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Zhao Y, Dong P, He W, Zhang J, Chen H. γδ T cells: Major advances in basic and clinical research in tumor immunotherapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:21-33. [PMID: 37592858 PMCID: PMC10766231 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT γδ T cells are a kind of innate immune T cell. They have not attracted sufficient attention because they account for only a small proportion of all immune cells, and many basic factors related to these cells remain unclear. However, in recent years, with the rapid development of tumor immunotherapy, γδ T cells have attracted increasing attention because of their ability to exert cytotoxic effects on most tumor cells without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. An increasing number of basic studies have focused on the development, antigen recognition, activation, and antitumor immune response of γδ T cells. Additionally, γδ T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed, and the number of clinical trials investigating such strategies is increasing. This review mainly summarizes the progress of basic research and the clinical application of γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy to provide a theoretical basis for further the development of γδ T cell-based strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory for T Cell and Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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2
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Corre G, Galy A. Evaluation of diversity indices to estimate clonal dominance in gene therapy studies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:418-425. [PMID: 37251980 PMCID: PMC10220254 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In cell and gene therapy, achieving the stable engraftment of an abundant and highly polyclonal population of gene-corrected cells is one of the key factors to ensure the successful and safe treatment of patients. Because integrative vectors have been associated with possible risks of insertional mutagenesis leading to clonal dominance, monitoring the relative abundance of individual vector insertion sites in patients' blood cells has become an important safety assessment, particularly in hematopoietic stem cell-based therapies. Clinical studies often express clonal diversity using various metrics. One of the most commonly used is the Shannon index of entropy. However, this index aggregates two distinct aspects of diversity, the number of unique species and their relative abundance. This property hampers the comparison of samples with different richness. This prompted us to reanalyze published datasets and to model the properties of various indices as applied to the evaluation of clonal diversity in gene therapy. A normalized version of the Shannon index, such as Pielou's index, or Simpson's probability index is robust and useful to compare sample evenness between patients and trials. Clinically meaningful standard values for clonal diversity are herein proposed to facilitate the use of vector insertion site analyses in genomic medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Corre
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, University Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Anne Galy
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, University Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
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3
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Kim HR, Park JS, Soh WC, Kim NY, Moon HY, Lee JS, Jun CD. T Cell Microvilli: Finger-Shaped External Structures Linked to the Fate of T Cells. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e3. [PMID: 36911802 PMCID: PMC9995986 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are outer membrane organelles that contain cross-linked filamentous actin. Unlike well-characterized epithelial microvilli, T-cell microvilli are dynamic similar to those of filopodia, which grow and shrink intermittently via the alternate actin-assembly and -disassembly. T-cell microvilli are specialized for sensing Ags on the surface of Ag-presenting cells (APCs). Thus, these finger-shaped microprotrusions contain many signaling-related proteins and can serve as a signaling platforms that induce intracellular signals. However, they are not limited to sensing external information but can provide sites for parts of the cell-body to tear away from the cell. Cells are known to produce many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and membrane particles. T cells also produce EVs, but little is known about under what conditions T cells generate EVs and which types of EVs are released. We discovered that T cells produce few exosomes but release large amounsts of microvilli-derived particles during physical interaction with APCs. Although much is unanswered as to why T cells use the same organelles to sense Ags or to produce EVs, these events can significantly affect T cell fate, including clonal expansion and death. Since TCRs are localized at microvilli tips, this membrane event also raises a new question regarding long-standing paradigm in T cell biology; i.e., surface TCR downmodulation following T cell activation. Since T-cell microvilli particles carry T-cell message to their cognate partner, these particles are termed T-cell immunological synaptosomes (TISs). We discuss the potential physiological role of TISs and their application to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Won-Chang Soh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yoong Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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4
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Castiello L, Santodonato L, Napolitano M, Carlei D, Montefiore E, Monque DM, D’Agostino G, Aricò E. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors: Choosing the Right Ingredients for the Perfect Recipe. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5351. [PMID: 36358770 PMCID: PMC9655484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies are revolutionizing the clinical practice of hematological tumors, whereas minimal progresses have been achieved in the solid tumor arena. Multiple reasons have been ascribed to this slower pace: The higher heterogeneity, the hurdles of defining reliable tumor antigens to target, and the broad repertoire of immune escape strategies developed by solid tumors are considered among the major ones. Currently, several CAR therapies are being investigated in preclinical and early clinical trials against solid tumors differing in the type of construct, the cells that are engineered, and the additional signals included with the CAR constructs to overcome solid tumor barriers. Additionally, novel approaches in development aim at overcoming some of the limitations that emerged with the approved therapies, such as large-scale manufacturing, duration of manufacturing, and logistical issues. In this review, we analyze the advantages and challenges of the different approaches under development, balancing the scientific evidences supporting specific choices with the manufacturing and regulatory issues that are essential for their further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castiello
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Santodonato
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Napolitano
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Carlei
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Montefiore
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Maria Monque
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina D’Agostino
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aricò
- Cell Factory FaBioCell, Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
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5
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Karam A, Mjaess G, Martinez Chanza N, Aoun F, Bou Kheir G, Younes H, Kazzi H, Albisinni S, Roumeguère T. CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors: are we still that far? A systematic review of literature. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:923-937. [DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Karam
- Hotel-Dieu de France, University of Saint Joseph, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Mjaess
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Érasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nieves Martinez Chanza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fouad Aoun
- Hotel-Dieu de France, University of Saint Joseph, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George Bou Kheir
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Érasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hadi Younes
- Hotel-Dieu de France, University of Saint Joseph, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hanane Kazzi
- Department of Radiology, Saint Joseph Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Simone Albisinni
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Érasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Roumeguère
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hôpital Érasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Liu AP, Appel EA, Ashby PD, Baker BM, Franco E, Gu L, Haynes K, Joshi NS, Kloxin AM, Kouwer PHJ, Mittal J, Morsut L, Noireaux V, Parekh S, Schulman R, Tang SKY, Valentine MT, Vega SL, Weber W, Stephanopoulos N, Chaudhuri O. The living interface between synthetic biology and biomaterial design. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:390-397. [PMID: 35361951 PMCID: PMC10265650 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent far-reaching advances in synthetic biology have yielded exciting tools for the creation of new materials. Conversely, advances in the fundamental understanding of soft-condensed matter, polymers and biomaterials offer new avenues to extend the reach of synthetic biology. The broad and exciting range of possible applications have substantial implications to address grand challenges in health, biotechnology and sustainability. Despite the potentially transformative impact that lies at the interface of synthetic biology and biomaterials, the two fields have, so far, progressed mostly separately. This Perspective provides a review of recent key advances in these two fields, and a roadmap for collaboration at the interface between the two communities. We highlight the near-term applications of this interface to the development of hierarchically structured biomaterials, from bioinspired building blocks to 'living' materials that sense and respond based on the reciprocal interactions between materials and embedded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Ashby
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elisa Franco
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karmella Haynes
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neel S Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Paul H J Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeetain Mittal
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Leonardo Morsut
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Noireaux
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sapun Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Schulman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Sebastián L Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Kidpun P, Ruanglertboon W, Chalongsuk R. State-of-the-art knowledge on the regulation of advanced therapy medicinal products. Per Med 2022; 19:251-261. [PMID: 35293224 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) constitute therapeutic agents based on obtained cells, tissues or genes representing a novel treatment opportunity in medicine. In addition, ATMPs are administered into the cells or tissues of humans from the patient's own cells, donors, or genetically modified cells. Recently, the field of developing ATMPs has become a point of attention due to the clinical efficacy expected in defeating incurable diseases such as cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, there are two modes regarding the distribution of ATMPs. First, ATMPs that might be legally authorized for marketing. Second, the patients are able to access unapproved ATMPs through the hospital exemption (HE) or clinical practice program or through the compassionate use and expanded access program. The aim of this review is to discuss state-of-the-art knowledge on the regulation of ATMPs and provide regulatory recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaphun Kidpun
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Sanam Chandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Warit Ruanglertboon
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Chalongsuk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Sanam Chandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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8
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Javdan SB, Deans TL. Design and development of engineered receptors for cell and tissue engineering. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2021; 28:100363. [PMID: 34527831 PMCID: PMC8437148 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2021.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology have provided genetic tools to reprogram cells to obtain desired cellular functions that include tools to enable the customization of cells to sense an extracellular signal and respond with a desired output. These include a variety of engineered receptors capable of transmembrane signaling that transmit information from outside of the cell to inside when specific ligands bind to them. Recent advances in synthetic receptor engineering have enabled the reprogramming of cell and tissue behavior, controlling cell fate decisions, and providing new vehicles for therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwan B. Javdan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Tara L. Deans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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9
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The Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Strategies for Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236012. [PMID: 34885122 PMCID: PMC8657247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field in breast cancer treatment, however, it encounters many obstacles that leave open gateways for breast cancer cells to resist novel immunotherapies. It is believed that the tumor microenvironment consisting of cancer, stromal, and immune cells as well as a plethora of tumor-promoting soluble factors, is responsible for the failure of therapeutic strategies in cancer, including breast tumors. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of key barriers to effective immunotherapy, focusing the research efforts on harnessing the power of the immune system, and thus, developing new strategies to overcome the resistance may contribute significantly to increase breast cancer patient survival. In this review, we discuss the latest reports regarding the strategies rendering the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment more sensitive to immunotherapy in breast cancers, HER2-positive and triple-negative types of breast cancer, which are attractive from an immunotherapeutic point of view. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been considered to be not inherently immunogenic and insufficiently represented by immune cell infiltrates. Therefore, for a long time, it was thought that the immunotherapies targeting this type of cancer and its microenvironment were not justified and would not bring benefits for breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, to date, a considerable number of reports have indicated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as a prognostic and clinically relevant biomarker in breast cancer. A high TILs expression has been demonstrated in primary tumors, of both, HER2-positive BC and triple-negative (TNBC), of patients before treatment, as well as after treatment with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Another milestone was reached in advanced TNBC immunotherapy with the help of the immune checkpoint inhibitors directed against the PD-L1 molecule. Although those findings, together with the recent developments in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, show immense promise for significant advancements in breast cancer treatments, there are still various obstacles to the optimal activity of immunotherapeutics in BC treatment. Of these, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment constitutes a key barrier that greatly hinders the success of immunotherapies in the most aggressive types of breast cancer, HER2-positive and TNBC. Therefore, the improvement of the current and the demand for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies is strongly warranted.
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10
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Key considerations in formulation development for gene therapy products. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:292-303. [PMID: 34500102 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy emerged as an important area of research and led to the success of multiple product approvals in the clinic. The number of clinical trials for this class of therapeutics is expected to grow over the next decade. Gene therapy products are complex and heterogeneous, employ different types of vectors and are susceptible to degradation. The product development process for commercially viable gene-based pharmaceuticals remains challenging. In this review, challenges, stability, and drug product formulation development strategies using viral or non-viral vectors, as well as accelerated regulatory approval pathways for gene therapy products are discussed.
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11
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Globerson Levin A, Rivière I, Eshhar Z, Sadelain M. CAR T cells: Building on the CD19 paradigm. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2151-2163. [PMID: 34196410 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spearheaded by the therapeutic use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19, synthetic immunology has entered the clinical arena. CARs are recombinant receptors for antigen that engage cell surface molecules through the variable region of an antibody and signal through arrayed T-cell activating and costimulatory domains. CARs allow redirection of T-cell cytotoxicity against any antigen of choice, independent of MHC expression. Patient T cells engineered to express CARs specific for CD19 have yielded remarkable outcomes in subjects with relapsed/refractory B- cell malignancies, setting off unprecedented interest in T-cell engineering and cell-based cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we present the challenges to extend the use of CAR T cells to solid tumors and other pathologies. We further highlight progress in CAR design, cell manufacturing, and genome editing, which in aggregate hold the promise of generating safer and more effective genetically instructed immunity. Novel engineered cell types, including innate T-cell types, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immune cells, are on the horizon, as are applications of CAR T cells to treat autoimmunity, severe infections, and senescence-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zelig Eshhar
- Immunology Lab, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Antitumor Potency of an Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy, Lisocabtagene Maraleucel in Combination With Ibrutinib or Acalabrutinib. J Immunother 2021; 43:107-120. [PMID: 31899702 PMCID: PMC7144752 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising treatment for patients with CD19+ B-cell malignancies. Combination strategies that improve CAR T-cell potency, limit tumor environment–mediated immune dysfunction, and directly reduce tumor burden may increase the potential for durable clinical benefit of CAR T-cell therapy. Lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) is a product therapy candidate being tested in patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo functionality of CAR T cells transduced to express the anti-CD19 CAR of liso-cel in combination with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib. In prolonged stimulation assays, the presence of ibrutinib or acalabrutinib improved the CAR T-cell effector function. RNA-Seq analysis and surface marker profiling of these CAR T cells treated with ibrutinib but not acalabrutinib revealed gene expression changes consistent with skewing toward a memory-like, type 1 T-helper, Bruton tyrosine kinase phenotype. Ibrutinib or acalabrutinib improved CD19+ tumor clearance and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice when used in combination with CAR T cells. A combination of the defined cell product therapy candidate, liso-cel, with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib is an attractive approach that may potentiate the promising clinical responses already achieved in CD19+ B-cell malignancies with each of these single agents.
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13
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Next-generation cell therapies: the emerging role of CAR-NK cells. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5868-5876. [PMID: 33232480 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have revolutionized the field of cell therapy and changed the paradigm of treatment for many patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Despite this progress, there are limitations to CAR-T cell therapy in both the autologous and allogeneic settings, including practical, logistical, and toxicity issues. Given these concerns, there is a rapidly growing interest in natural killer cells as alternative vehicles for CAR engineering, given their unique biological features and their established safety profile in the allogeneic setting. Other immune effector cells, such as invariant natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and macrophages, are attracting interest as well and eventually may be added to the repertoire of engineered cell therapies against cancer. The pace of these developments will undoubtedly benefit from multiple innovative technologies, such as the CRISPR-Cas gene editing system, which offers great potential to enhance the natural ability of immune effector cells to eliminate refractory cancers.
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14
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Edeline J, Houot R, Marabelle A, Alcantara M. CAR-T cells and BiTEs in solid tumors: challenges and perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:65. [PMID: 33874996 PMCID: PMC8054411 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells and BiTEs are both immunotherapies which redirect T cell specificity against a tumor-specific antigen through the use of antibody fragments. They demonstrated remarkable efficacy in B cell hematologic malignancies, thus paving the way for their development in solid tumors. Nonetheless, the use of such new drugs to treat solid tumors is not straightforward. So far, the results from early phase clinical trials are not as impressive as expected but many improvements are under way. In this review we present an overview of the clinical development of CAR-T cells and BiTEs targeting the main antigens expressed by solid tumors. We emphasize the most frequent hurdles encountered by either CAR-T cells or BiTEs, or both, and summarize the strategies that have been proposed to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Edeline
- Medical Oncology, Centre Eugène Marquis, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Roch Houot
- Department of Hematology, CHU Rennes, INSERM U1236, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), INSERM U1015, INSERM CIC1428, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, France
| | - Marion Alcantara
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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15
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Alhakamy NA, Curiel DT, Berkland CJ. The era of gene therapy: From preclinical development to clinical application. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1602-1619. [PMID: 33781953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three decades of promise have culminated in the development of gene therapies that can be applied to a broad range of human diseases. After a brief history, we provide an overview of gene therapy types and delivery methods, gene editing technologies, regulatory affairs, clinical trials, approved products, ongoing challenges, and future goals. Information on clinical trials of candidates and on approved products for gene therapy developed between 1988 and 2020 is systematically collated. To obtain this global information, we scanned and reviewed more than 46,000 records of clinical trials from 17 clinical trial database providers. The medical benefits of transformative gene therapies are gradually being accepted by payors, and a significant increase in the number of gene therapy clinical trials and approved gene therapy products has resulted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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16
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Monty MA, Islam MA, Nan X, Tan J, Tuhin IJ, Tang X, Miao M, Wu D, Yu L. Emerging role of RNA interference in immune cells engineering and its therapeutic synergism in immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1741-1755. [PMID: 33608889 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi effectors (e.g. siRNA, shRNA and miRNA) can trigger the silencing of specific genes causing alteration of genomic functions becoming a new therapeutic area for the treatment of infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In cancer treatment, RNAi effectors showed potential immunomodulatory actions by down-regulating immuno-suppressive proteins, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, which restrict immune cell function and present challenges in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, compared with extracellular targeting by antibodies, RNAi-mediated cell-intrinsic disruption of inhibitory pathways in immune cells could promote an increased anti-tumour immune response. Along with non-viral vectors, DNA-based RNAi strategies might be a more promising method for immunomodulation to silence multiple inhibitory pathways in T cells than immune checkpoint blockade antibodies. Thus, in this review, we discuss diverse RNAi implementation strategies, with recent viral and non-viral mediated RNAi synergism to immunotherapy that augments the anti-tumour immunity. Finally, we provide the current progress of RNAi in clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Akter Monty
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Nan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Israth Jahan Tuhin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Miao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Tarach P, Janaszewska A. Recent Advances in Preclinical Research Using PAMAM Dendrimers for Cancer Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2912. [PMID: 33805602 PMCID: PMC7999260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of genetic material are divided into vectors of viral and non-viral origin. Viral carriers are already successfully used in experimental gene therapies, but despite advantages such as their high transfection efficiency and the wide knowledge of their practical potential, the remaining disadvantages, namely, their low capacity and complex manufacturing process, based on biological systems, are major limitations prior to their broad implementation in the clinical setting. The application of non-viral carriers in gene therapy is one of the available approaches. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are repetitively branched, three-dimensional molecules, made of amide and amine subunits, possessing unique physiochemical properties. Surface and internal modifications improve their physicochemical properties, enabling the increase in cellular specificity and transfection efficiency and a reduction in cytotoxicity toward healthy cells. During the last 10 years of research on PAMAM dendrimers, three modification strategies have commonly been used: (1) surface modification with functional groups; (2) hybrid vector formation; (3) creation of supramolecular self-assemblies. This review describes and summarizes recent studies exploring the development of PAMAM dendrimers in anticancer gene therapies, evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the modification approaches and the nanomedicine regulatory issues preventing their translation into the clinical setting, and highlighting important areas for further development and possible steps that seem promising in terms of development of PAMAM as a carrier of genetic material.
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MESH Headings
- Biocompatible Materials/administration & dosage
- Biocompatible Materials/chemical synthesis
- Dendrimers/administration & dosage
- Dendrimers/chemical synthesis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Government Regulation
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/administration & dosage
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Nanomedicine/legislation & jurisprudence
- Nanomedicine/methods
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Surface Properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tarach
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
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Wiebking V, Lee CM, Mostrel N, Lahiri P, Bak R, Bao G, Roncarolo MG, Bertaina A, Porteus MH. Genome editing of donor-derived T-cells to generate allogenic chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells: Optimizing αβ T cell-depleted haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2021; 106:847-858. [PMID: 32241852 PMCID: PMC7928014 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.233882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an effective therapy for high-risk leukemias. In children, graft manipulation based on the selective removal of αβT cells and B cells has been shown to reduce the risk of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, thus allowing the use of haploidentical donors which expands the population of recipients in whom allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be used. Leukemic relapse, however, remains a challenge. T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can potently eliminate leukemia, including those in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that by engineering the donor αβT cells that are removed from the graft by genome editing to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor, while simultaneously inactivating the T-cell receptor, we could create a therapy that enhances the anti-leukemic efficacy of the stem cell transplant without increasing the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Using genome editing with Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and adeno-associated virus serotype 6, we integrated a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor inframe into the TRAC locus. More than 90% of cells lost T-cell receptor expression, while >75% expressed the chimeric antigen receptor. The initial product was further purified with less than 0.05% T-cell receptorpositive cells remaining. In vitro, the chimeric antigen receptor T cells efficiently eliminated target cells and produced high cytokine levels when challenged with CD19+ leukemia cells. In vivo, the gene-modified T cells eliminated leukemia without causing graft-versus-host disease in a xenograft model. Gene editing was highly specific with no evidence of off-target effects. These data support the concept that the addition of αβ T-cell-derived, genome-edited T cells expressing CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptors could enhance the anti-leukemic efficacy of αβT-celldepleted haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation without increasing the risk of graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Wiebking
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ciaran M Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathalie Mostrel
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Premanjali Lahiri
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rasmus Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Peng Q, Zhu X, Li C, Xin P, Zheng Y, Liu S. APDL1-CART cells exhibit strong PD-L1-specific activity against leukemia cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7199-7210. [PMID: 33653969 PMCID: PMC7993657 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells target specific tumor antigens and lyse tumor cells in an MHC-independent manner. However, the efficacy of CAR-T cell and other cancer immunotherapies is limited by the expression of immune-checkpoint molecules such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells, which binds to PD-1 receptors on T cells leading to T cell inactivation and immune escape. Here, we incorporated a PD-L1-targeted single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fusion protein sequence into a CAR vector to generate human anti-PD-L1-CAR-T cells (aPDL1-CART cells) targeting the PD-L1 antigen. Unlike control T cells, aPDL1-CART cells significantly halted the expansion and reduced the viability of co-cultured leukemia cells (Raji, CD46, and K562) overexpressing PD-L1, and this effect was paralleled by increased secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ. The antitumor efficacy of aPDL1-CART cells was also evaluated in vivo by co-injecting control T cells or aPDL1-CART cells along with PDL1-CA46 cells to generate subcutaneous xenografts in NCG mice. Whereas large tumors developed in mice inoculated with PDL1-CA46 cells alone or together with control T cells, no tumor formation was detected in xenografts containing aPDL1-CART cells. Our data suggest that immune checkpoint-targeted CAR-T cells may be useful for controlling and eradicating immune-refractory hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyi Peng
- Department of Haematology, Quanzhou First Hospital of Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Xiongpeng Zhu
- Department of Haematology, Quanzhou First Hospital of Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Chuntuan Li
- Department of Haematology, Quanzhou First Hospital of Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Pengliang Xin
- Department of Haematology, Quanzhou First Hospital of Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Haematology, Quanzhou First Hospital of Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Shengquan Liu
- Department of Haematology, Quanzhou First Hospital of Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
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20
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Kim HR, Park JS, Fatima Y, Kausar M, Park JH, Jun CD. Potentiating the Antitumor Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells via the Transmembrane Domain of IGSF4 That Increases TCR Avidity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:591054. [PMID: 33597944 PMCID: PMC7882689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust T-cell response is an important component of sustained antitumor immunity. In this respect, the avidity of TCR in the antigen-targeting of tumors is crucial for the quality of the T-cell response. This study reports that the transmembrane (TM) domain of immunoglobulin superfamily member 4 (IGSF4) binds to the TM of the CD3 ζ-chain through an interaction between His177 and Asp36, which results in IGSF4-CD3 ζ dimers. IGSF4 also forms homo-dimers through the GxxVA motif in the TM domain, thereby constituting large TCR clusters. Overexpression of IGSF4 lacking the extracellular (IG4ΔEXT) domain potentiates the OTI CD8+ T cells to release IFN-γ and TNF-α and to kill OVA+-B16F10 melanoma cells. In animal models, IG4ΔEXT significantly reduces B16F10 tumor metastasis as well as tumor growth. Collectively, the results indicate that the TM domain of IGSF4 can regulate TCR avidity, and they further demonstrate that TCR avidity regulation is critical for improving the antitumor activity of cytotoxic T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yasmin Fatima
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Maiza Kausar
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
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21
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Huang X, Zhou Q, Wang M, Cao C, Ma Q, Ye J, Gui Y. A Light-Inducible Split-dCas9 System for Inhibiting the Progression of Bladder Cancer Cells by Activating p53 and E-cadherin. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:627848. [PMID: 33469550 PMCID: PMC7814291 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.627848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic systems have been increasingly investigated in the field of biomedicine. Previous studies had found the inhibitory effect of the light-inducible genetic circuits on cancer cell growth. In our study, we applied an AND logic gates to the light-inducible genetic circuits to inhibit the cancer cells more specifically. The circuit would only be activated in the presence of both the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and the human uroplakin II (hUPII) promoter. The activated logic gate led to the expression of the p53 or E-cadherin protein, which could inhibit the biological function of tumor cells. In addition, we split the dCas9 protein to reduce the size of the synthetic circuit compared to the full-length dCas9. This light-inducible system provides a potential therapeutic strategy for future bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Huang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mingxia Wang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Congcong Cao
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Basar R, Daher M, Rezvani K. Next-generation cell therapies: the emerging role of CAR-NK cells. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2020; 2020:570-578. [PMID: 33275752 PMCID: PMC7727537 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2020002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have revolutionized the field of cell therapy and changed the paradigm of treatment for many patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Despite this progress, there are limitations to CAR-T cell therapy in both the autologous and allogeneic settings, including practical, logistical, and toxicity issues. Given these concerns, there is a rapidly growing interest in natural killer cells as alternative vehicles for CAR engineering, given their unique biological features and their established safety profile in the allogeneic setting. Other immune effector cells, such as invariant natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and macrophages, are attracting interest as well and eventually may be added to the repertoire of engineered cell therapies against cancer. The pace of these developments will undoubtedly benefit from multiple innovative technologies, such as the CRISPR-Cas gene editing system, which offers great potential to enhance the natural ability of immune effector cells to eliminate refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafet Basar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - May Daher
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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23
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Melief CJM. Special Review: The future of Immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2020; 1:ltaa005. [PMID: 36756002 PMCID: PMC9902260 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, two main schools of modern immunotherapy have come to the forefront. The chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab that was introduced for the treatment of refractory follicular lymphoma in 1998 was one of the first examples of the school of passive immunotherapy. Subsequently major and ever more costly efforts were spent on the development of blockbuster monotherapies including other monoclonal but also bispecific antibodies of highly defined specificity and subclass, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as well as ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced T cells, and TCR-transduced T cells. On the other hand, there is the school that works toward active induction of patient B- or T-cell immunity against antigens of choice, or active tolerance against pathogenic allergens, auto-antigens or allo-antigens. Stradled in between these two approaches is treatment with blockers of T cell checkpoint control, which releases the brakes of T cells that have already responded to antigen. Extensive and detailed insight into the cellular and molecular interactions that regulate specific immune responses is indispensable in order to be able to optimize efficacy and rule out treatment related toxicity. This applies to all types of immunotherapy. Our knowledge of the checks and balances in the immune system is still increasing at an unprecedented pace, fostering ever more effective and specific (combination) immunotherapies and offering a rich harvest of innovative immunotherapies in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Correspondence: Cornelis J. M. Melief, ISA Pharmaceuticals, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, Netherlands. ;
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24
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Mohan RR, Martin LM, Sinha NR. Novel insights into gene therapy in the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108361. [PMID: 33212142 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Corneal disease remains a leading cause of impaired vision world-wide, and advancements in gene therapy continue to develop with promising success to prevent, treat and cure blindness. Ideally, gene therapy requires a vector and gene delivery method that targets treatment of specific cells or tissues and results in a safe and non-immunogenic response. The cornea is a model tissue for gene therapy due to its ease of clinician access and immune-privileged state. Improvements in the past 5-10 years have begun to revolutionize the approach to gene therapy in the cornea with a focus on adeno-associated virus and nanoparticle delivery of single and combination gene therapies. In addition, the potential applications of gene editing (zinc finger nucleases [ZNFs], transcription activator-like effector nucleases [TALENs], Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Associated Systems [CRISPR/Cas9]) are rapidly expanding. This review focuses on recent developments in gene therapy for corneal diseases, including promising multiple gene therapy, while outlining a practical approach to the development of such therapies and potential impediments to successful delivery of genes to the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-health Vision Research Center, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | - Lynn M Martin
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-health Vision Research Center, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-health Vision Research Center, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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25
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Tang R, Xu Z. Gene therapy: a double-edged sword with great powers. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:73-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kumar A, D'Souza SS, Uenishi G, Park MA, Lee JH, Slukvin II. Generation of T cells from Human and Nonhuman Primate Pluripotent Stem Cells. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3675. [PMID: 33659345 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to provide homogeneous cell populations of T cells that can be grown at a clinical scale and genetically engineered to meet specific clinical needs. OP9-DLL4, a stromal line ectopically expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like 4 (DLL4) is used to support differentiation of PSCs to T-lymphocytes. This article outlines several protocols related to generation of T cells from human and non-human primate (NHP) PSCs, including initial hematopoietic differentiation of PSC on OP9 feeders or defined conditions, followed by coculture of the OP9-DLL4 cells with the PSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors (HPs), leading to efficient differentiation to T lymphocytes. In addition, we describe a protocol for robust T cell generation from hPSCs conditionally expressing ETS1. The presented protocols provide a platform for T cell production for disease modeling and evaluating their use for immunotherapy in large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Saritha S D'Souza
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Gene Uenishi
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Mi Ae Park
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53707, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Nawaz W, Xu S, Li Y, Huang B, Wu X, Wu Z. Nanotechnology and immunoengineering: How nanotechnology can boost CAR-T therapy. Acta Biomater 2020; 109:21-36. [PMID: 32294554 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy has achieved remarkable clinical efficacy against hematological cancers and has been approved by FDA for treatment of B-cell tumors. However, the complex manufacturing process and limited success in solid tumors hamper its widespread applications, thus prompting the development of new strategies for overcoming the abovementioned hurdles. In the last decade, nanotechnology has provided sustainable strategies for improving cancer immunotherapy through vaccine development and delivery of immunomodulatory drugs. Nanotechnology can boost CAR-T therapy and may overcome the existing challenges by emerging as a carrier for CAR-T therapy or in combination with CAR-T, it may inhibit solid tumors more effectively than conventional approaches. The revealing of cellular mechanisms, barriers and potential strategies that could be used to manipulate and/or modify cells would enable unprecedented advances in nanotechnology for biologics delivery. This review outlines the journey and barriers of nanoparticles (NPs) across the cell. Subsequently, the approaches to tackle the barriers and strategies to modulate NPs as a carrier for CAR-T therapy are discussed. Finally, the role of NPs in CAR-T therapy and the potential challenges are summarized. This review aims to provide the readers with a detailed overview of NP-based CAR-T therapy research and distil this information into an accessible form conducive to design desired CAR-T therapy using NP approach. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is the most vibrant field in immuno-oncology today, with enormous benefits to patients with B-cell malignancies. However, a rapid and straightforward procedure for CAR-T generation is an exigent need to broaden its therapeutic avenue. Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel alternative approach for CAR-T generation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth review that briefly highlights the various aspects of nanotechnology in CAR-T therapy, including the strategies to brand NPs as an effective carrier for CAR cargo, its potential advantages, challenges, and future roadmap. It provides readers with a detailed overview of NP-based CAR-T therapy research, and researchers would be able to distill this information into an accessible form conducive to design the desired CAR therapy using the nanotechnology approach.
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Liu Q, Zhang D, Qian H, Chu Y, Yang Y, Shao J, Xu Q, Liu B. Superior Antitumor Efficacy of IFN-α2b-Incorporated Photo-Cross-Linked Hydrogels Combined with T Cell Transfer and Low-Dose Irradiation Against Gastric Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3669-3680. [PMID: 32547021 PMCID: PMC7261665 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s249174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The exhaustion and poor homing of activated lymphocytes are critical obstacles in adoptive cell immunotherapy for solid tumors. In order to effectively deliver immune cells into tumors, we encapsulated interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) into macroporous hydrogels as an enhancement factor and utilized low-dose irradiation (LDI) as a tumoral attractor of T cells. Methods Hydroxypropyl cellulose hydrogels were prepared by irradiation techniques, and the cross-sectional microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The synergistic antitumor mechanism of combination of IFN-α2b and CIK cells was evaluated by detecting the expression of activation marker CD69 on CIK cell surface and IFN-γ production by CIK cells. The in vivo antitumor activity of IFN-α2b-incorporated hydroxypropyl cellulose hydrogels combined with CIK and radiation was evaluated in an MKN-45 xenografted nude mice model. Results The bioactivity of IFN-α2b was well maintained in ultraviolet-reactive, rapidly cross-linkable hydroxypropyl cellulose hydrogels. In vitro studies demonstrated IFN-α2b-activated T cells, as evidenced by upregulating early activation marker CD69 and secretion inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. In vivo real-time image showed our hydrogels kept a higher amount of drug delivery at the tumor site for a long time compared with free drug injection. Low-dose irradiation promoted T cell accumulation and infiltration in subcutaneous tumors. Combination of IFN-α2b-loaded hydrogels (Gel-IFN) with T cells and LDI exhibited higher efficacy to eradicate human gastric cancer xenograted tumors with less proliferating cells and more necrotic regions compared with IFN-α2b or T cells alone. Discussion HPC hydrogels kept the activity of IFN-α2b and stably release of IFN-α2b to stimulate T cells for a long time. At the same time, low-dose radiation recruits T cells into tumors. This innovative integration mode of IFN-α2b-loaded hydrogels and radiotherapy offers a potent strategy to improve the therapeutic outcome of T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dinghu Zhang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Chu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Hong L, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Liu H, Huang H, Guo D. Therapeutic status and the prospect of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in multiple myeloma. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1125-1136. [PMID: 32338048 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9, a novel gene-editing technology, has shown considerable potential in the design of novel research methods and future options for treating multiple myeloma (MM). The use of CRISPR/Cas9 promises faster and more accurate identification and validation of target genes. In this review, we summarize the current research status of the application of CRISPR technology in MM, especially in detecting the expression of MM gene, exploring the mechanism of drug action, screening for drug-resistant genes, developing immunotherapy and screening for new drug targets. Given the tremendous progress that has been made, we believe that CRISPR/Cas9 possesses great potential in MM-related clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Hong
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
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Baldin AV, Savvateeva LV, Bazhin AV, Zamyatnin AA. Dendritic Cells in Anticancer Vaccination: Rationale for Ex Vivo Loading or In Vivo Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030590. [PMID: 32150821 PMCID: PMC7139354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have shown great potential as a component or target in the landscape of cancer immunotherapy. Different in vivo and ex vivo strategies of DC vaccine generation with different outcomes have been proposed. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy and safety in cancer patients. However, there is no consensus regarding which DC-based vaccine generation method is preferable. A problem of result comparison between trials in which different DC-loading or -targeting approaches have been applied remains. The employment of different DC generation and maturation methods, antigens and administration routes from trial to trial also limits the objective comparison of DC vaccines. In the present review, we discuss different methods of DC vaccine generation. We conclude that standardized trial designs, treatment settings and outcome assessment criteria will help to determine which DC vaccine generation approach should be applied in certain cancer cases. This will result in a reduction in alternatives in the selection of preferable DC-based vaccine tactics in patient. Moreover, it has become clear that the application of a DC vaccine alone is not sufficient and combination immunotherapy with recent advances, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, should be employed to achieve a better clinical response and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Baldin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (L.V.S.)
| | - Lyudmila V. Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (L.V.S.)
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.B.); (L.V.S.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Signaling, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +74-956-229-843
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31
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Parra M, Baptista MJ, Genescà E, Llinàs-Arias P, Esteller M. Genetics and epigenetics of leukemia and lymphoma: from knowledge to applications, meeting report of the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:432-438. [PMID: 32073154 PMCID: PMC7687178 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The meeting, which brought together leading scientists and clinicians in the field of leukemia and lymphoma, was held at the new headquarters of the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC) in Badalona, Catalonia, Spain, September 19-20, 2019. Its purpose was to highlight the latest advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving blood cancers, and to discuss how this knowledge can be translated into an improved management of the disease. Special emphasis was placed on the role of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, and the exploitation of epigenetic regulation for developing biomarkers and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Parra
- Lymphocyte Development and Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Joao Baptista
- Lymphoid neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Genescà
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Pere Llinàs-Arias
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Epperly R, Gottschalk S, Velasquez MP. Harnessing T Cells to Target Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: CARs, BiTEs, and Beyond. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E14. [PMID: 32079207 PMCID: PMC7072334 DOI: 10.3390/children7020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes for pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain poor, highlighting the need for improved targeted therapies. Building on the success of CD19-directed immune therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), efforts are ongoing to develop similar strategies for AML. Identifying target antigens for AML is challenging because of the high expression overlap in hematopoietic cells and normal tissues. Despite this, CD123 and CD33 antigen targeted therapies, among others, have emerged as promising candidates. In this review we focus on AML-specific T cell engaging bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. We review antigens being explored for T cell-based immunotherapy in AML, describe the landscape of clinical trials upcoming for bispecific antibodies and CAR T cells, and highlight strategies to overcome additional challenges facing translation of T cell-based immunotherapy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Epperly
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 77030, USA;
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 77030, USA;
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 77030, USA;
| | - Mireya Paulina Velasquez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 77030, USA;
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Abstract
One of the most versatile gene transfer methods involves the use of recombinant lentiviral vectors since they can transduce both dividing and nondividing cells, are considered to be safe and provide long-term transgene expression since the integrated viral genome, the provirus, is passed on to daughter cells. These characteristics are highly desirable when a modified cell must continue to express the transgene even after multiple cell divisions. Lentiviral vectors are often used to introduce protein encoding cDNAs, such as reporter genes, or for noncoding sequences, such as mediators of RNA interference or genome editing, including shRNA or gRNA, respectively. In the gene therapy setting, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully for the modification of hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in restored immune function or correction of defects in hemoglobin, to name but a few examples. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of B cell leukemias and lymphomas has been particularly striking and this approach has relied heavily on lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. Here we present a typical protocol for the production of lentivirus, concentration by ultracentrifugation and determination of virus titer. The resulting virus can then be used in laboratory assays of gene transfer, including the establishment of CAR T cells.
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34
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Tarakanchikova Y, Muslimov A, Sergeev I, Lepik K, Yolshin N, Goncharenko A, Vasilyev K, Eliseev I, Bukatin A, Sergeev V, Pavlov S, Popov A, Meglinski I, Afanasiev B, Parakhonskiy B, Sukhorukov G, Gorin D. A highly efficient and safe gene delivery platform based on polyelectrolyte core–shell nanoparticles for hard-to-transfect clinically relevant cell types. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9576-9588. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01359e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyelectrolyte nanocarriers’ based on nanosized vaterite particles as a novel tool for genetic material delivery into the clinically relevant cell types and potential application of described technology in gene therapy approaches.
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35
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Vossoughi S, Schwartz J, Stotler B. Management of immunotherapy products in the blood bank. Transfusion 2019; 59:3800-3801. [PMID: 31802510 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vossoughi
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Joseph Schwartz
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Brie Stotler
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
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36
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TraFo-CRISPR: Enhanced Genome Engineering by Transient Foamy Virus Vector-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Components. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:708-726. [PMID: 31726388 PMCID: PMC6859288 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of CRISPR/Cas technology for use in mammals has revolutionized genome engineering. In particular with regard to clinical application, efficient expression of Cas9 within a narrow time frame is highly desirable to minimize the accumulation of off-target editing. We developed an effective, aptamer-independent retroviral delivery system for Cas9 mRNAs that takes advantage of a unique foamy virus (FV) capability: the efficient encapsidation and transfer of non-viral RNAs. This enabled us to create a FV vector toolbox for efficient, transient delivery (TraFo) of CRISPR/Cas9 components into different target tissues. Co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA by TraFo-Cas9 vectors in combination with retroviral, integration-deficient single guide RNA (sgRNA) expression enhanced efficacy and specificity of gene-inactivation compared with CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral vector systems. Furthermore, separate TraFo-Cas9 delivery allowed the optional inclusion of a repair matrix for efficient gene correction or tagging as well as the addition of fluorescent negative selection markers for easy identification of off-target editing or incorrect repair events. Thus, the TraFo CRISPR toolbox represents an interesting alternative technology for gene inactivation and gene editing.
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37
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Flippe L, Bézie S, Anegon I, Guillonneau C. Future prospects for CD8 + regulatory T cells in immune tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:209-224. [PMID: 31593314 PMCID: PMC7027528 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ Tregs have been long described and significant progresses have been made about their phenotype, their functional mechanisms, and their suppressive ability compared to conventional CD4+ Tregs. They are now at the dawn of their clinical use. In this review, we will summarize their phenotypic characteristics, their mechanisms of action, the similarities, differences and synergies between CD8+ and CD4+ Tregs, and we will discuss the biology, development and induction of CD8+ Tregs, their manufacturing for clinical use, considering open questions/uncertainties and future technically accessible improvements notably through genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Flippe
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Bézie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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38
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Krebs S, Ponomarev V, Slovin S, Schöder H. Imaging of CAR T-Cells in Cancer Patients: Paving the Way to Treatment Monitoring and Outcome Prediction. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:879-881. [PMID: 31053682 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.227561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krebs
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Susan Slovin
- Guam Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Terashima T, Ogawa N, Sato T, Katagi M, Nakae Y, Okano J, Maegawa H, Kojima H. Advanced Technology for Gene Delivery with Homing Peptides to Spinal Cord through Systemic Circulation in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:474-483. [PMID: 31193742 PMCID: PMC6538929 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Homing peptides to the spinal cord were identified and isolated using phage display technology. In vivo biopanning was performed by intravenous systemic injection of a phage library to screen specific peptides targeting the spinal cord of mice. Analyses of the sequences of targeted phages yielded two candidate peptides targeting the spinal cord: SP1 (C-LHQSPHI-C) and SP2 (C-PTNNPRS-C). These peptides were synthesized and intravenously injected into mice to evaluate their tissue specificity and potential as gene delivery carriers. The complexes between SP1 or SP2 peptides and the plasmid vector expressing the reporter gene could induce gene transduction in the spinal cord through systemic injection without gene expression in the brain, liver, and kidney. In addition, intravenous injection of the complex between SP1 and the vectors induced interleukin-4 expression in the spinal cord, resulting in effective suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperalgesia. Therefore, intravenously administered spinal cord homing peptides complexed with a plasmid vector provided tissue-specific treatment featuring gene delivery to the CNS through systemic circulation. This novel method of gene delivery is feasible and has great potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Terashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Corresponding author: Tomoya Terashima, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sato
- Pain & Neuroscience Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Katagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Junko Okano
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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40
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You L, Tong R, Li M, Liu Y, Xue J, Lu Y. Advancements and Obstacles of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Translational Research. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 13:359-370. [PMID: 30989086 PMCID: PMC6447755 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expanding CRISPR-Cas9 technology is an easily accessible, programmable, and precise gene-editing tool with numerous applications, most notably in biomedical research. Together with advancements in genome and transcriptome sequencing in the era of metadata, genomic engineering with CRISPR-Cas9 meets the developmental requirements of precision medicine, and clinical tests using CRISPR-Cas9 are now possible. This review summarizes developments and established preclinical applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, along with its current challenges, and highlights future applications in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting You
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ruizhan Tong
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mengqian Li
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuncong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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41
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Reisner Y, Or-Geva N. Veto cells for safer nonmyeloablative haploidentical HSCT and CAR T cell therapy. Semin Hematol 2019; 56:173-182. [PMID: 31202427 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Haploidentical donors are a readily available source for mismatched hematopoietic bone marrow transplantation. The application of this regimen is constantly increasing with the advent of methods that overcome T-cell alloreactions that occur due to human-leukocyte-antigen disparity between host and donor. One successful method to overcome both graft rejection and graft-vs-host disease is transplantation of large numbers T-cell-depleted (TCD) haploidentical stem cell grafts (haploSCT), after myeloablative conditioning. The success of stem cell dose escalation is attributed to a unique immunoregulatory cell-property, termed "veto-activity." However, engraftment of mismatched hematopoietic stem cells following reduced-intensity conditioning still represents a major challenge. Here, we describe how the addition of post-transplant high-dose cyclophosphamide can promote immune tolerance induction after megadose TCD haploSCT, following nonmyeloablative conditioning. We also discuss ways of harnessing the immune regulatory properties of adoptively transferred "veto" cells to support mixed chimerism further and confer tolerance to cell-therapies, such as CAR-T cells. These approaches will soon be tested in phase 1-2 clinical studies and may prove to be a safe and efficacious treatment for many disorders such as hemoglobinopathies, autoimmune diseases, and as a prelude for organ tolerance. Moreover, this approach could pave the way for "off-the-shelf" cell-therapy agents, making them cheaper and easily obtainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Reisner
- Stem Cell Research, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Noga Or-Geva
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Stanford, TX
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Targeting the niche: depleting haemopoietic stem cells with targeted therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:961-968. [PMID: 30664721 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is an expanding procedure worldwide but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Depletion of resident haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) is required for both autologous and allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current conditioning protocols utilise chemotherapy or radiation to effectively reduce HSPC but are toxic in both the short and long term. The initial trials to use monoclonal antibodies to target HSPC were limited with marginal efficacy but platforms including antibody drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor T cells have made targeted conditioning strategies achievable. In this review we summarise the work developing targeted conditioning that may replace or reduce alkylating agents and total body irradiation. The prospect of conditioning with significantly reduced toxicity will improve outcomes and open transplantation to patients unable to tolerate current conditioning protocols.
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43
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Kutova OM, Guryev EL, Sokolova EA, Alzeibak R, Balalaeva IV. Targeted Delivery to Tumors: Multidirectional Strategies to Improve Treatment Efficiency. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E68. [PMID: 30634580 PMCID: PMC6356537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are characterized by structural and molecular peculiarities providing a possibility to directionally deliver antitumor drugs with minimal impact on healthy tissues and reduced side effects. Newly formed blood vessels in malignant lesions exhibit chaotic growth, disordered structure, irregular shape and diameter, protrusions, and blind ends, resulting in immature vasculature; the newly formed lymphatic vessels also have aberrant structure. Structural features of the tumor vasculature determine relatively easy penetration of large molecules as well as nanometer-sized particles through a blood⁻tissue barrier and their accumulation in a tumor tissue. Also, malignant cells have altered molecular profile due to significant changes in tumor cell metabolism at every level from the genome to metabolome. Recently, the tumor interaction with cells of immune system becomes the focus of particular attention, that among others findings resulted in extensive study of cells with preferential tropism to tumor. In this review we summarize the information on the diversity of currently existing approaches to targeted drug delivery to tumor, including (i) passive targeting based on the specific features of tumor vasculature, (ii) active targeting which implies a specific binding of the antitumor agent with its molecular target, and (iii) cell-mediated tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Kutova
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Evgenii L Guryev
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Evgeniya A Sokolova
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Razan Alzeibak
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Abstract
The last 100 years have seen a dramatic alteration in the treatment of cancer. Aside from small molecule inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, monoclonal antibodies have also been found to provide valuable therapeutic approaches for modulating tumour pathophysiology. As our knowledge of cancer biology improves, the specificity of this new generation of drugs is generally delivering an improved therapeutic ratio compared to traditional cytotoxic agents. However, patient selection through the use of biomarkers is key in optimising efficacy and improving cost-effectiveness. The most recent wave of revolutionary new systemic therapy approaches to cancer has arrived in recent years in the form of immune checkpoint inhibitors, now clinically validated as modulators of immune-regulatory pathways. The future of oncology therapeutics includes a combination of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapies and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Spicer
- King's Health Partners at Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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45
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Kumar A, Lee JH, Suknuntha K, D'Souza SS, Thakur AS, Slukvin II. NOTCH Activation at the Hematovascular Mesoderm Stage Facilitates Efficient Generation of T Cells with High Proliferation Potential from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:770-776. [PMID: 30578305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer the potential to serve as a versatile and scalable source of T cells for immunotherapies, which could be coupled with genetic engineering technologies to meet specific clinical needs. To improve T cell production from hPSCs, it is essential to identify cell subsets that are highly enriched in T cell progenitors and those stages of development at which NOTCH activation induces the most potent T cells. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of T cell production from cell populations isolated at different stages of hematopoietic differentiation, including mesoderm, hemogenic endothelium (HE), and multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. We demonstrate that KDRhiCD31- hematovascular mesodermal progenitors (HVMPs) with definitive hematopoietic potential produce the highest numbers of T cells when cultured on OP9-DLL4 as compared with downstream progenitors, including HE and multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. In addition, we found that T cells generated from HVMPs have the capacity to expand for 6-7 wk in vitro, in comparison with T cells generated from HE and hematopoietic progenitors, which could only be expanded for 4-5 wk. Demonstrating the critical need of NOTCH activation at the HVMP stage of hematopoietic development to establish robust T cell production from hPSCs may aid in establishing protocols for the efficient off-the-shelf production and expansion of T cells for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Kran Suknuntha
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Saritha S D'Souza
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Abir S Thakur
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715; .,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53707; and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
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46
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Alsaieedi A, Holler A, Velica P, Bendle G, Stauss HJ. Safety and efficacy of Tet-regulated IL-12 expression in cancer-specific T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:1542917. [PMID: 30723575 PMCID: PMC6350686 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1542917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored whether engineering of T cell specificity and effector function improves immunotherapy of solid tumors. Although IL-12 can enhance cancer immunity, a strategy of safe IL-12 delivery without toxicity is currently lacking. We engineered T cells to express IL-12 controlled by the NFAT promoter responsive to TCR stimulation, or by the Tet-On promoter responsive to doxycycline. In vivo, NFAT-engineered T cells caused lethal toxicity, while Tet-engineered T cells were safe in the absence of doxycycline. Combining gene transfer of the melanoma-specific TRP2-TCR with Tet-IL-12 engineering revealed that temporal induction of IL-12 was essential to inhibit the growth of B16F10 melanoma tumors. Induced IL-12 increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T cells and also prevented the down-modulation of the TRP2-TCR and the associated up-regulation of the PD1 marker that was observed in the absence of IL-12. In addition, temporal induction of IL-12 expression also increased the number of plasmacytoid DC in the tumor micro-environment. We show that repeated induction of IL-12 can be used to enhance control of tumor growth without encountering systemic toxicity. The observation that TCR engineering combined with Tet-regulated IL-12 expression can achieve tumor immunity without the side effects that are usually associated with the in vivo use of IL-12 warrants translation of this concept into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahdab Alsaieedi
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Faculity of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angelika Holler
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pedro Velica
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gavin Bendle
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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47
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Pfeiffer A, Thalheimer FB, Hartmann S, Frank AM, Bender RR, Danisch S, Costa C, Wels WS, Modlich U, Stripecke R, Verhoeyen E, Buchholz CJ. In vivo generation of human CD19-CAR T cells results in B-cell depletion and signs of cytokine release syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e9158. [PMID: 30224381 PMCID: PMC6220327 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells brought substantial benefit to patients with B-cell malignancies. Notwithstanding, CAR T-cell manufacturing requires complex procedures impeding the broad supply chain. Here, we provide evidence that human CD19-CAR T cells can be generated directly in vivo using the lentiviral vector CD8-LV specifically targeting human CD8+ cells. Administration into mice xenografted with Raji lymphoma cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells led to CAR expression solely in CD8+ T cells and efficacious elimination of CD19+ B cells. Further, upon injection of CD8-LV into mice transplanted with human CD34+ cells, induction of CAR T cells and CD19+ B-cell depletion was observed in 7 out of 10 treated animals. Notably, three mice showed elevated levels of human cytokines in plasma. Tissue-invading CAR T cells and complete elimination of the B-lymphocyte-rich zones in spleen were indicative of a cytokine release syndrome. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo reprogramming of human CD8+ CAR T cells active against CD19+ cells, yet with similar adverse effects currently notorious in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Pfeiffer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annika M Frank
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ruben R Bender
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Costa
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Perica K, Palomba L, Brentjens RJ. Dawn of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1. [PMID: 33043278 DOI: 10.1002/acg2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapies are now approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory large cell lymphomas, with many others under development. The dawn of CAR T cell therapy in non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) has been characterized by rapid progress and high response rates, with a subset of patients experiencing durable benefit. In this review, we describe commercially available and investigational CAR T cell therapies, including product characteristics and clinical outcomes. We review patient selection, with an emphasis on sequencing cell therapy options in the refractory setting. Finally, we discuss durability of response, highlighting mechanisms of escape and investigational approaches to prevent and treat relapse after CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y, U.S.A
| | - Lia Palomba
- Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y, U.S.A.,Cellular Therapeutics Center; Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y, U.S.A
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y, U.S.A.,Cellular Therapeutics Center; Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y, U.S.A
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49
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Zhang E, Yang P, Gu J, Wu H, Chi X, Liu C, Wang Y, Xue J, Qi W, Sun Q, Zhang S, Hu J, Xu H. Recombination of a dual-CAR-modified T lymphocyte to accurately eliminate pancreatic malignancy. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:102. [PMID: 30103775 PMCID: PMC6090669 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic application of T cells endowing with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is faced with “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity against solid tumors, particularly in the treatment of the pancreatic cancer. To our best knowledge, the pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 often highly expressed some distinct tumor-associated antigens, such as carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and mesothelin (MSLN). Therefore, in this research, we have characterized dual-receptor CAR-modified T cells (dCAR-T) that exert effective and safe cytotoxicity against AsPC-1 cells. Methods Based on the dual signaling pathway of wild T cells, we designed a novel dCAR diagram specific for CEA and MSLN, which achieved comparable activity relative to that of conventional CAR-T cells (CEA-CAR T or MSLN-CAR T). In this dCAR, a tandem construct containing two physically separate structures, CEA-CD3ζ and MSLN-4/1BB signaling domains were effectively controlled with tumor antigens CEA and MSLN, respectively. Finally, the activity of dCAR-T cells has been verified via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results In the presence of cognate tumor cells (AsPC-1) expressing both CEA and MSLN, dCAR-T cells exerted high anti-tumor activity relative to that of other single-receptor CAR-T cells bearing only one signaling pathway (e.g., Cζ-CAR and MBB-CAR). In a xenograft model, dCAR-T cells significantly inhibited the growth of AsPC-1 cells yet no effect on the growth of non-cognate tumor cells. Furthermore, the released cytokines and T cell persistence in mice were comparable with that of conventional CAR-T cells, obtaining specific and controllable cytotoxicity. Conclusions A novel type of CAR-T cells, termed dCAR-T, was designed with specific activities, that is, significant cytotoxicity for two antigen-positive tumor cells yet no cytotoxicity for single antigen-positive tumor cells. Dual-targeted CAR-T cells can be precisely localized at the tumor site and can exert high cytotoxicity against tumor cells, alleviating “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity and enabling accurate application of CAR-T cell therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0646-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Basic Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Yang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyi Gu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Heming Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Chi
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Xue
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyan Qi
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbo Sun
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Hu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Nanjing Anji Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Rasaiyaah J, Georgiadis C, Preece R, Mock U, Qasim W. TCRαβ/CD3 disruption enables CD3-specific antileukemic T cell immunotherapy. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99442. [PMID: 29997304 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) against B cell antigens are being investigated as cellular immunotherapies. Similar approaches designed to target T cell malignancies have been hampered by the critical issue of T-on-T cytotoxicity, whereby fratricide or self-destruction of healthy T cells prohibits cell product manufacture. To date, there have been no reports of T cells engineered to target the definitive T cell marker, CD3 (3CAR). Recent improvements in gene editing now provide access to efficient disruption of such molecules on T cells, and this has provided a route to generation of 3CAR, CD3-specific CAR T cells. T cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector incorporating an anti-CD3ε CAR derived from OKT3, either before or after TALEN-mediated disruption of the endogenous TCRαβ/CD3 complex. Only transduction after disrupting assembly of TCRαβ/CD3 yielded viable 3CAR T cells, and these cultures were found to undergo self-enrichment for 3CAR+TCR-CD3- T cells without any further processing. Specific cytotoxicity against CD3ε was demonstrated against primary T cells and against childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). 3CAR T cells mediated potent antileukemic effects in a human/murine chimeric model, supporting the application of cellular immunotherapy strategies against T cell malignancies. 3CAR provides a bridging strategy to achieve T cell eradication and leukemic remission ahead of conditioned allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rasaiyaah
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Georgiadis
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Preece
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Mock
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital BRC, London, United Kingdom
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