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Gregorczyk-Maga I, Wachsmann A, Olszewska M, Partyka L. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels correlate with incidence of oral mucosal lesions independent of smoking status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:290-300. [PMID: 30375883 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1541442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important component of tobacco smoke, but also environmental toxicity. This study analyzed possible correlation between exhaled CO level and oral health indicators in two geographically distributed populations during health-promoting public events organized for local communities in cities with high and low environmental pollution in Poland (907 patients). Self-reported, instructor-led, oral health questionnaire was developed to monitor current and previous mucosal lesion incidence. Exhaled CO correlated with subjects smoking status and environmental CO exposure: highest in smoking inhabitants of Krakow (12 ppm), with lower levels in smokers from Kozienice (6.5 ppm) and non-smokers from Krakow (6 ppm), and lowest for Kozienice non-smokers (2 ppm) (p < 0.001). After propensity score matching and adjustment for smoking status, demography and comorbidities odds ratio for mucosal lesion incidence was 1.46 (1.31-1.63), p < 0.001) per 1 ppm increase of exhaled CO level. This result might implicate a possible role of environmental pollution factors in oral health pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- a Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wachsmann
- b Department of Angiology , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Marta Olszewska
- c Department of Pediatrics , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Lukasz Partyka
- b Department of Angiology , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
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Pack EC, Kim HS, Jang DY, Koo YJ, Yu HH, Lee SH, Lim KM, Choi DW. Risk assessment of toxicants on WHO TobReg priority list in mainstream cigarette smoke using human-smoked yields of Korean smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:206-219. [PMID: 30469000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (WHO TobReg) announced a priority list of 38 toxicants among the more than 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, building upon previous lists of toxicants in cigarette smoke. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the quantitative exposure and risk characterization of these priority toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke listed by the WHO TobReg. The human-smoked toxicant yields estimated from spent cigarette butts of a total of 361 smokers using the part-filter method (PFM) were applied to current exposure and risk estimation for the first time. The PFM can estimate human-smoked yields of toxicants using smokers' maximum mouth-level exposure. The human-smoked yield of each toxicant was converted to systemic uptake by considering bioavailability. Risk indicators-including the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), cumulative ILCR, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard indices (HIs), and margin of exposure (MOE)-were estimated from the systemic uptake of toxicants combined with Korean exposure factors by gender and age group as well as for total smokers. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking results in significant cancer and non-cancer health risks. A sensitivity analysis showed that the human-smoked toxicant yield is one of the most important contributors to risk level variations. Our risk estimation suggested that previous risk assessments might have ignored or underestimated the uncertainty of risk assessment. In conclusion, we assessed the risk level of the 38 toxicants on the priority list developed by the WHO TobReg and provided a Korean-specific priority list for the regulations on the emission of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Caraway JW, Ashley M, Bowman SA, Chen P, Errington G, Prasad K, Nelson PR, Shepperd CJ, Fearon IM. Influence of cigarette filter ventilation on smokers' mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:235-239. [PMID: 29097238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette filter ventilation allows air to be drawn into the filter, diluting the cigarette smoke. Although machine smoking reveals that toxicant yields are reduced, it does not predict human yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cigarette filter ventilation and mouth level exposure (MLE) to tar and nicotine in cigarette smokers. We collated and reviewed data from 11 studies across 9 countries, in studies performed between 2005 and 2013 which contained data on MLE from 156 products with filter ventilation between 0% and 87%. MLE among 7534 participants to tar and nicotine was estimated using the part-filter analysis method from spent filter tips. For each of the countries, MLE to tar and nicotine tended to decrease as filter ventilation increased. Across countries, per-cigarette MLE to tar and nicotine decreased as filter ventilation increased from 0% to 87%. Daily MLE to tar and nicotine also decreased across the range of increasing filter ventilation. These data suggest that on average smokers of highly ventilated cigarettes are exposed to lower amounts of nicotine and tar per cigarette and per day than smokers of cigarettes with lower levels of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Ashley
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Peter Chen
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Krishna Prasad
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Shepperd
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this review was to evaluate which standard machine-smoking regimen may be most appropriate to inform tobacco product regulation based on the fraction of cigarette smoke yields that best represents the range of human smoke exposures. METHODS We searched PubMed and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies that reported percentages of smokers who smoked more or less like a particular machine-smoking regimen based on human mouth level exposure (MLE) tobacco constituent yields. RESULTS Three studies met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Studies found that Canadian Intense (CI) yields were equal to or greater than 86% to 97% of smokers' nicotine and tar MLE yields. CONCLUSIONS MLE yields indicate that a small percentage of individuals (less than 14%) are exposed to nicotine and tar yields equal to or greater than those measured by the CI regimen. Whereas no machine-smoking regimen reflects human puffing behavior with complete accuracy, based on MLE data, CI constituent yields constitute the best representation of exposure that encompasses the majority of smokers, and may be the most informative for regulatory purposes.
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Sakaguchi C, Kakehi A, Minami N, Kikuchi A, Futamura Y. Exposure evaluation of adult male Japanese smokers switched to a heated cigarette in a controlled clinical setting. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:338-47. [PMID: 24819671 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical study was to investigate changes in levels of biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) in healthy Japanese male smokers who switched to a prototype heated cigarette (HC). This was a controlled, semi-randomized, open-label, residential study conducted in Japan. A total of 70 healthy Japanese male smokers were enrolled. Following enrollment, subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette for 2days and were subsequently randomized either to an HC group or a 10mg tar conventional cigarette (CC10) group for four consecutive weeks. Levels of BOEs for ten selected cigarette smoke constituents (nicotine, carbon monoxide (CO), benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, crotonaldehyde, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK], pyrene, 4-aminobiphenyl), and urine mutagenicity were measured at several time points during the study period. At the end of the study period, except for blood carboxyhemoglobin, levels of BOEs for the other nine constituents and urine mutagenicity were significantly lower in the HC group compared to the CC10 group. These results suggest that exposure to most cigarette smoke constituents, except CO, can be reduced by switching from CC10 to HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Sakaguchi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Product Science Division, R&D Group, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Aoi Kakehi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Product Science Division, R&D Group, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Minami
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Product Science Division, R&D Group, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Product Science Division, R&D Group, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Futamura
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Product Science Division, R&D Group, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Zhang X, Hou H, Shi L, Liu Y, Wang A, Hu Q. Novel method to analysis benzo[a]pyrene in filter by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: application to assess mouth level benzo[a]pyrene exposure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1468-1472. [PMID: 24861596 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a well-known carcinogenic compound produced from incomplete combustion of organic compounds. During cigarette smoking, cigarette filters trap a portion of mainstream smoke B[a]P and accurate measurement of B[a]P levels in cigarette filter can be used to estimate human exposure level of this compound. METHODS A rapid and sensitive method to quantify B[a]P levels trapped by cigarette filter was developed. The method is based on liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APPI-MS/MS). Validation was provided in smoked cigarette filter. RESULTS The method involved no extensive manual cleanup and concentration steps, hence is easy to use. The limit of detection was 0.064 ng/mL. The recovery ranged from 82.68% to 103.27% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 7%. A regression model between mainstream cigarette smoke and trapped B[a]P by cigarette filter was established (y = 2.5089x - 0.1851, R(2) = 0.999, n = 6). This model was applied to estimate mouth-level B[a]P exposure of smokers. CONCLUSIONS The LC/APPI-MS/MS method developed in this work had an excellent throughput in estimating the mouth-level exposure under natural human smoking conditions. Mouth-level B[a]P exposure based on a study of three cigarettes (8, 10 and 13 mg tar levels) showed significant positive correlations with B[a]P trapped by cigarette filter measured (y = 2.5456x - 0.5056, R(2) = 1, n = 249).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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