1
|
Sheer VC. The State of Norm-Based Antismoking Research: Conceptual Frameworks, Research Designs, and Implications for Interventions. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:310-325. [PMID: 34256674 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1950296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This synthesis review examined 189 qualified studies on norms and smoking in terms of conceptual frameworks, types of social norms, research designs, dependent variables, independent variables and covariates, and findings related to norms. Results show that 7.9% were experimental, and the remaining were cross-sectional. By far, the reasoned action approach (RAA) was the most-cited theory, but RAA was not used to guide experimental designs. The social norms approach, norm focus theory, social cognitive theory guided the intervention experiments. Harmful norms were more frequently examined than healthful norms. Pro-smoking norms positively predicted smoking intentions and behaviors, whereas antismoking norms positively predicted antismoking intentions and behaviors. The over-application of RAA in cross-sectional antismoking research has yielded repetitive findings. Norm-based experiments can adopt other theoretical perspectives to offer insights into antismoking interventions. The RAA constructs are still applicable and can be integrated into intervention designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C Sheer
- Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Osuafor GN, Okoli CE, Phateng R. Risk and protective factors associated with health risk behaviours among school learners in Western Cape, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:16. [PMID: 36597075 PMCID: PMC9811777 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health risk behaviour is rife among school learners in the Western Cape province. This paper assesses risk and protective factors related to health risk behaviours among high school learners. METHOD Longitudinal data were sourced from 2950, 2675 and 2230 at Time 0, Time 1 and Time 2 among grade 8 learners aged 13-18 years between 2012 and 2013. Health risk behaviours were assessed on alcohol consumption, smoking cannabis in the past six months, and ever having sexual intercourse. The sociodemographic variables examined were age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure and population group. Contextual variables studied were the feeling of learners about the intervention program, participation in religious activities, paid casual work and school sports. Descriptive statistics, bivariate associations and binary logistic analyses predicting health risk behaviours were carried out using generalized linear mixed models after restructuring the data collected at different time points. RESULT Health risk behaviours increased consistently for alcohol consumption (25.7-42.7%), smoking cannabis (10.4-22.1%) and (22.3-36.0%) engaging in sexual intercourse. Increasing age emerged as a risk factor for all the health risk behaviours: alcohol consumption [OR:1.3 (1.2-1.4), p < 0.001]; smoking cannabis [OR:1.3 (1.2-1.4), p < 0.001] and had sex [OR:1.5 (1.4-1.7), p < 0.001]. Participation in paid casual work also predicted health risk behaviour: alcohol use [OR:1.5 (1.2-1.8), p < 0.001]; smoking cannabis [OR:1.3 (1.0-1.7), p < 0.05] and sex [OR:1.4 (1.1-1.7), p < 0.01]. High SES and feelings about the EPEP programme enhanced alcohol consumption and smoking cannabis. Smoking cannabis was augmented by residing in an urban area. Participation in school sports was associated with increased alcohol consumption and engaging in sexual intercourse. Participation in religious activities was protected against alcohol consumption [OR:0.7 (0.53-0.83), p < 0.001]; and sex [OR: 0.5 (0.4-0.7), p < 0.001]. Being a female and belonging to a coloured population group diminished engaging in sexual intercourse, and the family structure of both parents attenuated involvement in smoking cannabis. CONCLUSION The findings of the study on risks and protective factors on health risk behaviours mirror those of school-based programmes in developing countries. Learners who participated in paid work and school sports are at risk of adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, participation in religious practices and family structure roles in attenuating health risk behaviours should be integrated and considered in the school-based intervention programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godswill N. Osuafor
- grid.25881.360000 0000 9769 2525Department of Population Studies and Demography, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | | | - Reamogetse Phateng
- grid.25881.360000 0000 9769 2525Department of Population Studies and Demography, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mahikeng, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mlinarić M, Günther S, Moor I, Winter K, Hoffmann L, Richter M. [The association between school tobacco policies and the perceived smoking prevalence of adolescents]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:91-101. [PMID: 33284361 PMCID: PMC7772164 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the German context, there is hardly any quantitative data about the implementation of school tobacco polices that include the perspective of both teachers and students. The aim of the study is to investigate the associations between implemented school tobacco policies and the perceived prevalence of smoking at the level of school staff and adolescents. METHODS The repeated cross-sectional study (2013 and 2017) is based on pooled responses of 13- to 17-year-old adolescents (N = 2393) and school staff (N = 85) from 25 schools located in the West German metropolitan region of Hanover. In linear regression models, average marginal effects (AMEs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) and robust standard errors for perceived tobacco prevalence are reported separately for school tobacco policies assessed by teachers and students (scale 0-6). All models were controlled for sociodemographic, school-, and smoking-specific covariates. RESULTS On average, adolescents perceive a smoking prevalence of 30% ([Formula: see text]; s: 24.0) for their school. A comprehensive school tobacco policy is consistently associated with lower school smoking prevalence both from the point of view of teachers (AME: -3.54 CI95% -6.49 to -0.58) and students (AME: -1.69 CI95% -2.52 to -0.86). The number of smoking friends (e.g., "most of them are smokers" +14%: AME: 14.13 CI95% 10.46 to 17.80) and the type of school are the most relevant determinants of a high school smoking prevalence. School types with a nonacademic track report a 15% (AME: 15.03 CI95% 10.13 to 19.93) higher prevalence compared to grammar schools. DISCUSSION Progressive school tobacco control policies should focus more on school types with nonacademic tracks, certain groups at risk, and those schools that do not strictly enforce school tobacco policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mlinarić
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Irene Moor
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Kristina Winter
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Laura Hoffmann
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Matthias Richter
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mlinarić M, Schreuders M, Mons U, Kunst AE. Exposure to car smoking among youth in seven cities across the European Union. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107561. [PMID: 31563096 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States and Canada, cars were found to be a major source of harmful secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among youth. Little is known about the magnitude of this public health problem in European countries. We study SHS exposure in vehicles among adolescents across seven cities of the European Union (EU), with a particular focus on socioeconomic characteristics and smoking in adolescents' social environment. METHODS Self-reported survey data on SHS exposure in cars during the past seven days was obtained from the 2016/17 cross-sectional SILNE-R study for 14- to 17 year old adolescents in seven EU cities (N = 10,481). We applied two multivariable logistic regression models with sociodemographic characteristics and mediating smoking-related factors. RESULTS SHS exposure in cars varied widely across the seven EU cities: 6% in Tampere (Finland), 12% in Dublin (Ireland), 15% in Amersfoort (the Netherlands), 19% in Hanover (Germany), 23% in Coimbra (Portugal), 36% in Namur (Belgium) and 43% in Latina (Italy). Low paternal (OR 1.65, CI95% 1.38-1.98) and maternal (OR 1.40, CI95% 1.16-1.68) educational levels and parental migration (OR 1.37, CI95% 1.14-1.64) backgrounds were correlated with SHS exposure in cars. Other correlates were one's own or peer smoking and environmental family factors, such as having at least one parental smoker (OR 4.04, CI95% 3.49-4.68) and partial smoking bans at home. CONCLUSIONS In most of these seven cities, a considerable proportion of youth riding in cars, particularly those from disadvantaged and smoking-permissive backgrounds, is exposed to SHS in cars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mlinarić
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Michael Schreuders
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ute Mons
- Cancer Prevention Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gerbasi ME, Gilman SE, Bitton A, Becker AE. Social Norms and Smoking Risk in iTaukei Fijian Adolescent Women. HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND POLICY REVIEW 2019; 6:242-255. [PMID: 31157285 PMCID: PMC6541446 DOI: 10.14485/hbpr.6.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of a variety of social smoking exposures with cigarette smoking among iTaukei adolescent women in Fiji. METHODS Self-report data were collected in a representative sample of school-going iTaukei adolescent women (n=523). We fitted logistic regression models of current cigarette smoking with school, peer, media, and other social exposures to smoking as predictors. RESULTS Current cigarette smoking was associated with exposure to close friend, peer, and routine social smoking as well as higher prevalence of school peer smoking, but not parent tobacco use and media smoking exposures-in our fully adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Peer and school-based smoking exposures may increase cigarette smoking risk in school-going iTaukei adolescent women and may be strategic interventional targets to augment existing preventive approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Gerbasi
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen E Gilman
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Asaf Bitton
- Ariadne Labs, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Anne E Becker
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coban FR, Kunst AE, Van Stralen MM, Richter M, Rathmann K, Perelman J, Alves J, Federico B, Rimpelä A, Lorant V, Kuipers MAG. Nicotine dependence among adolescents in the European Union: How many and who are affected? J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 41:447-455. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Nicotine dependence during adolescence increases the risk of continuing smoking into adulthood. The magnitude of nicotine dependence among adolescents in the European Union (EU) has not been established. We aimed to estimate the number of nicotine dependent 15-year-old adolescents in the EU, and identify high-risk groups.
Methods
The number of nicotine dependent 15-year-olds in the EU was derived combining: (i) total number of 15-year-olds in the EU (2013 Eurostat), (ii) smoking prevalence among 15-year-olds (2013/2014 HBSC survey) and (iii) proportion of nicotine dependent 15-year-olds in six EU countries (2013 SILNE survey). Logistic regression analyses identified high-risk groups in the SILNE dataset.
Results
We estimated 172 636 15-year-olds were moderately to highly nicotine dependent (3.2% of all 15 years old; 35.3% of daily smokers). In the total population, risk of nicotine dependence was higher in males, adolescents with poor academic achievement, and those with smoking parents or friends. Among daily smokers, only lower academic achievement and younger age of smoking onset were associated with nicotine dependence.
Conclusion
According to our conservative estimates, more than 172 000 15-year-old EU adolescents were nicotine dependent in 2013. Prevention of smoking initiation, especially among adolescents with poor academic performance, is necessary to prevent a similar number of adolescents getting addicted to nicotine each consecutive year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F R Coban
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Van Stralen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Richter
- Institute of Medical Sociology (IMS), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - K Rathmann
- Institute of Medical Sociology (IMS), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Faculty for Rehabilitation Science, TU, Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Perelman
- Centro de Incestigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Alves
- Centro de Incestigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - B Federico
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - A Rimpelä
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Nokia, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Lorant
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Health and Society & Faculty of Public Health, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M A G Kuipers
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|