Nascimento L, Duarte MC, Elias RB, García-Verdugo C, Menezes de Sequeira M, Médail F, Naranjo-Cigala A, Patiño J, Price J, Romeiras MM, Sánchez-Pinto L, Whittaker RJ. In defence of the entity of Macaronesia as a biogeographical region. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38888215 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Since its coinage ca. 1850 AD by Philip Barker Webb, the biogeographical region of Macaronesia, consisting of the North Atlantic volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira with the tiny Selvagens, the Canaries and Cabo Verde, and for some authors different continental coastal strips, has been under dispute. Herein, after a brief introduction on the terminology and purpose of regionalism, we recover the origins of the Macaronesia name, concept and geographical adscription, as well as its biogeographical implications and how different authors have positioned themselves, using distinct terrestrial or marine floristic and/or faunistic taxa distributions and relationships for accepting or rejecting the existence of this biogeographical region. Four main issues related to Macaronesia are thoroughly discussed: (i) its independence from the Mediterranean phytogeographical region; (ii) discrepancies according to different taxa analysed; (iii) its geographical limits and the role of the continental enclave(s), and, (iv) the validity of the phytogeographical region level. We conclude that Macaronesia has its own identity and a sound phytogeographical foundation, and that this is mainly based on three different floristic components that are shared by the Macaronesian core (Madeira and the Canaries) and the outermost archipelagos (Azores and Cabo Verde). These floristic components are: (i) the Palaeotropical-Tethyan Geoflora, formerly much more widely distributed in Europe and North Africa and currently restricted to the three northern archipelagos (the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries); (ii) the African Rand Flora, still extant in the coastal margins of Africa and Arabia, and present in the southern archipelagos (Madeira, the Canaries and Cabo Verde), and (iii) the Macaronesian neoendemic floristic component, represented in all the archipelagos, a result of allopatric diversification promoted by isolation of Mediterranean ancestors that manage to colonize Central Macaronesia and, from there, the outer archipelagos. Finally, a differentiating floristic component recently colonized the different archipelagos from the nearest continental coast, providing them with different biogeographic flavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Palacios
- Grupo de Ecología y Biogeografía Insular, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal e Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n. Campus de Anchieta, Apartado 456, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Código postal 38200, Spain
| | - Rüdiger Otto
- Grupo de Ecología y Biogeografía Insular, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal e Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n. Campus de Anchieta, Apartado 456, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Código postal 38200, Spain
| | - Jorge Capelo
- Herbarium, National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
- LEAF Research Centre - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, University of Lisbon, Tapada de Ajuda, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Juli Caujapé-Castells
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN, Jardín Botánico Canario 'Viera y Clavijo' - Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Carretera del Dragonal Km 7 (GC-310), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - Lea de Nascimento
- Grupo de Ecología y Biogeografía Insular, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal e Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n. Campus de Anchieta, Apartado 456, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Código postal 38200, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Duarte
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Rui B Elias
- Azorean Biodiversity Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroismo, 9700-042, Portugal
| | - Carlos García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, Beiro, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Miguel Menezes de Sequeira
- Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal, 9020-105, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Médail
- Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD. Campus Aix, Technopôle de l'Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence cedex 4, 13545, France
| | - Agustín Naranjo-Cigala
- Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, c/ Pérez del Toro, 1, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35004, Spain
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38206, Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n. Facultad de Farmacia. Apartado 456, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Código postal 38206, Spain
| | - Jonathan Price
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St, Hilo, HI, 96720-4091, USA
| | - Maria M Romeiras
- LEAF Research Centre - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, University of Lisbon, Tapada de Ajuda, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
- cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Lázaro Sánchez-Pinto
- Museo de Ciencias Naturales, c/ Fuente Morales, 1, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38003, Spain
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2nd FL, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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2
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Coello AJ, Vargas P, Cano E, Riina R, Fernández-Mazuecos M. Phylogenetics and phylogeography of Euphorbia canariensis reveal an extreme Canarian-Asian disjunction but limited inter-island colonization. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:398-414. [PMID: 38444147 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Euphorbia canariensis is an iconic endemic species representative of the lowland xerophytic communities of the Canary Islands. It is widely distributed in the archipelago despite having diasporas unspecialized for long-distance dispersal. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of E. canariensis at two levels: a time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis aimed at clarifying interspecific relationships and large-scale biogeographic patterns; and a phylogeographic study focused on the history of colonization across the Canary Islands. For the phylogenetic study, we sequenced the ITS region for E. canariensis and related species of Euphorbia sect. Euphorbia. For the phylogeographic study, we sequenced two cpDNA regions for 28 populations representing the distribution range of E. canariensis. The number of inter-island colonization events was explored using PAICE, a recently developed method that includes a sample size correction. Additionally, we used species distribution modelling (SDM) to evaluate environmental suitability for E. canariensis through time. Phylogenetic results supported a close relationship between E. canariensis and certain Southeast Asian species (E. epiphylloides, E. lacei, E. sessiliflora). In the Canaries, E. canariensis displayed a west-to-east colonization pattern, not conforming to the "progression rule", i.e. the concordance between phylogeographic patterns and island emergence times. We estimated between 20 and 50 inter-island colonization events, all of them in the Quaternary, and SDM suggested a late Quaternary increase in environmental suitability for E. canariensis. The extreme biogeographic disjunction between Macaronesia and Southeast Asia (ca. 11,000 km) parallels that found in a few other genera (Pinus, Dracaena). We hypothesize that these disjunctions are better explained by extinction across north Africa and southwest Asia rather than long-distance dispersal. The relatively low number of inter-island colonization events across the Canaries is congruent with the low dispersal capabilities of E. canariensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Coello
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Cano
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Riina
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fernández-Mazuecos
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jackson AC, White OW, Carine M, Chapman MA. The role of geography, ecology, and hybridization in the evolutionary history of Canary Island Descurainia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16162. [PMID: 36990083 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Oceanic islands offer the opportunity to understand evolutionary processes underlying rapid diversification. Along with geographic isolation and ecological shifts, a growing body of genomic evidence has suggested that hybridization can play an important role in island evolution. Here we use genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to understand the roles of hybridization, ecology, and geographic isolation in the radiation of Canary Island Descurainia (Brassicaceae). METHODS We carried out GBS for multiple individuals of all Canary Island species and two outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses of the GBS data were performed using both supermatrix and gene tree approaches and hybridization events were examined using D-statistics and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Climatic data were analyzed to examine the relationship between ecology and diversification. RESULTS Analysis of the supermatrix data set resulted in a fully resolved phylogeny. Species networks suggest a hybridization event has occurred for D. gilva, with these results being supported by Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis. Strong phylogenetic signals for temperature and precipitation indicate one major ecological shift within Canary Island Descurainia. CONCLUSIONS Inter-island dispersal played a significant role in the diversification of Descurainia, with evidence of only one major shift in climate preferences. Despite weak reproductive barriers and the occurrence of hybrids, hybridization appears to have played only a limited role in the diversification of the group with a single instance detected. The results highlight the need to use phylogenetic network approaches that can simultaneously accommodate incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow when studying groups prone to hybridization; patterns that might otherwise be obscured in species trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Jackson
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver W White
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Carine
- Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Messerschmid TFE, Abrahamczyk S, Bañares-Baudet Á, Brilhante MA, Eggli U, Hühn P, Kadereit JW, dos Santos P, de Vos JM, Kadereit G. Inter- and intra-island speciation and their morphological and ecological correlates in Aeonium (Crassulaceae), a species-rich Macaronesian radiation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:697-721. [PMID: 36821492 PMCID: PMC10147336 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The most species-rich and ecologically diverse plant radiation on the Canary Islands is the Aeonium alliance (Crassulaceae). In island radiations like this, speciation can take place either within islands or following dispersal between islands. Aiming at quantifying intra- and inter-island speciation events in the evolution of Aeonium, and exploring their consequences, we hypothesized that (1) intra-island diversification resulted in stronger ecological divergence of sister lineages, and that (2) taxa on islands with a longer history of habitation by Aeonium show stronger ecological differentiation and produce fewer natural hybrids. METHODS We studied the biogeographical and ecological setting of diversification processes in Aeonium with a fully sampled and dated phylogeny inferred using a ddRADseq approach. Ancestral areas and biogeographical events were reconstructed in BioGeoBEARS. Eleven morphological characters and three habitat characteristics were taken into account to quantify the morphological and ecological divergence between sister lineages. A co-occurrence matrix of all Aeonium taxa is presented to assess the spatial separation of taxa on each island. KEY RESULTS We found intra- and inter-island diversification events in almost equal numbers. In lineages that diversified within single islands, morphological and ecological divergence was more pronounced than in lineages derived from inter-island diversification, but only the difference in morphological divergence was significant. Those islands with the longest history of habitation by Aeonium had the lowest percentages of co-occurring and hybridizing taxon pairs compared with islands where Aeonium arrived later. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the importance of both inter- and intra-island speciation, the latter of which is potentially sympatric speciation. Speciation on the same island entailed significantly higher levels of morphological divergence compared with inter-island speciation, but ecological divergence was not significantly different. Longer periods of shared island habitation resulted in the evolution of a higher degree of spatial separation and stronger reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud F E Messerschmid
- Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, 80638 München, Germany
- Prinzessin Therese von Bayern-Lehrstuhl für Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80638 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Abteilung Botanik, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ángel Bañares-Baudet
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miguel A Brilhante
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1340-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Urs Eggli
- Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich/Grün Stadt Zürich, 8002 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Hühn
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim W Kadereit
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrícia dos Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) and Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jurriaan M de Vos
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Kadereit
- Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, 80638 München, Germany
- Prinzessin Therese von Bayern-Lehrstuhl für Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80638 München, Germany
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5
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Hooft van Huysduynen A, Janssens S, Merckx V, Vos R, Valente L, Zizka A, Larter M, Karabayir B, Maaskant D, Witmer Y, Fernández‐Palacios JM, de Nascimento L, Jaén‐Molina R, Caujapé Castells J, Marrero‐Rodríguez Á, del Arco M, Lens F. Temporal and palaeoclimatic context of the evolution of insular woodiness in the Canary Islands. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12220-12231. [PMID: 34522372 PMCID: PMC8427628 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insular woodiness (IW), referring to the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness toward woodiness on islands, has arisen more than 30 times on the Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean). One of the IW hypotheses suggests that drought has been a major driver of wood formation, but we do not know in which palaeoclimatic conditions the insular woody lineages originated. Therefore, we provided an updated review on the presence of IW on the Canaries, reviewed the palaeoclimate, and estimated the timing of origin of woodiness of 24 insular woody lineages that represent a large majority of the insular woody species diversity on the Canaries. Our single, broad-scale dating analysis shows that woodiness in 60%-65% of the insular woody lineages studied originated within the last 3.2 Myr, during which Mediterranean seasonality (yearly summer droughts) became established on the Canaries. Consequently, our results are consistent with palaeoclimatic aridification as a potential driver of woodiness in a considerable proportion of the insular woody Canary Island lineages. However, the observed pattern between insular woodiness and palaeodrought during the last couple of million years could potentially have emerged as a result of the typically young age of the native insular flora, characterized by a high turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Janssens
- Meise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Department of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Vincent Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rutger Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Luis Valente
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)LeipzigGermany
| | | | | | | | - Youri Witmer
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - José María Fernández‐Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research GroupInstituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)La LagunaSpain
| | - Lea de Nascimento
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research GroupInstituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)La LagunaSpain
| | - Ruth Jaén‐Molina
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”‐Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Juli Caujapé Castells
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”‐Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Águedo Marrero‐Rodríguez
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”‐Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Marcelino del Arco
- Departamento de BotánicaEcología y Fisiología VegetalUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)La LagunaSpain
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Plant SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Kramina TE, Lysova MV, Samigullin TH, Schanzer IA, Özbek MU, Sokoloff DD. Phylogenetic Placement and Phylogeography of Large-Flowered Lotus Species (Leguminosae) Formerly Classified in Dorycnium: Evidence of Pre-Pleistocene Differentiation of Western and Eastern Intraspecific Groups. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020260. [PMID: 33525693 PMCID: PMC7911919 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is a center of species and genetic diversity of many plant groups, which served as a source of recolonization of temperate regions of Eurasia in Holocene. We investigate the evolutionary history of species currently classified in Lotus sect. Bonjeanea in the context of the evolution of the genus Lotus as a whole, using phylogenetic, phylogeographic and dating analyses. Of three species of the section, L. rectus and L. hirsutus have wide Mediterranean distribution while L. strictus has a disjunctive range in Bulgaria, Turkey, Armenia, Eastern Kazakhstan, and adjacent parts of Russia and China. We used entire nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region (nrITS) and a plastid dataset (rps16 and trnL-F) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within Lotus with an extended representation of Bonjeanea group. We analyzed the phylogeographic patterns within each species based on the plastid dataset. For divergence time estimation, the nrITS dataset was analyzed. Our results confirmed the non-monophyletic nature of the section Bonjeanea. They indicate that Lotus is likely to have diverged about 15.87 (9.99-19.81) million years ago (Ma), which is much older than an earlier estimate of ca. 5.54 Ma. Estimated divergence ages within L. strictus, L. rectus, and L. hisrutus (6.1, 4.94, and 4.16 Ma, respectively) well predate the onset of the current type of Mediterranean climate. Our data suggest that relatively ancient geological events and/or climatic changes apparently played roles in early diversification of Lotus and its major clades, as well as in formation of phylogeographic patterns, in at least some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana E. Kramina
- Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-985-723-0916
| | - Maya V. Lysova
- LLC “Amplitech”, 1-ya Kuryanovskaya Str., 34-8, 109235 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tahir H. Samigullin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ivan A. Schanzer
- Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str., 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mehmet U. Özbek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Dmitry D. Sokoloff
- Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
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Koutroumpa K, Warren BH, Theodoridis S, Coiro M, Romeiras MM, Jiménez A, Conti E. Geo-Climatic Changes and Apomixis as Major Drivers of Diversification in the Mediterranean Sea Lavenders ( Limonium Mill.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:612258. [PMID: 33510756 PMCID: PMC7835328 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.612258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean realm, comprising the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions, has long been recognized as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, owing to its remarkable species richness and endemism. Several hypotheses on biotic and abiotic drivers of species diversification in the region have been often proposed but rarely tested in an explicit phylogenetic framework. Here, we investigate the impact of both species-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors on diversification in the species-rich, cosmopolitan Limonium, an angiosperm genus with center of diversity in the Mediterranean. First, we infer and time-calibrate the largest Limonium phylogeny to date. We then estimate ancestral ranges and diversification dynamics at both global and regional scales. At the global scale, we test whether the identified shifts in diversification rates are linked to specific geological and/or climatic events in the Mediterranean area and/or asexual reproduction (apomixis). Our results support a late Paleogene origin in the proto-Mediterranean area for Limonium, followed by extensive in situ diversification in the Mediterranean region during the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. We found significant increases of diversification rates in the "Mediterranean lineage" associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis, onset of Mediterranean climate, Plio-Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations, and apomixis. Additionally, the Euro-Mediterranean area acted as the major source of species dispersals to the surrounding areas. At the regional scale, we infer the biogeographic origins of insular endemics in the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia, and test whether woodiness in the Canarian Nobiles clade is a derived trait linked to insular life and a biotic driver of diversification. We find that Limonium species diversity on the Canary Islands and Cape Verde archipelagos is the product of multiple colonization events followed by in situ diversification, and that woodiness of the Canarian endemics is indeed a derived trait but is not associated with a significant shift to higher diversification rates. Our study expands knowledge on how the interaction between abiotic and biotic drivers shape the uneven distribution of species diversity across taxonomic and geographical scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Koutroumpa
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben H. Warren
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Spyros Theodoridis
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria M. Romeiras
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ares Jiménez
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- IES Pedra da Auga, Ponteareas, Spain
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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