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Paudel SN, Hutzen B, Cripe TP. The quest for effective immunotherapies against malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: Is there hope? Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:227-237. [PMID: 37680255 PMCID: PMC10480481 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-based therapies represent a new paradigm in the treatment of multiple cancers, where they have helped achieve durable and safe clinical responses in a growing subset of patients. While a wealth of information is available concerning the use of these agents in treating the more common malignancies, little has been reported about the use of immunotherapies against malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), a rare form of soft tissue sarcoma that arises from the myelin sheaths that protect peripheral nerves. Surgical resection has been the mainstay of therapy in MPNSTs, but the recurrence rate is as high as 65%, and chemotherapy is generally ineffective. The immune contexture of MPNSTs, replete with macrophages and a varying degree of T cell infiltration, presents multiple opportunities to design meaningful therapeutic interventions. While preliminary results with macrophage-targeting strategies and oncolytic viruses are promising, identifying the subset of patients that respond to immune-based strategies will be a milestone. As part of our effort to help advance the use of immunotherapy for MPNSTs, here we describe recent insights regarding the immune contexture of MPNSTs, discuss emerging immune-based strategies, and provide a brief overview of potential biomarkers of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi N. Paudel
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Columbus, OH, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian Hutzen
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Columbus, OH, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Fukuhara H, Sato YT, Hou J, Iwai M, Todo T. Fusion peptide is superior to co-expressing subunits for arming oncolytic herpes virus with interleukin 12. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:40. [PMID: 36966232 PMCID: PMC10039936 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G47∆ is a triple-mutated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) recently approved as a new drug for malignant glioma in Japan. As the next-generation, we develop armed oncolytic HSV-1 using G47∆ as the backbone. Because oncolytic HSV-1 elicits specific antitumor immunity, interleukin 12 (IL-12) can function as an effective payload to enhance the efficacy. METHODS We evaluate the optimal methods for expressing IL-12 as a payload for G47∆-based oncolytic HSV-1. Two new armed viruses are generated for evaluation by employing different methods to express IL-12: T-mfIL12 expresses murine IL-12 as a fusion peptide, with the genes of two subunits (p35 and p40) linked by bovine elastin motifs, and T-mIL12-IRES co-expresses the subunits, with the two genes separated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence. RESULTS T-mfIL12 is significantly more efficient in producing IL-12 than T-mIL12-IRES in all cell lines tested, whereas the expression methods do not affect the replication capabilities and cytopathic effects. In two syngeneic mouse subcutaneous tumor models of Neuro2a and TRAMP-C2, T-mfIL12 exhibits a significantly higher efficacy than T-mIL12-IRES when inoculated intratumorally. Furthermore, T-mfIL12 shows a significantly higher intratumoral expression of functional IL-12, causing stronger stimulation of specific antitumor immune responses than T-mIL12-IRES. CONCLUSIONS The results implicate that a fusion-type expression of IL-12 is a method superior to co-expression of separate subunits, due to higher production of functional IL-12 molecules. This study led to the creation of triple-mutated oncolytic HSV-1 armed with human IL-12 currently used in phase 1/2 trial for malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yuzuri Tsurumaki Sato
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jiangang Hou
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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Todo T, Ino Y, Ohtsu H, Shibahara J, Tanaka M. A phase I/II study of triple-mutated oncolytic herpes virus G47∆ in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4119. [PMID: 35864115 PMCID: PMC9304402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a phase I/II, single-arm study (UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial Registry UMIN000002661) assessing the safety (primary endpoint) of G47∆, a triple-mutated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, in Japanese adults with recurrent/progressive glioblastoma despite radiation and temozolomide therapies. G47Δ was administered intratumorally at 3 × 108 pfu (low dose) or 1 × 109 pfu (set dose), twice to identical coordinates within 5–14 days. Thirteen patients completed treatment (low dose, n = 3; set dose, n = 10). Adverse events occurred in 12/13 patients. The most common G47Δ-related adverse events were fever, headache and vomiting. Secondary endpoint was the efficacy. Median overall survival was 7.3 (95%CI 6.2–15.2) months and the 1-year survival rate was 38.5%, both from the last G47∆ administration. Median progression-free survival was 8 (95%CI 7–34) days from the last G47∆ administration, mainly due to immediate enlargement of the contrast-enhanced area of the target lesion on MRI. Three patients survived >46 months. One complete response (low dose) and one partial response (set dose) were seen at 2 years. Based on biopsies, post-administration MRI features (injection site contrast-enhancement clearing and entire tumor enlargement) likely reflected tumor cell destruction via viral replication and lymphocyte infiltration towards tumor cells, the latter suggesting the mechanism for “immunoprogression” characteristic to this therapy. This study shows that G47Δ is safe for treating recurrent/progressive glioblastoma and warrants further clinical development. G47Δ is a third-generation, triple-mutated oncolytic HSV-1 that has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical studies. Here the authors report the results of a phase I/II study of G47Δ in patients with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Department of Data Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Japan, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Fukuhara H, Takeshima Y, Todo T. Triple-mutated oncolytic herpes virus for treating both fast- and slow-growing tumors. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3293-3301. [PMID: 34036669 PMCID: PMC8353919 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy has emerged as a promising treatment option against cancer. To date, oncolytic viruses have been developed for malignant tumors, but the need for this new therapeutic modality also exists for benign and slow‐growing tumors. G47∆ is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) with an enhanced replication capability highly selective to tumor cells due to genetically engineered, triple mutations in the γ34.5, ICP6 and α47 genes. To create a powerful, but safe oncolytic HSV‐1 that replicates efficiently in tumors regardless of growth speed, we used a bacterial artificial chromosome system that allows a desired promoter to regulate the expression of the ICP6 gene in the G47∆ backbone. Restoration of the ICP6 function in a tumor‐specific manner using the hTERT promoter led to a highly capable oncolytic HSV‐1. T‐hTERT was more efficacious in the slow‐growing OS‐RC‐2 and DU145 tumors than the control viruses, while retaining a high efficacy in the fast‐growing U87MG tumors. The safety features are also retained, as T‐hTERT proved safe when inoculated into the brain of HSV‐1 sensitive A/J mice. This new technology should facilitate the use of oncolytic HSV‐1 for all tumors irrespective of growth speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Takeshima
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Menotti L, Avitabile E. Herpes Simplex Virus Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy: The Blossoming Branch of Multimodal Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218310. [PMID: 33167582 PMCID: PMC7664223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are smart therapeutics against cancer due to their potential to replicate and produce the needed therapeutic dose in the tumor, and to their ability to self-exhaust upon tumor clearance. Oncolytic virotherapy strategies based on the herpes simplex virus are reaching their thirties, and a wide variety of approaches has been envisioned and tested in many different models, and on a range of tumor targets. This huge effort has culminated in the primacy of an oncolytic HSV (oHSV) being the first oncolytic virus to be approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical use, for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The path has just been opened; many more cancer types with poor prognosis await effective and innovative therapies, and oHSVs could provide a promising solution, especially as combination therapies and immunovirotherapies. In this review, we analyze the most recent advances in this field, and try to envision the future ahead of oHSVs.
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6
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Taguchi S, Fukuhara H, Todo T. Oncolytic virus therapy in Japan: progress in clinical trials and future perspectives. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2019; 49:201-209. [PMID: 30462296 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyy170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy is a promising new option for cancer. It utilizes genetically engineered or naturally occurring viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells without harming normal cells. T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec), a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of inoperable melanoma in 2015 and subsequently approved in Europe in 2016. Other oncolytic viruses using different parental viruses have also been tested in Phase III clinical trials and are ready for drug approval: Pexa-Vec (pexastimogene devacirepvec), an oncolytic vaccinia virus, CG0070, an oncolytic adenovirus, and REOLYSIN (pelareorep), an oncolytic reovirus. In Japan, as of May 2018, several oncolytic viruses have been developed, and some have already proceeded to clinical trials. In this review, we summarize clinical trials assessing oncolytic virus therapy that were conducted or are currently ongoing in Japan, specifically, T-VEC, the abovementioned oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, G47Δ, a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, HF10, a naturally attenuated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, Telomelysin, an oncolytic adenovirus, Surv.m-CRA, another oncolytic adenovirus, and Sendai virus particle. In the near future, oncolytic virus therapy may become an important and major treatment option for cancer in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Taguchi
- Department of Urology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Ajina A, Maher J. Synergistic combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:217-292. [PMID: 31383406 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with advanced hematological malignancies the therapeutic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of adoptive cell transfer utilizing autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells. However, solid tumors have proved far more resistant to this approach. Here, we summarize the numerous challenges faced by CAR T-cells designed to target solid tumors, highlighting, in particular, issues related to impaired trafficking, expansion, and persistence. In parallel, we draw attention to exciting developments in the burgeoning field of oncolytic virotherapy and posit strategies for the synergistic combination of oncolytic viruses with CAR T-cells to improve outcomes for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, United Kingdom
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8
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Non-cytotoxic systemic treatment in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST): A systematic review from bench to bedside. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 138:223-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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9
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Kahramanian A, Kuroda T, Wakimoto H. Construction of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus with Therapeutic Genes of Interest. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1937:177-188. [PMID: 30706396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9065-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most extensively studied oncolytic virus platforms. The recent FDA approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) has been accelerating translational research of oncolytic HSV (oHSV) as a promising therapeutic for refractory cancers such as glioblastoma, the deadliest primary malignancy in the brain. The large genome size of HSV readily allows arming of oHSV by incorporating therapeutic transgenes within the virus, as exemplified by T-VEC carrying GM-CSF, thereby enhancing the anticancer activity of oHSV. Here we describe a bacterial artificial chromosome-based method for construction of an oHSV expressing a transgene, which we routinely use in the laboratory to create a number of different recombinant oHSV bearing either therapeutic or reporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andranik Kahramanian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshihiko Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Irwin CR, Hitt MM, Evans DH. Targeting Nucleotide Biosynthesis: A Strategy for Improving the Oncolytic Potential of DNA Viruses. Front Oncol 2017; 7:229. [PMID: 29018771 PMCID: PMC5622948 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of tumors depends upon elevated levels of dNTPs, and while dNTP concentrations are tightly regulated in normal cells, this control is often lost in transformed cells. This feature of cancer cells has been used to advantage to develop oncolytic DNA viruses. DNA viruses employ many different mechanisms to increase dNTP levels in infected cells, because the low concentration of dNTPs found in non-cycling cells can inhibit virus replication. By disrupting the virus-encoded gene(s) that normally promote dNTP biosynthesis, one can assemble oncolytic versions of these agents that replicate selectively in cancer cells. This review covers the pathways involved in dNTP production, how they are dysregulated in cancer cells, and the various approaches that have been used to exploit this biology to improve the tumor specificity of oncolytic viruses. In particular, we compare and contrast the ways that the different types of oncolytic virus candidates can directly modulate these processes. We limit our review to the large DNA viruses that naturally encode homologs of the cellular enzymes that catalyze dNTP biogenesis. Lastly, we consider how this knowledge might guide future development of oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Irwin
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David H Evans
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Saraswat M, Mäkitie A, Agarwal R, Joenväärä S, Renkonen S. Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients can be differentiated from healthy individuals with label-free serum proteomics. Br J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28632724 PMCID: PMC5537490 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No blood biomarkers to detect early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) without clinical signs exist – diagnosis is solely based on histology of a visible tumour. Most OSCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, which leads to significant morbidity and poor survival. Our aim was to find the serum screening or detection biomarkers in OSCC. Methods: Serum samples from patients with OSCC treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital (Finland) were collected. Age- and gender-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Quantitative label-free proteomics in high definition MSE mode(HDMSE) was performed on 13 patients and 12 healthy samples. Various statistical analyses were performed on quantitative proteomics data to obtain the most influential proteins, which classify the patients vs healthy samples. Results: In quantitative proteomic analysis (HDMSE), 388 proteins were quantified in our pilot study. A complete separation between cases and controls was seen in supervised and unsupervised classification techniques such as orthogonal projections on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and self-organising maps. Using OPLS-DA S-plot, we identified a set of eight proteins that completely separated OSCC patients from healthy individuals. Conclusions: Although the tumour stages varied from I to IVa, these potential biomarkers were able to identify all OSCCs demonstrating their sensitivity to detect tumours of all stages. We are the first to suggest a set of serum biomarkers in our pilot study to be evaluated further as a diagnostic panel to detect preclinical OSCC in risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Saraswat
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Suvi Renkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 11382, Sweden
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12
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Zhang T, Suryawanshi YR, Woyczesczyk HM, Essani K. Targeting Melanoma with Cancer-Killing Viruses. Open Virol J 2017; 11:28-47. [PMID: 28567163 PMCID: PMC5420172 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer with ever-increasing incidence. Despite the development in diagnostics and therapies, metastatic melanoma is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a class of novel therapeutic agents for cancer by possessing two closely related properties for tumor reduction: virus-induced lysis of tumor cells and induction of host anti-tumor immune responses. A variety of viruses, either in "natural" or in genetically modified forms, have exhibited a remarkable therapeutic efficacy in regressing melanoma in experimental and/or clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of these viruses, which involve manipulating and targeting the abnormalities of melanoma, and can be categorized as enhancing viral tropism, targeting the tumor microenvironment and increasing the innate and adaptive antitumor responses. Additionally, this review describes the "biomarkers" and deregulated pathways of melanoma that are responsible for melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. Advances in understanding these abnormalities of melanoma have resulted in effective targeted and immuno-therapies, and could potentially be applied for engineering OVs with enhanced oncolytic activity in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Yogesh R. Suryawanshi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Helene M. Woyczesczyk
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
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13
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Dinsart C, Pervolaraki K, Stroh-Dege A, Lavie M, Ronsse I, Rommelaere J, Van Damme J, Van Raemdonck K, Struyf S. Recombinant Parvoviruses Armed to Deliver CXCL4L1 and CXCL10 Are Impaired in Their Antiangiogenic and Antitumoral Effects in a Kaposi Sarcoma Tumor Model Due To the Chemokines' Interference with the Virus Cycle. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:295-306. [PMID: 28042949 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of oncolytic viruses is a valuable option to broaden the armament of anticancer therapies, as these combine specific cytotoxic effects and immune-stimulating properties. The self-replicating H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV) is a prototypical oncolytic virus that, besides targeting tumor cells, also infects endothelial cells, thus combining oncolytic and angiostatic traits. To increase its therapeutic value, H-1PV can be armed with cytokines or chemokines to enhance the immunological response. Some chemokines-more specifically, the CXCR3 ligands CXCL4L1 and CXCL10-combine immune-stimulating properties with angiostatic activity. This study explores the therapeutic value of recombinant parvoviruses carrying CXCL4L1 or CXCL10 transgenes (Chi-H1/CXCL4L1 or Chi-H1/CXCL10, respectively) to inhibit the growth of the human Kaposi sarcoma cell line KS-IMM. KS-IMM cells infected by Chi-H1/CXCL4L1 or Chi-H1/CXCL10 released the corresponding chemokine and showed reduced migratory capacity. Therefore, the antitumoral capacity of Chi-H1/CXCL4L1 or Chi-H1/CXCL10 was tested in mice. Either in vitro infected KS-IMM cells were injected or subcutaneously growing KS-IMM xenografts were treated by peritumoral injections of the different viruses. Surprisingly, the transgenes did not increase the antitumoral effect of natural H-1PV. Further experiments indicated that CXCL4L1 and CXCL10 interfered with the expression of the viral NS1 protein in KS-IMM cells. These results indicate that the outcome of parvovirus-based delivery of CXCR3 ligands might be tumor cell type dependent, and hence its application must be considered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Dinsart
- 1 Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- 1 Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany.,2 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Stroh-Dege
- 1 Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muriel Lavie
- 1 Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- 1 Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jo Van Damme
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Van Raemdonck
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven, Belgium
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Fukuhara H, Ino Y, Todo T. Oncolytic virus therapy: A new era of cancer treatment at dawn. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1373-1379. [PMID: 27486853 PMCID: PMC5084676 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy is perhaps the next major breakthrough in cancer treatment following the success in immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncolytic viruses are defined as genetically engineered or naturally occurring viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells without harming the normal tissues. T‐Vec (talimogene laherparepvec), a second‐generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) armed with GM‐CSF, was recently approved as the first oncolytic virus drug in the USA and Europe. The phase III trial proved that local intralesional injections with T‐Vec in advanced malignant melanoma patients can not only suppress the growth of injected tumors but also act systemically and prolong overall survival. Other oncolytic viruses that are closing in on drug approval in North America and Europe include vaccinia virus JX‐594 (pexastimogene devacirepvec) for hepatocellular carcinoma, GM‐CSF‐expressing adenovirus CG0070 for bladder cancer, and Reolysin (pelareorep), a wild‐type variant of reovirus, for head and neck cancer. In Japan, a phase II clinical trial of G47∆, a third‐generation oncolytic HSV‐1, is ongoing in glioblastoma patients. G47∆ was recently designated as a “Sakigake” breakthrough therapy drug in Japan. This new system by the Japanese government should provide G47∆ with priority reviews and a fast‐track drug approval by the regulatory authorities. Whereas numerous oncolytic viruses have been subjected to clinical trials, the common feature that is expected to play a major role in prolonging the survival of cancer patients is an induction of specific antitumor immunity in the course of tumor‐specific viral replication. It appears that it will not be long before oncolytic virus therapy becomes a standard therapeutic option for all cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Antoszczyk S, Rabkin SD. Prospect and progress of oncolytic viruses for treating peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015; 4:129-138. [PMID: 27867771 PMCID: PMC5111812 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are an assorted group of neoplasms originating from neuroectoderm and growing in peripheral nerves. Malignant transformation leads to a poor prognosis and is often lethal. Current treatment of PNSTs is predominantly surgical, which is often incomplete or accompanied by significant loss of function, in conjunction with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, for which the benefits are inconclusive. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) efficiently kill tumor cells while remaining safe for normal tissues, and are a novel antitumor therapy for patients with PNSTs. AREAS COVERED Because of the low efficacy of current treatments, new therapies for PNSTs are needed. Pre-clinically, OVs have demonstrated efficacy in treating PNSTs and perineural tumor invasion, as well as safety. We will discuss the various PNSTs and their preclinical models, and the OVs being tested for their treatment, including oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV), adenovirus (Ad), and measles virus (MV). OVs can be 'armed' to express therapeutic transgenes or combined with other therapeutics to enhance their activity. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical testing of OVs in PNST models has demonstrated their therapeutic potential and provided support for clinical translation. Clinical studies with other solid tumors have provided evidence that OVs are safe in patients and efficacious. The recent successful completion of a phase III clinical trial of oncolytic HSV paves the way for oncolytic virotherapy to enter clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Antoszczyk
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Samuel D. Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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Toro Bejarano M, Merchan JR. Targeting tumor vasculature through oncolytic virotherapy: recent advances. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:169-81. [PMID: 27512680 PMCID: PMC4918394 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic virotherapy field has made significant advances in the last decade, with a rapidly increasing number of early- and late-stage clinical trials, some of them showing safety and promising therapeutic efficacy. Targeting tumor vasculature by oncolytic viruses (OVs) is an attractive strategy that offers several advantages over nontargeted viruses, including improved tumor viral entry, direct antivascular effects, and enhanced antitumor efficacy. Current understanding of the biological mechanisms of tumor neovascularization, novel vascular targets, and mechanisms of resistance has allowed the development of oncolytic viral vectors designed to target tumor neovessels. While some OVs (such as vaccinia and vesicular stomatitis virus) can intrinsically target tumor vasculature and induce vascular disruption, the majority of reported vascular-targeted viruses are the result of genetic manipulation of their viral genomes. Such strategies include transcriptional or transductional endothelial targeting, "armed" viruses able to downregulate angiogenic factors, or to express antiangiogenic molecules. The above strategies have shown preclinical safety and improved antitumor efficacy, either alone, or in combination with standard or targeted agents. This review focuses on the recent efforts toward the development of vascular-targeted OVs for cancer treatment and provides a translational/clinical perspective into the future development of new generation biological agents for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Toro Bejarano
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jaime R Merchan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
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Pediatric cancer gone viral. Part I: strategies for utilizing oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in children. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30017-1. [PMID: 26436135 PMCID: PMC4589755 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress for improving outcomes in pediatric patients with solid tumors remains slow. In addition, currently available therapies are fraught with numerous side effects, often causing significant life-long morbidity for long-term survivors. The use of viruses to kill tumor cells based on their increased vulnerability to infection is gaining traction, with several viruses moving through early and advanced phase clinical testing. The prospect of increased efficacy and decreased toxicity with these agents is thus attractive for pediatric cancer. In part I of this two-part review, we focus on strategies for utilizing oncolytic engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV) to target pediatric malignancies. We discuss mechanisms of action, routes of delivery, and the role of preexisting immunity on antitumor efficacy. Challenges to maximizing oncolytic HSV in children are examined, and we highlight how these may be overcome through various arming strategies. We review the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating safety of a variety of oncolytic HSVs. In Part II, we focus on the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic HSV in pediatric tumor types, pediatric clinical advances made to date, and future prospects for utilizing HSV in pediatric patients with solid tumors.
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Peters C, Rabkin SD. Designing Herpes Viruses as Oncolytics. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30012-2. [PMID: 26462293 PMCID: PMC4599707 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) was one of the first genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses. Because herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a natural human pathogen that can cause serious disease, it is incumbent that it be genetically-engineered or significantly attenuated for safety. Here we present a detailed explanation of the functions of HSV-1 genes frequently mutated to endow oncolytic activity. These genes are non-essential for growth in tissue culture cells but are important for growth in post-mitotic cells, interfering with intrinsic antiviral and innate immune responses or causing pathology, functions dispensable for replication in cancer cells. Understanding the function of these genes leads to informed creation of new oHSVs with better therapeutic efficacy. Virus infection and replication can also be directed to cancer cells through tumor-selective receptor binding and transcriptional- or post-transcriptional miRNA-targeting, respectively. In addition to the direct effects of oHSV on infected cancer cells and tumors, oHSV can be 'armed' with transgenes that are: reporters, to track virus replication and spread; cytotoxic, to kill uninfected tumor cells; immune modulatory, to stimulate anti-tumor immunity; or tumor microenvironment altering, to enhance virus spread or to inhibit tumor growth. In addition to HSV-1, other alphaherpesviruses are also discussed for their oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Peters
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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Van Raemdonck K, Van den Steen PE, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S. CXCR3 ligands in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:311-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kanai R, Rabkin SD. Combinatorial strategies for oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy of brain tumors. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:129-42. [PMID: 23687568 DOI: 10.2217/cns.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses, such as the oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), are an exciting new therapeutic strategy for cancer as they are replication competent in tumor cells but not normal cells. In order to engender herpes simplex virus with oncolytic activity and make it safe for clinical application, mutations are engineered into the virus. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly primary brain tumor in adults. Despite many advances in therapy, overall survival has not been substantially improved over the last several decades. A number of different oHSVs have been tested as monotherapy in early-phase clinical trials for GBM and have demonstrated safety and anecdotal evidence of efficacy. However, strategies to improve efficacy are likely to be necessary to successfully treat GBM. Cancer treatment usually involves multimodal approaches, so the standard of care for GBM includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In preclinical GBM models, combinations of oHSV with other types of therapy have exhibited markedly improved activity over individual treatments alone. In this review, we will discuss the various combination strategies that have been employed with oHSV, including chemotherapy, small-molecule inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, radiotherapy and expression of therapeutic transgenes. Effective combinations, especially synergistic ones, are clinically important not just for improved efficacy but also to permit lower and less-toxic doses and potentially overcome resistance.
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Roth JC, Cassady KA, Cody JJ, Parker JN, Price KH, Coleman JM, Peggins JO, Noker PE, Powers NW, Grimes SD, Carroll SL, Gillespie GY, Whitley RJ, Markert JM. Evaluation of the safety and biodistribution of M032, an attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 expressing hIL-12, after intracerebral administration to aotus nonhuman primates. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:16-27. [PMID: 24649838 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutants lacking the γ(1)34.5 neurovirulence loci are promising agents for treating malignant glioma. Arming oncolytic HSV-1 to express immunostimulatory genes may potentiate therapeutic efficacy. We have previously demonstrated improved preclinical efficacy, biodistribution, and safety of M002, a γ(1)34.5-deleted HSV-1 engineered to express murine IL-12. Herein, we describe the safety and biodistribution of M032, a γ(1)34.5-deleted HSV-1 virus that expresses human IL-12 after intracerebral administration to nonhuman primates, Aotus nancymae. Cohorts were administered vehicle, 10(6), or 10(8) pfu of M032 on day 1 and subjected to detailed clinical observations performed serially over a 92-day trial. Animals were sacrificed on days 3, 31, and 91 for detailed histopathologic assessments of all organs and to isolate and quantify virus in all organs. With the possible exception of one animal euthanized on day 16, neither adverse clinical signs nor sex- or dose-related differences were attributed to M032. Elevated white blood cell and neutrophil counts were observed in virus-injected groups on day 3, but no other significant changes were noted in clinical chemistry or coagulation parameters. Minimal to mild inflammation and fibrosis detected, primarily in meningeal tissues, in M032-injected animals on days 3 and 31 had mostly resolved by day 91. The highest viral DNA levels were detected at the injection site and motor cortex on day 3 but decreased in central nervous system tissues over time. These data demonstrate the requisite safety of intracerebral M032 administration for consideration as a therapeutic for treating malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Roth
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294
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22
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Antoszczyk S, Spyra M, Mautner VF, Kurtz A, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD. Treatment of orthotopic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with oncolytic herpes simplex virus. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1057-66. [PMID: 24470552 PMCID: PMC4096170 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are an aggressive and often lethal sarcoma that frequently develops in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). We developed new preclinical MPNST models and tested the efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs), a promising cancer therapeutic that selectively replicates in and kills cancer cells. METHODS Mouse NF1(-) MPNST cell lines and human NF1(-) MPNST stemlike cells (MSLCs) were implanted into the sciatic nerves of immunocompetent and athymic mice, respectively. Tumor growth was followed by external measurement and sciatic nerve deficit using a hind-limb scoring system. Oncolytic HSV G47Δ as well as "armed" G47Δ expressing platelet factor 4 (PF4) or interleukin (IL)-12 were injected intratumorally into established sciatic nerve tumors. RESULTS Mouse MPNST cell lines formed tumors with varying growth kinetics. A single intratumoral injection of G47Δ in sciatic nerve tumors derived from human S462 MSLCs in athymic mice or mouse M2 (37-3-18-4) cells in immunocompetent mice significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival. Local IL-12 expression significantly improved the efficacy of G47Δ in syngeneic mice, while PF4 expression prolonged survival. Injection of G47Δ directly into the sciatic nerve of athymic mice resulted in only mild symptoms that did not differ from phosphate buffered saline control. CONCLUSIONS Two new orthotopic MPNST models are described, including in syngeneic mice, expanding the options for preclinical testing. Oncolytic HSV G47Δ exhibited robust efficacy in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent MPNST models while maintaining safety. Interleukin-12 expression improved efficacy. These studies support the clinical translation of G47Δ for patients with MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Antoszczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
| | - Melanie Spyra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
| | - Victor Felix Mautner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
| | - Anat O Stemmer-Rachamimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.A., R.L.M., S.D.R.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.O.S.R.); Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (M.S., V.F.M.); Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (A.K.)
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Roth JC, Cassady KA, Cody JJ, Parker JN, Price KH, Coleman JM, Peggins JO, Noker PE, Powers N, Grimes S, Carroll SL, Gillespie GY, Whitley R, Markert J. Evaluation of the Safety and Biodistribution of M032, an Attenuated HSV-1 Virus Expressing hIL-12, After Intracerebral Administration to Aotus Non-Human Primates. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Tysome JR, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. Update on oncolytic viral therapy - targeting angiogenesis. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1031-40. [PMID: 23940420 PMCID: PMC3737009 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s46974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have the ability to selectively replicate in and lyse cancer cells. Angiogenesis is an essential requirement for tumor growth. Like OVs, the therapeutic effect of many angiogenesis inhibitors has been limited, leading to the development of more effective approaches to combine antiangiogenic therapy with OVs. Angiogenesis can be targeted either directly by OV infection of vascular endothelial cells, or by arming OVs with antiangiogenic transgenes, which are subsequently expressed locally in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we describe the development and targeting of OVs, the role of angiogenesis in cancer, and the progress made in arming viruses with antiangiogenic transgenes. Future developments required to optimize this approach are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tysome
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom ; Department of Otolaryngology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Koshkin PA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Role of microRNAs in mechanisms of glioblastoma resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:325-34. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Current status of gene therapy for brain tumors. Transl Res 2013; 161:339-54. [PMID: 23246627 PMCID: PMC3733107 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest primary brain tumor in adults, with current treatments having limited impact on disease progression. Therefore the development of alternative treatment options is greatly needed. Gene therapy is a treatment strategy that relies on the delivery of genetic material, usually transgenes or viruses, into cells for therapeutic purposes, and has been applied to GBM with increasing promise. We have included selectively replication-competent oncolytic viruses within this strategy, although the virus acts directly as a complex biologic anti-tumor agent rather than as a classic gene delivery vehicle. GBM is a good candidate for gene therapy because tumors remain locally within the brain and only rarely metastasize to other tissues; the majority of cells in the brain are post-mitotic, which allows for specific targeting of dividing tumor cells; and tumors can often be accessed neurosurgically for administration of therapy. Delivery vehicles used for brain tumors include nonreplicating viral vectors, normal adult stem/progenitor cells, and oncolytic viruses. The therapeutic transgenes or viruses are typically cytotoxic or express prodrug activating suicide genes to kill glioma cells, immunostimulatory to induce or amplify anti-tumor immune responses, and/or modify the tumor microenvironment such as blocking angiogenesis. This review describes current preclinical and clinical gene therapy strategies for the treatment of glioma.
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Angarita FA, Acuna SA, Ottolino-Perry K, Zerhouni S, McCart JA. Mounting a strategic offense: fighting tumor vasculature with oncolytic viruses. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:378-92. [PMID: 23540715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood supply within a tumor drives progression and ultimately allows for metastasis. Many anticancer therapies target tumor vasculature, but their individual effectiveness is limited because they induce indirect cell death. Agents that disrupt nascent and/or established tumor vasculature while simultaneously killing cancer cells would certainly have a greater impact. Oncolytic virotherapy utilizes attenuated viruses that replicate specifically within a tumor. They induce cytotoxicity through a combination of direct cell lysis, antitumor immune stimulation, and recently identified antitumor vascular effects. This review summarizes the novel preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the antitumor vascular effects of oncolytic viruses, which include infection and lysis of tumor endothelial cells, natural or genetically engineered antiangiogenic properties, and combination therapy with clinically approved antivascular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Angarita
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M1 Canada
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Currier MA, Eshun FK, Sholl A, Chernoguz A, Crawford K, Divanovic S, Boon L, Goins WF, Frischer JS, Collins MH, Leddon JL, Baird WH, Haseley A, Streby KA, Wang PY, Hendrickson BW, Brekken RA, Kaur B, Hildeman D, Cripe TP. VEGF blockade enables oncolytic cancer virotherapy in part by modulating intratumoral myeloid cells. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1014-23. [PMID: 23481323 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the host response to oncolytic viruses is important to maximize their antitumor efficacy. Despite robust cytotoxicity and high virus production of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) in cultured human sarcoma cells, intratumoral (ITu) virus injection resulted in only mild antitumor effects in some xenograft models, prompting us to characterize the host inflammatory response. Virotherapy induced an acute neutrophilic infiltrate, a relative decrease of ITu macrophages, and a myeloid cell-dependent upregulation of host-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Anti-VEGF antibodies, bevacizumab and r84, the latter of which binds VEGF and selectively inhibits binding to VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) but not VEGFR1, enhanced the antitumor effects of virotherapy, in part due to decreased angiogenesis but not increased virus production. Neither antibody affected neutrophilic infiltration but both partially mitigated virus-induced depletion of macrophages. Enhancement of virotherapy-mediated antitumor effects by anti-VEGF antibodies could largely be recapitulated by systemic depletion of CD11b(+) cells. These data suggest the combined effect of oHSV virotherapy and anti-VEGF antibodies is in part due to modulation of a host inflammatory reaction to virus. Our data provide strong preclinical support for combined oHSV and anti-VEGF antibody therapy and suggest that understanding and counteracting the innate host response may help enable the full antitumor potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Divison of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Passer BJ, Cheema T, Wu S, Wu CL, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Combination of vinblastine and oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector expressing IL-12 therapy increases antitumor and antiangiogenic effects in prostate cancer models. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 20:17-24. [PMID: 23138870 PMCID: PMC3810211 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV)-1-based vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells causing direct killing, that is, oncolysis, while sparing normal cells. The oHSVs are promising anticancer agents, but their efficacy, when used as single agents, leaves room for improvement. We hypothesized that combining the direct oncolytic and antiangiogenic activities of the interleukin (IL)-12-secreting NV1042 oHSV with microtubule disrupting agents (MDAs) would be an effective means to enhance antitumor efficacy. Vinblastine (VB) was identified among several MDAs screened, which displayed consistent and potent cytotoxic killing of both prostate cancer and endothelial cell lines. In matrigel tube-forming assays, VB was found to be highly effective at inhibiting tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The combination of VB with NV1023 (the parental virus lacking IL-12) or NV1042 showed additive or synergistic activity against prostate cancer cell lines, and was not due to increased oHSV replication by VB. In athymic mice bearing CWR22 prostate tumors, VB in combination with NV1042 was superior to the combination of VB plus NV1023 in reducing tumor burden, appeared to be nontoxic and resulted in a statistically significant diminution in the number of CD31(+) cells as compared with other treatment groups. In human organotypic cultures using surgical samples from radical prostatectomies, both NV1023 and NV1042 were localized specifically to the epithelial cells of prostatic glands but not to the surrounding stroma. These data highlight the therapeutic advantage of combining the dual-acting antitumor and antiangiogenic activities of oHSVs and MDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Passer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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30
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Gatson NN, Chiocca EA, Kaur B. Anti-angiogenic gene therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Neurosci Lett 2012; 527:62-70. [PMID: 22906922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
More than four decades ago, Dr. Judah Folkman hypothesized that angiogenesis was a critical process in tumor growth. Since that time, there have been significant advances in understanding tumor biology and groundbreaking research in cancer therapy that have validated his hypothesis. However, in spite of extensive research, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, has gained little in the way of improved median survival. There have been several angiogenesis targets that have resulted in drugs that are in clinical trials or FDA approved for clinical use in several cancers. GBM is a highly angiogenic tumor and several drugs are showing promise in clinical trials with one (bevacizumab), clinically approved for use. We will review several possible angiogenic targets in GBM as well as the vector methodologies used for delivery. In addition, GBMs present several therapeutic challenges related to structure, tumor immune microenvironment and resistance to angiogenesis. To overcome these challenges will require novel approaches to improve therapeutic gene expression and vector biodistribution in the glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- NaTosha N Gatson
- Dardinger Center for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, N-1017 Doan Hall, 410 W. 10th Avenue, James Cancer Hospital/Solove Research Institute and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA
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31
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Expression of inhibitor of growth 4 by HSV1716 improves oncolytic potency and enhances efficacy. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:499-507. [PMID: 22595793 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a novel variant of the replication-competent oncolytic HSV1716 that expresses inhibitor of growth 4 (Ing4) (HSV1716Ing4). We demonstrate that Ing4 expression enhances progeny output during HSV1716 infection of human tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, thereby significantly augmenting its oncolytic potency. In tissue culture, compared with HSV1716, HSV1716Ing4 produced significantly higher numbers of infectious progeny in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), breast, ovarian, prostate and colorectal cancer cell lines. Immediate-early expression of Ing4 was crucial for this effect and an intact Ing4 was required as there was no enhanced progeny production with HSV1716 variants that expressed Ing4 mutants lacking the C-terminal plant homeodomain domain or conserved nuclear localization signals. In mouse xenograft models of SCC, ovarian and breast cancer, HSV1716Ing4 was significantly more efficacious than HSV1716 with at least 1000-fold more infectious virus found in tumors after HSV1716Ing4 treatment compared with tumors from HSV1716 treatment. Using a sensitive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) PCR, virus DNA was only detected in tumors and was not detected in the DNA extracted from any organs of the injected mice demonstrating that, like HSV1716, HSV1716Ing4 replication is exclusively restricted to tumor cells. Our results suggest that the potential for enhanced tumor destruction by oncolytic HSV expressing Ing4 merits clinical investigation.
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Abstract
Twenty years of oncolytic virus development have created a field that is driven by the potential promise of lasting impact on our cancer treatment repertoire. With the field constantly expanding-more than 20 viruses have been recognized as potential oncolytic viruses-new virus candidates continue to emerge even as established viruses reach clinical trials. They all share the defining commonalities of selective replication in tumors, subsequent tumor cell lysis, and dispersion within the tumor. Members from diverse virus classes with distinctly different biologies and host species have been identified. Of these viruses, 15 have been tested on human glioblastoma multiforme. So far, 20 clinical trials have been conducted or initiated using attenuated strains of 7 different oncolytic viruses against glioblastoma multiforme. In this review, we present an overview of viruses that have been developed or considered for glioblastoma multiforme treatment. We outline the principles of tumor targeting and selective viral replication, which include mechanisms of tumor-selective binding, and molecular elements usurping cellular biosynthetic machinery in transformed cells. Results from clinical trials have clearly established the proof of concept and have confirmed the general safety of oncolytic virus application in the brain. The moderate clinical efficacy has not yet matched the promising preclinical lab results; next-generation oncolytic viruses that are either "armed" with therapeutic genes or embedded in a multimodality treatment regimen should enhance the clinical results.
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Contribution of microRNAs to radio- and chemoresistance of brain tumors and their therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:8-18. [PMID: 22484336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas, particularly high grade brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme, are characterized by increased anaplasy, malignancy, proliferation, and invasion. These tumors exhibit high resistance to radiation therapy and treatment with anti-cancer drugs. The radio- and chemoresistance of gliomas is attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are considered as major contributors for maintenance and propagation of tumor cell mass, cancer malignancy and invasiveness, and tumor cell survival after courses of radiotherapy and medical interventions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), key post-transcriptional gene regulators, have altered expression profiles in gliomas. Some of miRNAs whose expression is markedly up-regulated in brain tumors are likely to have a pro-oncogenic role through supporting growth, proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer stem and non-stem cells. In contrast, a population of miRNA possessing anti-tumor effects is suppressed in gliomas. In this review, we will consider miRNAs and their influence on radio- and chemoresistance of gliomas. These miRNAs harbor a great therapeutic significance as potent agents in future targeted anti-cancer therapy to sensitize glioma tumor cells and CSCs to cytotoxic effects of radiation exposure and treatment with anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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Sahin TT, Kasuya H, Nomura N, Shikano T, Yamamura K, Gewen T, Kanzaki A, Fujii T, Sugae T, Imai T, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Sugimoto H, Kikumori T, Kodera Y, Nishiyama Y, Nakao A. Impact of novel oncolytic virus HF10 on cellular components of the tumor microenviroment in patients with recurrent breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 19:229-37. [PMID: 22193629 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a promising method of cancer therapy, even for advanced malignancies. HF10, a spontaneously mutated herpes simplex type 1, is a potent oncolytic agent. The interaction of oncolytic herpes viruses with the tumor microenvironment has not been well characterized. We injected HF10 into tumors of patients with recurrent breast carcinoma, and sought to determine its effects on the tumor microenvironment. Six patients with recurrent breast cancer were recruited to the study. Tumors were divided into two groups: saline-injected (control) and HF10-injected (treatment). We investigated several parameters including neovascularization (CD31) and tumor lymphocyte infiltration (CD8, CD4), determined by immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis, determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Median apoptotic cell count was lower in the treatment group (P=0.016). Angiogenesis was significantly higher in treatment group (P=0.032). Count of CD8-positive lymphocytes infiltrating the tumors was higher in the treatment group (P=0.008). We were unable to determine CD4-positive lymphocyte infiltration. An effective oncolytic viral agent must replicate efficiently in tumor cells, leading to higher viral counts, in order to aid viral penetration. HF10 seems to meet this criterion; furthermore, it induces potent antitumor immunity. The increase in angiogenesis may be due to either viral replication or the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Sahin
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Maldonado AR, Klanke C, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ, Mahller YY, Cripe TP, Crombleholme TM. Molecular engineering and validation of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 transcriptionally targeted to midkine-positive tumors. J Gene Med 2010; 12:613-23. [PMID: 20603890 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression profile analyses of midkine (MDK), a multifunctional protein important in development but repressed postnataly, indicate that it is highly expressed in approximately 80% of adult carcinomas and many childhood cancers including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). In the present study, we sought to leverage its selective expression to develop a novel oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) capable of targeting developmentally primitive cancers that express MDK. METHODS We sought to increase the oncolytic efficacy of the virus by fusing the human MDK promoter to the HSV type 1 neurovirulence gene, gamma(1)34.5, whose protein product increases viral replication. RESULTS Tissue-specific MDK promoter activity in human tumor cells and transgene biological activity was confirmed in human MPNST tumor cells. In vitro replication and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts and MPNST cells by plaque and MTT assays showed that oHSV-MDK-34.5 increased replication and cytotoxicity compared to oHSV-MDK-Luc. By contrast, no significant difference in cytotoxicity was detected between these viruses in normal human fibroblasts. oHSV-MDK-34.5 impaired in vivo tumor growth and increased median survival of MPNST tumor-bearing nude mice. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional targeting of HSV lytic infection to MDK-expressing tumor cells is feasible. oHSV-MDK-34.5 shows enhanced anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies are warranted and may lead to its use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo R Maldonado
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, The Center For Molecular Fetal Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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36
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Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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37
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Manservigi R, Argnani R, Marconi P. HSV Recombinant Vectors for Gene Therapy. Open Virol J 2010; 4:123-56. [PMID: 20835362 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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38
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Development of a regulatable oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant virus for tumor therapy. J Virol 2010; 84:8163-71. [PMID: 20519407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00059-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are genetically modified viruses that preferentially replicate in host cancer cells, leading to the production of new viruses and, ultimately, cell death. Currently, no oncolytic viruses that are able to kill only tumor cells while leaving normal cells intact are available. Using T-REx (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) gene switch technology and a self-cleaving ribozyme, we have constructed a novel oncolytic HSV-1 recombinant, KTR27, whose replication can be tightly controlled and regulated by tetracycline in a dose-dependent manner. Infection of normal replicating cells as well as multiple human cancer cell types with KTR27 in the presence of tetracycline led to 1,000- to 250,000-fold-higher progeny virus production than in the absence of tetracycline, while little viral replication and virus-associated cytotoxicity was observed in infected growth-arrested normal human cells. We show that intratumoral inoculation with KTR27 markedly inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft model of human non-small-cell lung cancer in nude mice. It is shown further that replication of KTR27 in the inoculated tumors can be efficiently controlled by local codelivery of tetracycline to the target tumors at the time of KTR27 inoculation. Collectively, KTR27 possesses a unique pharmacological feature that can limit its replication to the targeted tumor microenvironment with localized tetracycline delivery, thus minimizing unwanted viral replication in distant tissues following local virotherapy. This regulatory mechanism would also allow the replication of the virus to be quickly shut down should adverse effects be detected.
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39
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Castelo-Branco P, Passer BJ, Buhrman JS, Antoszczyk S, Marinelli M, Zaupa C, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus armed with xenogeneic homologue of prostatic acid phosphatase enhances antitumor efficacy in prostate cancer. Gene Ther 2010; 17:805-10. [PMID: 20220784 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Replication-competent oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) vectors are a powerful antitumor therapy that can exert at least two effects: direct cytocidal activity that selectively kills cancer cells and induction of antitumor immunity. In addition, oHSV vectors can also function as a platform to deliver transgenes of interest. In these studies, we have examined the expression of a xenogeneic homologue of the prostate cancer antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), with the goal of enhancing virotherapy against PAP-expressing tumors. PAP has already been used for cancer vaccination in patients with prostate cancer. Here we show that treatment with oHSV bPDelta6 expressing xenogeneic human PAP (hPAP) significantly reduces tumor growth and increases survival of C57/BL6 mice bearing mouse TRAMP-C2 prostate tumors, whereas expression of syngeneic mouse PAP (mPAP) from the same oHSV vector did not enhance antitumor activity. Treatment of mice bearing metastatic TRAMP-C2 lung tumors with oHSV-expressing hPAP resulted in fewer tumor nodules. To our knowledge, this is the first report of oncolytic viruses being used to express xenoantigens. These data lend support to the concept of combining oncolytic and immunogenic therapies as a way to improve therapy of metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castelo-Branco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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40
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Kaur B, Cripe TP, Chiocca EA. "Buy one get one free": armed viruses for the treatment of cancer cells and their microenvironment. Curr Gene Ther 2010; 9:341-55. [PMID: 19860649 DOI: 10.2174/156652309789753329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising biological therapy for the treatment of cancer. Recent advances in genetic engineering have facilitated the construction of custom-built oncolytic viruses that can be exquisitely targeted to tumors by exploiting each cancer's unique biology and their efficacy can be further enhanced by "arming" them with additional therapeutic genes. Such an approach allows the virus to unload its "therapeutic cargo" at the tumor site, thereby enhancing its anti-neoplastic properties. While several clever strategies have been recently described using genes that can induce cellular apoptosis/suicide and/or facilitate tumor/virus imaging, viruses armed with genes that also affect the tumor microenvironment present an exciting and promising approach to therapy. In this review we discuss recently developed oncolytic viruses armed with genes encoding for angiostatic factors, inflammatory cytokines, or proteases that modulate the extracellular matrix to regulate tumor vascularization, anti-tumor immune responses and viral spread throughout the solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balveen Kaur
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Ohio State University Medical Center, 400 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210,USA.
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41
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Enhanced antitumor efficacy of vasculostatin (Vstat120) expressing oncolytic HSV-1. Mol Ther 2009; 18:285-94. [PMID: 19844198 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral (OV) therapy is a promising therapeutic modality for brain tumors. Vasculostatin (Vstat120) is the cleaved and secreted extracellular fragment of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), a brain-specific receptor. To date, the therapeutic efficacy of Vstat120 delivery into established tumors has not been investigated. Here we tested the therapeutic efficacy of combining Vstat120 gene delivery in conjunction with OV therapy. We constructed RAMBO (Rapid Antiangiogenesis Mediated By Oncolytic virus), which expresses Vstat120 under the control of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) IE4/5 promoter. Secreted Vstat120 was detected as soon as 4 hours postinfection in vitro and was retained for up to 13 days after OV therapy in subcutaneous tumors. RAMBO-produced Vstat120 efficiently inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro (P = 0.0005 and P = 0.0184, respectively) and inhibited angiogenesis (P = 0.007) in vivo. There was a significant suppression of intracranial and subcutaneous glioma growth in mice treated with RAMBO compared to the control virus, HSVQ (P = 0.0021 and P < 0.05, respectively). Statistically significant reduction in tumor vascular volume fraction (VVF) and microvessel density (MVD) was observed in tumors treated with RAMBO. This is the first study to report the antitumor effects of Vstat120 delivery into established tumors and supports the further development of RAMBO as a possible cancer therapy.
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42
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Huszthy PC, Immervoll H, Wang J, Goplen D, Miletic H, Eide GE, Bjerkvig R. Cellular effects of oncolytic viral therapy on the glioblastoma microenvironment. Gene Ther 2009; 17:202-16. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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43
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Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Kaur B, Chiocca EA. Pharmacologic and chemical adjuvants in tumor virotherapy. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3125-40. [PMID: 19462957 DOI: 10.1021/cr900048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alvarez-Breckenridge
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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44
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Grandi P, Peruzzi P, Reinhart B, Cohen JB, Chiocca EA, Glorioso JC. Design and application of oncolytic HSV vectors for glioblastoma therapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9:505-17. [PMID: 19344302 DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most common human brain tumors. The tumor is generally highly infiltrative, making it extremely difficult to treat by surgical resection or radiotherapy. This feature contributes to recurrence and a very poor prognosis. Few anticancer drugs have been shown to alter rapid tumor growth and none are ultimately effective. Oncolytic vectors have been employed as a treatment alternative based on the ability to tailor virus replication to tumor cells. The human neurotropic herpes simplex virus (HSV) is especially attractive for development of oncolytic vectors (oHSV) because this virus is highly infectious, replicates rapidly and can be readily modified to achieve vector attenuation in normal brain tissue. Tumor specificity can be achieved by deleting viral genes that are only required for virus replication in normal cells and permit mutant virus replication selectively in tumor cells. The anti-tumor activity of oHSV can be enhanced by arming the vector with genes that either activate chemotherapeutic drugs within the tumor tissue or promote anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we describe current designs of oHSV and the experience thus far with their potential utility for glioblastoma therapy. In addition, we discuss the impediments to vector effectiveness and describe our view of future developments in vector improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Grandi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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45
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Wakimoto H, Kesari S, Farrell CJ, Curry WT, Zaupa C, Aghi M, Kuroda T, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Shah K, Liu TC, Jeyaretna DS, Debasitis J, Pruszak J, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD. Human glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells: establishment of invasive glioma models and treatment with oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3472-81. [PMID: 19351838 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most malignant type of primary brain tumor, is one of the solid cancers where cancer stem cells have been isolated, and studies have suggested resistance of those cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Here, we report the establishment of CSC-enriched cultures derived from human glioblastoma specimens. They grew as neurospheres in serum-free medium with epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, varied in the level of CD133 expression and very efficiently formed highly invasive and/or vascular tumors upon intracerebral implantation into immunodeficient mice. As a novel therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma-derived cancer stem-like cells (GBM-SC), we have tested oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) vectors. We show that although ICP6 (UL39)-deleted mutants kill GBM-SCs as efficiently as wild-type HSV, the deletion of gamma34.5 significantly attenuated the vectors due to poor replication. However, this was significantly reversed by the additional deletion of alpha47. Infection with oHSV G47Delta (ICP6(-), gamma34.5(-), alpha47(-)) not only killed GBM-SCs but also inhibited their self-renewal as evidenced by the inability of viable cells to form secondary tumor spheres. Importantly, despite the highly invasive nature of the intracerebral tumors generated by GBM-SCs, intratumoral injection of G47Delta significantly prolonged survival. These results for the first time show the efficacy of oHSV against human GBM-SCs, and correlate this cytotoxic property with specific oHSV mutations. This is important for designing new oHSV vectors and clinical trials. Moreover, the new glioma models described in this study provide powerful tools for testing experimental therapeutics and studying invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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46
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Haseley A, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Chaudhury AR, Kaur B. Advances in oncolytic virus therapy for glioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:1-13. [PMID: 19149710 DOI: 10.2174/157488909787002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization grossly classifies the various types of astrocytomas using a grade system with grade IV gliomas having the worst prognosis. Oncolytic virus therapy is a novel treatment option for GBM patients. Several patents describe various oncolytic viruses used in preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate safety and efficacy. These viruses are natural or genetically engineered from different viruses such as HSV-1, Adenovirus, Reovirus, and New Castle Disease Virus. While several anecdotal studies have indicated therapeutic advantage, recent clinical trials have revealed the safety of their usage, but demonstration of significant efficacy remains to be established. Oncolytic viruses are being redesigned with an interest in combating the tumor microenvironment in addition to defeating the cancerous cells. Several patents describe the inclusion of tumor microenvironment modulating genes within the viral backbone and in particular those which attack the tumor angiotome. The very innovative approaches being used to improve therapeutic efficacy include: design of viruses which can express cytokines to activate a systemic antitumor immune response, inclusion of angiostatic genes to combat tumor vasculature, and also enzymes capable of digesting tumor extra cellular matrix (ECM) to enhance viral spread through solid tumors. As increasingly more novel viruses are being tested and patented, the future battle against glioma looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Haseley
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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47
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Liu TC, Hwang TH, Bell JC, Kirn DH. Development of targeted oncolytic virotherapeutics through translational research. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1381-91. [PMID: 18694356 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virotherapeutics is a promising platform for cancer treatment but the product class has yet been successful. The key to success is integration of bidirectional translational research to rapidly address issues encountered in the laboratory and the clinics. OBJECTIVE We highlight the hurdles identified for the targeted oncolytic virotherapy approach, specifically those identified in clinical trials with wild-type viruses and first-generation targeted agents. We also analyze the translational research and development that has been applied to overcome these hurdles, including virus engineering and design improvements for next-generation virotherapeutics. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The iterative loop between the clinic and the lab can function as a major driving force to optimize products from this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Jennerex Biotherapeutics, One Market Street, Spear Tower, Suite 2260, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
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Abstract
Genetically engineered, conditionally replicating herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) are promising therapeutic agents for brain tumors and other solid cancers. They can replicate in situ, spread and exhibit oncolytic activity via a direct cytocidal effect. One of the advantages of HSV-1 is the capacity to incorporate large and/or multiple transgenes within the viral genome. Oncolytic HSV-1 can therefore be "armed" to add certain functions. Recently, the field of armed oncolytic HSV-1 has drastically advanced, due to development of recombinant HSV-1 generation systems that utilize bacterial artificial chromosome and multiple DNA recombinases. Because antitumor immunity is induced in the course of oncolytic activities of HSV-1, transgenes encoding immunomodulatory molecules have been most frequently used for arming. Other armed oncolytic HSV-1 include those that express antiangiogenic factors, fusogenic membrane glycoproteins, suicide gene products, and proapoptotic proteins. Provided that the transgene product does not interfere with viral replication, such arming of oncolytic HSV-1 results in augmentation of antitumor efficacy. Immediate-early viral promoters are often used to control the arming transgenes, but strict-late viral promoters have been shown useful to restrict the expression in the late stage of viral replication when desirable. Some armed oncolytic HSV-1 have been created for the purpose of noninvasive in vivo imaging of viral infection and replication. Development of a wide variety of armed oncolytic HSV-1 will lead to an establishment of a new genre of therapy for brain tumors as well as other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Todo
- Translational Research Advancement Center and Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The past 2 years have seen several major advances in oncolytic virotherapy. Studies on the interaction between viruses, immune responses and tumor microenvironment have provided important insight, while clinical trials have shown promise. This review summarizes key findings in this field over the past 2 years, and provides directions for future success.
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Liu TC, Castelo-Branco P, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Trichostatin A and oncolytic HSV combination therapy shows enhanced antitumoral and antiangiogenic effects. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1041-7. [PMID: 18388912 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) possess direct oncolytic and antiangiogenic activities and are promising anticancer agents, but their efficacy, when used as single agents, leaves room for improvement. We investigated whether combination therapy of HSV with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), an agent that also targets cancer cells and tumor vasculature, would result in enhanced efficacy. In vitro, TSA and G47Delta showed strong synergy of action against proliferating endothelial cells, varying degrees of synergistic action against most cancer cell lines, but no effect in quiescent, normal endothelial and prostate epithelial cells. Synergy is dependent on viral replication; however, it is not dependent on the dosing sequence of TSA and G47Delta, viral genetic alterations, infectivity, or replication kinetics of G47Delta. Using an isogenic cell system, we found that a high level of cellular cyclin D1 is also critically important for the interaction. Normal cells with low cyclin D1 levels were not subjected to toxicity by either agent. In tumor cells and proliferating endothelial cells, the combination treatment enhanced the inhibition of cyclin D1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Concurrent systemic TSA and intratumoral G47Delta administration resulted in enhanced antiangiogenesis and enhanced antitumoral efficacy in animal models. Therefore, combination treatment with TSA and oncolytic HSV provides a novel approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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