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Khayatan D, Nouri K, Momtaz S, Roufogalis BD, Alidadi M, Jamialahmadi T, Abdolghaffari AH, Sahebkar A. Plant-Derived Fermented Products: An Interesting Concept for Human Health. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102162. [PMID: 38800633 PMCID: PMC11126794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of fermenting plant-derived products remain an underexplored domain. Plants and other natural products serve as medicinal agents when consumed as part of our diets, and the role of microorganisms in fermentation garners significant scientific interest. The present narrative review investigates the effects of fermentation of substances such as plants, algae, and fungi on their therapeutic and related purposes. Among the microorganisms used in fermentation, lactic acid bacteria are often linked to fermented products, particularly dairy and animal-based ones, and take center stage. These microorganisms are adept at synthesizing vitamins, active peptides, minerals, proteinases, and enzymes. Plant-derived fermented products are a significant source of active peptides, phytochemicals, flavonoids, and bioactive molecules with a profound impact on human health. They exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, the effects being substantiated by experimental studies. Clinical investigations underscore their effectiveness in managing diverse health conditions. Various studies highlight a synergy between microorganisms and plant-based materials, with fermentation as an innovative method for daily food preparation or a treatment option for specific ailments. These promising findings highlight the need for continued scientific inquiry into the impact of fermentation-derived products in clinical settings. Clinical observations to date have offered valuable insights into health improvement for various disorders. This current narrative review explores the impact of natural and plant-originated fermented products on health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Khayatan
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Nouri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Basil D Roufogalis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mona Alidadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chan M, Larsen N, Baxter H, Jespersen L, Ekinci EI, Howell K. The impact of botanical fermented foods on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37881833 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Our systematic review assessed the impact of botanical fermented food (BFF) consumption on glucose, lipid, anthropometric, inflammatory and gut microbiota parameters, in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS), MetS components or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched with no language limits, from inception to 31 August 2022, for eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent reviewers screened 6873 abstracts and extracted relevant data. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's ROB2 tool. The final review included twenty-six RCTs, with thirty-one reports published between 2001 and 2022. Significant (p < 0·05) within-group and between-group changes in cardiometabolic outcome means were reported in twenty-three and nineteen studies, respectively. Gut microbiota composition was assessed in four studies, with two finding significant between-group differences. No significant difference between groups of any measured outcomes was observed in five studies. There were fourteen studies at low ROB; ten were of some concern; and two were at high ROB. In 73% of included studies, BFF consumption by participants with obesity, MetS or T2DM led to significant between-group improvements in discrete cardiometabolic outcomes, including fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, waist circumference, body fat percentage and C-reactive protein. BFF consumption increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and LAB, whilst reducing potential pathogens such as Bacteroides. To determine the clinical significance of BFFs as therapeutic dietary adjuncts, their safety, tolerability and affordability must be balanced with the limited power and magnitude of these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miin Chan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helen Baxter
- Austin Health Science Library, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- The Australian Centre for Accelerating Diabetes Innovations (ACADI), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne and Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Azizi B, Mohseni S, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Esmaeili F, Khodaeian M, Qorbani M, Nazeri E, Nouhi Z. Meta-analysis of the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of hypoglycaemic plant-derived medicines. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2521-2539. [PMID: 37658968 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pivotal role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been firmly established. However, the evidence concerning hypoglycaemic medicinal plants' antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects remains inconclusive due to inconsistencies in prior studies. To address this gap, our study aims to perform a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to consolidate previous research findings in this field. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases to identify relevant English randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. All eligible studies that evaluated concurrently the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of hypoglycaemic plant-derived supplements on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis itself was carried out using both fixed and random effects models to synthesize the findings from the selected studies. RESULTS Our study included 47 trials with a total of 2636 participants, both male and female, aged between 20 and 79 years, diagnosed with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or metabolic syndrome. The meta-analysis revealed that plant-derived treatments, compared to placebos or other medicines, significantly improved oxidative stress (SMD = - 0.36, 95% CI - 0.64 to - 0.09), inflammation (SMD = - 0.47, 95% CI - 0.63 to - 0.31), total antioxidant capacity (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI 0.16-0.75), and antioxidant enzyme activity (SMD = 1.80, 95% CI 1.26-2.33). The meta-regression analysis showed that treatment duration exceeding 8 weeks significantly impacted the heterogeneity of the oxidative stress data. CONCLUSIONS Several hypoglycaemic plant-based treatments appear to positively affect T2DM patients by concurrently lowering oxidative stress and inflammatory indicators and boosting antioxidant enzyme activity. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRY PROSPERO ID: CRD42021226147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Azizi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Mohseni
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fataneh Esmaeili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Khodaeian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Elahe Nazeri
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nouhi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mishra KP, Bakshi J, Sharma G, Singh S, Panjwani U. A Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness of Recombinant Interleukin-11 Versus Papaya Leaf Extract for Treatment of Thrombocytopenia: A Review. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:297-304. [PMID: 37234180 PMCID: PMC10205934 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Platelets or thrombocytes play an important role in thrombosis and maintaining hemostasis. Thrombocytes help in forming blood clots at the site of the wound. When the level of platelets decreases, uncontrolled bleeding occurs which can result in mortality. A decrease in the blood platelet level is known as thrombocytopenia which can be caused due to various reasons. A variety of treatment options are available for thrombocytopenia like platelet transfusion, splenectomy, platelet management with various types of corticosteroids, and recombinant interleukin-11 (rhIL-11). The use of rhIL-11 is approved by FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. rhIL-11 is a recombinant cytokine that is administered to patients suffering from chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia as it enhances megakaryocytic proliferation which aids in platelet production. But this treatment has various side effects and is costly. Hence, there is a crucial need to identify cost-effective alternative strategies that present no side effects. The majority of the population in low-income countries requires a functional and cost-effective treatment for low thrombocyte count. Carica papaya is a tropical herbaceous plant that has been reported in recovering low platelet count during dengue virus infection. Even though multiple benefits of the Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) are popular, the active compound present in it, which mediates these benefits, remains to be identified. This review aims to highlight the different aspects of rhIL-11 and CPLE-induced platelet counts and their limitations and benefits in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The literature related to the treatment of thrombocytopenia using rhIL-11 and CPLE from 1970 to 2022 was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the keywords Recombinant Interleukin-11, Papaya Leaf Extract, Thrombocytopenia, and Platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Mishra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Jyotsana Bakshi
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Gitika Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Somnath Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
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Nyakundi BB, Yang J. Uses of Papaya Leaf and Seaweed Supplementations for Controlling Glucose Homeostasis in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076846. [PMID: 37047820 PMCID: PMC10095424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies from laboratory animal models and complementary medical practices have implied that nutrients from special plants or herbs contain antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-obese, anti-hypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Seaweed and tropical papaya, which are widely available in Asian and Pacific countries, have been used as home remedies for centuries. The bioactive extracts from these plants contain vitamins A, C, B and E complexes, as well as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, essential fatty acids, flavonoids, saponins, fucoidan, and phlorotannin. In this review, the authors examine the pathogenesis of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia due to the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, antidiabetic/antihyperglycemic seaweed or/and papaya derived bioactive phytochemicals and their proposed mechanisms of action in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The authors also propose combining papaya and seaweed to enhance their antidiabetic effects, leveraging the advantages of herb-to-herb combination. Papaya and seaweed have demonstrated antidiabetic effects through in vitro assays, cellular models, and animal studies despite the limited clinical trials. Nutraceuticals with antidiabetic effects, such as secondary metabolites isolated from seaweed and papaya, could be combined for a synergistic effect on T2DM management. However, the application of these compounds in their purified or mixed forms require further scientific studies to evaluate their efficacy against diabetes-related complications, such as hyperlipidemia, elevated free radicals, pro-inflammatory molecules, insulin insensitivity, and the degeneration of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard B. Nyakundi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Augustus E, Haynes E, Guell C, Morrissey K, Murphy MM, Halliday C, Jia L, Iese V, Anderson SG, Unwin N. The Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Nutritional Status and Metabolic Health in Small Island Developing States: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173529. [PMID: 36079787 PMCID: PMC9460279 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small island developing states (SIDS) have a high burden of nutrition-related disease associated with nutrient-poor, energy-dense diets. In response to these issues, we assessed the effectiveness of nutrition-based interventions on nutritional status (under-nutrition) and metabolic health (over-nutrition) among persons in SIDS. We included SIDS-based nutrition studies with change in nutrition status (e.g., markers of anaemia) or metabolic status (e.g., markers of glycaemia) as outcomes. The PRISMA framework was applied and MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OARE library, Web of Science, Scopus, ASSIA, EconLit, AGORA, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, WHO-EMRO, and LILACS were searched (2000−2020). Cochrane risk of bias (ROB) and Cochrane ROBINS-I tools assessed ROB for randomised and non-randomised studies, respectively. PROSPERO registration (CRD42021236396) was undertaken. We included 50 eligible interventions, involving 37,591 participants: 14 trials reported on nutritional status, 36 on metabolic health. Effective interventions, evaluated at the individual level, took a multifaceted approach for metabolic outcomes; while nutrition outcomes utilised supplements. Most intervention types were suitable for issues related to ‘over’ nutrition versus ‘under’ nutrition. Twenty-six studies (nutrition status (six); metabolic health (twenty)) were effective (p < 0.05). With the current rise of nutrition-related public health challenges, there is a need for further development and evaluation of these and related interventions at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Augustus
- The Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, P.O. Box 64, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
- Correspondence:
| | - Emily Haynes
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Cornelia Guell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Karyn Morrissey
- Division of Sustainability, Society and Economics, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 358, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Madhuvanti M. Murphy
- The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, Caribbean Institute of Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
| | - Cassandra Halliday
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Lili Jia
- Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Viliamu Iese
- Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, University of the South Pacific, Suva 0101, Fiji
| | - Simon G. Anderson
- The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, Caribbean Institute of Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
- Glasgow-Caribbean Centre for Development Research, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
| | - Nigel Unwin
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Marmitt DJ. Potential plants for inflammatory dysfunction in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:749-773. [PMID: 35389124 PMCID: PMC8987270 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory process is a biological response of the organism to remove injurious stimuli and initiate homeostasis. It has been recognized as a key player in the most severe forms of SARS-CoV-2, characterized by significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, the so-called "cytokine storm" that appears to play a pivotal role in this disease. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to select clinical trials with anti-inflammatory plants and relate the activity of these plants to inflammatory markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PRISMA guidelines are followed, and studies of interest are indexed in PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. As a result, 32 clinical trials encompassing 22 plants were selected. The main anti-inflammatory mechanisms described in the studies are the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-a, IFN-γ, and IL-1; decreased CRP and oxidative marker levels; increased endogenous antioxidant levels; modulation of cardiovascular risk markers. The data found are not directly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, they provide possibilities for new studies as plants have a wide array of phytochemicals, and detecting which ones are responsible for anti-inflammatory effects can provide invaluable contribution to studies aiming to evaluate efficacy in scenarios of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diorge Jônatas Marmitt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Do Vale Do Taquari - Univates, Avelino Talini Street, 171, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil.
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Bioactive Foods and Medicinal Plants for Cardiovascular Complications of Type II Diabetes: Current Clinical Evidence and Future Perspectives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6681540. [PMID: 34567218 PMCID: PMC8460387 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6681540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, not all patients are fully satisfied with the current available treatments. Medicinal plants have been globally investigated regarding their effect in CVD, yet the field is far from getting exhausted. The current paper aims to provide an evidence-based review on the clinically evaluated medicinal plants and their main therapeutic targets for the management of CVD in T2DM. Electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 2000 until November 2019, and related clinical studies were included. Lipid metabolism, glycemic status, systemic inflammation, blood pressure, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and anthropometric parameters are the key points regulated by medicinal plants in T2DM. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are the two most important mechanisms since inflammation and oxidative stress are the first steps triggering a domino of molecular pathological pathways leading to T2DM and, subsequently, CVD. Polyphenols with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, essential oil-derived compounds with vasorelaxant properties, and fibers with demonstrated effects on obesity are the main categories of phytochemicals beneficial for CVD of T2DM. Some medicinal plants such as garlic (Allium sativum) and milk thistle (Silybum marianum) have strong evidences regarding their beneficial effects; however, others have low level of evidence which reveals the need for further clinical studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods to confirm the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants for the management of CVD in T2DM.
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Xu T, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang H, Luo J, Luo Y, An P. Effects of dietary polyphenol supplementation on iron status and erythropoiesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:780-793. [PMID: 33871598 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iron-chelating activities of polyphenols raise concern whether there is a risk of iron deficiency or anemia induced by polyphenol supplementation. Results from clinical trials regarding the effects of polyphenol supplementation on iron status and erythropoiesis are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine the effects of polyphenol supplementation on iron status and erythropoiesis. METHODS Published articles were searched between May 1988 and 7 December, 2020. Finally, we identified 34 randomized controlled trials. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain the weighted mean difference of serum iron (SI), transferrin saturation (TS), ferritin, and hemoglobin concentration. Funnel plots and Egger's test were used to determine the risk of bias. The robustness of the effect sizes was examined by sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Polyphenol supplementation had an inhibitory effect on the SI concentration (-13.72 μg/dL; 95% CI: -20.74, -6.71) and TS (-3.10%; 95% CI: -4.93, -1.27), with no effect on ferritin (-9.34 ng/mL; 95% CI: -28.55, 9.87). Polyphenols increased the hemoglobin concentration (8.53 g/L; 95% CI: 3.33, 13.73). In healthy participants, polyphenol reduced the TS (-3.83%; 95% CI: -7.47, -0.19) and increased the hemoglobin concentration (12.87 g/L; 95% CI: 1.61, 24.14). Similarly, polyphenol reduced the SI concentration (-8.60 μg/dL; 95% CI: -16.10, -1.10) and increased the hemoglobin concentration (8.50 g/L; 95% CI: 0.86, 16.15) in patients with metabolic diseases. In patients with β-thalassemia, polyphenol decreased the SI concentration (-23.19 μg/dL; 95% CI: -35.84, -10.55), TS (-3.23%; 95% CI: -5.54, -0.91), and ferritin concentration (-223.62 ng/mL; 95% CI: -359.32, -87.91), but had no effect on the hemoglobin concentration. CONCLUSION Healthy individuals and patients with metabolic diseases may benefit from the positive impact of polyphenols on erythropoiesis. Patients with β-thalassemia may benefit from the effect of polyphenols on reducing SI. This trial was registered at PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews) as CRD42020161983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjie Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongting Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Beneficial Role of Carica papaya Extracts and Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Mini Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040287. [PMID: 33916114 PMCID: PMC8066973 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary This review highlights the medicinal benefits of a natural remedy, the Carica papaya extracts and its phytochemicals. In this review, the potential of Carica papaya against various conditions, including cancer, inflammation, aging, healing of the skin, and lifelong diseases has been summarized and discussed. In short, more research and development should focus on this natural remedy that can potentially act as a prophylaxis against chronic diseases. Abstract Oxidative stress is a result of disruption in the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants in which subsequently impacting on redox signaling, causing cell and tissue damages. It leads to a range of medical conditions including inflammation, skin aging, impaired wound healing, chronic diseases and cancers but these conditions can be managed properly with the aid of antioxidants. This review features various studies to provide an overview on how Carica papaya help counteract oxidative stress via various mechanisms of action closely related to its antioxidant properties and eventually improving the management of various oxidative stress-related health conditions. Carica papaya is a topical plant species discovered to contain high amounts of natural antioxidants that can usually be found in their leaves, fruits and seeds. It contains various chemical compounds demonstrate significant antioxidant properties including caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, α-tocopherol, papain, benzyl isothiocyanate (BiTC), and kaempferol. Therefore, it can counteract pro-oxidants via a number of signaling pathways that either promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes or reduce ROS production. These signaling pathways activate the antioxidant defense mechanisms that protect the body against both intrinsic and extrinsic oxidative stress. To conclude, Carica papaya can be incorporated into medications or supplements to help manage the health conditions driven by oxidative stress and further studies are needed to investigate the potential of its chemical components to manage various chronic diseases.
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Vitetta L, Butcher B, Dal Forno S, Vitetta G, Nikov T, Hall S, Steels E. A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of a Herbal Medicine Containing Pycnogenol Combined with Papain and Aloe vera in the Prevention and Management of Pre-Diabetes. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:medicines7040022. [PMID: 32331307 PMCID: PMC7235750 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Herbal medicines present attractive options to patients with chronic diseases. Undertaking clinical studies with patients presenting with symptomless pre-T2D can lead to significant limitations. Methods: A 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted that investigated the safety and efficacy of an herbal formulation administered orally for the treatment of pre-type 2 diabetes (pre-T2D). Results: A numerically greater proportion of subjects in the interventional arm had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at week 12 compared to the control arm (71.0% vs. 69.0%, p = 0.75). Fewer participants had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) at 12 weeks in the intervention arm compared to the control arm (unadjusted 58.3% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.65; adjusting for baseline IGT, p = 0.266). In a subgroup analysis, subjects with a baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level in the range of 6.1-6.9 mmol/L demonstrated a non-significant lower proportion of IFG at week 12 in the intervention arm compared to the control arm (60.0% vs. 41.7% p = 0.343). Total blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels remained unchanged from baseline to week 12 in both treatment groups. Conclusions: This study suggests that a polyherbal medicine was not effective for reducing the metabolic markers associated with pre-T2D over a 12-week period. Therefore, larger studies with well-defined endpoints and of longer duration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia;
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney NSW 2015, Australia; (S.D.F.); (G.V.); (T.N.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Belinda Butcher
- WriteSource Medical Pty Ltd., Lane Cove NSW 2066, Australia;
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Serena Dal Forno
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney NSW 2015, Australia; (S.D.F.); (G.V.); (T.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Gemma Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney NSW 2015, Australia; (S.D.F.); (G.V.); (T.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Tessa Nikov
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney NSW 2015, Australia; (S.D.F.); (G.V.); (T.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney NSW 2015, Australia; (S.D.F.); (G.V.); (T.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Elizabeth Steels
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia;
- Facility of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs QLD 4556, Australia
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Electrohypersensitivity as a Newly Identified and Characterized Neurologic Pathological Disorder: How to Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent It. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061915. [PMID: 32168876 PMCID: PMC7139347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2009, we built up a database which presently includes more than 2000 electrohypersensitivity (EHS) and/or multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) self-reported cases. This database shows that EHS is associated in 30% of the cases with MCS, and that MCS precedes the occurrence of EHS in 37% of these EHS/MCS-associated cases. EHS and MCS can be characterized clinically by a similar symptomatic picture, and biologically by low-grade inflammation and an autoimmune response involving autoantibodies against O-myelin. Moreover, 80% of the patients with EHS present with one, two, or three detectable oxidative stress biomarkers in their peripheral blood, meaning that overall these patients present with a true objective somatic disorder. Moreover, by using ultrasonic cerebral tomosphygmography and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, we showed that cases have a defect in the middle cerebral artery hemodynamics, and we localized a tissue pulsometric index deficiency in the capsulo-thalamic area of the temporal lobes, suggesting the involvement of the limbic system and the thalamus. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that EHS is a neurologic pathological disorder which can be diagnosed, treated, and prevented. Because EHS is becoming a new insidious worldwide plague involving millions of people, we ask the World Health Organization (WHO) to include EHS as a neurologic disorder in the international classification of diseases.
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Abstract
Background:
Carica papaya, a tree-like herb, is cultivated in more than 50 tropical
and subtropical countries worldwide. The parts [leaves, fruit (ripe and unripe), seeds and
latex] are used as food as well as traditional medicine in several ways for a number of diseases.
Papaya, with a variety of phytochemicals like carotenoids, polyphenols, benzyl isothiocynates,
benzyl glucosinates, prunasin (cyanogenic substrate), papain and chymopapain, alkaloids,
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, E), carotenoids, cyanogenicglucosides,
cystatin, and glucosinolates exhibits significant health benefits ranging from digestive
to immune modulation. These compounds have antioxidant, chemoprotective, anti-diabetic,
anti-bacterial, anti-plasmodial and anti-fungal activities. Papaya aqueous leaf extract was
evaluated for immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities through cytokine modulation
with Th1 type shift in human immune system through molecular studies. The platelet augmenting
potential of aqueous leaf extract has been reported in numerous clinical studies and
deserves special mention.
Objective:
The scientific knowledge of carica papaya in the post-genomic era including molecular
studies and clinical trials is discussed in the review.
Methods:
The published literature on botany, chemical composition, ethnopharmacology,
and uses of papaya in food and medical industry was searched through databases like Pub-
Med, Scopus, and Google scholar to comprehend the benefits of Carica papaya for human
use with around more than 600 published peer- reviewed papers.
Results:
Many traditional and novel uses of Carica papaya for the human benefit are detailed
in the review that significantly adds to the scientific knowledge of curious readers.
Conclusion:
Each component of the papaya plant is rich in phytochemicals and is economically
important. Most of the phytochemicals are linked to biological functions and influence
a variety of cellular processes; hence they have implications in refining human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Heena
- Directorate of Research & Innovation, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - 382 481, India
| | - Trivedi Sunil
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, Ahmedabad - 380015, India
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Antioxidant Properties of Unripe Carica papaya Fruit Extract and Its Protective Effects against Endothelial Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4912631. [PMID: 31320913 PMCID: PMC6610763 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4912631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been proven that high consumption of fruit and vegetable lowers the risks of cardiovascular and other oxidative stress-related diseases. Here we evaluated the effects of a tropical fruit, unripe Carica papaya (UCP), on endothelial protection against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. The antioxidant properties of UCP were investigated using the assays of FRAP and ORAC and specific ROS scavenging activities (H2O2, O2•−, OH•, HOCl). Cytoprotective property was tested in human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 with respect to cell survival, intracellular ROS levels, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPX), survival/stress signaling (AKT, JNK, p38), and nuclear signaling (Nrf2, NF-kB). UCP processed high antioxidant activity and scavenging activity against H2O2> OH•> O2•−> HOCl, respectively. UCP improved cell survival in the milieu of ROS reduction. While SOD was increased by UCP, CAT activity was enhanced when cells were challenged with H2O2. UCP had no impact on H2O2-activated AKT, JNK, and p38 signaling but significantly decreased nuclear NF-κB levels. The overactivation of Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress was constrained by UCP. In conclusion, UCP protected endothelial cells against oxidative damage through intracellular ROS reduction, enhanced CAT activity, suppression of NF-kB, and prohibition of Nrf2 dysregulation. Thus, UCP might be a candidate for development of nutraceuticals against CVD and oxidative-related diseases and conditions.
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Discovering the Health Promoting Potential of Fermented Papaya Preparation—Its Future Perspectives for the Dietary Management of Oxidative Stress During Diabetes. FERMENTATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The simplistic morphological characteristics of Carica papaya fruit or “pawpaw” should not be the cause for underestimating its potential as a nutraceutical. The market for papaya has been expanding at a staggering rate, partly due to its applicability as a biofortified product, but also due to its phytochemical properties and traditional health benefits. Papaya or formulations of fermented papaya promotion (FPP) display effective free radical scavenging abilities thought to be influenced by its phenolic, carotenoid, flavonoid, or amino acid profile. The antioxidant properties of FPP have been extensively reported in literature to potently target a broad spectrum of free radical-induced diseases ranging from neurological impairments, such as senile dementia, to systemic diseases, to its interference at the cellular level and the support of normal biological ageing processes. FPP has thus been extensively investigated for its ability to exert cellular protective effects and reduce oxidative stress via the mitigation of genetic damage, reduction of lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic inactivation in specific diseases. The focus of this review is to appraise the potential of oxidative stress reduction strategies of FPP and discuss its holistic approach in disease prevention and management, with a particular focus on diabetes and cancer. However, with the current lack of information surrounding its mechanism of action, this review wishes to set the stage and aspire researchers to more profoundly investigate molecular pathways related to how FPP can unequivocally contribute to wellness in an aging population.
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In hospite Symbiodinium photophysiology and antioxidant responses in Acropora muricata on a coast-reef scale: implications for variable bleaching patterns. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aruoma OI, Somanah J, Bourdon E, Rondeau P, Bahorun T. Diabetes as a risk factor to cancer: functional role of fermented papaya preparation as phytonutraceutical adjunct in the treatment of diabetes and cancer. Mutat Res 2014; 768:60-68. [PMID: 24769427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncologists and diabetologists quote scientific data from epidemiological and in vitro studies to show that high levels of insulin and glucose, in combination with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, can heighten the risk of developing cancer amongst patients with diabetes. Although the cancers that have been consistently associated with type 2 diabetes include pancreatic, colorectal, breast and liver cancer, the preponderance of the disease risk factors such as obesity, inflammation, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinaemia (as a result of insulin resistance and oxidative β-cell damage) and the indirect influence of anti-diabetic medications are increasingly being defined. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) has defined antioxidant and immune-modulating potentials. The ability of FPP influence signaling cascades associated with cell growth and survival presents a rational for chemopreventive adjunct that can be used in combination with traditional redox based therapies that target oxidative stress in the cancer micro environment. It is further suggested that the demonstrated efficacy FPP to control blood glucose, excessive inflammation and modulate free radical-induced oxidative damage which are triggers of liver, bladder, breast and prostate cancers in type 2 diabetics, may favorably mitigate the side effects of ensuing diabetes and cancer therapy. What remains paramount is early cancer detection and early determination of propensity risks for diabetes. The education of patients, proper dietary management and compliance with therapeutic regime directed at cancer and diabetes encapsulate challenges of global magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okezie I Aruoma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA, USA.
| | - Jhoti Somanah
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO), Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France
| | - Philippe Rondeau
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO), Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius.
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Karunamoorthi K, Kim HM, Jegajeevanram K, Xavier J, Vijayalakshmi J. Papaya: A gifted nutraceutical plant - a critical review of recent human health research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5667/tang.2013.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Somanah J, Bourdon E, Rondeau P, Bahorun T, Aruoma OI. Relationship between fermented papaya preparation supplementation, erythrocyte integrity and antioxidant status in pre-diabetics. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:12-7. [PMID: 24316314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes and their membranes are favorable models to study the relationship between diabetes and susceptibility of erythrocytes to oxidative stress damage. The recommendation for the use of fermented papaya preparation (FPP) as a functional food for dietary management of type 2 diabetes was evaluated by assessing its effect on the human antioxidant status and erythrocyte integrity on a multi-ethnical pre-diabetic population. The in vivo effect of FPP was compared with its in vitro free radical scavenging potentials. FPP exhibited potent in vitro free radical scavenging activities thought to be attributed to residual phenolic or flavonoid compounds. Low doses of FPP significantly reduced the susceptibility of human erythrocytes to undergo free radical-induced hemolysis. The intake of 6g FPP/day for a period of 14weeks was observed to significantly reduce the rate of hemolysis and accumulation of protein carbonyls in the blood plasma of pre-diabetics. That FPP consumption on a daily basis can strengthen the antioxidant defense system in vivo was clearly demonstrated by the marked increase of total antioxidant status in the FPP-supplemented pre-diabetics. That FPP maintains the integrity of erythrocytes could benefit the strategies to improve the quality of future blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhoti Somanah
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO), Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France.
| | - Philippe Rondeau
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO), Université de La Réunion, Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius.
| | - Okezie I Aruoma
- School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA 90755, USA.
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Somanah J, Bourdon E, Bahorun T, Aruoma OI. The inhibitory effect of a fermented papaya preparation on growth, hydrophobicity, and acid production of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus: its implications in oral health improvement of diabetics. Food Sci Nutr 2013; 1:416-21. [PMID: 24804050 PMCID: PMC3951536 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) is a "natural health product." The high incidence of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and oral microbial infection cases among patients with diabetes mellitus continues to prevail. The potential role of FPP against common oral microbiota (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) isolated from the human oral cavity was investigated using in vitro simulation models of dental plaque and caries. FPP showed an inhibitory effect against the growth (at 0.05 mg/mL: S. mutans: -6.9%; S. mitis: -4.47%, P < 0.05), acid production (at 0.05 mg/mL: S. mutans: +6.38%; L. acidophilus: +2.25%), and hydrophobicity (at 50 mg/mL: S. mutans: 1.01%, P < 0.01; S. mitis: 7.66%, P < 0.05) of tested microbiota. The results of this study suggest that low doses of FPP may be a suitable complement to good oral hygiene practice for the effective prevention of dental caries, plaque, and gingivitis. The functional application of FPP as a constituent of a balanced diet and active lifestyle can make a positive contribution to the oral health status and well-being of patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhoti Somanah
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius Réduit, MSIRI Building, Mauritius, Republic of Mauritius
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité, Université de La Réunion Plateforme CYROI, Saint Denis, France
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- ANDI Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, University of Mauritius Réduit, MSIRI Building, Mauritius, Republic of Mauritius
| | - Okezie I Aruoma
- School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences Signal Hill, California 90755, USA
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