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Müller M, Gibisch M, Brocard C, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Striedner G, Hahn R. Purification of recombinantly produced somatostatin-28 comparing hydrochloric acid and polyethyleneimine as E. coli extraction aids. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 222:106537. [PMID: 38944221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptides are used for diagnostics, therapeutics, and as antimicrobial agents. Most peptides are produced by chemical synthesis, but recombinant production has recently become an attractive alternative due to the advantages of high titers, less toxic waste and correct folding of tertiary structure. Somatostatin-28 is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system, cell proliferation and inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones in human body. It is composed of 28 amino acids and has one disulfide bond, which makes it to an optimal model peptide for a whole downstream purification process. We produced the peptide in the periplasm of E. coli using the CASPON™ technology, an affinity fusion technology system that enables high soluble expression of recombinant proteins and cleaves the fusion tag with a circularly permuted human caspase-2. Furthermore, purification of the products is straight forward using an established platform process. Two different case studies for downstream purification are presented, starting with either hydrochloric acid or polyethyleneimine as an extraction aid. After release of affinity-tagged somatostatin-28 out of E. coli's periplasm, several purification steps were performed, delivering a pure peptide solution after the final polishing step. The process was monitored by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as well as mass spectrometry to determine the yield and correct disulfide bond formation. Monitoring of impurities like host cell proteins, DNA and endotoxins after each downstream unit confirmed effective removal for both purification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gibisch
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hahn
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Andoh V, Ocansey DKW, Naveed H, Wang N, Chen L, Chen K, Mao F. The Advancing Role of Nanocomposites in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6099-6126. [PMID: 38911500 PMCID: PMC11194004 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s471360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The relentless pursuit of effective cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies has led to the rapidly expanding field of nanotechnology, with a specific focus on nanocomposites. Nanocomposites, a combination of nanomaterials with diverse properties, have emerged as versatile tools in oncology, offering multifunctional platforms for targeted delivery, imaging, and therapeutic interventions. Nanocomposites exhibit great potential for early detection and accurate imaging in cancer diagnosis. Integrating various imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and fluorescence imaging, into nanocomposites enables the development of contrast agents with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, functionalizing nanocomposites with targeting ligands ensures selective accumulation in tumor tissues, facilitating precise imaging and diagnostic accuracy. On the therapeutic front, nanocomposites have revolutionized cancer treatment by overcoming traditional challenges associated with drug delivery. The controlled release of therapeutic agents from nanocomposite carriers enhances drug bioavailability, reduces systemic toxicity, and improves overall treatment efficacy. Additionally, the integration of stimuli-responsive components within nanocomposites enables site-specific drug release triggered by the unique microenvironment of the tumor. Despite the remarkable progress in the field, challenges such as biocompatibility, scalability, and long-term safety profiles remain. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments, challenges, and prospects, emphasizing the transformative potential of nanocomposites in revolutionizing the landscape of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. In Conclusion, integrating nanocomposites in cancer diagnosis and treatment heralds a new era for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Andoh
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College, Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central Region, CC0959347, Ghana
| | - Hassan Naveed
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College, Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Kenyon MO, Martin M, Martin EA, Brandstetter S, Wegesser T, Greene N, Harvey J. Deriving acceptable limits for non-mutagenic impurities in medicinal products - Durational adjustments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 150:105644. [PMID: 38761968 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
ICH Q3A/B guidelines are not intended for application during the clinical research phase of development and durationally adjusted qualification thresholds are not included. A central tenet of ICH Q3A is that lifetime exposure to 1 mg/day of an unqualified non-mutagenic impurity (NMI) is not a safety concern. An analysis of in vivo toxicology data from 4878 unique chemicals with established NO(A)ELs was conducted to determine whether durationally adjusted qualification limits can be supported. Although not recommended in ICH Q3A/B, a conservative approach was taken by using allometric scaling in the analysis. Following allometric scaling of the 5th percentile of the distribution of NO(A)ELs from available chronic toxicology studies, it was reconfirmed that there is a safety basis for the 1 mg/day qualification threshold in ICH Q3A. Additionally, allometric scaling of the 5th percentile of the distribution of NO(A)ELs from sub-acute and sub-chronic toxicology studies could support acceptable limits of 20 and 5 mg/day for an unqualified NMI for dosing durations of less than or greater than one month, respectively. This analysis supports durationally adjusted NMI qualification thresholds for pharmaceuticals that protect patient safety and contribute to 3Rs efforts for qualifying impurities using new approach methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O Kenyon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Matthew Martin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Computational Safety Sciences, Pfizer Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanne Brandstetter
- Global Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Teresa Wegesser
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Nigel Greene
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety, R&D, AstraZeneca, Massachusetts, USA
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Tehrani SF, Bharadwaj P, Leblond Chain J, Roullin VG. Purification processes of polymeric nanoparticles: How to improve their clinical translation? J Control Release 2023; 360:591-612. [PMID: 37422123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles, as revolutionary nanomedicines, have offered a new class of diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for a multitude of diseases. With its immense potential, the world witnesses the new age of nanotechnology after the COVID-19 vaccines were developed based on nanotechnology. Even though there are countless benchtop research studies in the nanotechnology world, their integration into commercially available technologies is still restricted. The post-pandemic world demands a surge of research in the domain, which leaves us with the fundamental question: why is the clinical translation of therapeutic nanoparticles so restricted? Complications in nanomedicine purification, among other things, are to blame for the lack of transference. Polymeric nanoparticles, owing to their ease of manufacture, biocompatibility, and enhanced efficiency, are one of the more explored domains in organic-based nanomedicines. Purification of nanoparticles can be challenging and necessitates tailoring the available methods in accordance with the polymeric nanoparticle and impurities involved. Though a number of techniques have been described, there are no available guidelines that help in selecting the method to better suit our requirements. We encountered this difficulty while compiling articles for this review and looking for methods to purify polymeric nanoparticles. The currently accessible bibliography for purification techniques only provides approaches for a specific type of nanomaterial or sometimes even procedures for bulk materials, that are not fully relevant to nanoparticles. In our research, we tried to summarize the available purification techniques using the approach of A.F. Armington. We divided the purification systems into two major classes, namely: phase separation-based techniques (based on the physical differences between the phases) and matter exchange-based techniques (centered on physicochemical induced transfer of materials and compounds). The phase separation methods are based on either using nanoparticle size differences to retain them on a physical barrier (filtration techniques) or using their densities to segregate them (centrifugation techniques). The matter exchange separation methods rely on either transferring the molecules or impurities across a barrier using simple physicochemical phenomena, like the concentration gradients (dialysis method) or partition coefficients (extraction technique). After describing the methods in detail, we highlight their advantages and limitations, mainly focusing on preformed polymer-based nanoparticles. Tailoring a purification strategy takes into account the nanoparticle structure and its integrity, the method selected should be suited for preserving the integrity of the particles, in addition to conforming to the economical, material and productivity considerations. In the meantime, we advocate the use of a harmonized international regulatory framework to define the adequate physicochemical and biological characterization of nanomedicines. An appropriate purification strategy serves as the backbone to achieving desired characteristics, in addition to reducing variability. As a result, the present review aspires to serve as a comprehensive guide for researchers, who are new to the domain, as well as a synopsis of purification strategies and analytical characterization methods used in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh F Tehrani
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Priyanshu Bharadwaj
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - V Gaëlle Roullin
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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5
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Chen Y, Huang L, Yuan X, Luo F, Pu H. Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS Method for Ultra-Trace Level Determination of Acyl Chloride Potential Genotoxic Impurity in Mezlocillin. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:732-740. [PMID: 34718453 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
3-Chlorocarbonyl-1-methanesulfonyl-2-imidazolidinone (CMI) is a critical intermediate used in the synthesis of mezlocillin drug substance and also a potential genotoxic impurity with acyl chloride moiety. The content of CMI in mezlocillin should be <0.16 ppm to avoid the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity threats to patients. Therefore, a workable determination of CMI was critically crucial for ensuring the safety of mezlocillin drug products. However, the conventional HPLC method is insufficient for detection limits at ppm or lower levels. Besides, the high activity of acyl chloride also raises a challenge to the direct measurement of CMI. Thus, we explored a simple esterification approach, which converts CMI into methyl 3-(methylonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxylate completely by optimizing the reaction temperature and time. Furthermore, the selected reaction monitoring model of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer optimized by the Box-Behnken design significantly enhanced the sensitivity of ultra-trace level determination. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the method were reached 0.014 and 0.02 ppm, respectively, in the following validation study. A sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for ultra-trace level determination of acyl chloride potential genotoxic impurity in mezlocillin drug substance has been successfully established in this study, which will provide a practical quality control tool of mezlocillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lianzhou Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Guangzhou PI & PI Biotech, Inc. Guangzhou 510663, China.,Wuhan Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Guangzhou PI & PI Biotech, Inc. Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Hanlin Pu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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6
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Feng Y, Li Y, Yu S, Yang Q, Tong Y, Ye BC. Electrochemical sensor based on N-doped carbon dots decorated with manganese oxide nanospheres for simultaneous detection of p-aminophenol and paracetamol. Analyst 2021; 146:5135-5142. [PMID: 34282821 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen doped carbon dots were synthesized using the hydrothermal reaction of cellulose and urea, and then carbonized in a N2 atmosphere at a high temperature to prepare N-doped carbon dots decorated with manganese oxide nanospheres (N-CMOS) formed using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and MnO. The introduction of N-CMOS resulted in a large specific surface area, abundant pores, favourable conductivity and an excellent electrocatalytic performance. A glassy carbon electrode modified with N-CMOS was used for the simultaneous identification of paracetamol (AP) and p-aminophenol (PAP) utilising differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimum conditions, the electrical sensor showed a wide linear range of 0.1-100 μM for PAP and 0.1-80 μM for AP, with detection limits of 0.0456 and 0.0303 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensitivities for detecting PAP and AP were calculated as 1.615 and 1.971 μA μM-1 cm-2, respectively. The sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) meet the requirements of detection of drug impurity limits in tablets. In addition, the sensor has been successfully applied to detect PAP and AP in paracetamol tablets. The constructed sensor not only possesses a superior repeatability, reproducibility and stability, but a relatively wide linear range, and a superior detection limit and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Yangguang Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Shiyi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources for Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Qiaoran Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources for Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yanbin Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China. and Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Abstract
A product recall is the outcome of a careful pharmacovigilance; and it is an integral part of drug regulation. Among various reasons for product recall, the detection of unacceptable levels of carcinogenic impurities is one of the most serious concerns. The genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of N-nitrosamines raises a serious safety concern, and in September 2020, the FDA issued guidance for the pharmaceutical industry regarding the control of nitrosamines in drug products. The FDA database shows that >1400 product lots have been recalled from the market due to the presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities at levels beyond the acceptable intake limit of 26.5 ng/day. The drugs that were present in recalled products include valsartan, irbesartan, losartan, metformin, ranitidine, and nizatidine. This perspective provides a critical account of these product recalls with an emphasis on the source and mechanism for the formation of N-nitrosamines in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
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Elder DP, Johnson GE, Snodin DJ. Tolerability of risk: A commentary on the nitrosamine contamination issue. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2311-2328. [PMID: 33705731 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, regulators have grappled with different approaches to address the issue of control of impurities. Safety-based limits, such as permissible daily exposure (PDE), acceptable intake (AI), threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and less than lifetime limits (LTL) have all been used. For many years these safety-based limits have been recognized as virtually safe doses (VSDs). Recently, however, many regulatory agencies are seeking to impose limits for N-nitrosamine impurities, which are significantly below the VSD. This commentary will discuss the evolution of safety-based limits for impurities, provide an overview of the valsartan N-nitrosamine contamination issue and review the toxicology of N-nitrosamines. The outcome of a lessons-learned exercise on sartan medications undertaken by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) will also be discussed. The review will also highlight the many analytical challenges inherent with controlling impurities to ppb-based limits. The use of highly sensitive, low ppb limits, methods may lead to future issues of batch rejection, based on false positives. Regulators initially viewed the N-nitrosamine risk as being insufficient to prompt immediate product discontinuation and patients were specifically advised to continue using their affected medication. Patients were also informed that exposure to N-nitrosamines is extremely common via food and drinking water.
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9
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Determination of empagliflozin in the presence of its organic impurities and identification of two degradation products using UHPLC-QTOF/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Haaz E, Fozer D, Toth AJ. Development of Anhydrous Ethanol Purification: Reduction of Acetal Content and Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Study of the Ethanol-Acetal Binary System. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1289-1298. [PMID: 33490788 PMCID: PMC7818642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (herein called acetal) is an important pollutant of anhydrous ethanol. Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of an ethanol-acetal binary system was measured using a vapor condensate and liquid circulation VLE still. The experimental data were correlated with Wilson, nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) activity coefficient models, which were found suitable for representing the VLE data. Proper agreements between experimental and calculated VLE data were obtained, which were then confirmed with consistency tests. The applicability of the novel VLE data was demonstrated during an investigation of an anhydrous ethanol purification column. Reduction of the concentration of acetal and other pollutants was examined and optimized in a flowsheet environment. The modeling results were verified in a laboratory with an experimental distillation column, confirming a correct agreement between the results. It must be highlighted that the developed method is suitable for the production of pharmacopeial quality anhydrous alcohol, based on reliable, verified VLE data. The results show the importance of accurate VLE data in critical compositions (low pollutant content); moreover, aiming at high product purity, experimental validation has paramount importance. The consistency between the three platforms (VLE and distillation experiments and flowsheet simulation) confirms the accuracy of the developed method.
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11
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Jenkins D, Harmon CL, Jia X, Kesselring A, Hatcher D, Grayson K, Ayres J. Forced degradation studies of medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable suspensions (150 mg/ml) with implementation of HPLC, mass spectrometry, and QSAR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 187:113352. [PMID: 32480200 PMCID: PMC7322552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) injectable products are a key commodity for reproductive health and are available in the global market from a variety of manufacturing sources. Depending on the climatic zone conditions of the destination country for product use, MPA injectables are at risk of exposure to adverse transport and storage conditions. Analytical methods are available that quantify impurity levels in MPA and MPA injectable products, but minimal information is publicly available on the source of impurity and degradation product generation or the safety risk of these compounds. Forced degradation studies were conducted on MPA and MPA injectables to gain a better understanding of potential sources of impurities and degradation products. Furthermore, QSAR analysis was conducted to assess the toxicity risk of known impurities. More impurities were generated under acidic, basic, light, and oxidative forced degradation conditions relative to thermal degradation, however thermal exposure is the most likely adverse condition to be experienced by these products. Even if impurities are present in MPA injectables, QSAR analysis found that known impurities for MPA are apparently no more of a safety risk than MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jenkins
- Product Quality and Compliance, FHI 360, 2810 Meridian Parkway, Suite 160, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
| | - Christopher L Harmon
- Product Development and Introduction, FHI 360, 359 Blackwell Street, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Xiao Jia
- EKG Life Science Solutions, 4633 World Parkway Circle, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA.
| | - Allen Kesselring
- EKG Life Science Solutions, 4633 World Parkway Circle, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA.
| | - Danielle Hatcher
- EKG Life Science Solutions, 4633 World Parkway Circle, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA.
| | - Katie Grayson
- EKG Life Science Solutions, 4633 World Parkway Circle, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA.
| | - Jennifer Ayres
- Product Development and Introduction, FHI 360, 359 Blackwell Street, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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12
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Khandavilli UBR, Keshavarz L, Skořepová E, Steendam RRE, Frawley PJ. Organic Salts of Pharmaceutical Impurity p-Aminophenol. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081910. [PMID: 32326160 PMCID: PMC7221883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of impurities can drastically affect the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical entities. p-Aminophenol (PAP) is one of the main impurities of paracetamol (PA) that can potentially show toxic effects such as maternal toxicity and nephrotoxicity. The removal of PAP from PA is challenging and difficult to achieve through regular crystallization approaches. In this regard, we report four new salts of PAP with salicylic acid (SA), oxalic acid (OX), l-tartaric acid (TA), and (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). All the PAP salts were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of minute amounts of PAP in paracetamol solids gives a dark color to the product that was difficult to remove through crystallization. In our study, we found that the addition of small quantities of the aforementioned acids helps to remove PAP from PA during the filtration and washings. This shows that salt formation could be used to efficiently remove challenging impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. B. Rao Khandavilli
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
- PSC Biotech Limited, Blanchardstown, Dublin 15, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-61-202178
| | - Leila Keshavarz
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
| | - Eliška Skořepová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - René R. E. Steendam
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
| | - Patrick J. Frawley
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; (L.K.); (R.R.E.S.); (P.J.F.)
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13
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Pokar D, Rajput N, Sengupta P. Industrial approaches and consideration of clinical relevance in setting impurity level specification for drug substances and drug products. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:119018. [PMID: 31911117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.119018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of drug substances or products do not solely depend on its active(s). The quantity of impurities present in the product has a significant role in its safety profile. Pharmaceutical impurities are one of the primary reasons for the withdrawal of many approved products from the market. Therefore, the level of impurities in the pharmaceuticals needs to be controlled within a specified safe limit. Nowadays, setting impurity level specification remains a great challenge for pharmaceutical manufacturers. Regulatory guidelines recommend to control the impurity based on the concentration level criteria and provides limits of allowable impurities in pharmaceuticals. However, a single set of impurity limits cannot work for all the drug substances. There are numerous reasons which demand to set the impurity level specification based on safety dominated critical quality attribute principle. In this review, we have discussed the need for the consideration of both concentration based and patient safety-related approaches for setting the impurity level specification. To achieve this goal, it is required to identify the safety limits of the impurities during clinical development and provide a specification for the finished pharmaceutical products before entering the market. However, tremendous challenges faced by pharmaceutical companies to have an appropriate balance amongst the critical factors like safety, efficacy, analytical variability, process knowledge and regulatory requirement. Finally, the specification for API and finished drug product should be established considering both quality and patient safety. Considering all such factors, we have included a systematic and scientific approach that can guide to establish the safe and flexible impurity limit specification for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvisha Pokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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14
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Johansson E, Karlsson A, Ludvigsson JW. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography method development for separation of omeprazole and related substances on core‐shell columns using a Quality by Design approach. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:696-707. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Johansson
- Global Product DevelopmentPharmaceutical Technology and DevelopmentAstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Anders Karlsson
- Global Product DevelopmentPharmaceutical Technology and DevelopmentAstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Jufang Wu Ludvigsson
- Manufacturing Science and TechnologyPharmaceutical Technology and DevelopmentAstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
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15
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Manjappa AS, Ramachandra Murthy RS. Unravelling the anticancer efficacy of 10-oxo-7-epidocetaxel: in vitro and in vivo results. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:474-484. [PMID: 30599774 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1562461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare 7-epidocetaxel (7ED) and 10-oxo-7-epidocetaxel (10-O-7ED) formulations as like marketed Taxotere® (TXT) injection and to screen them for in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy including their in vivo toxicity behavior. METHODS The 7ED and 10-O-7ED formulations were screened for in vitro anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic and cell cycle arresting behaviors. Further, in vivo acute toxicity of TXT injection containing 10% of 7ED and 10-O-7ED separately and the therapeutic study of 10-O-7ED alone were studied in B16F10 experimental metastasis mouse model. RESULTS 10-O-7ED caused significantly higher cytotoxicity after 48 and 72 h than 22 h study. 10-O-7ED showed significantly increased in vitro anti-metastatic activity than TXT. The TXT caused more arrest of cells at S phase, whereas 10-O-7ED arrested more at G2-M phase and vice versa at higher concentration. In vivo acute toxicity study revealed better therapeutic effect with reduced toxicity of TXT containing 10% 10-O-7ED than TXT alone. Similarly, the therapeutic study revealed significantly less number of surface metastatic nodules formation with 10-O-7ED treated group (107 ± 49) (***p < .0001) than control group (348 ± 56). Also, the control group showed significant weight loss at the end (20th day) of the experiment (*p < .05, p = .041) than 10-O-7ED treated group which showed about 4% increased mean group weight. CONCLUSION Our study revealed the significantly higher in vivo anti-metastatic behavior, with no toxicity, of 10-O-7ED. However, it is a preliminary observation being noticed but further investigations are needed to address the potential of 10-O-7ED in cancer treatment with mechanisms behind the improved therapeutic efficacy with no toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arehalli S Manjappa
- a Department of Pharmaceutcs , Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy , Kolhapur , India.,b TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in New Drug Delivery Systems, G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Pharmacy Department , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , India.,c Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar , India
| | - Rayasa S Ramachandra Murthy
- b TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in New Drug Delivery Systems, G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Pharmacy Department , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , India
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16
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Critical review on establishment and availability of impurity and degradation product reference standards, challenges faced by the users, recent developments, and trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Salunkhe MN, Gite SD, Kachave RN. Recent trends in impurity profiling and forced degradation of antihypertensive drugs. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1373670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megha N. Salunkhe
- Department of Quality Assurance Technique, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehal D. Gite
- Department of Quality Assurance Technique, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramanlal N. Kachave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Harvey J, Fleetwood A, Ogilvie R, Teasdale A, Wilcox P, Spanhaak S. Management of organic impurities in small molecule medicinal products: Deriving safe limits for use in early development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 84:116-123. [PMID: 28038978 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Management of organic non-mutagenic impurities (NMIs) in medicinal products is regulated by the ICH Q3A, B and C guidelines that are applicable at late stages of clinical development (Phase III onwards) and as a consequence there is no guidance for the assessment and control of NMIs in early clinical trials. An analysis of several key in vivo toxicology databases supports the ICH Q3A defined concept that a lifetime dose to 1 mg/day of a NMI would not represent a safety concern to patients. In conjunction with routine (Q)SAR approaches, this 1 mg/day value could be used as a universal qualification threshold for a NMI during any stage of clinical development. This analysis also proposes that modification of this 1 mg/day dose using an established methodology (i.e. Modified Haber's Law) could support 5 mg/day or 0.7% (whichever is lower) as an acceptable limit for a NMI in a drug substance or product in early clinical studies (<6 months). Given the controlled nature of clinical development and the knowledge that most toxicities are dose and duration dependent, these proposed NMI limits provide assurance of patient safety throughout clinical development, without the requirement to commission dedicated in vivo toxicology impurity qualification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Ron Ogilvie
- Pfizer, Ramsgate Road Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9N, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Teasdale
- AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Wilcox
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
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19
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Reichard JF, Maier MA, Naumann BD, Pecquet AM, Pfister T, Sandhu R, Sargent EV, Streeter AJ, Weideman PA. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic considerations when deriving health-based exposure limits for pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79 Suppl 1:S67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Review of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach and development of new TTC decision tree. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Kleinman MH, Elder D, Teasdale A, Mowery MD, McKeown AP, Baertschi SW. Strategies To Address Mutagenic Impurities Derived from Degradation in Drug Substances and Drug Products. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Kleinman
- Projects,
Clinical Platforms and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 2301 Renaissance Blvd, RN0320, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - David Elder
- Scinovo,
Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12
0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Teasdale
- AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Mowery
- Merck and Co.,
Inc., Analytical Development Commercialization, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Alan P. McKeown
- Advanced Chromatography
Technologies Ltd., 1 Berry Street, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 1HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven W. Baertschi
- Eli Lilly and Company,
Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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22
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Transfluthrin: Comparative efficacy and toxicity of reference and generic versions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:78-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Alsante KM, Huynh-Ba KC, Baertschi SW, Reed RA, Landis MS, Furness S, Olsen B, Mowery M, Russo K, Iser R, Stephenson GA, Jansen P. Recent trends in product development and regulatory issues on impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and drug products. Part 2: Safety considerations of impurities in pharmaceutical products and surveying the impurity landscape. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:237-51. [PMID: 24363207 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Mutagenic impurities in pharmaceuticals: a critique of the derivation of the cancer TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) and recommendations for structural-class-based limits. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:299-316. [PMID: 23988886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cancer TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) concept is currently employed as an aid to risk assessment of potentially mutagenic impurities (PMIs) in food, cosmetics and other sectors. Within the pharmaceutical industry the use of one default cancer TTC limit of 1.5 μg/day for PMIs is being increasingly questioned. Its derivation, originally in the context of foodstuffs, can be broken down into five key elements: dataset composition; determination of carcinogenicity/mutagenicity status and carcinogenic potency (based on TD₅₀s) of compounds in the dataset; linear extrapolation of carcinogenic potencies; evaluation of the more potent compounds in each structural category, and presence of representative structural alerts amongst the more potent compounds. A detailed evaluation reveals that the derivation process is distorted by the use of the lowest statistically significant TD₅₀s (which can produce a false-carcinogen phenomenon) and by employing linear extrapolation for non-mutagenic carcinogens. By correcting for these two factors, it is concluded that only around 50% of conventional structural-alert categories were adequately addressed and that limits higher than the default value appear to be justified in many cases. Using similar criteria for PMIs in pharmaceuticals, four distinct potency categories of conventional structural alerts can be distinguished, ranging from alerts with questionable validity to those with high potency, which are considered to provide a range of flexible and pragmatic limits for such impurities.
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25
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Manranjan VC, Yadav DS, Jogia HA, Chauhan PL. Design of Experiment (DOE) Utilization to Develop a Simple and Robust Reversed-Phase HPLC Technique for Related Substances' Estimation of Omeprazole Formulations. Sci Pharm 2013; 81:1043-56. [PMID: 24482772 PMCID: PMC3867239 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1306-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, fast, and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method with UV detection was developed for the quantitation of omeprazole and its eleven related compounds (impurities) in pharmaceutical formulation using the Thermo Accucore C–18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) column. The separation among all the compounds was achieved with a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 employing a gradient program of mobile phase A [0.08 M glycine buffer pH 9.0: acetonitrile; 95:05 (v/v)] and mobile phase B [acetonitrile: methanol; 65:35 (v/v)]. The chromatographic detection was carried out at a wavelength of 305 nm. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, and recovery. The huskiness of the method was determined prior to validation using the Design of Experiments (DOE). The ANOVA analysis of DOE with a 95% confidence interval (CI) confirmed the buffer pH of mobile phase A (p <0.0001) and column temperature (p<0.0001) as significant Critical Method Parameters (CMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vayeda Chintan Manranjan
- Analytical Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad-500 072, India
| | - Devendra Singh Yadav
- Analytical Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad-500 072, India
| | - Hitesh Amrutlal Jogia
- Analytical Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad-500 072, India
| | - Praful Lalitkumar Chauhan
- Analytical Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad-500 072, India
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26
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Is an Alternative Drug Delivery System Needed for Docetaxel? The Role of Controlling Epimerization in Formulations and Beyond. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2675-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Dow LK, Hansen MM, Pack BW, Page TJ, Baertschi SW. The Assessment of Impurities for Genotoxic Potential and Subsequent Control in Drug Substance and Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1404-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Fantasia S, Windisch J, Scalone M. Ligandless Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Heteroaryl Bromides with Gaseous Ammonia. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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