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Lu N, Li Z, Su D, Chen J, Zhao J, Gao Y, Liu Q, Liu G, Luo X, Luo R, Deng X, Zhu H, Luo Z. Design of novel chiral self-assembling peptides to explore the efficiency and mechanism of mRNA-FIPV vaccine delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124344. [PMID: 38885779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The enhancement of conventional liposome and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) methodologies in the formulation and deployment of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines necessitates further refinement to augment both their effectiveness and biosafety profiles. Additionally, researching these innovative delivery carrier materials represents both a prominent focus and a significant challenge in the current scientific landscape. Here we designed new chiral self-assembling peptides as the delivery carrier for RNA vaccines to study the underlying mechanisms in the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) model system. Firstly, we successfully transcribed mature enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mRNA and feline infectious peritonitis virus nucleocapsid (FIPV N) mRNA in vitro from optimized vectors. Subsequently, we developed chiral self-assembling peptide-1 (CSP-1) and chiral self-assembling peptide-2 (CSP-2) peptides, taking into account the physical and chemical characteristics of nucleic acid molecules as well as the principles of self-assembling peptides, with the aim of improving the delivery efficiency of mRNA molecule complexes. We determined the optimal coating ratio between CSP and mRNA by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We found that the peptides and mRNA complexes can protect the mRNA from RNase A enzyme and efficiently deliver mRNA into cells for target antigen proteins expression. Animal experiments confirmed that CSP-1/mRNA complex can effectively trigger immune response mechanisms involving IFN-γ and T cell activation. It can also stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and induce serum antibody titers up to 10,000 times higher. And no pathological changes were observed by immunohistochemistry in liver, spleen, and kidney, indicating that CSP-1 may be a safe and promising delivery system for mRNA vaccines. Methodologically, this research represents a novel endeavor in the utilization of chiral self-assembling peptides within the realm of mRNA vaccines. This approach not only introduces fresh prospects for employing such nanomaterials in various mRNA vaccines but also expands the potential for developing small molecules, proteins, and antibodies. Furthermore, it paves the way for new clinical applications of existing pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoxu Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Di Su
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialei Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qichen Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guicen Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruyue Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Chicago, IL,United States
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongli Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Oakley DH, Chung M, Abrha S, Hyman BT, Frosch MP. β-Amyloid species production and tau phosphorylation in iPSC-neurons with reference to neuropathologically characterized matched donor brains. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae053. [PMID: 38874454 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A basic assumption underlying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of neurodegeneration is that disease-relevant pathologies present in brain tissue are also represented in donor-matched cells differentiated from iPSCs. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis in matched iPSCs and neuropathologically characterized donated brain tissues. To address this, we assessed iPSC-neuron production of β-amyloid (Aβ) Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 in 24 iPSC lines matched to donor brains with primary neuropathologic diagnoses of sporadic AD (sAD), familial AD (fAD), control, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Our results demonstrate a positive correlation between Aβ43 production by fAD iPSC-neurons and Aβ43 accumulation in matched brain tissues but do not reveal a substantial correlation in soluble Aβ species between control or sAD iPSC-neurons and matched brains. However, we found that the ApoE4 genotype is associated with increased Aβ production by AD iPSC-neurons. Pathologic tau phosphorylation was found to be increased in AD and fAD iPSC-neurons compared to controls and positively correlated with the relative abundance of longer-length Aβ species produced by these cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that sAD-predisposing genetic factors influence iPSC-neuron phenotypes and that these cells are capturing disease-relevant and patient-specific components of the amyloid cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek H Oakley
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mirra Chung
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Abrha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Radu M, Brănișteanu DC, Pirvulescu RA, Dumitrescu OM, Ionescu MA, Zemba M. Exploring Stem-Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Regeneration. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:668. [PMID: 38929652 PMCID: PMC11204673 DOI: 10.3390/life14060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of retinal diseases-notably, age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal disorders-poses an intimidating challenge to ophthalmic medicine, often culminating in irreversible vision loss. Current treatments are limited and often fail to address the underlying loss of retinal cells. This paper explores the potential of stem-cell-based therapies as a promising avenue for retinal regeneration. We review the latest advancements in stem cell technology, focusing on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their ability to differentiate into retinal cell types. We discuss the challenges in stem cell transplantation, such as immune rejection, integration into the host retina, and functional recovery. Previous and ongoing clinical trials are examined to highlight the therapeutic efficacy and safety of these novel treatments. Additionally, we address the ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks governing stem cell research. Our analysis suggests that while stem-cell-based therapies offer a groundbreaking approach to treating retinal diseases, further research is needed to ensure long-term safety and to optimize therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the clinical evidence of stem cell therapy and current limitations in utilizing stem cells for retinal degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Radu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ruxandra Angela Pirvulescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Otilia Maria Dumitrescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Alexandru Ionescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Zemba
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhang T, Qian C, Song M, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Dong G, Shen Q, Chen W, Wang A, Shen S, Zhao Y, Lu Y. Application Prospect of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Organoids and Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2680. [PMID: 38473926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its inception, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has been hailed as a powerful tool for comprehending disease etiology and advancing drug screening across various domains. While earlier iPSC-based disease modeling and drug assessment primarily operated at the cellular level, recent years have witnessed a significant shift towards organoid-based investigations. Organoids derived from iPSCs offer distinct advantages, particularly in enabling the observation of disease progression and drug metabolism in an in vivo-like environment, surpassing the capabilities of iPSC-derived cells. Furthermore, iPSC-based cell therapy has emerged as a focal point of clinical interest. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of non-integrative reprogramming methods that have evolved since the inception of iPSC technology. We also deliver a comprehensive examination of iPSC-derived organoids, spanning the realms of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and oncology, as well as systematically elucidate recent advancements in iPSC-related cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyao Song
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yueke Zhou
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanglu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiuhong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Rispoli P, Scandiuzzi Piovesan T, Decorti G, Stocco G, Lucafò M. iPSCs as a groundbreaking tool for the study of adverse drug reactions: A new avenue for personalized therapy. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1630. [PMID: 37770042 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), obtained by reprogramming different somatic cell types, represent a promising tool for the study of drug toxicities, especially in the context of personalized medicine. Indeed, these cells retain the same genetic heritage of the donor, allowing the development of personalized models. In addition, they represent a useful tool for the study of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in special populations, such as pediatric patients, which are often poorly represented in clinical trials due to ethical issues. Particularly, iPSCs can be differentiated into any tissue of the human body, following several protocols which use different stimuli to induce specific differentiation processes. Differentiated cells also maintain the genetic heritage of the donor, and therefore are suitable for personalized pharmacological studies; moreover, iPSC-derived differentiated cells are a valuable tool for the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the physiological differentiation processes. iPSCs-derived organoids represent another important tool for the study of ADRs. Precisely, organoids are in vitro 3D models which better represent the native organ, both from a structural and a functional point of view. Moreover, in the same way as iPSC-derived 2D models, iPSC-derived organoids are appropriate personalized models since they retain the genetic heritage of the donor. In comparison to other in vitro models, iPSC-derived organoids present advantages in terms of versatility, patient-specificity, and ethical issues. This review aims to provide an updated report of the employment of iPSCs, and 2D and 3D models derived from these, for the study of ADRs. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rispoli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Decorti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Fatima N, Saif Ur Rahman M, Qasim M, Ali Ashfaq U, Ahmed U, Masoud MS. Transcriptional Factors Mediated Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:367-388. [PMID: 37073151 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230417084518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A unique kind of pluripotent cell, i.e., Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), now being targeted for iPSC synthesis, are produced by reprogramming animal and human differentiated cells (with no change in genetic makeup for the sake of high efficacy iPSCs formation). The conversion of specific cells to iPSCs has revolutionized stem cell research by making pluripotent cells more controllable for regenerative therapy. For the past 15 years, somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency with force expression of specified factors has been a fascinating field of biomedical study. For that technological primary viewpoint reprogramming method, a cocktail of four transcription factors (TF) has required: Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), four-octamer binding protein 34 (OCT3/4), MYC and SOX2 (together referred to as OSKM) and host cells. IPS cells have great potential for future tissue replacement treatments because of their ability to self-renew and specialize in all adult cell types, although factor-mediated reprogramming mechanisms are still poorly understood medically. This technique has dramatically improved performance and efficiency, making it more useful in drug discovery, disease remodeling, and regenerative medicine. Moreover, in these four TF cocktails, more than 30 reprogramming combinations were proposed, but for reprogramming effectiveness, only a few numbers have been demonstrated for the somatic cells of humans and mice. Stoichiometry, a combination of reprogramming agents and chromatin remodeling compounds, impacts kinetics, quality, and efficiency in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira Fatima
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rahman
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Uzair Ahmed
- EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Muhammad Shareef Masoud
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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7
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Inagaki M. Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Utilizing Messenger RNA for Regenerative Medicine. J Dev Biol 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38535481 PMCID: PMC10971469 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic generated interest in the medicinal applications of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is expected that mRNA will be applied, not only to vaccines, but also to regenerative medicine. The purity of mRNA is important for its medicinal applications. However, the current mRNA synthesis techniques exhibit problems, including the contamination of undesired 5'-uncapped mRNA and double-stranded RNA. Recently, our group developed a completely capped mRNA synthesis technology that contributes to the progress of mRNA research. The introduction of chemically modified nucleosides, such as N1-methylpseudouridine and 5-methylcytidine, has been reported by Karikó and Weissman, opening a path for the practical application of mRNA for vaccines and regenerative medicine. Yamanaka reported the production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by introducing four types of genes using a retrovirus vector. iPSCs are widely used for research on regenerative medicine and the preparation of disease models to screen new drug candidates. Among the Yamanaka factors, Klf4 and c-Myc are oncogenes, and there is a risk of tumor development if these are integrated into genomic DNA. Therefore, regenerative medicine using mRNA, which poses no risk of genome insertion, has attracted attention. In this review, the author summarizes techniques for synthesizing mRNA and its application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Inagaki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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8
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Ilia K, Shakiba N, Bingham T, Jones RD, Kaminski MM, Aravera E, Bruno S, Palacios S, Weiss R, Collins JJ, Del Vecchio D, Schlaeger TM. Synthetic genetic circuits to uncover the OCT4 trajectories of successful reprogramming of human fibroblasts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8495. [PMID: 38019912 PMCID: PMC10686568 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is inefficient, with heterogeneity among transcription factor (TF) trajectories driving divergent cell states. Nevertheless, the impact of TF dynamics on reprogramming efficiency remains uncharted. We develop a system that accurately reports OCT4 protein levels in live cells and use it to reveal the trajectories of OCT4 in successful reprogramming. Our system comprises a synthetic genetic circuit that leverages noise to generate a wide range of OCT4 trajectories and a microRNA targeting endogenous OCT4 to set total cellular OCT4 protein levels. By fusing OCT4 to a fluorescent protein, we are able to track OCT4 trajectories with clonal resolution via live-cell imaging. We discover that a supraphysiological, stable OCT4 level is required, but not sufficient, for efficient iPSC colony formation. Our synthetic genetic circuit design and high-throughput live-imaging pipeline are generalizable for investigating TF dynamics for other cell fate programming applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ilia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nika Shakiba
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Trevor Bingham
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross D. Jones
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Michael M. Kaminski
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz-Association, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik m.S. Nephrologie und Intensivmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Eliezer Aravera
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Simone Bruno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Palacios
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Domitilla Del Vecchio
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Kim H, Kim GS, Hyun SH, Kim E. Advancements in 2D and 3D In Vitro Models for Studying Neuromuscular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17006. [PMID: 38069329 PMCID: PMC10707046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are a genetically or clinically heterogeneous group of diseases that involve injury or dysfunction of neuromuscular tissue components, including peripheral motor neurons, skeletal muscles, and neuromuscular junctions. To study NMDs and develop potential therapies, remarkable progress has been made in generating in vitro neuromuscular models using engineering approaches to recapitulate the complex physical and biochemical microenvironments of 3D human neuromuscular tissues. In this review, we discuss recent studies focusing on the development of in vitro co-culture models of human motor neurons and skeletal muscles, with the pros and cons of each approach. Furthermore, we explain how neuromuscular in vitro models recapitulate certain aspects of specific NMDs, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and muscular dystrophy. Research on neuromuscular organoids (NMO) will continue to co-develop to better mimic tissues in vivo and will provide a better understanding of the development of the neuromuscular tissue, mechanisms of NMD action, and tools applicable to preclinical studies, including drug screening and toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneul Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chengju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
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Wagner A, Mutschler H. Design principles and applications of synthetic self-replicating RNAs. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1803. [PMID: 37264531 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of ever more sophisticated methods for the in vitro synthesis and the in vivo delivery of RNAs, synthetic mRNAs have gained substantial interest both for medical applications, as well as for biotechnology. However, in most biological systems exogeneous mRNAs possess only a limited half-life, especially in fast dividing cells. In contrast, viral RNAs can extend their lifetime by actively replicating inside their host. As such they may serve as scaffolds for the design of synthetic self-replicating RNAs (srRNA), which can be used to increase both the half-life and intracellular concentration of coding RNAs. Synthetic srRNAs may be used to enhance recombinant protein expression or induce the reprogramming of differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells but also to create cell-free systems for research based on experimental evolution. In this article, we discuss the applications and design principles of srRNAs used for cellular reprogramming, mRNA-based vaccines and tools for synthetic biology. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wagner
- Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hannes Mutschler
- Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Hınçer A, Ahan RE, Aras E, Şeker UÖŞ. Making the Next Generation of Therapeutics: mRNA Meets Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2505-2515. [PMID: 37672348 PMCID: PMC10510722 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of mRNA-based therapeutics centers around the natural functioning of mRNA molecules to provide the genetic information required for protein translation. To improve the efficacy of these therapeutics and minimize side effects, researchers can focus on the features of mRNA itself or the properties of the delivery agent to achieve the desired response. The tools considered for mRNA manipulation can be improved in terms of targetability, tunability, and translatability to medicine. While ongoing studies are dedicated to improving conventional approaches, innovative approaches can also be considered to unleash the full potential of mRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we discuss the opportunities that emerged from introducing synthetic biology to mRNA therapeutics. It includes a discussion of modular self-assembled mRNA nanoparticles, logic gates on a single mRNA molecule, and other possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Hınçer
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Recep Erdem Ahan
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ebru Aras
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Urartu Özgür Şafak Şeker
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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12
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Yihunie W, Nibret G, Aschale Y. Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:77-98. [PMID: 37554660 PMCID: PMC10405914 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s418314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was found as the intermediary that transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis in 1961. The emergency use authorization of the two covid-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, is a significant achievement in the history of vaccine development. Because they are generated in a cell-free environment using the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, mRNA vaccines are risk-free. Moreover, chemical modifications to the mRNA molecule, such as cap structures and changed nucleosides, have proved critical in overcoming immunogenicity concerns, achieving sustained stability, and achieving effective, accurate protein production in vivo. Several vaccine delivery strategies (including protamine, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, nanoemulsions, and cell-based administration) were also optimized to load and transport RNA into the cytosol. LNPs, which are composed of a cationic or a pH-dependent ionizable lipid layer, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are the most advanced systems for delivering mRNA vaccines. Moreover, modifications of the four components that make up the LNPs showed to increase vaccine effectiveness and reduce side effects. Furthermore, the introduction of biodegradable lipids improved LNP biocompatibility. Furthermore, mRNA-based therapies are expected to be effective treatments for a variety of refractory conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic genetic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to provide the scientific community with up-to-date information on mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Nibret
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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13
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Oh JY. Tailoring MSCs with modified mRNA for the eye. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2302-2303. [PMID: 37467747 PMCID: PMC10422010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Youn Oh
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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14
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Karimi T, Pan Z, Potaman VN, Alt EU. Conversion of Unmodified Stem Cells to Pacemaker Cells by Overexpression of Key Developmental Genes. Cells 2023; 12:1381. [PMID: 37408215 PMCID: PMC10216671 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmias of the heart are currently treated by implanting electronic pacemakers and defibrillators. Unmodified adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have the potential to differentiate into all three germ layers but have not yet been tested for the generation of pacemaker and Purkinje cells. We investigated if-based on overexpression of dominant conduction cell-specific genes in ASCs-biological pacemaker cells could be induced. Here we show that by overexpression of certain genes that are active during the natural development of the conduction system, the differentiation of ASCs to pacemaker and Purkinje-like cells is feasible. Our study revealed that the most effective procedure consisted of short-term upregulation of gene combinations SHOX2-TBX5-HCN2, and to a lesser extent SHOX2-TBX3-HCN2. Single-gene expression protocols were ineffective. Future clinical implantation of such pacemaker and Purkinje cells, derived from unmodified ASCs of the same patient, could open up new horizons for the treatment of arrythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Karimi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Alliance of Cardiovascular Researchers, 2211 Augusta Dr #10, Houston, TX 77057, USA
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Potaman
- Alliance of Cardiovascular Researchers, 2211 Augusta Dr #10, Houston, TX 77057, USA
- InGeneron Inc., 8205 El Rio Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Eckhard U. Alt
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Alliance of Cardiovascular Researchers, 2211 Augusta Dr #10, Houston, TX 77057, USA
- InGeneron Inc., 8205 El Rio Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Sanford Health, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Isar Klinikum Munich, Sonnenstr 24-26, 80331 Munich, Germany
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15
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Fortress AM, Miyagishima KJ, Reed AA, Temple S, Clegg DO, Tucker BA, Blenkinsop TA, Harb G, Greenwell TN, Ludwig TE, Bharti K. Stem cell sources and characterization in the development of cell-based products for treating retinal disease: An NEI Town Hall report. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:53. [PMID: 36978104 PMCID: PMC10053463 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
National Eye Institute recently issued a new Strategic Plan outlining priority research areas for the next 5 years. Starting cell source for deriving stem cell lines is as an area with gaps and opportunities for making progress in regenerative medicine, a key area of emphasis within the NEI Strategic Plan. There is a critical need to understand how starting cell source affects the cell therapy product and what specific manufacturing capabilities and quality control standards are required for autologous vs allogeneic stem cell sources. With the goal of addressing some of these questions, in discussion with the community-at-large, NEI hosted a Town Hall at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting in May 2022. This session leveraged recent clinical advances in autologous and allogeneic RPE replacement strategies to develop guidance for upcoming cell therapies for photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells, and other ocular cell types. Our focus on stem cell-based therapies for RPE underscores the relatively advanced stage of RPE cell therapies to patients with several ongoing clinical trials. Thus, this workshop encouraged lessons learned from the RPE field to help accelerate progress in developing stem cell-based therapies in other ocular tissues. This report provides a synthesis of the key points discussed at the Town Hall and highlights needs and opportunities in ocular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Fortress
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Amberlynn A Reed
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Dennis O Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Timothy A Blenkinsop
- Ophthalmology Cell Development and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Greenwell
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Kapil Bharti
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Son S, Lee K. Development of mRNA Vaccines/Therapeutics and Their Delivery System. Mol Cells 2023; 46:41-47. [PMID: 36697236 PMCID: PMC9880606 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of mRNA vaccines has contributed to the management of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, suggesting that this technology may be used to manage future outbreaks of infectious diseases. Because the antigens targeted by mRNA vaccines can be easily altered by simply changing the sequence present in the coding region of mRNA structures, it is more appropriate to develop vaccines, especially during rapidly developing outbreaks of infectious diseases. In addition to allowing rapid development, mRNA vaccines have great potential in inducing successful antigen-specific immunity by expressing target antigens in cells and simultaneously triggering immune responses. Indeed, the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have shown significant efficacy in preventing infections. The ability of mRNAs to produce target proteins that are defective in specific diseases has enabled the development of options to treat intractable diseases. Clinical applications of mRNA vaccines/therapeutics require strategies to safely deliver the RNA molecules into targeted cells. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mRNA vaccines/ therapeutics, their clinical applications, and their delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Son
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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17
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Karami Z, Moradi S, Eidi A, Soleimani M, Jafarian A. Induced pluripotent stem cells: Generation methods and a new perspective in COVID-19 research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1050856. [PMID: 36733338 PMCID: PMC9887183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) exhibit an unlimited ability to self-renew and produce various differentiated cell types, thereby creating high hopes for both scientists and patients as a great tool for basic research as well as for regenerative medicine purposes. The availability and safety of iPSCs for therapeutic purposes require safe and highly efficient methods for production of these cells. Different methods have been used to produce iPSCs, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Studying these methods would be very helpful in developing an easy, safe, and efficient method for the generation of iPSCs. Since iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells, they can be considered as valuable cellular resources available for important research needs and various therapeutic purposes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease that has endangered numerous human lives worldwide and currently has no definitive cure. Therefore, researchers have been rigorously studying and examining all aspects of COVID-19 and potential treatment modalities and various drugs in order to enable the treatment, control, and prevention of COVID-19. iPSCs have become one of the most attractive and promising tools in this field by providing the ability to study COVID-19 and the effectiveness of drugs on this disease outside the human body. In this study, we discuss the different methods of generation of iPSCs as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages. We also present recent applications of iPSCs in the study and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karami
- 1Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- 2Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- 1Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- 3Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,4Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Jafarian
- 5Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Arefeh Jafarian,
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18
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Yoshida S, Kato TM, Sato Y, Umekage M, Ichisaka T, Tsukahara M, Takasu N, Yamanaka S. A clinical-grade HLA haplobank of human induced pluripotent stem cells matching approximately 40% of the Japanese population. MED 2023; 4:51-66.e10. [PMID: 36395757 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are expected to be useful for regenerative medicine for many diseases. Many researchers have focused on and enabled the generation of differentiated cells or tissue-like structures, including organoids, which help to ameliorate target diseases. To promote such cell therapies, we established a clinically applicable iPSC haplobank matching as many people as possible in Japan. METHODS Through cooperation with several organizations, we recruited donors whose human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) involved in immunorejection were homozygous. The peripheral or umbilical cord blood collected from the donors was used for iPSC production by electroporation of episomal vectors. These iPSC lines were then subjected to testing, including genome analyses and sterility, to maximize safety. FINDINGS We constructed a clinical-grade haplobank of 27 iPSC lines from 7 donors according to good manufacturing practice regulations. However, reasons to avoid using iPSC lines include the presence of residual episomal vectors or genetic mutations in cancer-related genes. CONCLUSIONS This haplobank provides HLA-matched iPSC lines for approximately 40% of the Japanese population. Since the haplobank's release in 2015, these iPSC lines have been used in more than 10 clinical trials. The establishment of this haplobank is an important step toward the clinical application of iPSCs in cell therapies. FUNDING This study was supported by a research center network for the realization of regenerative medicine of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant number JP20bm0104001h0108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Yoshida
- CiRA Foundation, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Tomoaki M Kato
- CiRA Foundation, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sato
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masafumi Umekage
- CiRA Foundation, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ichisaka
- CiRA Foundation, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | | | - Naoko Takasu
- CiRA Foundation, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- CiRA Foundation, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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19
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Rapid differentiation of hiPSCs into functional oligodendrocytes using an OLIG2 synthetic modified messenger RNA. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1095. [PMID: 36241911 PMCID: PMC9568531 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) have been introduced to drive the highly efficient differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into lineage-specific oligodendrocytes (OLs). However, effective strategies currently rely mainly on genome-integrating viruses. Here we show that a synthetic modified messenger RNA (smRNA)-based reprogramming method that leads to the generation of transgene-free OLs has been developed. An smRNA encoding a modified form of OLIG2, in which the serine 147 phosphorylation site is replaced with alanine, OLIG2S147A, is designed to reprogram hiPSCs into OLs. We demonstrate that repeated administration of the smRNA encoding OLIG2S147A lead to higher and more stable protein expression. Using the single-mutant OLIG2 smRNA morphogen, we establish a 6-day smRNA transfection protocol, and glial induction lead to rapid NG2+ OL progenitor cell (OPC) generation (>70% purity) from hiPSC. The smRNA-induced NG2+ OPCs can mature into functional OLs in vitro and promote remyelination in vivo. Taken together, we present a safe and efficient smRNA-driven strategy for hiPSC differentiation into OLs, which may be utilized for therapeutic OPC/OL transplantation in patients with neurodegenerative disease. The use of synthetic modified messenger RNA (smRNA) allows for the differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into lineage-specific oligodendrocytes.
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20
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Li CY, Liang Z, Hu Y, Zhang H, Setiasabda KD, Li J, Ma S, Xia X, Kuang Y. Cytidine-containing tails robustly enhance and prolong protein production of synthetic mRNA in cell and in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 30:300-310. [PMID: 36320322 PMCID: PMC9614650 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic mRNAs are rising rapidly as alternative therapeutic agents for delivery of proteins. However, the practical use of synthetic mRNAs has been restricted by their low cellular stability as well as poor protein production efficiency. The key roles of poly(A) tail on mRNA biology inspire us to explore the optimization of tail sequence to overcome the aforementioned limitations. Here, the systematic substitution of non-A nucleotides in the tails revealed that cytidine-containing tails can substantially enhance the protein production rate and duration of synthetic mRNAs both in vitro and in vivo. Such C-containing tails shield synthetic mRNAs from deadenylase CCR4-NOT transcription complex, as the catalytic CNOT proteins, especially CNOT6L and CNOT7, have lower efficiency in trimming of cytidine. Consistently, these enhancement effects of C-containing tails were observed on all synthetic mRNAs tested and were independent of transfection reagents and cell types. As the C-containing tails can be used along with other mRNA enhancement technologies to synergically boost protein production, we believe that these tails can be broadly used on synthetic mRNAs to directly promote their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Yin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhenghua Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaxin Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Kharis Daniel Setiasabda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China,HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China,Corresponding author Yi Kuang, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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21
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Liu A, Wang X. The Pivotal Role of Chemical Modifications in mRNA Therapeutics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:901510. [PMID: 35912117 PMCID: PMC9326091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.901510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After over a decade of development, mRNA has recently matured into a potent modality for therapeutics. The advantages of mRNA therapeutics, including their rapid development and scalability, have been highlighted due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, in which the first two clinically approved mRNA vaccines have been spotlighted. These vaccines, as well as multiple other mRNA therapeutic candidates, are modified to modulate their immunogenicity, stability, and translational efficiency. Despite the importance of mRNA modifications for harnessing the full efficacy of mRNA drugs, the full breadth of potential modifications has yet to be explored clinically. In this review, we survey the field of mRNA modifications, highlighting their ability to tune the properties of mRNAs. These include cap and tail modifications, nucleoside substitutions, and chimeric mRNAs, each of which represents a component of mRNA that can be exploited for modification. Additionally, we cover clinical and preclinical trials of the modified mRNA platform not only to illustrate the promise of modified mRNAs but also to call attention to the room for diversifying future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiao Wang,
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22
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Ustyantseva E, Pavlova SV, Malakhova AA, Ustyantsev K, Zakian SM, Medvedev SP. Oxidative stress monitoring in iPSC-derived motor neurons using genetically encoded biosensors of H 2O 2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8928. [PMID: 35624228 PMCID: PMC9142597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, being either the initiator or part of a pathological cascade that leads to the neuron’s death. Genetically encoded biosensors of oxidative stress demonstrated their general functionality and overall safety in various systems. However, there is still insufficient data regarding their use in the research of disease-related phenotypes in relevant model systems, such as human cells. Here, we establish an approach for monitoring the redox state of live motor neurons with SOD1 mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we insert genetically encoded biosensors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial H2O2 in the genome of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. We demonstrate that the biosensors remain functional in motor neurons derived from these iPSCs and reflect the differences in the stationary redox state of the neurons with different genotypes. Moreover, we show that the biosensors respond to alterations in motor neuron oxidation caused by either environmental changes or cellular stress. Thus, the obtained platform is suitable for cell-based research of neurodegenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Ustyantseva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Sophia V Pavlova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya Str., 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Malakhova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya Str., 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Ustyantsev
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suren M Zakian
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya Str., 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey P Medvedev
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15 Rechkunovskaya Str., 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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23
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Poetsch MS, Strano A, Guan K. Human induced pluripotent stem cells: From cell origin, genomic stability and epigenetic memory to translational medicine. Stem Cells 2022; 40:546-555. [PMID: 35291013 PMCID: PMC9216482 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to self-renew indefinitely and to differentiate virtually into any cell type in unlimited quantities makes them attractive for in-vitro disease modeling, drug screening, personalized medicine, and regenerative therapies. As the genome of iPSCs thoroughly reproduces that of the somatic cells from which they are derived, they may possess genetic abnormalities, which would seriously compromise their utility and safety. Genetic aberrations could be present in donor somatic cells and then transferred during iPSC generation, or they could occur as de novo mutations during reprogramming or prolonged cell culture. Therefore, to warrant safety of human iPSCs for clinical applications, analysis of genetic integrity, particularly during iPSC generation and differentiation, should be carried out on a regular basis. On the other hand, reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs requires profound modifications in the epigenetic landscape. Changes in chromatin structure by DNA methylations and histone tail modifications aim to reset the gene expression pattern of somatic cells to facilitate and establish self-renewal and pluripotency. However, residual epigenetic memory influences the iPSC phenotype, which may affect their application in disease therapeutics. The present review discusses the somatic cell origin, genetic stability, and epigenetic memory of iPSCs and their impact on basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike S Poetsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Strano
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author: Kaomei Guan, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany. Tel: +49 351 458 6246; Fax: +49 351 458 6315;
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24
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The potential of long noncoding RNA therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:269-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Gurumoorthy N, Nordin F, Tye GJ, Wan Kamarul Zaman WS, Ng MH. Non-Integrating Lentiviral Vectors in Clinical Applications: A Glance Through. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010107. [PMID: 35052787 PMCID: PMC8773317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) play an important role in gene therapy and have proven successful in clinical trials. LVs are capable of integrating specific genetic materials into the target cells and allow for long-term expression of the cDNA of interest. The use of non-integrating LVs (NILVs) reduces insertional mutagenesis and the risk of malignant cell transformation over integrating lentiviral vectors. NILVs enable transient expression or sustained episomal expression, especially in non-dividing cells. Important modifications have been made to the basic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) structures to improve the safety and efficacy of LVs. NILV-aided transient expression has led to more pre-clinical studies on primary immunodeficiencies, cytotoxic cancer therapies, and hemoglobinopathies. Recently, the third generation of self-inactivating LVs was applied in clinical trials for recombinant protein production, vaccines, gene therapy, cell imaging, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. This review discusses the basic lentiviral biology and the four systems used for generating NILV designs. Mutations or modifications in LVs and their safety are addressed with reference to pre-clinical studies. The detailed application of NILVs in promising pre-clinical studies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmatha Gurumoorthy
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (N.G.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (N.G.); (M.H.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Gelugor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (N.G.); (M.H.N.)
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26
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Castillo-Hair SM, Seelig G. Machine Learning for Designing Next-Generation mRNA Therapeutics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:24-34. [PMID: 34905691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over just the last 2 years, mRNA therapeutics and vaccines have undergone a rapid transition from an intriguing concept to real-world impact. However, whereas some aspects of mRNA therapeutics, such as the use of chemical modifications to increase stability and reduce immunogenicity, have been extensively optimized for over two decades, other aspects, particularly the selection and design of the noncoding leader and trailer sequences which control translation efficiency and stability, have received comparably less attention. In practice, such 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) are often borrowed from highly expressed human genes with few or no modifications, as in the case for the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid vaccine. Focusing on the 5'UTR, we here argue that model-driven design is a promising alternative that provides unprecedented control over 5'UTR function. We review recent work that combines synthetic biology with machine learning to build quantitative models that relate ribosome loading, and thus translation efficiency, to the 5'UTR sequence. We first introduce an experimental approach that uses polysome profiling and high-throughput sequencing to quantify ribosome loading for hundreds of thousands of 5'UTRs in parallel. We apply this approach to measure ribosome loading in synthetic RNA libraries with a random sequence inserted into the 5'UTR. We then review Optimus 5-Prime, a convolutional neural network model trained on the experimental data. We highlight that very accurate models of biological regulation can be learned from synthetic data sets with degenerate 5'UTRs. We validate model predictions not only on held-out data sets from our random library but also on a large library of over 30 000 human 5'UTR fragments and using translation reporter data collected independently by other groups. Both the experiment and model are compatible with commonly used chemically modified nucleosides, in particular, pseudouridine (Ψ) and 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ). We find that, in general, 5'UTRs have very similar impacts when combined with different protein-coding sequences and even in the context of different chemical modifications. We demonstrate that Optimus 5-Prime can be combined with design algorithms to generate de novo sequences with precisely defined translation efficiencies. We emphasize recent developments in design algorithms that rely on activation maximization and generative modeling to improve both the fitness and diversity of designed sequences. Compared with prior approaches such as genetic algorithms, we show that these approaches are not only faster but also less likely to get stuck in local sequence optima. Finally, we discuss how the approach reviewed here can be generalized to other gene regions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Castillo-Hair
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Georg Seelig
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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27
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Yuen JSK, Stout AJ, Kawecki NS, Letcher SM, Theodossiou SK, Cohen JM, Barrick BM, Saad MK, Rubio NR, Pietropinto JA, DiCindio H, Zhang SW, Rowat AC, Kaplan DL. Perspectives on scaling production of adipose tissue for food applications. Biomaterials 2022; 280:121273. [PMID: 34933254 PMCID: PMC8725203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With rising global demand for food proteins and significant environmental impact associated with conventional animal agriculture, it is important to develop sustainable alternatives to supplement existing meat production. Since fat is an important contributor to meat flavor, recapitulating this component in meat alternatives such as plant based and cell cultured meats is important. Here, we discuss the topic of cell cultured or tissue engineered fat, growing adipocytes in vitro that could imbue meat alternatives with the complex flavor and aromas of animal meat. We outline potential paths for the large scale production of in vitro cultured fat, including adipogenic precursors during cell proliferation, methods to adipogenically differentiate cells at scale, as well as strategies for converting differentiated adipocytes into 3D cultured fat tissues. We showcase the maturation of knowledge and technology behind cell sourcing and scaled proliferation, while also highlighting that adipogenic differentiation and 3D adipose tissue formation at scale need further research. We also provide some potential solutions for achieving adipose cell differentiation and tissue formation at scale based on contemporary research and the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S K Yuen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Andrew J Stout
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - N Stephanie Kawecki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sophia M Letcher
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sophia K Theodossiou
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Julian M Cohen
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, 925 N Mills Ave, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Brigid M Barrick
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michael K Saad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Natalie R Rubio
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jaymie A Pietropinto
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Hailey DiCindio
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sabrina W Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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28
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Maruggi G, Ulmer JB, Rappuoli R, Yu D. Self-amplifying mRNA-Based Vaccine Technology and Its Mode of Action. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 440:31-70. [PMID: 33861374 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying mRNAs derived from the genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses have recently come into focus as a promising technology platform for vaccine development. Non-virally delivered self-amplifying mRNA vaccines have the potential to be highly versatile, potent, streamlined, scalable, and inexpensive. By amplifying their genome and the antigen encoding mRNA in the host cell, the self-amplifying mRNA mimics a viral infection, resulting in sustained levels of the target protein combined with self-adjuvanting innate immune responses, ultimately leading to potent and long-lasting antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Moreover, in principle, any eukaryotic sequence could be encoded by self-amplifying mRNA without the need to change the manufacturing process, thereby enabling a much faster and flexible research and development timeline than the current vaccines and hence a quicker response to emerging infectious diseases. This chapter highlights the rapid progress made in using non-virally delivered self-amplifying mRNA-based vaccines against infectious diseases in animal models. We provide an overview of the unique attributes of this vaccine approach, summarize the growing body of work defining its mechanism of action, discuss the current challenges and latest advances, and highlight perspectives about the future of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong Yu
- GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA. .,Dynavax Technologies, 2100 Powell Street Suite, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
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29
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iPSC Therapy for Myocardial Infarction in Large Animal Models: Land of Hope and Dreams. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121836. [PMID: 34944652 PMCID: PMC8698445 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the main driver of heart failure due to ischemia and subsequent cell death, and cell-based strategies have emerged as promising therapeutic methods to replace dead tissue in cardiovascular diseases. Research in this field has been dramatically advanced by the development of laboratory-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that harbor the capability to become any cell type. Like other experimental strategies, stem cell therapy must meet multiple requirements before reaching the clinical trial phase, and in vivo models are indispensable for ensuring the safety of such novel therapies. Specifically, translational studies in large animal models are necessary to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of this approach; to empirically determine the optimal combination of cell types, supplementary factors, and delivery methods to maximize efficacy; and to stringently assess safety. In the present review, we summarize the main strategies employed to generate iPSCs and differentiate them into cardiomyocytes in large animal species; the most critical differences between using small versus large animal models for cardiovascular studies; and the strategies that have been pursued regarding implanted cells' stage of differentiation, origin, and technical application.
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30
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Tool for Modeling Hematologic Disorders and as a Potential Source for Cell-Based Therapies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113250. [PMID: 34831472 PMCID: PMC8623953 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has revolutionized the field of biomedical and pharmaceutical research and opened up vast opportunities for drug discovery and regenerative medicine, especially when combined with gene-editing technology. Numerous healthy and patient-derived hiPSCs for human disease modeling have been established, enabling mechanistic studies of pathogenesis, platforms for preclinical drug screening, and the development of novel therapeutic targets/approaches. Additionally, hiPSCs hold great promise for cell-based therapy, serving as an attractive cell source for generating stem/progenitor cells or functional differentiated cells for degenerative diseases, due to their unlimited proliferative capacity, pluripotency, and ethical acceptability. In this review, we provide an overview of hiPSCs and their utility in the study of hematologic disorders through hematopoietic differentiation. We highlight recent hereditary and acquired genetic hematologic disease modeling with patient-specific iPSCs, and discuss their applications as instrumental drug screening tools. The clinical applications of hiPSCs in cell-based therapy, including the next-generation cancer immunotherapy, are provided. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges that need to be addressed to fulfill the validity of hiPSC-based disease modeling and future perspectives of hiPSCs in the field of hematology.
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31
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Ibba ML, Ciccone G, Esposito CL, Catuogno S, Giangrande PH. Advances in mRNA non-viral delivery approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113930. [PMID: 34403751 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) present a great potential as therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of human pathologies, allowing for protein replacement, vaccination, cancer immunotherapy, and genomic engineering. Despite advances in the design of mRNA-based therapeutics, a key aspect for their widespread translation to clinic is the development of safe and effective delivery strategies. To this end, non-viral delivery systems including peptide-based complexes, lipidic or polymeric nanoparticles, and hybrid formulations are attracting growing interest. Despite displaying somewhat reduced efficacy compared to viral-based systems, non-viral carriers offer important advantages in terms of biosafety and versatility. In this review, we provide an overview of current mRNA therapeutic applications and discuss key biological barriers to delivery and recent advances in the development of non-viral systems. Challenges and future applications of this novel therapeutic modality are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Ibba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccone
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla L Esposito
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Catuogno
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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32
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Gao M, Zhang Q, Feng XH, Liu J. Synthetic modified messenger RNA for therapeutic applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:1-15. [PMID: 34133982 PMCID: PMC8198544 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic modified messenger RNA (mRNA) has manifested great potentials for therapeutic applications such as vaccines and gene therapies, with the recent mRNA vaccines for global pandemic COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) attracting the tremendous attention. The chemical modifications and delivery vehicles of synthetic mRNAs are the two key factors for their in vivo therapeutic applications. Chemical modifications like nucleoside methylation endow the synthetic mRNAs with high stability and reduced stimulation of innate immunity. The development of scalable production of synthetic mRNA and efficient mRNA formulation and delivery strategies in recent years have remarkably advanced the field. It is worth noticing that we had limited knowledge on the roles of mRNA modifications in the past. However, the last decade has witnessed not only new discoveries of several naturally occurring mRNA modifications but also substantial advances in understanding their roles on regulating gene expression. It is highly necessary to reconsider the therapeutic system made by synthetic modified mRNAs and delivery vectors. In this review, we will mainly discuss the roles of various chemical modifications on synthetic mRNAs, briefly summarize the progresses of mRNA delivery strategies, and highlight some latest mRNA therapeutics applications including infectious disease vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, mRNA-based genetic reprogramming and protein replacement, mRNA-based gene editing. Statement of significance The development of synthetic mRNA drug holds great promise but lies behind small molecule and protein drugs largely due to the challenging issues regarding its stability, immunogenicity and potency. In the last 15 years, these issues have beensubstantially addressed by synthesizing chemically modified mRNA and developing powerful delivery systems; the mRNA therapeutics has entered an exciting new era begun with the approved mRNA vaccines for the COVID-19 infection disease. Here, we provide recent progresses in understanding the biological roles of various RNA chemical modifications, in developing mRNA delivery systems, and in advancing the emerging mRNA-based therapeutic applications, with the purpose to inspire the community to spawn new ideas for curing diseases.
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33
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Wang AYL. Application of Modified mRNA in Somatic Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Conversion of Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158148. [PMID: 34360910 PMCID: PMC8348611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified mRNA (modRNA)-based somatic reprogramming is an effective and safe approach that overcomes the genomic mutation risk caused by viral integrative methods. It has improved the disadvantages of conventional mRNA and has better stability and immunogenicity. The modRNA molecules encoding multiple pluripotent factors have been applied successfully in reprogramming somatic cells such as fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and amniotic fluid stem cells to generate pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, it also can be directly used in the terminal differentiation of stem cells and fibroblasts into functional therapeutic cells, which exhibit great promise in disease modeling, drug screening, cell transplantation therapy, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we summarized the reprogramming applications of modified mRNA in iPSC generation and therapeutic applications of functionally differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Yen Ling Wang
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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34
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Poorna MR, Jayakumar R, Chen JP, Mony U. Hydrogels: A potential platform for induced pluripotent stem cell culture and differentiation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 207:111991. [PMID: 34333302 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be used to generate desired types of cells that belong to the three germ layers (i.e., ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). These cells possess great potential in regenerative medicine. Before iPSCs are used in various biomedical applications, the existing xenogeneic culture methods must be improved to meet the technical standards of safety, cost effectiveness, and ease of handling. In addition to commonly used 2D substrates, a culture system that mimics the native cellular environment in tissues will be a good choice when culturing iPS cells and differentiating them into different lineages. Hydrogels are potential candidates that recapitulate the native complex three-dimensional microenvironment. They possess mechanical properties similar to those of many soft tissues. Moreover, hydrogels support iPSC adhesion, proliferation and differentiation to various cell types. They are xeno-free and cost-effective. In addition to other substrates, such as mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF), Matrigel, and vitronectin, the use of hydrogel-based substrates for iPSC culture and differentiation may help generate large numbers of clinical-grade cells that can be used in potential clinical applications. This review mainly focuses on the use of hydrogels for the culture and differentiation of iPSCs into various cell types and their potential applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Poorna
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - R Jayakumar
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ullas Mony
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India; Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
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35
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To KKW, Cho WCS. An overview of rational design of mRNA-based therapeutics and vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1307-1317. [PMID: 34058918 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1935859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics and vaccines have emerged as a disruptive new drug class for various applications, including regenerative medicine, cancer treatment, and prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update about the rational structure-based design of various formats of mRNA-based therapeutics. The authors discuss the recent advances in the mRNA modifications that have been used to enhance stability, promote translation efficiency and regulate immunogenicity for specific applications. EXPERT OPINION Extensive research efforts have been made to optimize mRNA constructs and preparation procedures to unleash the full potential of mRNA-based therapeutics and vaccines. Sequence optimization (untranslated region and codon usage), chemical engineering of nucleotides and modified 5'cap, and optimization of in vitro transcription and mRNA purification protocols have overcome the major obstacles (instability, delivery, immunogenicity and safety) hindering the clinical applications of mRNA therapeutics and vaccines. The optimized design parameters should not be applied as default to different biological systems, but rather individually optimized for each mRNA sequence and intended application. Further advancement in the mRNA design and delivery technologies for achieving cell type- and organ site-specificity will broaden the scope and usefulness of this new class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Efficient Modified-mRNA Transfection in Neural Stem Cells. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.27.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Madrid M, Sumen C, Aivio S, Saklayen N. Autologous Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapies: Promise, Progress, and Challenges. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e88. [PMID: 33725407 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The promise of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lies in their ability to serve as a starting material for autologous, or patient-specific, stem cell-based therapies. Since the first publications describing the generation of iPSCs from human tissue in 2007, a Phase I/IIa clinical trial testing an autologous iPSC-derived cell therapy has been initiated in the U.S., and several other autologous iPSC-based therapies have advanced through various stages of development. Three single-patient in-human transplants of autologous iPSC-derived cells have taken place worldwide. None of the patients suffered serious adverse events, despite not undergoing immunosuppression. These promising outcomes support the proposed advantage of an autologous approach: a cell therapy product that can engraft without the risk of immune rejection, eliminating the need for immunosuppression and the associated side effects. Despite this advantage, there are currently more allogeneic than autologous iPSC-based cell therapy products in development due to the cost and complexity of scaling out manufacturing for each patient. In this review, we highlight recent progress toward clinical translation of autologous iPSC-based cell therapies. We also highlight technological advancements that would reduce the cost and complexity of autologous iPSC-based cell therapy production, enabling autologous iPSC-based therapies to become a more commonplace treatment modality for patients. © 2021 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cenk Sumen
- Stemson Therapeutics, San Diego, California
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are frontline approaches for the genetic diagnosis of rare diseases. However, WES/WGS fails in up to 75% of cases. Transcriptomics via RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a novel approach that aims to increase the diagnostic yield in rare diseases.
Recent Findings
Recent publications focus on the success of RNA-Seq for increasing diagnosis rates in WES/WGS-negative patients in up to 36% of cases, across a range of different diseases, sample sizes, and tissue types.
Summary
RNA-Seq is beneficial for aiding prioritisation of causative variants currently not detected or often overlooked by WES/WGS alone. An improvement in diagnostic yields has been demonstrated using multiple source tissues, with muscle and fibroblasts being the most representative, but the more accessible blood still demonstrating diagnostic success, particularly in neuromuscular disorders. The introduction of RNA-Seq to the genetic diagnosis toolbox promises to be a useful complementary tool to WES/WGS for improving genetic diagnosis in patients with rare disease.
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Hendel SJ, Shoulders MD. Directed evolution in mammalian cells. Nat Methods 2021; 18:346-357. [PMID: 33828274 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution experiments are typically carried out using in vitro systems, bacteria, or yeast-even when the goal is to probe or modulate mammalian biology. Performing directed evolution in systems that do not match the intended mammalian environment severely constrains the scope and functionality of the targets that can be evolved. We review new platforms that are now making it possible to use the mammalian cell itself as the setting for directed evolution and present an overview of frontier challenges and high-impact targets for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hendel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Shoulders
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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40
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Dotson GA, Ryan CW, Chen C, Muir L, Rajapakse I. Cellular reprogramming: Mathematics meets medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 13:e1515. [PMID: 33289324 PMCID: PMC8867497 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Generating needed cell types using cellular reprogramming is a promising strategy for restoring tissue function in injury or disease. A common method for reprogramming is addition of one or more transcription factors that confer a new function or identity. Advancements in transcription factor selection and delivery have culminated in successful grafting of autologous reprogrammed cells, an early demonstration of their clinical utility. Though cellular reprogramming has been successful in a number of settings, identification of appropriate transcription factors for a particular transformation has been challenging. Computational methods enable more sophisticated prediction of relevant transcription factors for reprogramming by leveraging gene expression data of initial and target cell types, and are built on mathematical frameworks ranging from information theory to control theory. This review highlights the utility and impact of these mathematical frameworks in the field of cellular reprogramming. This article is categorized under: Reproductive System Diseases > Reproductive System Diseases>Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Reproductive System Diseases > Reproductive System Diseases>Stem Cells and Development Reproductive System Diseases > Reproductive System Diseases>Computational Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A. Dotson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Charles W. Ryan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Lindsey Muir
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Indika Rajapakse
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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41
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Arroyave F, Montaño D, Lizcano F. Diabetes Mellitus Is a Chronic Disease that Can Benefit from Therapy with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228685. [PMID: 33217903 PMCID: PMC7698772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, with an increasing incidence worldwide. The impact of DM on public health in developing countries has triggered alarm due to the exaggerated costs of the treatment and monitoring of patients with this disease. Considerable efforts have been made to try to prevent the onset and reduce the complications of DM. However, because insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells progressively deteriorate, many people must receive insulin through subcutaneous injection. Additionally, current therapies do not have consistent results regarding the prevention of chronic complications. Leveraging the approval of real-time continuous glucose monitors and sophisticated algorithms that partially automate insulin infusion pumps has improved glycemic control, decreasing the burden of diabetes management. However, these advances are facing physiologic barriers. New findings in molecular and cellular biology have produced an extraordinary advancement in tissue development for the treatment of DM. Obtaining pancreatic β-cells from somatic cells is a great resource that currently exists for patients with DM. Although this therapeutic option has great prospects for patients, some challenges remain for this therapeutic plan to be used clinically. The purpose of this review is to describe the new techniques in cell biology and regenerative medicine as possible treatments for DM. In particular, this review highlights the origin of induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) and how they have begun to emerge as a regenerative treatment that may mitigate the pathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arroyave
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
| | - Diana Montaño
- Center of Biomedical Investigation (CIBUS), Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
- Center of Biomedical Investigation (CIBUS), Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3144120052 or +57-18615555 (ext. 23906)
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42
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Arévalo-Soliz LM, Hardee CL, Fogg JM, Corman NR, Noorbakhsh C, Zechiedrich L. Improving therapeutic potential of non-viral minimized DNA vectors. CELL & GENE THERAPY INSIGHTS 2020; 6:1489-1505. [PMID: 33953961 PMCID: PMC8095377 DOI: 10.18609/cgti.2020.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tragic deaths of three patients in a recent AAV-based X-linked myotubular myopathy clinical trial highlight once again the pressing need for safe and reliable gene delivery vectors. Non-viral minimized DNA vectors offer one possible way to meet this need. Recent pre-clinical results with minimized DNA vectors have yielded promising outcomes in cancer therapy, stem cell therapy, stem cell reprograming, and other uses. Broad clinical use of these vectors, however, remains to be realized. Further advances in vector design and production are ongoing. An intriguing and promising potential development results from manipulation of the specific shape of non-viral minimized DNA vectors. By improving cellular uptake and biodistribution specificity, this approach could impact gene therapy, DNA nanotechnology, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirio M Arévalo-Soliz
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cinnamon L Hardee
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan M Fogg
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nathan R Corman
- Rural Medical Education Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Cameron Noorbakhsh
- Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Australisches Institut für Bioingenieurwesen und Nanotechnologie Universität Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australisches Institut für Bioingenieurwesen und Nanotechnologie Universität Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
- Fakultät für Chemie und Molekulartechnik Pädagogische Universität Ostchina Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
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44
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Wang Y, Yu C. Emerging Concepts of Nanobiotechnology in mRNA Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23374-23385. [PMID: 32400110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introducing mRNA into cells has attracted intense interest for diverse applications; however, success requires delivery solutions. Engineered nanomaterials have been applied as mRNA nanocarriers; their functions are designed mainly as delivery vehicles, but rarely in regulation of the protein translation. Recently, progress in nanobiotechnology has shifted the design principle of mRNA nanocarriers from simple delivery tools to translation modulators. Here, we review the emerging concepts of nanomaterials regulating mRNA translation and recent progress in mRNA delivery. Designer nanomaterials providing integrated functions for specific mRNA applications are also reviewed to provide insights for the design of next-generation nanomaterials to revolutionize mRNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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45
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Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has immense potential for developing a wide range of therapies, including immunotherapy and protein replacement. As mRNA presents no risk of integration into the host genome and does not require nuclear entry for transfection, which allows protein production even in nondividing cells, mRNA-based approaches can be envisioned as safe and practical therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, mRNA presents unfavorable characteristics, such as large size, immunogenicity, limited cellular uptake, and sensitivity to enzymatic degradation, which hinder its use as a therapeutic agent. While mRNA stability and immunogenicity have been ameliorated by direct modifications on the mRNA structure, further improvements in mRNA delivery are still needed for promoting its activity in biological settings. In this regard, nanomedicine has shown the ability for spatiotemporally controlling the function of a myriad of bioactive agents in vivo. Direct engineering of nanomedicine structures for loading, protecting, and releasing mRNA and navigating in biological environments can then be applied for promoting mRNA translation toward the development of effective treatments. Here, we review recent approaches aimed at enhancing mRNA function and its delivery through nanomedicines, with particular emphasis on their applications and eventual clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Federico Perche
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans 45071 Cedex 02, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans 45071 Cedex 02, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Orléans, Orléans 45071 Cedex 02, France
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
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Zhang R, Tang L, Tian Y, Ji X, Hu Q, Zhou B, Ding Z, Xu H, Yang L. DP7-C-modified liposomes enhance immune responses and the antitumor effect of a neoantigen-based mRNA vaccine. J Control Release 2020; 328:210-221. [PMID: 32860927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, many clinical trials have been carried out with neoantigen-specific mRNA vaccines, and positive results have been achieved. However, further improvements in the efficiency of the intracellular delivery of mRNA and the production of a stronger immune response are still worth studying. In this study, we used the cholesterol-modified cationic peptide DP7 (VQWRIRVAVIRK), which was developed in our previous study, with a transmembrane structure and immunoadjuvant function to modify DOTAP liposomes to create a common mRNA delivery system. This system was intended to improve the efficiency of the delivery of mRNA encoding individualized neoantigens to dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance the activation of DCs. The system serves dual functions as a carrier and as an immunoadjuvant. As a carrier of mRNA, DP7-C-modified DOTAP liposomes (DOTAP/DP7-C) could transfer mRNA efficiently into different type of DCs in vitro. As an immunoadjuvant, DOTAP/DP7-C liposomes were shown to be more efficacious in stimulating DC maturation, CD103+ DC (contributing to antigen presentation) production and proinflammatory cytokine secretion than DOTAP liposomes both in vitro and in vivo. In animal studies, the subcutaneous administration of DOTAP/DP7-C/LL2 neoantigen-encoding mRNA complexes significantly inhibited the growth of LL2 in situ and the growth of subcutaneous tumors and stimulated the production of antigen-specific lymphocyte reactions, which were superior to the DOTAP/LL2 neoantigen-encoding mRNA complex group. In conclusion, DOTAP/DP7-C liposomes may serve as a potential universal mRNA delivery system, providing a simple method to increase the efficiency of intracellular mRNA delivery and the immunostimulatory activity of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiuyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bailing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- Department of Pharmacy and Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Deng Y, Zhou Z, Ji W, Lin S, Wang M. METTL1-mediated m 7G methylation maintains pluripotency in human stem cells and limits mesoderm differentiation and vascular development. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:306. [PMID: 32698871 PMCID: PMC7374972 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 7-Methylguanosine (m7G) is one of the most conserved modifications in nucleosides within tRNAs and rRNAs. It plays essential roles in the regulation of mRNA export, splicing, and translation. Recent studies highlighted the importance of METTL1-mediated m7G tRNA methylome in the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) through its ability to regulate mRNA translation. However, the exact mechanisms by which METTL1 regulates pluripotency and differentiation in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of METTL1 in regulating hiPSC self-renewal and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Methods By establishing METTL1 knockdown (KD) hiPSCs, gene expression profiling was performed by RNA sequencing followed by pathway analyses. Anti-m7G northwestern assay was used to identify m7G modifications in tRNAs and mRNAs. Polysome profiling was used to assess the translation efficiency of the major pluripotent transcription factors. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo differentiation capacities of METTL1-KD hiPSCs were assessed in embryoid body (EB) formation and teratoma formation assays. Results METTL1 silencing resulted in alterations in the global m7G profile in hiPSCs and reduced the translational efficiency of stem cell marker genes. METTL1-KD hiPSCs exhibited reduced pluripotency with slower cell cycling. Moreover, METTL1 silencing accelerates hiPSC differentiation into EBs and promotes the expression of mesoderm-related genes. Similarly, METTL1 knockdown enhances teratoma formation and mesoderm differentiation in vivo by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis in nude mice. Conclusion Our findings provided novel insight into the critical role of METTL1-mediated m7G modification in the regulation of hiPSC pluripotency and differentiation, as well as its potential roles in vascular development and the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Deng
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhongyang Zhou
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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48
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Zhu Y, Yan Z, Du Z, Zhang S, Fu C, Meng Y, Wen X, Wang Y, Hoffman AR, Hu JF, Cui J, Li W. Osblr8 orchestrates intrachromosomal loop structure required for maintaining stem cell pluripotency. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1861-1875. [PMID: 32398955 PMCID: PMC7211171 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from reprogramming of somatic cells by a cocktail of transcription factors, have the capacity for unlimited self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into all of cell types present in the body. iPSCs may have therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine, replacing injured tissues or even whole organs. In this study, we examine epigenetic factors embedded in the specific 3-dimensional intrachromosomal architecture required for the activation of endogenous pluripotency genes. Using chromatin RNA in situ reverse transcription sequencing (CRIST-seq), we identified an Oct4-Sox2 binding long noncoding RNA, referred as to Osblr8, that is present in association with pluripotency status. Osblr8 was highly expressed in iPSCs and E14 embryonic stem cells, but it was silenced in fibroblasts. By using shRNA to knock down Osblr8, we found that this lncRNA was required for the maintenance of pluripotency. Overexpression of Osblr8 activated endogenous stem cell core factor genes. Mechanistically, Osblr8 participated in the formation of an intrachromosomal looping structure that is required to activate stem cell core factors during reprogramming. In summary, we have demonstrated that lncRNA Osblr8 is a chromatin architecture modulator of pluripotency-associated master gene promoters, highlighting its critical epigenetic role in reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zi Yan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.,Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Zhonghua Du
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Changhao Fu
- Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ying Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.,Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xue Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Andrew R Hoffman
- Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.,Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Generation of Otic Lineages from Integration-Free Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed by mRNAs. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:3692937. [PMID: 32190057 PMCID: PMC7068143 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3692937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the sensory hair cells and the spiral ganglion neurons of the cochlea leads to deafness. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising tool to regenerate the cells in the inner ear that have been affected by pathology or have been lost. To facilitate the clinical application of iPSCs, the reprogramming process should minimize the risk of introducing undesired genetic alterations while conferring the cells the capacity to differentiate into the desired cell type. Currently, reprogramming induced by synthetic mRNAs is considered to be one of the safest ways of inducing pluripotency, as the transgenes are transiently delivered into the cells without integrating into the genome. In this study, we explore the ability of integration-free human-induced pluripotent cell lines that were reprogrammed by mRNAs, to differentiate into otic progenitors and, subsequently, into hair cell and neuronal lineages. hiPSC lines were induced to differentiate by culturing them in the presence of fibroblast growth factors 3 and 10 (FGF3 and FGF10). Progenitors were identified by quantitative microscopy, based on the coexpression of otic markers PAX8, PAX2, FOXG1, and SOX2. Otic epithelial progenitors (OEPs) and otic neuroprogenitors (ONPs) were purified and allowed to differentiate further into hair cell-like cells and neurons. Lineages were characterised by immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Neuronal cells showed inward Na+ (INa) currents and outward (Ik) and inward K+ (IK1) currents while hair cell-like cells had inward IK1 and outward delayed rectifier K+ currents, characteristic of developing hair cells. We conclude that human-induced pluripotent cell lines that have been reprogrammed using nonintegrating mRNAs are capable to differentiate into otic cell types.
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50
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RNA-Based Strategies for Cardiac Reprogramming of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020504. [PMID: 32098400 PMCID: PMC7072829 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could represent an elegant source for the generation of patient-specific cardiomyocytes needed for regenerative medicine, cardiovascular research, and pharmacological studies. However, the differentiation of adult MSC into a cardiac lineage is challenging compared to embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Here we used non-integrative methods, including microRNA and mRNA, for cardiac reprogramming of adult MSC derived from bone marrow, dental follicle, and adipose tissue. We found that MSC derived from adipose tissue can partly be reprogrammed into the cardiac lineage by transient overexpression of GATA4, TBX5, MEF2C, and MESP1, while cells isolated from bone marrow, and dental follicle exhibit only weak reprogramming efficiency. qRT-PCR and transcriptomic analysis revealed activation of a cardiac-specific gene program and up-regulation of genes known to promote cardiac development. Although we did not observe the formation of fully mature cardiomyocytes, our data suggests that adult MSC have the capability to acquire a cardiac-like phenotype when treated with mRNA coding for transcription factors that regulate heart development. Yet, further optimization of the reprogramming process is mandatory to increase the reprogramming efficiency.
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