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Kravchenko E, Sushkova S, Raza MH, Minkina T, Dudnikova T, Barbashev A, Maksimov A, Wong MH. Ecological and human health impact assessments based on long-term monitoring of soil PAHs near a coal-fired power plant. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:288. [PMID: 38970676 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The combustion of coal in power plants releases significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. This study assesses the ecological and human health impacts of PAHs contamination from a coal-fired power plant over 8 years. The monitoring site selection considered the distance from the power plant and the prevailing wind direction in the investigated area. The results reveal that, during the monitoring period, PAH levels increased on average by 43%, 61%, and 37% in the zone of the prevailing wind direction, in the area proximate to the power plant, and the zone distant from it, respectively. The site, which has a radius of 4.5 km in the prevailing wind direction, exhibited the highest ecological and human health impacts. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between environmental and human health impacts, depending on the distance from the power plant, particularly in areas with the prevailing wind direction. These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics linking power plant emissions, PAHs contamination, and their far-reaching consequences on the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kravchenko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Muhammad Huzaifa Raza
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tamara Dudnikova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Andrey Barbashev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Aleksey Maksimov
- National Medical Research Centre for Oncology, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
- Consortium On Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Heeb NV, Muñoz M, Haag R, Wyss S, Schönenberger D, Durdina L, Elser M, Siegerist F, Mohn J, Brem BT. Corelease of Genotoxic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nanoparticles from a Commercial Aircraft Jet Engine - Dependence on Fuel and Thrust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1615-1624. [PMID: 38206005 PMCID: PMC10809754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Jet engines are important contributors to global CO2 emissions and release enormous numbers of ultrafine particles into different layers of the atmosphere. As a result, aviation emissions are affecting atmospheric chemistry and promote contrail and cloud formation with impacts on earth's radiative balance and climate. Furthermore, the corelease of nanoparticles together with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) affects air quality at airports. We studied exhausts of a widely used turbofan engine (CFM56-7B26) operated at five static thrust levels (idle, 7, 30, 65, and 85%) with conventional Jet A-1 fuel and a biofuel blend composed of hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA). The particles released, the chemical composition of condensable material, and the genotoxic potential of these exhausts were studied. At ground operation, particle number emissions of 3.5 and 0.5 × 1014 particles/kg fuel were observed with highest genotoxic potentials of 41300 and 8800 ng toxicity equivalents (TEQ)/kg fuel at idle and 7% thrust, respectively. Blending jet fuel with HEFA lowered PAH and particle emissions by 7-34% and 65-67% at idle and 7% thrust, respectively, indicating that the use of paraffin-rich biofuels is an effective measure to reduce the exposure of airport personnel to nanoparticles coated with genotoxic PAHs (Trojan horse effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert V. Heeb
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Muñoz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Regula Haag
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Wyss
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - David Schönenberger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Joachim Mohn
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. Brem
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Aquilina NJ, Harrison RM. Evaluation of the cancer risk from PAHs by inhalation: Are current methods fit for purpose? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:107991. [PMID: 37321069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is ample evidence from occupational studies that exposure to a mixture of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is causally associated with an increased incidence of lung cancers. In both occupational atmospheres and ambient air, PAHs are present as a mixture of many compounds, but the composition of the mixture in ambient air differs from that in the occupational atmosphere, and varies in time and space in ambient air. Estimates of cancer risk for PAH mixtures are based upon unit risks which derive from extrapolation of occupational exposure data or animal model data, and in the case of the WHO use one compound, benzo[a]pyrene as a marker for the entire mixture, irrespective of composition. The U.S. EPA has used an animal exposure study to derive a unit risk for inhalation exposure to benzo[a]pyrene alone, and there have been a number of rankings of relative carcinogenic potency for other PAHs which many studies have used to calculate a cancer risk from the PAHs mixture, frequently incorrectly by adding the estimated relative risks of individual compounds, and applying the total "B[a]P equivalent" to the WHO unit risk, which already applies to the entire mixture. Such studies are often based upon data solely for the historic US EPA group of 16 compounds which do not include many of the apparently more potent carcinogens. There are no data for human cancer risk of individual PAHs, and conflicting evidence of additivity of PAH carcinogenicity in mixtures. This paper finds large divergences between risk estimates deriving from the WHO and U.S. EPA methods, as well as considerable sensitivity to the mixture composition, and assumed PAH relative potencies. Of the two methods, the WHO approach appears more likely to provide reliable risk estimates, but recently proposed mixture-based approaches using in vitro toxicity data may offer some advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Mukhopadhyay K, Chakraborty D, Natarajan S, Sambandam S, Balakrishnan K. Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from kerosene fuel burning and assessment of health risks among women in selected rural and urban households of South India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1445-1459. [PMID: 35499792 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known hazardous substances; nevertheless, research on their exposure and health concerns associated with kerosene fuel emissions is limited. In this study, PAH (combined gaseous and particle phase) monitoring was carried out in the kitchen and living room in selected households. Personal exposure and cooking time monitoring were also carried out, simultaneously. The study's findings revealed that BaP, BA, BbF, and Nap were the most prevalent PAHs in both the summer and winter seasons, regardless of urban or rural households. The estimated values of average incremental lifetime cancer risks were found to be greater than the USEPA level, i.e., 1 × 10-6, in both urban and rural households, regardless of seasonal fluctuation. In both seasons, the non-carcinogenic risk for developmental and reproductive effects was higher in rural women than in urban women, and in case of developmental risk it showed greater than unity (rural: 1.11 and urban 1.03) in the winter season. On the other hand, Monte Carlo simulation model revealed that concentrations of PAHs (97.1% and 97.5%) and exposure duration (51.7% and 56.7%) were the most sensitive factors contributed for health risk estimations for urban and rural area in both seasons, respectively. Furthermore, the results clearly showed that women who were using kerosene for cooking were at a greater risk of acquiring both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health consequences from PAH exposure from kerosene cookstoves. It was recommended that they should utilize clean fuel, either by using LPG under the PMUY scheme or by using electricity/solar power to reduce health risks for better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India.
| | - Deep Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Srinivasan Natarajan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
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Soloveva O, Tikhonova E, Barabashin T, Eremina E. Hydrocarbons in the water and bottom sediments of Sivash Bay (the Azov Sea) during its salinization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21186-21198. [PMID: 36264475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sivash Bay is a unique hypersaline lagoon located in the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula. In 2014, due to political events in connection with the closure of the North Crimean Canal, the inflow of fresh water to Sivash Bay has been significantly reduced. As a result, there has been a steady increase in salinity since 2014 to the present. The main purpose of this work was to determine the spatial distribution and qualitative composition of hydrocarbons (aliphatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the water and bottom sediments of the hypersaline Sivash Bay under increasing water salinity. The analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of Sivash Bay in 2020 showed the continued salinization and change of physico-chemical conditions of the lagoon. At the same time, spatially, the change in salinity affected only the total content and qualitative composition of hydrocarbons in the water. The content of the studied classes of hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments did not demonstrate a reliable correlation with the concentration of salts. There was also no statistically significant dependence of Eh and pH of bottom sediments on salinity. In accordance with the composition of n-alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, as well as on the basis of PCA analysis, it is possible to make a conclusion on natural, mainly autochthonous, sources of this class of substances and low toxicity of bottom sediments of the bay. Low concentrations and composition of hydrocarbons indicate an insignificant input of pollutants of anthropogenic origin in Sivash Bay during its salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Soloveva
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov Avenue, 299011, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Tikhonova
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov Avenue, 299011, Sevastopol, Russian Federation.
| | - Timofey Barabashin
- Azov-Black Sea Branch of "VNIRO" ("AzNIIRKH"), 21v Beregovaya Str, 344002, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Eremina
- Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS, 2 Kapitanskaya St, 299011, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
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Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and serum total IgE in the Korean adults: the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015-2017). Ann Occup Environ Med 2022; 34:e43. [PMID: 36704541 PMCID: PMC9836823 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become common pollutants with industrial development. Although the effect of exposure to PAHs on allergic disease in humans has been evaluated, evidence of an association is sparse. The association between PAH exposure and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels was evaluated in Korean adults. Methods In total, this study included 3,269 participants in the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2015-2017). Four urinary PAH metabolites were used to assessed exposure to PAHs: 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-naphthol, and 2-hydroxyfluorene. The analyses were performed on 3 cutoff levels (100 IU/mL, 114 IU/mL, and 150 IU/mL) set as the total IgE elevation. Prevalence of total IgE elevation by PAH exposure group and general characteristics (age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, and occupation) were analyzed using the Rao-Scott χ2 test. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for total IgE elevation by PAH exposure groups. Results Total IgE elevation differed significantly by age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and occupation. For 2-hydroxyfluorene, the fourth quartile showed a significant association with IgE elevation compared to the first quartile in the analyses of cutoff-level 100 IU/mL (OR: 1.372, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.007-1.869) and 114 IU/mL (OR: 1.643, 95% CI: 1.167-2.312). In the analysis of cutoff-level 150 IU/mL, the adjusted ORs of the third and fourth quartile of 2-hydroxyfluorene were significantly higher than the first quartile (3rd quartile: OR: 1.478, 95% CI: 1.034-2.113; 4th quartile: OR: 1.715, 95% CI: 1.161-2.534). However, there were no significant positive associations for the other metabolites. Conclusions This study implied that PAHs exposure is associated with total IgE elevation in Korean adults. More research is needed to confirm the effect of exposure to PAHs on serum IgE and allergic diseases.
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Chen C, Zhang D, Yuan A, Shen J, Wang L, Wang SL. A novel approach to predict the comprehensive EROD potency: Mechanism-based curve fitting of CYP1A1 activity by PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157052. [PMID: 35787903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) plays critical roles in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity, including DNA adduction and ROS generation. Therefore, CYP1A1 activity quantified by the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay (named EROD potency) has been considered a typical biomarker of PAH exposure and toxicity. The EROD dose-response curve always presents a biphasic style, increasing at low concentrations and decreasing at high concentrations of PAHs, but relative effect potency (REP) commonly used in PAH risk assessment is only involved in the increasing phase. In this study, a full bell-shaped EROD curve fitting formula Eq. (1) was obtained by considering both CYP1A1 mRNA induction and enzyme inhibition to completely assess the EROD potency of PAHs. Correspondingly, in silico models of QSAR and docking methods successfully predicted the full EROD curves of PAHs, and the structure-activity relationship indicated that PAHs with heavy molecular weight and large diameter showed stronger EROD potency. Further EROD potency with predicted curve parameters (EC50,ind and area index) was confirmed by the reported REP (R2 = 0.697-0.977) and experimental data from human and mouse cells (R2 = 0.700-0.804). This study provides a novel curve fitting for the EROD dose-response relationship and a prediction model for PAH EROD potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Anjie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Jiemiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
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Wang Y, Li S, Yang S, Li X, Liu L, Ma X, Niu D, Duan X. Exposure to phenanthrene affects oocyte meiosis by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13335. [PMID: 36125441 PMCID: PMC9816937 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenanthrene (PHE) is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which is a widespread environmental contaminant. Various studies showed that PHE has adverse impacts on animals and human health. It has been shown that PHE exposure induced follicular atresia and endocrine dyscrasia in female mice. However, the potential mechanism regarding how PHE affects female reproductive system especially the oocyte quality has not been elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we set up PHE exposure model and found that PHE exposure compromised oocytes maturation competence by inhibiting spindle assembly and chromosomes alignment. Moreover, PHE exposure induced mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aberrant calcium levels in cytoplasm, eventually induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in oocytes. Furthermore, we found that oral administration of PHE caused the occurrence of oxidative stress and apoptosis in female ovary. In addition, the oocyte exhibited aberrant spindle morphology and failure of actin cap formation in metaphase II oocytes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage are the major cause of poor oocyte quality after PHE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Si‐Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shu‐Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green‐Eco‐Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data AnalyticsCollege of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
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Yusuf RO, Odediran ET, Adeniran JA, Adesina OA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts of a densely populated African city: spatial and seasonal distribution, source, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44970-44985. [PMID: 35146606 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Road dust is a principal source and depository of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in many urban areas of the world. Hence, this study probed the spatial and seasonal pattern, sources, and related cancer health risks of PAHs in the road dusts sampled at ten traffic intersection (TIs) of a model African city. Mixed PAHs sources were ascertained using the diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results showed fluctuations in mean concentrations from 36.51 to 43.04 µg/g. Three-ring PAHs were the most abundant PAHs with anthracene (Anth) ranging from 6.84 ± 1.99 to 9.26 ± 4.42 µg/g being the predominant pollutant in Ibadan. Benzo(k)Fluoranthene (BkF) which is a pointer of traffic emission was the most dominant among the seven carcinogenic PAHs considered, varying from 2.68 ± 0.43 to 4.59 ± 0.48 µg/g. Seasonal variation results showed that PAH concentrations were 20% higher during dry season than rainy season. The seven sources of PAHs identified by PMF model include the following: diesel vehicle exhausts, gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, coal tar combustion, gasoline vehicle exhausts, coal and wood (biomass) combustion, and emissions from unburnt fossil fuels. Employing the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the city's cancer risk of 5.96E-05 for children and 6.60E-05 for adults were more than the satisfactory risk baseline of ILCR ≤ 10-6 and higher in adults than in Children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiu Olasunkanmi Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Olusola Adedayo Adesina
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Assessment of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination of the Red Sea with Endemic Fish from Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) as Bioindicator of Aquatic Environmental Pollution. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether endemic coral fish commonly consumed by Jeddah residents could serve as bioindicators of oil contamination. In addition, we planned to investigate the relationship between amino acid changes and hydrocarbon concentrations in fish tissue. The composition of amino acids was analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. An analytical study of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons was conducted by combining gas chromatography with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied using Statgraphics software to determine the impact of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons on the amino acid profile of three species of fish. In addition, the bioconcentration factor was estimated in the studied species and was used to validate the results obtained from the multivariate analysis. Based on the results of the study, the sum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two cycles, and with five to six cycles, is in reverse order in Plectropomus pessuliferus with respect to Epinephelus tauvina and Cephalopholis argus. The factor analysis showed high factor scores for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, chrysene, and total petroleum hydrocarbons, and for lipids and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, which could be explained by bioaccumulation. It was concluded that the high proportions of glutamic acid (8.32–11.10%) and aspartic acid (6.06–8.27%) in the muscles of the studied species are a sign of contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for the three endemic fish exceeded the limit value (>10−5), indicating a high potential cancer risk for the Saudi population.
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Li HH, Yang ZB, Xu XX, Zhu XM, Xian JR, Yang YX, Cheng Z. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from different functional areas in Chengdu, China: seasonal variation and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1161-1173. [PMID: 34195906 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation that identified seasonal variation, possible sources and health risk of 16 PAHs in street dust sampled park area (PA), educational area (EA), commercial area (CA), residential area (RA), and traffic area (TA) of Chengdu, one of the new first-tier cities in China. The total PAHs (∑16PAHs) concentrations of averaging over two seasons varied from 2.15 to 10.6 mg/kg with a median value of 4.61 mg/kg and in winter (5.48 ± 1.52 mg/kg) were significantly higher than that in summer (4.04 ± 0.91 mg/kg). The highest ∑16PAHs concentration was found in TA (median 6.74 mg/kg). Statistical analysis results indicated that mixture sources of petroleum combustion and combustion of biomass and coal seem to be the primary source of the PAHs in street dust. Carcinogenic risk by incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model for PAHs in street dust indicates an acceptable potential cancer risk for residents. The same sequences of cancer risk to be observed for both children and adults among different functional areas: TA > CA > EA > RA > PA. The results provided advice for habitants in Chengdu to encourage outdoor activities in parks and residential areas and minimize traffic areas and commercial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Han Li
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Biao Yang
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xun Xu
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhu
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ren Xian
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Yang
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Škrbić BD, Antić I, Živančev J, Vágvölgyi C. Comprehensive characterization of PAHs profile in Serbian soils for conventional and organic production: potential sources and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4201-4218. [PMID: 33818683 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive characterization of occurrence and levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils used for conventional and organic production in northern and central part of Serbia as well as cross-border region with Hungary. Furthermore, this study includes a characterization of PAH sources and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic human health risk for PAHs accumulated in analysed arable soils. The total concentration of 16 PAHs varied between 55 and 4584 µg kg-1 in agricultural soil used for conventional production and between 90 and 523 µg kg-1 in agricultural soil used for organic production. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominant compounds with similar contribution in both soil types (86% and 80% in conventional and in organic soil, respectively). Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs were used for identification of PAH sources in the analysed soils. Additionally, positive matrix factorization was applied for quantitative assessment. The results indicated that the major sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions, biomass and wood combustion, accounting for ~ 93% of PAHs. Exposure of farmers assessed through carcinogenic (TCR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk did not exceed the acceptable threshold (TCR < 10-6 and THQ < 1). Oral ingestion was the main exposure route which accounted for 57% of TCR and 80% of THQ. It was followed by dermal contact. This investigation gives a valuable data insight into the PAHs presence in arable soils and reveals the absence of environmental and health risk. It also acknowledges the importance of comprehensive monitoring of these persistent pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Igor Antić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Li Z, Zhang X, Fu Y, Xu Y, Chen J, Lu S. Backward modeling of urinary test reliability for assessing PAH health risks: An approximation solution for naphthalene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116522. [PMID: 33493761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urine sample tests are one of the most common methods of estimating human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and assessing population health risks. To evaluate the reliability of the urine test and the impact of other PAH elimination routes on the health risk estimated by this test, we proposed a backward modeling framework integrating other common elimination routes of PAH metabolites to calculate the overall intake rate of the parent PAH based on the levels of corresponding main metabolites in urine. Due to limited biotransformation data, we selected naphthalene as an example to evaluate model performance and collected urine samples from 234 random adults in Shenzhen. The overall intake rates of naphthalene were then simulated and compared to current literature data. The simulated intake rates of naphthalene ranged from 3.70 × 10-3 mg d-1 to 1.95 mg d-1 and followed a lognormal distribution with a median value of 6.51 × 10-2 mg d-1. The results indicated that, if naphthalene exposure occurred only via food for the population of Shenzhen, the literature data fell within the most frequent interval [3.70 × 10-3, 4.45 × 10-2] but were lower than the simulated median value. However, if other exposure routes were considered, the allocation factor-adjusted literature data were close to the simulated median values. In addition, under normal physiological conditions, the simulated results were more sensitive to 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHN) and 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN) levels in urine than other biometric variables, which is due to the limited load of 1-OHN and 2-OHN in human elimination routes. Furthermore, the suggested safety levels of 1-OHN and 2-OHN in urine to protect 99% of the general population of Shenzhen were 6.40 × 10-6 and 3.75 × 10-5 mg L-1, which could be used as regulatory indicators based on the high reliability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yisha Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yupeng Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinru Chen
- Songgang Preventive Health Center of Baoan District, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part I: Sampling and sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Wang W, Ding X, Turap Y, Tursun Y, Abulizi A, Wang X, Shao L, Talifu D, An J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu H. Distribution, sources, risks, and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PM 2.5-bound atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Urumqi, NW China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139518. [PMID: 32534306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has focused on the impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere due to their potential carcinogenicity. In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation, sources, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS), and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PAHs in Urumqi in NW China. A total of 72 atmospheric samples from Urumqi were collected over a year (September 2017-September 2018) and were analyzed for 16 PAHs that are specifically prioritized by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U·S EPA). The highest PAHs concentrations were in winter (1032.66 ng m-3) and lowest in spring (146.00 ng m-3). Middle molecular weight PAHs with four rings were the most abundant species (45.28-61.19% of the total). The results of the diagnostic ratio and positive matrix factorization inferred that the major sources of atmospheric PAHs in Urumqi were biomass burning, coking, and petrogenic sources (52.9%), traffic (30.1%), coal combustion (8.9%), and the plastics recycling industry (8.1%). ILCRS assessment and Monte Carlo simulations suggested that for all age groups PAHs cancer risks were mainly associated with ingestion and dermal contact and inhalation was negligible. The plasmid scission assay results showed a positive dose-response relationship between PAHs concentrations and DNA damage rates, demonstrating that toxic PAHs was the primary cause for PM2.5-induced DNA damage in the air of Urumqi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yusan Turap
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yalkunjan Tursun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Abulikemu Abulizi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- College of Geosciences and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dilinuer Talifu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Juqin An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Huibin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Wang X, Wang S, Li F, Li R, Zhu J, Chen J, Li W, Jiang D. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in youtiao and exposure assessment from Shandong Province, China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Alghamdi MA, Hassan SK, Alzahrani NA, Al Sharif MY, Khoder MI. Classroom Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jeddah Primary Schools, Saudi Arabia: Level, Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2779. [PMID: 32316605 PMCID: PMC7215388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Data concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Jeddah's schools, Saudi Arabia, and their implications for health risks to children, is scarce. Classroom air conditioner filter dusts were collected from primary schools in urban, suburban and residential areas of Jeddah. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of classroom-dust-bound PAHs and the health risks to children of PAH exposure. Average PAH concentrations were higher in urban schools than suburban and residential schools. Benzo (b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(ghi)perylene (BGP), chrysene (CRY) and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) at urban and suburban schools and BbF, BGP, fluoranthene (FLT) and indeno (1, 2, 3, -cd)pyrene (IND) at residential schools were the dominant compounds in classroom dust. PAHs with five aromatic rings were the most abundant at all schools. The relative contribution of the individual PAH compounds to total PAH concentrations in the classroom dusts of schools indicate that the study areas do share a common source, vehicle emissions. Based on diagnostic ratios of PAHs, they are emitted from local pyrogenic sources, and traffic is the significant PAH source, with more significant contributions from gasoline-fueled than from diesel cars. Based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPequi) calculations, total carcinogenic activity (TCA) for total PAHs represent 21.59% (urban schools), 20.99% (suburban schools), and 18.88% (residential schools) of total PAH concentrations. DBA and BaP were the most dominant compounds contributing to the TCA, suggesting the importance of BaP and DBA as surrogate compounds for PAHs in this schools. Based on incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCingestion, ILCRinhalation, ILCRdermal) and total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR)) calculations, the order of cancer risk was: urban schools > suburban schools > residential schools. Both ingestion and dermal contact are major contributors to cancer risk. Among PAHs, DBA, BaP, BbF, benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and IND have the highest ILCR values at all schools. LCR and TLCR values at all schools were lower than 10-6, indicating virtual safety. DBA, BaP and BbF were the predominant contributors to cancer effects in all schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A. Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.S.); (M.I.K.)
| | - Salwa K. Hassan
- Air Pollution Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Noura A. Alzahrani
- Office of Education/South Jeddah (Girls), Department of Primary Grades, Ministry of Education, Jeddah 23524, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Marwan Y. Al Sharif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.S.); (M.I.K.)
| | - Mamdouh I. Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.S.); (M.I.K.)
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18
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Wang G, Wang Y, Yin W, Xu T, Hu C, Cheng J, Hou J, He Z, Yuan J. Seasonal exposure to PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and estimated lifetime risk of cancer: A pilot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:135056. [PMID: 31731128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited researches are available on seasonal variation of inhalation exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its cancer risk assessment in China. We recruited 20 fresh postgraduates and measured outdoor and indoor (dormitories, offices and laboratories) daily PM2.5 concentrations in four seasons (seven consecutive days in every season) during 2014 -2015, calculated daily potential doses of personal exposure to total Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) in the microenvironments based on the total BaPeq and the time-activity patterns, and estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) using Monte Carlo method. Daily average concentrations of PM2.5-bound ∑PAHs on the campus ranked from high to low were winter, autumn, spring, summer in the dormitories and offices. Daily average concentration of PM2.5-bound ∑PAHs were higher in indoor environments than outdoor in the same season, except for that of PM2.5-bound ∑PAHs in laboratories in the winter. Median values of ILCR in both sexes from high to low were winter (men vs. women: 5.35e-9 vs. 4.96e-9), spring (3.71e-9 vs. 4.00e-9), autumn (2.92e-9 vs. 3.02e-9), summer (1.71e-9 vs. 1.87e-9). Indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations showed seasonal and spatial variations. The ILCR value for PM2.5-bound PAHs was higher in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Wuhan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Environmental Health and Food Safety, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Environmental Health and Food Safety, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Kumar A, Sankar TK, Sethi SS, Ambade B. Characteristics, toxicity, source identification and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over East India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:678-690. [PMID: 31808094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed over urban and rural sites during January to December 2018. Total annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 74.41 ± 24.96 μg/m3 over urban and 52.03 ± 13.11 μg/m3 over rural site during study time. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 over urban and rural atmospheres were found approximately twice in urban and found also higher over rural site, with respect to National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standard of 40 μg/m3 for PM2.5 concentration. The annual concentration of PAHs was 750.80 ± 19.49 ng/m3 over urban, and, over rural, it was 559.59 ± 17.56 ng/m3. The seasonal variation of concentration of PAHs was in order of winter > post-monsoon > summer > monsoon. The most predominant PAHs were IcP (17.21%), B(ghi) P(15.22%), BkF (11.60%), DBahA (11.34%) and BbF (10.91%) to the total PAH concentration over urban site; over rural site, most predominant PAHs were IcP (16.02%), B(ghi)P, (15.63%), BkF (11.46%), DBahA (11.12%) and BbF (8.99%) of total PAHs. DBahA concentration was contributed approximately 46% carcinogenicity over both urban and rural sites, and BaP contributes 33.56% carcinogenicity over urban site and 34.62% carcinogenicity over rural site of total PAH samples. The Excess Life Time Cancer Risk (ELCR) values over urban were found at acceptable limit 10-6-10-4 given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Over rural site, the ELCR value was found near about acceptable limit. Diagnostic ratio analysis demonstrated that major sources of PAHs were pyrogenic sources and vehicular emission over study. Air parcel through trajectories over study site also contributed in PAH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | | | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India.
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20
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Characterization and health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 5 urban cities of Zhejiang Province, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7296. [PMID: 31086237 PMCID: PMC6513845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, we measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from 5 cities in Zhejiang Province. The mean toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) values of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) ranged between 1.2-3.1 ng/m3. The BaP-TEQ displayed seasonal trends, such that winter > spring and autumn > summer. During the winter, the most abundant individual PAHs were 4-6ring PAHs (84.04-91.65%). The median daily intake of atmospheric PAHs ranged between 2.0-7.4 ng/day for all populations, with seasonal trends identical to that of BaP-TEQ. The 95th incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values induced by PM2.5-bound PAHs were far lower than 10-6 for all populations. The data suggested that the pollution levels in the 5 Zhejiang Province cities were higher than the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). In the future, relevant measures should be taken to control atmospheric PAHs, especially 4-6 ring PAHs. The data also revealed no obvious cancer risk for populations residing in these 5 cities of Zhejiang Province.
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Škrbić B, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Živančev J, Tadić Đ. Seasonal occurrence and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Novi Sad city, Serbia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:191-203. [PMID: 30077848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation that identified seasonal occurrence, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 60 street dust samples collected within urban zone of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. The obtained results were further used for comprehensive assessment of carcinogenic risk of Serbian inhabitants exposed to PAHs present in street dust by the incremental lifetime cancer risk method. The total level of 16 PAHs ranged between 35 μg kg-1 and 2422 μg kg-1 in samples taken in summer and between 35 μg kg-1 and 587 μg kg-1 in samples taken in winter. In both seasons, 4-ring PAHs were the most dominant compounds and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs had similar contribution (55% in summer and 65% in winter). The highest content was determined for fluoranthene (Fly) in both seasons (597 μg kg-1 in winter, 301 μg kg-1 in summer). The PAHs source apportionment was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios, and combustion of petroleum seemed to be the main sources of the PAHs in street dust. The cancer risk level for children and adult were comparable for dermal contact and by ingestion, and ranged from 10-6 to 10-4 indicating a potential risk. Additionally, the total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed for children and adult population taking into account three possible exposure routs and the median total cancer risk was ˃10-5, with 7% of the samples having the risk ˃10-4 that should be considered of high concern with potential health problem. These results are the first of this kind for the whole Serbia and the Western Balkan region and can be considered as the base line for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Tadić
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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Shabbaj II, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI. Street Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Saudi Coastal City: Status, Profile, Sources, and Human Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2397. [PMID: 30380645 PMCID: PMC6266921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust pose a serious problem threatening both the environment and human health. Street dust samples were collected from five different land use patterns (traffic areas TRA, urban area URA, residential areas REA, mixed residential commercial areas MCRA and suburban areas SUA) in Jeddah, a Saudi coastal city, and one in in Hada Al Sham, a rural area (RUA). This study aimed to investigate the status, profile, sources of PAHs and estimate their human health risk. The results revealed an average concentration of total PAHs of 3320 ng/g in street dust of Jeddah and 223 ng/g in RUA dust. PAHs with high molecular weight represented 83.38% of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah, while the carcinogenic PAH compounds accounted 57.84%. The highest average concentration of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah was found in TRA (4980 ng/g) and the lowest in REA (1660 ng/g). PAHs ratios indicated that the principal source of PAHs in street dust of Jeddah is pyrogenic, mainly traffic emission. Benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene (BaA/CHR) ratio suggests that PAHs in street dusts of Jeddah come mainly from emission of local sources, while PAHs in RUA might be transported from the surrounding urban areas. The estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) associated with exposure to PAHs in street dusts indicated that both dermal contact and ingestion pathways are major contributed to cancer risk for both children and adults. Based on BaPequivalence concentrations of total PAHs, ILCRIngestion, ILCRdermal and cancer risk values for children and adults exposed to PAHs in street dust of different areas in Jeddah were found between 10-6 and 10-4, indicating potential risk. The sequence of cancer risk was TRA > URA > MCRA > SUA > REA. Only exposure to BaP and DBA compounds had potential risk for both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim I Shabbaj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Muñoz M, Haag R, Zeyer K, Mohn J, Comte P, Czerwinski J, Heeb NV. Effects of Four Prototype Gasoline Particle Filters (GPFs) on Nanoparticle and Genotoxic PAH Emissions of a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10709-10718. [PMID: 30149706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fast replacement of traditional gasoline port-fuel injection technology with gasoline direct-injection (GDI) vehicles is expected to have a substantial impact on urban air quality. Herein we report on effects of four prototype gasoline particle filters (GPFs) on exhausts of a 1.6 L Euro-5 GDI vehicle. Two noncoated and two filters with catalytic coatings were investigated. These filters, on average, lowered PN emissions 4-7-fold to 4.0-6.8 × 1011 particles/km. Genotoxic PAHs were lowered 2-5-fold too with GPF-1-3, with GPF-1 having the highest efficiency, 79% and resulting in 45 ng toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ)/km. Thus, particle filtration efficiencies and reduction of the genotoxic potentials are correlated. GPF-4 showing the poorest particle filtration efficiency (66-78%) also released exhausts with highest genotoxic potential of 240-530 ng TEQ/km. We recently reported particle-number (PN) emissions of four generations of GDI vehicles (Euro-3 to Euro-6) which released, on average, 2.5 × 1012 ± 1.8 × 1012 particles/km exceeding the current European limit of 6.0 × 1011 particle/km. Thus, the implementation of filters to GDI vehicles requires best-available technology (BAT) with PN efficiencies >98% and catalytic activity, to avoid store-and-release of genotoxic PAHs. In-series applications of BAT-filters to GDI vehicles can lower genotoxic PAHs and soot nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Comte
- University of Applied Sciences Bern , Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control , Gwerdtstrasse 5 , CH-2560 Nidau , Switzerland
| | - Jan Czerwinski
- University of Applied Sciences Bern , Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control , Gwerdtstrasse 5 , CH-2560 Nidau , Switzerland
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Malik DES, David RM, Gooderham NJ. Mechanistic evidence that benzo[a]pyrene promotes an inflammatory microenvironment that drives the metastatic potential of human mammary cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3223-3239. [PMID: 30155724 PMCID: PMC6132703 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) is a major cancer-causing contaminant present in food such as cooked meats and cereals, and is ubiquitous in the environment in smoke derived from the combustion of organic material. Exposure to B(a)P is epidemiologically linked with the incidence of breast cancer. Although B(a)P is recognized as a complete genotoxic carcinogen, thought to act primarily via CYP-mediated metabolic activation to DNA-damaging species, there is also evidence that B(a)P exposure elicits other biological responses that promote development of the cancer phenotype. Here in mechanistic studies using human mammary cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, we have explored mechanisms whereby B(a)P (10- 8 to 10- 5M) promotes inflammation pathways via TNF-α and NFκB leading to IL-6 upregulation, microRNA (Let7a, miR21 and miR29b) dysregulation and activation of VEGF. The miRNA dysregulation is associated with altered expression of inflammation mediators and increased migration and invasive potential of human mammary cancer cells. Our data suggest that mammary cell exposure to B(a)P results in perturbation of inflammation mediators and dysregulation of tumorigenic miRNAs, leading to an inflammation microenvironment that facilitates migration and invasion of mammary epithelial cells. These properties of B(a)P, together with its well-established metabolic activation to DNA-damaging species, offer mechanistic insights into its carcinogenic mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durr-E-Shahwar Malik
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rhiannon M David
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Genetic Toxicology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, MSAS Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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25
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Pushparajah DS, Ioannides C. Antagonistic and synergistic interactions during the binding of binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: Implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:223-235. [PMID: 29112844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban centers have turned to be the provincial store for resource consumptions and source releases of different types of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bringing about boundless environmental pollutions, among different issues. Human prosperity inside urban communities is unambiguously dependent on the status of urban soils and house dusts. However, environmental occurrence and sources of release of these SVOCs are challenging in Nepalese cities, as exceptionally very limited data are accessible. This motivated us to explore the environmental fate, their source/sink susceptibilities and health risk associated with PAHs. In this study, we investigated the contamination level, environmental fate and sources/sink of 16 EPA's priority pollutants in surface soil and house dusts from four major cities of Nepal. Additionally, the toxicological effect of individual PAH was studied to assess the health risk of PAHs. Generally, the concentrations of ∑16PAHs in surface soil were 1.5 times higher than house dust, and ranged 767-6770ng/g dry weight (dw) (median 1810ng/g dw), and 747-4910 dw (median 1320ng/g dw), respectively. High molecular weight-PAHs both in soil and dust were more abundant than low molecular weight-PAHs, suggesting the dominance of pyrogenic source. Moderate to weak correlation of TOC and BC with PAHs in soil and dust suggested little or no role of soil organic carbon in sorption of PAHs. Source diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis indicated fossil fuel combustion, traffic/vehicular emissions and combustion of biomass are the principal sources of PAHs contamination in Nepalese urban environment. The high average TEQ value of PAHs in soil than dust suggested high risk of soil carcinogenicity compared to dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Ugwu KE, Ukoha PO. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments near a mining site in Okobo-Enjema, Nigeria: concentrations, source apportionment and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:359-373. [PMID: 28185220 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PAHs are pollutants of serious environmental and human health concerns. PAH studies in environmental compartments may assist in designing PAH control measures. The levels of selected PAHs in surface sediment samples of a stream near a mining site at Okobo-Enjema, Nigeria, were investigated. The data were used to determine the possible sources of the PAHs and to assess the potential health risk of the PAHs to humans which was evaluated based on the sediment quality, contamination level and cancer risk guidelines. Sediment samples were collected in replicates at various locations in the stream. A mixture of acetone, dichloromethane and n-hexane was used to extract the PAH compounds by sonication. The extracts were cleaned-up, concentrated and quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated 14, 10 and 4 out of the 16 target PAHs were detected at various sampling stations. The total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 0.09 to 1.2 mg/kg dry weight. High molecular weight PAHs dominated over the low molecular weight compounds at distances nearer to the coal mine. The PAH contamination came from pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. The results suggested that there was no eco-toxicological risk for organisms in the sediments beyond 400 m from the coal mine. The sediments were highly contaminated at ≤400 m from the coal mine; moderately contaminated at between 400 and 500 m from the mine; and lowly contaminated at beyond 500 m from the mine. The cancer risk is low on ingestion and skin contact with the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenechukwu E Ugwu
- National Center for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Pius O Ukoha
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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28
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Qamar Z, Khan S, Khan A, Aamir M, Nawab J, Waqas M. Appraisement, source apportionment and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vehicle-wash wastewater, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:106-113. [PMID: 28662424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle-wash wastewater (VWW) contains elevated concentrations of different petrochemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a carcinogenic group of organic compounds. This study investigates the discharge of PAHs present in the untreated wastewater of vehicle-wash stations (VWS) located in district Peshawar, Pakistan. The data obtained was being novel with the detection of 16 USEPA PAHs (both individuals and total) and compared with earlier studies and international standards. The ∑16PAHs in wastewater from light vehicle-wash stations (LVWS) and heavy vehicle-wash stations (HVWS) ranged from 245-429μg/l and 957-1582μg/l, respectively. A significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in PAHs discharged from LVWS and HVWS. The projected ∑16PAHs discharge from both HVWS (92% of total generated PAHs) and LVWS (8%) was about 5109.9 g per annum. According to PAH diagnostic ratios, PAHs were both petrogenic (chrysene/benz(a)anthracene, low molecular weight/high molecular weight) and pyrogenic (phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, fluoranthene/fluoranthene+pyrene) in origin. The highest toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) value was shown by benzo(a)pyrene (21.6μg/l) followed by dibenz(ah)anthracene (9.81μg/l) in wastewater from HVWS. However, in LVWS the case was reversed with highest value (7.54μg/l) for dibenz(ah)anthracene followed by benzo(a)pyrene (3.54μg/l). The lowest TEQ value was indicated for phenanthrene (0.007μg/l) in wastewater of LVWS, while pyrene showed the lowest value (0.007μg/l) in wastewater of HVWS. The results indicated that VWS contribute significant amount of PAHs each year, which is of great concern regarding water quality, ecological and human health risk. This is the first systematic and comprehensive research related with generation of PAHs load per day, week, month and annum from VWS, their source apportionment and health effects in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Qamar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
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29
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Keshavarzi B, Abbasi H. S, Moore F, Delshab H, Soltani N. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Dust of Bushehr City, Iran: Status, Source, and Human Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1354897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi H.
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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30
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Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Teixeira EC, Schneider IL, Lara SR, Silva LFO. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM 1.0 of urban environments: Carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risk by age groups. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:158-170. [PMID: 28268029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risks related to the exposure to atmospheric PAHs in an urban area. Our study focused in the association of these pollutants and their possible effect in human health, principally respiratory and circulatory diseases. Also, we determined a relationship between the inhalation risk of PAHs and meteorological conditions. We validated the hypothesis that in winter PAHs with high molecular weight associated to submicron particles (PM1) may increase exposure risk, especially for respiratory diseases, bronchitis and pneumonia diseases. Moreover, in our study we verified the relationship between diseases and several carcinogenic PAHs (Ind, BbkF, DahA, BaP, and BghiP). These individual PAHs contributed the most to the potential risk of exposure for inhalation of PM1.0. Even at lower ambient concentrations of BaP and DahA in comparison with individual concentrations of other PAHs associated to PM1.0. Mainly, research suggests to include carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs in future studies of environmental health risk due to their capacity to associate to PM10. Such carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs are likely to provide the majority of the human exposure, since they originate from dense traffic urban areas were humans congregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Agudelo-Castañeda
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Elba C Teixeira
- Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS, 90020-021, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ismael L Schneider
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Sheila Rincón Lara
- Clinical Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
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31
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Zhuo S, Shen G, Zhu Y, Du W, Pan X, Li T, Han Y, Li B, Liu J, Cheng H, Xing B, Tao S. Source-oriented risk assessment of inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and contributions of non-priority isomers in urban Nanjing, a megacity located in Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:796-809. [PMID: 28153418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen U.S. EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven non-priority isomers including some dibenzopyrenes were analyzed to evaluate health risk attributable to inhalation exposure to ambient PAHs and contributions of the non-priority PAHs in a megacity Nanjing, east China. The annual average mass concentration of the total 16 EPA priority PAHs in air was 51.1 ± 29.8 ng/m3, comprising up to 93% of the mass concentration of all 27 PAHs, however, the estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) due to inhalation exposure would be underestimated by 63% on average if only accounting the 16 EPA priority PAHs. The risk would be underestimated by 13% if only particulate PAHs were considered, though gaseous PAHs made up to about 70% of the total mass concentration. During the last fifteen years, ambient Benzo[a]pyrene decreased significantly in the city which was consistent with the declining trend of PAHs emissions. Source contributions to the estimated ILCR were much different from the contributions for the total mass concentration, calling for the introduce of important source-oriented risk assessments. Emissions from gasoline vehicles contributed to 12% of the total mass concentration of 27 PAHs analyzed, but regarding relative contributions to the overall health risk, gasoline vehicle emissions contributed 45% of the calculated ILCR. Dibenzopyrenes were a group of non-priority isomers largely contributing to the calculated ILCR, and vehicle emissions were probably important sources of these high molecular weight isomers. Ambient dibenzo[a,l]pyrene positively correlated with the priority PAH Benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The study indicates that inclusion of non-priority PAHs could be valuable for both PAH source apportionment and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhuo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China.
| | - Ying Zhu
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Du
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelian Pan
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongchao Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Han
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Pushparajah DS, Plant KE, Plant NJ, Ioannides C. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upregulation of CYP1 activity and mRNA levels in precision-cut rat liver slices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:764-775. [PMID: 27099206 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current studies investigate whether synergistic or antagonistic interactions in the upregulation of CYP1 activity occur in binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) involving benzo[a]pyrene and five other structurally diverse PAHs of varying carcinogenic activity. Precision-cut rat liver slices were incubated with benzo[a]pyrene alone or in combination with a range of concentrations of a second PAH, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA levels determined. Concurrent incubation of benzo[a]pyrene with either dibenzo[a,h]anthracene or fluoranthene in liver slices led to a synergistic interaction, at least at low concentrations, in that ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was statistically higher than the added effects when the slices were incubated with the individual compounds. In contrast, benzo[b]fluoranthene and, at high doses only, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene gave rise to antagonism, whereas 1-methylphenanthrene had no effect at all concentrations studied. When CYP1A1 mRNA levels were monitored, benzo[b]fluoranthene gave rise to an antagonistic response when incubated with benzo[a]pyrene, whereas all other compounds displayed synergism, with 1-methylphenathrene being the least effective. A similar picture emerged when CYP1B1 mRNA levels were determined, though the effects were less pronounced. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the benzo[a]pyrene-mediated upregulation of CYP1, at the mRNA and activity levels, is synergistically and antagonistically modulated by other PAHs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 764-775, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphnee S Pushparajah
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Plant
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Plant
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Costas Ioannides
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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33
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Villar-Navarro M, Martín-Valero MJ, Fernández-Torres RM, Callejón-Mochón M, Bello-López MÁ. Easy, fast and environmental friendly method for the simultaneous extraction of the 16 EPA PAHs using magnetic molecular imprinted polymers (mag-MIPs). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1044-1045:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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34
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Jia J, Bi C, Guo X, Wang X, Zhou X, Chen Z. Characteristics, identification, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts and agricultural soils from industrial sites in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:605-615. [PMID: 27743326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Road dusts and agricultural soil samples were collected from eight sites close to steel mills, chemical plants, and municipal solid waste incinerator in suburban Shanghai. Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority controlled list were analyzed quantitatively using GC-MS. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.79 to 6.2 μg g-1 in road dust samples with a mean value of 2.38 μg g-1 and 0.26 to 0.54 μg g-1 in agricultural soils with an average of 0.36 μg g-1. The most abundant individual PAHs were phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene in dust samples and phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene in soil samples. Dominant compounds were four-ring and five- to six-ring PAHs, which accounted for 41.5 and 31.5 % in dusts and 33.9 and 41.1 % in soils. The spatial distribution of PAHs in dusts and soils was consistent. The wind direction could affect the spatial distribution of PAHs. Organic matter contents were found to be significantly positively correlated with PAH concentrations in both dusts and soils while grain size of particles had no correlation with PAH concentrations and could not significantly influence the distribution of PAH concentrations. PAH isomer ratios showed that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was important sources of PAHs in road dusts and agricultural soils. Toxic equivalent concentrations indicated seven kinds of carcinogenetic PAHs were major toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) contributors, accounting for 98 % of TEQ, in the road dusts and agricultural soils. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimation results showed that the PAHs in the dusts and soils had potential cancer risk for both children and adults only by direct ingestion exposure. The TEQ and ILCR values of PAHs in road dusts were much higher than those in soils, which suggested that PAHs in road dusts could be an important source of PAHs in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunjuan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhenlou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Muñoz M, Heeb NV, Haag R, Honegger P, Zeyer K, Mohn J, Comte P, Czerwinski J. Bioethanol Blending Reduces Nanoparticle, PAH, and Alkyl- and Nitro-PAH Emissions and the Genotoxic Potential of Exhaust from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex-Fuel Vehicle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11853-11861. [PMID: 27712054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol as an alternative fuel is widely used as a substitute for gasoline and also in gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles, which are quickly replacing traditional port-fuel injection (PFI) vehicles. Better fuel efficiency and increased engine power are reported advantages of GDI vehicles. However, increased emissions of soot-like nanoparticles are also associated with GDI technology with yet unknown health impacts. In this study, we compare emissions of a flex-fuel Euro-5 GDI vehicle operated with gasoline (E0) and two ethanol/gasoline blends (E10 and E85) under transient and steady driving conditions and report effects on particle, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and alkyl- and nitro-PAH emissions and assess their genotoxic potential. Particle number emissions when operating the vehicle in the hWLTC (hot started worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle) with E10 and E85 were lowered by 97 and 96% compared with that of E0. CO emissions dropped by 81 and 87%, while CO2 emissions were reduced by 13 and 17%. Emissions of selected PAHs were lowered by 67-96% with E10 and by 82-96% with E85, and the genotoxic potentials dropped by 72 and 83%, respectively. Ethanol blending appears to reduce genotoxic emissions on this specific flex-fuel GDI vehicle; however, other GDI vehicle types should be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Comte
- UASB, University of Applied Sciences Bern , Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control, Gwerdtstrasse 5, CH-2560 Nidau, Switzerland
| | - Jan Czerwinski
- UASB, University of Applied Sciences Bern , Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control, Gwerdtstrasse 5, CH-2560 Nidau, Switzerland
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Wu C, Zhu H, Luo Y, Wang J. Concentrations and potential health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in shallow groundwater of a metal smelting area in Southeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1561-1569. [PMID: 27396317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 20 shallow groundwater samples were collected from a metal smelting area in southeastern China to determine the concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), calculate their toxic equivalents (TEQs) to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and estimate the carcinogenic risk of drinking the shallow groundwater. The total concentrations of the 16PAHs (∑PAHs) in the shallow groundwater ranged from 9.62 to 1663.93ngL(-1), with a mean value of 312.63ngL(-1), and the total concentrations of the 7 potentially carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAHC7) ranged from 3.11 to 33.60ngL(-1), with a mean value of 9.61ngL(-1). Naphthalene and BaP, were the dominant PAH species and potentially carcinogenic PAH species in the shallow groundwater of the study area, and they account for 89.97% of ∑PAHs and 82.62% of ∑PAHC7, respectively. High molecular weight-PAHs (HM-PAHs) accounted for a relatively high proportion in the majority of shallow groundwater samples with lower concentrations of ΣPAHs, indicated that HM-PAHs were mainly from historical residues. The TEQs to BaP of the 16PAHs in the 20 shallow groundwater samples varied greatly from 2.55 to 32.73ngL(-1), with a mean value of 8.61ngL(-1), and BaP was the dominant contributor. The total carcinogenic risk levels caused by the 16PAHs in the shallow groundwater in majority of the area were found to be higher than the limit set by the US EPA, posing a potentially serious health risk to those who depend on shallow groundwater for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Wu
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia.
| | - Hao Zhu
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
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Kumar V, Kothiyal NC, Saruchi, Vikas P, Sharma R. Sources, distribution, and health effect of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – current knowledge and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/22243682.2016.1230475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guerreiro CBB, Horálek J, de Leeuw F, Couvidat F. Benzo(a)pyrene in Europe: Ambient air concentrations, population exposure and health effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:657-667. [PMID: 27140679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study estimated current benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration levels, population exposure and potential health impacts of exposure to ambient air BaP in Europe. These estimates were done by combining the best available information from observations and chemical transport models through the use of spatial interpolation methods. Results show large exceedances of the European target value for BaP in 2012 over large areas, particularly in central-eastern Europe. Results also show large uncertainties in the concentration estimates in regions with a few or no measurement stations. The estimation of the population exposure to BaP concentrations and its health impacts was limited to 60% of the European population, covering only the modelled areas which met the data quality requirement for modelling of BaP concentrations set by the European directive 2004/107/EC. The population exposure estimate shows that 20% of the European population is exposed to BaP background ambient concentrations above the EU target value and only 7% live in areas with concentrations under the estimated acceptable risk level of 0.12 ng m(-3). This exposure leads to an estimated 370 lung cancer incidences per year, for the 60% of the European population included in the estimation. Emissions of BaP have increased in the last decade with the increase in emissions from household combustion of biomass. At the same time, climate mitigation policies are promoting the use of biomass burning for domestic heating. The current study shows that there is a need for more BaP measurements in areas of low measurement density, particularly where high concentrations are expected, e.g. in Romania, Bulgaria, and other Balkan states. Furthermore, this study shows that the health risk posed by PAH exposure calls for better coordination between air quality and climate mitigation policies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B B Guerreiro
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller 2027, Norway.
| | - J Horálek
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - F de Leeuw
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - F Couvidat
- National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risk (INERIS), France.
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Zheng X, Yang Y, Liu M, Yu Y, Zhou JL, Li D. PAH determination based on a rapid and novel gas purge-microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) technique in road dust of Shanghai, China: Characterization, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:688-696. [PMID: 27037890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel cleanup technique termed as gas purge-microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) was evaluated and applied for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in road dust samples. A total of 68 road dust samples covering almost the entire Shanghai area were analyzed for 16 priority PAHs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the total PAH concentrations over the investigated sites ranged from 1.04μg/g to 134.02μg/g dw with an average of 13.84μg/g. High-molecular-weight compounds (4-6 rings PAHs) were significantly dominant in the total mass of PAHs, and accounted for 77.85% to 93.62%. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that the road dust PAHs were mainly from the mixture of petroleum and biomass/coal combustions. Principal component analysis in conjunction with multiple linear regression indicated that the two major origins of road dust PAHs were vehicular emissions and biomass/fossil fuel combustions, which contributed 66.7% and 18.8% to the total road dust PAH burden, respectively. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) varied from 0.16μg/g to 24.47μg/g. The six highly carcinogenic PAH species (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) accounted for 98.57% of the total BaPeq concentration. Thus, the toxicity of PAHs in road dust was highly associated with high-molecular-weight compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingpeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - John L Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular of the Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
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Devi NL, Yadav IC, Shihua Q, Dan Y, Zhang G, Raha P. Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from Himalayas, India: Implications for spatial distribution, sources apportionment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:493-502. [PMID: 26386774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is one of the important mountain ecosystems among the global mountain system which support wide variety of flora, fauna, human communities and cultural diversities. Surface soil samples (n = 69) collected from IHR were analysed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) listed by USEPA. The ∑16PAH concentration in surface soil ranged from 15.3 to 4762 ngg(-1) (mean 458 ngg(-1)). The sum total of low molecular weight PAH (∑LMW-PAHs) (mean 74.0 ngg(-1)) were relatively lower than the high molecular weight PAH (∑HMW-PAHs) (mean 384 ngg(-1)). The concentration of eight carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, CHR, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahA, IcdP, BghiP) were detected high in mountain soil from IHR and ranged from 0.73 to 2729 ngg(-1) (mean 272 ngg(-1)). Based on spatial distribution map, high concentration of HMW- and LMW-PAHs were detected at GS1 site in Guwahati (615 and 4071 ngg(-1)), and lowest concentration of HMW-PAHs were found at IS6 in Itanagar (5.80 ngg(-1)) and LMW-PAHs at DS2 (17.3 ngg(-1)) in Dibrugarh. Total organic carbon (TOC) in mountain soil was poorly connected with ∑PAHs (r(2) = 0.072) and Car-PAHs (r(2) = 0.048), suggesting the little role of TOC in adsorption of PAHs. Isomeric ratio of PAHs showed the source of PAH contamination in IHR is mixed of petrogenic and pyrogenic origin and was affirmed by PAHs composition profile. These source apportionment results were further confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Eco-toxicological analysis showed the calculated TEQ for most carcinogenic PAH were 2-4 times more than the Dutch allowed limit, while TEQ of BaP was 25 times high, suggesting increasing trend of carcinogenicity of surface soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, 800014 Bihar, India; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Qi Shihua
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Yang Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Priyankar Raha
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Oliveira M, Slezakova K, Delerue-Matos C, Pereira MC, Morais S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: levels and phase distributions in preschool microenvironment. INDOOR AIR 2015; 25:557-568. [PMID: 25263282 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to characterize levels and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor air of preschool environment and to assess the impact of outdoor PAH emissions to indoor environment. Gaseous and particulate (PM1 and PM(2.5)) PAHs (16 USEPA priority pollutants, plus dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were concurrently sampled indoors and outdoors in one urban preschool located in north of Portugal for 35 days. The total concentration of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) in indoor air ranged from 19.5 to 82.0 ng/m(3) ; gaseous compounds (range of 14.1-66.1 ng/m(3)) accounted for 85% ΣPAHs. Particulate PAHs (range 0.7-15.9 ng/m(3)) were predominantly associated with PM1 (76% particulate ΣPAHs) with 5-ring PAHs being the most abundant. Mean indoor/outdoor ratios (I/O) of individual PAHs indicated that outdoor emissions significantly contributed to PAH indoors; emissions from motor vehicles and fuel burning were the major sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - K Slezakova
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M C Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Morais
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kumar V, Kothiyal NC, Saruchi. Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Toxic Equivalency Factor and Related Carcinogenic Potencies in Roadside Soil within a Developing City of Northern India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2015.1026999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaneet Kumar
- Department of Applied Science, CT Group of Institutions, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Navin Chand Kothiyal
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Saruchi
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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Motorykin O, Santiago-Delgado L, Rohlman D, Schrlau JE, Harper B, Harris S, Harding A, Kile ML, Massey Simonich SL. Metabolism and excretion rates of parent and hydroxy-PAHs in urine collected after consumption of traditionally smoked salmon for Native American volunteers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:170-7. [PMID: 25659315 PMCID: PMC4361301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been published on the excretion rates of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) following oral exposure. This study investigated the metabolism and excretion rates of 4 parent PAHs and 10 OH-PAHs after the consumption of smoked salmon. Nine members of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation consumed 50 g of traditionally smoked salmon with breakfast and five urine samples were collected during the following 24 h. The concentrations of OH-PAHs increased from 43.9 μg/g creatinine for 2-OH-Nap to 349 ng/g creatinine for 1-OH-Pyr, 3 to 6 h post-consumption. Despite volunteers following a restricted diet, there appeared to be a secondary source of naphthalene and fluorene, which led to excretion efficiencies greater than 100%. For the parent PAHs that were detected in urine, the excretion efficiencies ranged from 13% for phenanthrene (and its metabolite) to 240% for naphthalene (and its metabolites). The half-lives for PAHs ranged from 1.4 h for retene to 3.3h for pyrene. The half-lives for OH-PAHs were higher and ranged from 1.7 h for 9-OH-fluorene to 7.0 h for 3-OH-fluorene. The concentrations of most parent PAHs, and their metabolites, returned to the background levels 24 h post-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Motorykin
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Diana Rohlman
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jill E Schrlau
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Barbara Harper
- Department of Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA
| | - Stuart Harris
- Department of Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA
| | - Anna Harding
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Molly L Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Forrester DM. Self-assembled multi-ring formations of glutamine and a possible link to erythema gyratum repens. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:10-6. [PMID: 25804239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the body L-glutamine is abundant and required for the proliferation of cells. Indeed human physiology is dependent upon having and maintaining the correct glutamine levels for a range of functions including neurological signalling and a healthy immune system. However, during tumourigenesis cell proliferation demands elevated levels of glutamine, which can ultimately lead to muscle atrophy. In some cases the skin provides the first indications of the underlying disease and erupts in a wave of complicated pattern formations. One such skin marker is erythema gyratum repens. We investigated the pattern formations associated with concentrations of glutamine in aqueous solutions at levels higher than that of a normal biological functionality. We find remarkable similarities between the patterns of erythema gyratum repens and the unusual self-assembled patterns of glutamine. The findings may lead to new therapeutics and understanding for those working in oncology and toxicology. Utilising the formations associated with glutamine could also assist in bio-functionalising micro and nanoparticles for high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Michael Forrester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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Soltani N, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Tavakol T, Lahijanzadeh AR, Jaafarzadeh N, Kermani M. Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:712-23. [PMID: 25461074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates trace elements and PAHs content in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, central Iran. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn are 22.15, 2.14, 182.26, 66.63, 393.33, 6.95 and 707.19 mg kg(-1), respectively. When compared with upper continental crust, the samples generally display elevated trace element concentrations, except for Co and Cr. The decreasing trend of calculated enrichment factors (EFs) is Cd>Pb>Sb>Zn>Cu>As>Ni>Cr>Co. Calculated potential ecological risk reveals that among the analyzed metals, Cd and Pb, have a higher potential ecological risk. Statistically, two identified main sources of trace elements include road traffic emissions and resuspension of soil particles. As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn in Isfahan road dust are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity, mainly traffic emissions, while Co, Cr and Ni originate from resuspension of soil natural parent particles. The sum of 13 major PAHs (∑13PAHs) mass concentration ranges from 184.64 to 3221.72 μg kg(-1) with the mean being 1074.58 μg kg(-1). PAHs sources are identified using PCA analysis. It is demonstrated that the PAHs in Isfahan road dust are mainly derived from traffic emission, coal combustion and petroleum. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of PAHs in the road dust ranges between 25.021 μg kg(-1) and 230.893 μg kg(-1). High correlation coefficients (r(2)=0.909 and 0.822, p<0.01) between Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b+k]fluoranthene and toxicity equivalent concentrations of road dust indicate that Benzo[a]pyrene and Benzo[b+k]fluoranthenes are major TEQ contributors. The total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Isfahan metropolis urban dust is 4.85 × 10(-4) for adult and 5.02 × 10(-4) for children. Estimated results of ILCR indicate that Isfahan residents are potentially exposed to high cancer risk via both dust ingestion and dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Tahereh Tavakol
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | | | - Nemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Karimi P, Peters KO, Bidad K, Strickland PT. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30:91-101. [PMID: 25600297 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-9988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic illness in children living in developed countries and the leading cause of childhood hospitalization and school absenteeism. Prevalence rates of asthma are increasing and show disparities across gender, geographic regions, and ethnic/racial groups. Common risk factors for developing childhood asthma include exposure to tobacco smoke, previous allergic reactions, a family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis or eczema, living in an urban environment, obesity and lack of physical exercise, severe lower respiratory tract infections, and male gender. Asthma exacerbation in children can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites, and animal dander), viral and bacterial infections, exercise, and exposure to airway irritants. Recent studies have shown that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a major component of fine particulate matter from combustion sources, is also associated with onset of asthma, and increasing asthmatic symptoms. In this paper, we review sources of childhood PAH exposure and the association between airborne PAH exposure and childhood asthma prevalence and exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karimi
- Program in Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E7535, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gungormus E, Tuncel S, Hakan Tecer L, Sofuoglu SC. Inhalation and dermal exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated carcinogenic risks in a relatively small city. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:106-13. [PMID: 25046852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAH species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) total PAH concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaPeq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 1.34, and 38.5 and 34.0ng/m(3), respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5(mg/kg-day)(-1)), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32×10(-7)-2.23×10(-4), and 1.61×10(-5)-7.95×10(-3), respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58×10(-9) to 2.57×10(-6). The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0×10(-6)) was estimated as >99 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Gungormus
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Tuncel
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lokman Hakan Tecer
- Namik Kemal University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 59860 Corlu, Tekirdag, Turkey.
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey.
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Kumar V, Kothiyal N, Saruchi, Masih A. Environmental fate and behavior of some PAHs at roadside ambient air in a fast developing city environment of northern India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/22243682.2014.908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jarvis IWH, Dreij K, Mattsson Å, Jernström B, Stenius U. Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures and implications for cancer risk assessment. Toxicology 2014; 321:27-39. [PMID: 24713297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the effects of exposure to complex PAH mixtures in vitro and in vivo on mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Of particular concern regarding exposure to complex PAH mixtures is how interactions between different constituents can affect the carcinogenic response and how these might be included in risk assessment. Overall the findings suggest that the responses resulting from exposure to complex PAH mixtures is varied and complicated. More- and less-than additive effects on bioactivation and DNA damage formation have been observed depending on the various mixtures studied, and equally dependent on the different test systems that are used. Furthermore, the findings show that the commonly used biological end-point of DNA damage formation is insufficient for studying mixture effects. At present the assessment of the risk of exposure to complex PAH mixtures involves comparison to individual compounds using either a surrogate or a component-based potency approach. We discuss how future risk assessment strategies for complex PAH mixtures should be based around whole mixture assessment in order to account for interaction effects. Inherent to this is the need to incorporate different experimental approaches using robust and sensitive biological endpoints. Furthermore, the emphasis on future research should be placed on studying real life mixtures that better represent the complex PAH mixtures that humans are exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W H Jarvis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åse Mattsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Jernström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Slezakova K, Castro D, Delerue-Matos C, Morais S, Pereira MDC. Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4492-4501. [PMID: 24337991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m(-3) in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m(-3) in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68-200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
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