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Zhan X, Li Q, Tian P, Wang D. The attachment factors and attachment receptors of human noroviruses. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104591. [PMID: 39038896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading etiological agent causing the worldwide outbreaks of acute epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly acknowledged as cellular receptors or co-receptors for HuNoVs. However, certain genotypes of HuNoVs cannot bind with any HBGAs, suggesting potential additional co-factors and attachment receptors have not been identified yet. In addition, food items, such as oysters and lettuce, play an important role in the transmission of HuNoVs. In the past decade, a couple of attachment factors other than HBGAs have been identified and analyzed from foods and microbiomes. Attachment factors exhibit potential as inhibitors of viral binding to receptors on host cells. Therefore, it is imperative to further characterize the attachment factors for HuNoVs present in foods to effectively control the spread of HuNoVs within the food chain. This review summarizes the potential attachment factors/receptors of HuNoVs in humans, foods, and microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, 94706, USA
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Patil K, Ayyar BV, Neill FH, Bode L, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Ramani S. 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596597. [PMID: 38853945 PMCID: PMC11160698 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no targeted antivirals for the treatment of HuNoV infection. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on the intestinal epithelium are cellular attachment factors for HuNoVs; molecules that block the binding of HuNoVs to HBGAs thus have the potential to be developed as antivirals. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are glycans in human milk with structures analogous to HBGAs. HMOs have been shown to act as decoy receptors to prevent the attachment of multiple enteric pathogens to host cells. Previous X-ray crystallography studies have demonstrated the binding of HMO 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) in the same pocket as HBGAs for some HuNoV strains. We evaluated the effect of 2'FL on the replication of a globally dominant GII.4 Sydney [P16] HuNoV strain using human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) from adults and children. A significant reduction in GII.4 Sydney [P16] replication was seen in duodenal and jejunal HIEs from multiple adult donors, all segments of the small intestine from an adult organ donor and in two pediatric duodenal HIEs. However, 2'FL did not inhibit HuNoV replication in two infant jejunal HIEs that had significantly lower expression of α1-2-fucosylated glycans. 2'FL can be synthesized in large scale, and safety and tolerance have been assessed previously. Our data suggest that 2'FL has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic for HuNoV gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederick H. Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), and the Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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3
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Peled S, Freilich S, Hanani H, Kashi Y, Livney YD. Next-generation prebiotics: Maillard-conjugates of 2'-fucosyllactose and lactoferrin hydrolysates beneficially modulate gut microbiome composition and health promoting activity in a murine model. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113830. [PMID: 38225111 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Current prebiotics are predominantly carbohydrates. However, great competition exists among gut microbes for the scarce protein in the colon, as most consumed protein is digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Herein we evaluated in-vivo novel next-generation prebiotics: protein-containing-prebiotics, for selectively-targeted delivery of protein to colonic probiotics, to boost their growth. This system is based on micellar-particles, composed of Maillard-glycoconjugates of 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL, human-milk-oligosaccharide) shell, engulfing lactoferrin peptic-then-tryptic hydrolysate (LFH) core. This core-shell structure lowers protein-core digestibility, while the prebiotic glycans are hypothesized to serve as molecular-recognition ligands for selectively targeting probiotics. To study the efficacy of this novel prebiotic, we fed C57BL/6JRccHsd mice with either 2'-FL-LFH Maillard-glycoconjugates, unconjugated components (control), or saline (blank). Administration of 2'-FL-LFH significantly increased the levels of short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs)-producing bacterial families (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) and genus (Odoribacter) and the production of the health-related metabolites, SCFAs, compared to the unconjugated components and to saline. The SCFAs-producing genus Prevotella significantly increased upon 2'-FL-LFH consumption, compared to only moderate increase in the unconjugated components. Interestingly, the plasma-levels of inflammation-inducing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which indicate increased gut-permeability, were significantly lower in the 2'-FL-LFH group compared to the unconjugated-components and the saline groups. We found that Maillard-glycoconjugates of 2'-FL-LFH can serve as novel protein-containing prebiotics, beneficially modulating gut microbial composition and its metabolic activity, thereby contributing to host health more effectively than the conventional carbohydrate-only prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Peled
- Laboratory of Biopolymers for Food and Health, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shay Freilich
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hila Hanani
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Kashi
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav D Livney
- Laboratory of Biopolymers for Food and Health, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Jochum F, Meyer-Krott M, Hübler T, Lorenz M, Bedikian R, Zakarian J, Litzka A, Judex G, Hertzberg H, Klee D, Maurer L, Schacht M, Al-Radhi A, Maier J, Kröckel A, Faustmann C, Lavalle L, Dahbane S. Real-world evidence study on tolerance and growth in infants fed an infant formula with two human milk oligosaccharides vs mixed fed and exclusively breastfed infants. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:7. [PMID: 37597076 PMCID: PMC10439867 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important components of human milk having diverse functions in the development of infants. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that infant formulas with the HMOs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are safe, well-tolerated, and support normal growth. This study aimed to generate real-world evidence (RWE) on growth and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance in infants consuming a formula with 1 g/L 2'FL and 0.5 g/L LNnT, including a mixed feeding group not studied before in RCTs. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This 8-week open-label prospective multicenter study was conducted in Germany and Austria, and included groups of healthy, exclusively breastfed infants (BF), exclusively formula-fed infants (FF) who received the HMO-formula, and infants mixed fed with both HMO formula and human milk (MF). Co-primary outcomes were anthropometry and gastrointestinal tolerance via validated Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire (IGSQ). Secondary outcomes included formula satisfaction and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS One-hundred six infants completed the study (46 FF, 22 MF, and 38 BF). Mean anthropometric z-scores were comparable between groups and generally within ± 0.5 of WHO medians at week 8. IGSQ composite scores demonstrated good GI tolerance in all groups with no significant group differences at week 4 or 8. IGSQ composite scores in FF improved during the course of the study and parents provided high satisfaction ratings for the HMO-formula. Four potentially product-related AEs were reported in FF (no in MF). CONCLUSIONS In this RWE study examining an infant formula with HMOs, growth and GI tolerance outcomes were confirming the good tolerance and safety of this early feeding option previously reported in RCTs.
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Grants
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
- NCT05150288 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jochum
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Ev. Waldkrankenhaus Spandau Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin und Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg - Theodor Fontane (MHB), 16816, Neuruppin, Germany.
| | | | - Tina Hübler
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Kinder- und Jugendarztpraxis, Clemensstraße 4, 47608, Geldern, Germany
| | - Maja Lorenz
- Kinder- und Jugendarzt, Venloer Straße 67, 41751, Viersen, Germany
| | - Raffi Bedikian
- Kinder- und Jugendärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis, Eugen-Zur-Nieden-Ring 1, 46145, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Joseph Zakarian
- Kinderarztpraxis, Suitbertusstr. 31, 40223, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Litzka
- Facharztpraxis für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Regensburger Str. 40, 93133, Burglengenfeld, Germany
| | - Guido Judex
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendgesundheit Regensburg, Dr.-Leo-Ritter-Str. 4, 93049, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Holger Hertzberg
- Kinder- und Jugendarztpraxis, Ludwigstraße 4, 91126, Schwabach, Germany
| | - Daniela Klee
- Kinder- und Jugendarzt, Röntgen-Str. 6, 68642, Bürstadt, Germany
| | - Lothar Maurer
- Fachärzte für Säuglings-, Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Welschgasse 39, 67227, Frankenthal, Germany
| | - Martin Schacht
- Facharzt für Säuglings-, Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Schwachhauser Heerstr. 63a, 28211, Bremen, Germany
| | - Adnan Al-Radhi
- Kinder- und Jugendarzt Al-Radhi, Winckelhoferstrasse 3, 89584, Ehingen, Germany
| | - Jan Maier
- Kinder und Jugendarztpraxis, Geranienstr. 11, 70771, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kröckel
- Kinder- und Jugendarztpraxis, Schwarzwurzelstraße 52/54, 12689, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Faustmann
- Facharzt für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Wiener Strasse 8a, 7400, Oberwart, Austria
| | - Luca Lavalle
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samir Dahbane
- Global Medical Affairs, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
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Li H, Wang B, Wang Y. 2'-Fucosyllactose Suppresses Angiogenesis and Alleviates Toxic Effects of 5-Fu in a HCT116 Colon Tumor-Bearing Model. Molecules 2022; 27:7255. [PMID: 36364081 PMCID: PMC9658278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at examining the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL). At the beginning, the viabilities of four types of colon cancer cells were analyzed after exposure to increasing concentrations of 2'-FL, and HCT116 cells were selected as the sensitive ones, which were applied in the further experiments; then, interestingly, 2'-FL (102.35 µM) was found to induce apoptosis of HCT116 cells, which coincides with significant changes in VEGFA/VEGFR2/p-PI3K/p-Akt/cleaved Caspase3 proteins. Next, in a tumor-bearing nude mouse model, HCT116 was chosen as the sensitive cell line, and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) was chosen as the positive medicine. It was noteworthy that both 2'-FL group (2.41 ± 0.57 g) and 2'FL/5-Fu group (1.22 ± 0.35 g) had a significantly lower tumor weight compared with the control (3.87 ± 0.79 g), suggesting 2'-FL could inhibit colon cancer. Since 2'-FL reduced the number of new blood vessels and the malignancy of tumors, we confirmed that 2'-FL effectively inhibited HCT116 tumors, and its mechanism was achieved by regulating the VEGFA/VEGFR2/PI3K/Akt/Caspase3 pathway. Moreover, though HE staining and organ index measurement, 2'-FL was validated to alleviate toxic effects on liver and kidney tissue when combining with 5-Fu. In conclusion, 2'-FL had certain anti-tumor and detoxification effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forest, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Phipps KR, Lozon D, Stannard DR, Gilby B, Baldwin N, Mikš MH, Lau A, Röhrig CH. Neonatal subchronic toxicity and in vitro genotoxicity studies of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide 3-fucosyllactose. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1671-1687. [PMID: 35510931 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides, such as 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), are bioactive components of breast milk associated with benefits for infant growth and development. Structurally identical compounds (human-identical milk oligosaccharides - HiMOs) can be produced using microbial fermentation, allowing their use in infant formula to increase its similarity with human milk. Toxicological studies are required to demonstrate safety of HiMOs and that of any impurities potentially carried over from the manufacturing process. Biotechnologically produced 3-FL was tested for potential genotoxicity (bacterial reverse mutation test and in vitro mammalian micronucleus test) and subchronic toxicity (90-day study with neonatal rats). In the 90-day study, 3-FL was administered by gavage to rats once daily from Day 7 of age, at doses up to 4000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day (the maximum feasible dose), followed by a 4-week recovery period. Reference controls received 4000 mg/kg bw/day of oligofructose, an ingredient permitted for use in infant formula. Results for the genotoxicity studies were negative. In the 90-day study, there were no adverse effects of 3-FL on any of the parameters measured; thus, the no-observed-adverse-effect level was 4000 mg/kg bw/day (the highest dose tested). These results support the safety of biotechnologically produced 3-FL for use in infant formula and other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayna Lozon
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane R Stannard
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited (formerly Covance Laboratories Limited), Eye, Suffolk, UK
| | - Ben Gilby
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited (formerly Covance Laboratories Limited), Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Marta Hanna Mikš
- Glycom A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.,University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Food Science, Olsztyn, Poland
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Sprenger N, Tytgat HL, Binia A, Austin S, Singhal A. Biology of human milk oligosaccharides: from Basic Science to Clinical Evidence. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:280-299. [PMID: 35040200 PMCID: PMC9304252 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been researched by scientists for over 100 years, driven by the substantial evidence for the nutritional and health benefits of mother's milk. Yet research has truly bloomed during the last decade, thanks to the progress in biotechnology, which allowed the production of large amounts of bona fide HMOs. The availability of HMOs has been particularly crucial for the renewed interest in HMO research because of the low abundance or even absence of HMOs in farmed animal milk. This interest is reflected in the increasing number of original research publications and reviews on HMOs. Here, we provide an overview and critical discussion on structure function relations of HMOs that highlight why they are such interesting and important components of human milk. Clinical observations in breastfed infants backed by basic research from animal models provide guidance as to what physiological roles for HMOs are to be expected. From an evidence-based nutrition viewpoint, we discuss the current data supporting clinical relevance of specific HMOs based on randomized placebo controlled clinical intervention trials in formula-fed infants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanne Lp Tytgat
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Atul Singhal
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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8
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Thum C, Wall CR, Weiss GA, Wang W, Szeto IMY, Day L. Changes in HMO Concentrations throughout Lactation: Influencing Factors, Health Effects and Opportunities. Nutrients 2021; 13:2272. [PMID: 34209241 PMCID: PMC8308359 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important functional biomolecules in human breast milk. Understanding the factors influencing differences in HMO composition and changes in their concentration over lactation can help to design feeding strategies that are well-adapted to infant's needs. This review summarises the total and individual concentration of HMOs from data published from 1999 to 2019. Studies show that the HMO concentrations are highest in colostrum (average 9-22 g/L), followed by slightly lower concentrations in transitional milk (average 8-19 g/L), with a gradual decline in mature milk as lactation progresses, from 6-15 g/L in breast milk collected within one month of birth, to 4-6 g/L after 6 months. Significant differences in HMO composition have been described between countries. Different HMOs were shown to be predominant over the course of lactation, e.g., 3-fucosyllactose increased over lactation, whereas 2'-fucosyllactose decreased. Recent clinical studies on infant formula supplemented with 2'-fucosyllactose in combination with other oligosaccharides showed its limited beneficial effect on infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Clare Rosemary Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | | | - Wendan Wang
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (I.M.-Y.S.)
| | - Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China; (W.W.); (I.M.-Y.S.)
| | - Li Day
- AgResearch Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
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9
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Blackshaw K, Valtchev P, Koolaji N, Berry N, Schindeler A, Dehghani F, Banati RB. The risk of infectious pathogens in breast-feeding, donated human milk and breast milk substitutes. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:1725-1740. [PMID: 32539885 PMCID: PMC10195434 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review collates the published reports that focus on microbial and viral illnesses that can be transmitted by breast milk, donor milk and powdered infant formula (PIF). In this context, we attempt to define a risk framework encompassing those hazards, exposure scenarios, vulnerability and protective factors. DESIGN A literature search was performed for reported cases of morbidity and mortality associated with different infant feeding modes. SETTING Exclusive breast-feeding is the recommended for infant feeding under 6 months, or failing that, provision of donated human milk. However, the use of PIF remains high despite its intrinsic and extrinsic risk of microbial contamination, as well as the potential for adverse physiological effects, including infant gut dysbiosis. RESULTS Viable pathogen transmission via breast-feeding or donor milk (pasteurised and unpasteurised) is rare. However, transmission of HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 is a concern for breast-feeding mothers, particularly for mothers undertaking a mixed feeding mode (PIF and breast-feeding). In PIF, intrinsic and extrinsic microbial contamination, such as Cronobacter and Salmonella, remain significant identifiable causes of infant morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Disease transmission through breast-feeding or donor human milk is rare, most likely owing to its complex intrinsically protective composition of human milk and protection of the infant gut lining. Contamination of PIF and the morbidity associated with this is likely underappreciated in terms of community risk. A better system of safe donor milk sharing that also establishes security of supply for non-hospitalised healthy infants in need of breast milk would reduce the reliance on PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Blackshaw
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Nooshin Koolaji
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Nina Berry
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Mother’s Milk Bank Charity and Australian Breast Milk Bank Consortium (Human Milk Emergency Reserve Project), Bilinga, QLD4225, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW2234, Australia
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10
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Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides and Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate the Gut Microbiota Composition and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations in a Preclinical Neonatal Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050884. [PMID: 33919138 PMCID: PMC8143120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (OS) shape microbiome structure and function, but their relative abundances differ between species. Herein, the impact of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) (2′-fucosyllactose [2′FL] and lacto-N-neotetraose [LNnT]) and OS isolated from bovine milk (BMOS) on microbiota composition and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in ascending colon (AC) contents and feces was assessed. Intact male piglets received diets either containing 6.5 g/L BMOS (n = 12), 1.0 g/L 2′FL + 0.5 g/L LNnT (HMO; n = 12), both (HMO + BMOS; n = 10), or neither (CON; n = 10) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 34. Microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR, and VFA were measured by gas chromatography. The microbiota was affected by OS in an intestine region-specific manner. BMOS reduced (p < 0.05) microbial richness in the AC, microbiota composition in the AC and feces, and acetate concentrations in AC, regardless of HMO presence. HMO alone did not affect overall microbial composition, but increased (p < 0.05) the relative proportion of specific taxa, including Blautia, compared to other groups. Bacteroides abundance was increased (p < 0.05) in the AC by BMOS and synergistically by BMOS + HMO in the feces. Distinct effects of HMO and BMOS suggest complementary and sometimes synergistic benefits of supplementing a complex mixture of OS to formula.
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Cheng L, Kong C, Wang W, Groeneveld A, Nauta A, Groves MR, Kiewiet MBG, de Vos P. The Human Milk Oligosaccharides 3-FL, Lacto-N-Neotetraose, and LDFT Attenuate Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induced Inflammation in Fetal Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro through Shedding or Interacting with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000425. [PMID: 33465830 PMCID: PMC8047892 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) can attenuate inflammation by modulating intestinal epithelial cells, but the mechanisms of action are not well-understood. Here, the effects of hMOs on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced inflammatory events in gut epithelial cells are studied. METHODS AND RESULTS The modulatory effects of 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), 6'-sialyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), and lacto-N-triaose (LNT2) on immature (FHs 74 Int) and adult (T84) intestinal epithelial cells with or without TNF-α are determined. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in FHs 74 Int and T84 are quantified to determine hMO induced attenuation of inflammatory events by ELISA. 3-FL, LNnT, and LDFT significantly attenuate TNF-α induced inflammation in FHs 74 Int, while LNT2 induces IL-8 secretion in T84. In addition, microscale thermophoresis assays and ELISA are used to study the possible mechanisms of interaction between effective hMOs and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). 3-FL, LNnT, and LDFT exert TNFR1 ectodomain shedding while LNnT also shows binding affinity to TNFR1 with a Kd of 900 ± 660 nM. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that specific hMO types attenuate TNF-α induced inflammation in fetal gut epithelial cells through TNFR1 in a hMO structure-dependent fashion suggest possibilities to apply hMOs in management of TNF-α dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Cheng
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, RBGroningen9700The Netherlands
| | - Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, RBGroningen9700The Netherlands
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Drug Design XB20, Groningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenADGroningen9700The Netherlands
| | - Andre Groeneveld
- FrieslandCampinaStationsplein 4, LEAmersfoort3818The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampinaStationsplein 4, LEAmersfoort3818The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- Drug Design XB20, Groningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenADGroningen9700The Netherlands
| | - Mensiena B. G. Kiewiet
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, RBGroningen9700The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, RBGroningen9700The Netherlands
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Hanlon PR. A safety evaluation of mixed human milk oligosaccharides in neonatal farm piglets. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320971255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant, solid component of human milk after lactose and fat. As novel processes are developed to cost-effectively produce commercial volumes of these oligosaccharides, they are becoming more common components of infant formulas worldwide. The study evaluated the safety of a novel mixture of HMOs in a neonatal piglet model with the objective of identifying potential effects during the sensitive, preweaning developmental stage of life. The mixture of HMOs (HMO MIX 1) was composed of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL), and 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL), and was administered to 2-day old piglets at either 5.75 or 8.0 g/L for a period of 21 days. Piglets in the 5.75 and 8.0 g/L HMO MIX 1 dosing groups did not exhibit differences in body weight, food consumption, or feed efficiency. Analysis of clinical chemistry parameters on Study Day 7 and Study Day 21 did not demonstrate any effects that could be attributed to HMO MIX 1, nor were there any findings in organ weight, macroscopic, or microscopic inspection of tissues that could be attributed to this oligosaccharide blend. Therefore, since administration of HMO MIX 1 in a liquid diet up to 8.0 g/L resulted in no toxicologically-relevant effects in comparison with animals fed a control diet, this study supports the safety of this ingredient for addition to infant formula products.
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Al-Khafaji AH, Jepsen SD, Christensen KR, Vigsnæs LK. The potential of human milk oligosaccharides to impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis through modulation of the gut microbiota. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Cheng L, Kiewiet MBG, Logtenberg MJ, Groeneveld A, Nauta A, Schols HA, Walvoort MTC, Harmsen HJM, de Vos P. Effects of Different Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth of Bifidobacteria in Monoculture and Co-culture With Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:569700. [PMID: 33193162 PMCID: PMC7662573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.569700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are important bioactive components in mother’s milk contributing to infant health by supporting colonization and growth of gut microbes. In particular, Bifidobacterium genus is considered to be supported by hMOs. Approximately 200 different hMOs have been discovered and characterized, but only a few abundant hMOs can be produced in sufficient amounts to be applied in infant formula. These hMOs are usually supplied in infant formula as single molecule, and it is unknown which and how individual hMOs support growth of individual gut bacteria. To investigate how individual hMOs influence growth of several relevant intestinal bacteria species, we studied the effects of three hMOs (2′-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, and 6′-sialyllactose) and an hMO acid hydrolysate (lacto-N-triose) on three Bifidobacteria and one Faecalibacterium and introduced a co-culture system of two bacterial strains to study possible cross-feeding in presence and absence of hMOs. We observed that in monoculture, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis could grow well on all hMOs but in a structure-dependent way. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii reached a lower cell density on the hMOs in stationary phase compared to glucose, while B. longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were not able to grow on the tested hMOs. In a co-culture of B. longum subsp. infantis with F. prausnitzii, different effects were observed with the different hMOs; 6′-sialyllactose, rather than 2′-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, and lacto-N-triose, was able to promote the growth of B. longum subsp. infantis. Our observations demonstrate that effects of hMOs on the tested gut microbiota are hMO-specific and provide new means to support growth of these specific beneficial microorganisms in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Cheng
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mensiena B G Kiewiet
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Phipps KR, Lynch B, Stannard DR, Gilby B, Baldwin N, Mikš MH, Lau A, Röhrig CH. Genotoxicity and neonatal subchronic toxicity assessment of a novel mixture of the human-identical milk oligosaccharides lacto-N-fucopentaose I and 2'-fucosyllactose. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:632-649. [PMID: 33000492 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a complex group of bioactive molecules largely observed in human breast milk but also occurring in limited amounts in other mammalian milks. Advances in biotechnology have enabled production of human-identical milk oligosaccharides (HiMOs), structurally identical molecules to HMOs found naturally in human milk, intended for addition to infant formula to more closely replicate breast milk. Biosynthesis of a novel mixture of two major HMOs, lacto-N-fucopentaose I and 2'-fucosyllactose (LNFP-I/2'-FL), recently became possible. To support the safety of LNFP-I/2'-FL for use in infant formula and other foods, it was subject to a safety assessment comprising a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test, and a 90-day oral gavage study in neonatal rats. In the 90-day study (the first HiMO study to include the new endocrine-sensitive endpoints described in the 2018 version of OECD Test Guideline 408), LNFP-I/2'-FL was administered by oral gavage to neonatal rats once daily (from Day 7 of age) for 90 consecutive days, at doses up to 5000 mg/kg bw/day, followed by a 4-week recovery period. Concurrent reference controls received 5000 mg/kg bw/day of the approved infant formula ingredient oligofructose. LNFP-I/2'-FL was nongenotoxic in vitro. The highest dose tested (5000 mg/kg bw/day) was established as the no-observed-adverse-effect level in the 90-day study, as there were no test article-related adverse effects on clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, clinical pathology, and organ weights nor any noteworthy macroscopic or microscopic findings. This supports the safety of LNFP-I/2'-FL for its intended uses in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt R Phipps
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Farnborough, Hampshire, UK
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ben Gilby
- Covance Laboratories Limited, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Marta Hanna Mikš
- Glycom A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Pérez-Escalante E, Alatorre-Santamaría S, Castañeda-Ovando A, Salazar-Pereda V, Bautista-Ávila M, Cruz-Guerrero AE, Flores-Aguilar JF, González-Olivares LG. Human milk oligosaccharides as bioactive compounds in infant formula: recent advances and trends in synthetic methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:181-214. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1813683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pérez-Escalante
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Sergio Alatorre-Santamaría
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Departamento de Biotecnología, Colonia Vicentina AP 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Araceli Castañeda-Ovando
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Verónica Salazar-Pereda
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Mirandeli Bautista-Ávila
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Área Académica de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Ex-Hacienda la Concepción. San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alma Elizabeth Cruz-Guerrero
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Departamento de Biotecnología, Colonia Vicentina AP 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Francisco Flores-Aguilar
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Luis Guillermo González-Olivares
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Área Académica de Química. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras. CP. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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17
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Real-world study in infants fed with an infant formula with two human milk oligosaccharides. NUTR HOSP 2020; 37:698-706. [PMID: 32698596 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are an important component of human milk supporting the development of a balanced intestinal microbiota and immune protection in breastfed infants. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that infant formulas supplemented with the HMOs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are safe, well-tolerated, and support normal growth. This Real-World Evidence (RWE) study aimed to evaluate growth and tolerance in infants consuming a formula supplemented with 1 g/L of 2'FL and 0.5 g/L of LNnT, and included a mixed-feeding group never studied before in RCTs. Participants and methods: this open-label, prospective study was conducted at six centers in Spain, and included healthy, exclusively breastfed infants (BF group), an exclusively formula-fed group (FF) who received a milk-based formula with 2' FL and LNnT, and a group mixed fed with both formula and human milk (MF), for 8 weeks. Co-primary outcomes were growth (anthropometry) and gastrointestinal tolerance (Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire, IGSQ). Secondary outcomes included formula satisfaction and adverse events (AEs). Results: 159 infants completed the study (66 FF, 48 MF, and 45 BF). Mean z-scores for growth were similar between all groups and within ± 0.5 of WHO medians at week 8. Composite IGSQ scores demonstrated low GI distress in all groups, with no significant group differences at baseline, week 4, or week 8. Incidence of AEs was low overall, and comparable across groups. Conclusions: in this RWE study examining a HMO-supplemented infant formula, growth and tolerance outcomes were similar to RCT findings, supporting the effectiveness of this early feeding option.
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Lyons KE, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1039. [PMID: 32283875 PMCID: PMC7231147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katríona E. Lyons
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
| | - Eugene M. Dempsey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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2'-fucosyllactose Supplementation Improves Gut-Brain Signaling and Diet-Induced Obese Phenotype and Changes the Gut Microbiota in High Fat-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041003. [PMID: 32260563 PMCID: PMC7231103 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by fat accumulation, chronic inflammation and impaired satiety signaling, which may be due in part to gut microbial dysbiosis. Manipulations of the gut microbiota and its metabolites are attractive targets for obesity treatment. The predominant oligosaccharide found in human milk, acts as a prebiotic with beneficial effects on the host. However, little is known about the beneficial effects of 2′-FL in obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effects of 2′-FL supplementation on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the diet-induced obese phenotype in high fat (HF)-fed mice. Male C57/BL6 mice (n = 6/group; six weeks old) were counter-balanced into six weight-matched groups and fed either a low-fat (LF; 10% kcal as fat), HF (45% kcal as fat) or HF diet with 2′-FL (HF_2′-FL) at 1, 2, 5 and 10% (w/v) in drinking water for six weeks. General phenotypes (body weight, energy intake, fat and lean mass), cecal microbiome and metabolites, gut-brain signaling, intestinal permeability and inflammatory and lipid profiles were assessed. Only 10% 2′-FL, but not 1, 2 or 5%, decreased HF diet-induced increases in energy intake, fat mass and body weight gain. A supplementation of 10% 2′-FL changed the composition of cecal microbiota and metabolites compared to LF- and HF-fed mice with an increase in Parabacteroides abundance and lactate and pyruvate, respectively, whose metabolic effects corresponded to our study findings. In particular, 10% 2′-FL significantly reversed the HF diet-induced impairment of cholecystokinin-induced inhibition of food intake. Gene expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in the cecum were significantly downregulated by 10% 2′-FL compared to the HF group. Furthermore, 10% 2′-FL suppressed HF diet-induced upregulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, a transcription factor for adipogenesis, at the gene level. In conclusion, 10% 2′-FL led to compositional changes in gut microbiota and metabolites associated with improvements in metabolic profiles and gut-brain signaling in HF-fed mice. These findings support the use of 2′-FL for modulating the hyperphagic response to HF diets and improving the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Jain M, Kaur M, Tiwari DP, Vishwanath C, Javaregowda N, Chandrayan G, Bhoite PY, Krishnappa M, Dubey AK. Juvenile toxicity study of Gossence™ (galactooligosaccharides) in Sprague Dawley rats. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320913213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossence™ (galactooligosaccharide; GOS) is a prebiotics and used as one of the major constituents in infant milk formulas that act as a functional food. Gossence is manufactured by Tata Chemicals Ltd, India, through a patented process of biotransformation of lactose. A toxicology study in juvenile rats was carried out to assess the safety profile of Gossence intended for pediatric population. The objective of this study is to assess the potential systemic toxicity of Gossence when administered through gavage at dose levels of 1000, 2000, or 5000/3000 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 1347, 2694, and 6735/4041 mg/kg/day of GOS, respectively) to juvenile Sprague Dawley rats from postnatal day (PND) 4 to PND 52 (i.e. total 49 days of dosing period). A separate group of animals were treated with vehicle (purified Milli Q water) for a similar duration. The following parameters were evaluated during the study period: morbidity/mortality check, clinical signs, body weights, body weight changes, food consumption, functional observational battery, motor activity, postnatal developmental observations, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, gross pathology, and histopathology. During dosing phase, the high-dose group, 5000 mg/kg/day, was reduced to 3000 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 4041 mg/kg/day dose of GOS) from day 16 (PND 19) onward, due to clinical signs of watery feces and yellow color stains at urogenital region and mortality in two animals on day 15 (PND 18) of the study. Time-weighted average dose for 5000 mg/kg/day was equivalent to 3600 mg/kg/day. No further deaths or clinical signs were noticed in animals at 3000 mg/kg/day from day 18 (PND 21) of dosing phase to until terminal euthanization. At the terminal euthanization, there were no test item-related gross changes observed in all surviving rats except for, an increased cecum size in some of the rats at 5000/3000 mg/kg/day, which correlated with the increased weights of cecum with contents during organ weight recording, but this had no correlating light microscopic changes during histological examination. The cecal enlargement was completely recovered following the 14-day recovery period. The no-observedadverse-effect level is 3000 mg/kg/day for Gossence, which is equivalent to 4041 mg/kg/day of GOS in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jain
- Tata Chemicals Limited–Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moninder Kaur
- Tata Chemicals Limited–Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Nataraju Javaregowda
- Department of Safety Assessment, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Govind Chandrayan
- Department of Safety Assessment, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhakar Y Bhoite
- Department of Safety Assessment, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Krishnappa
- Department of Safety Assessment, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Cheng L, Kong C, Walvoort MTC, Faas MM, de Vos P. Human Milk Oligosaccharides Differently Modulate Goblet Cells Under Homeostatic, Proinflammatory Conditions and ER Stress. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900976. [PMID: 31800974 PMCID: PMC7079026 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) have beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function, but the mechanisms of action are not well understood. Here, the effects of hMOs on goblet cells, which indicate that some hMOs may enhance mucus barrier function through direct modulation of goblet cell function, are studied. METHODS AND RESULTS The modulatory effects of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-triaose II (LNT2), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on the expression of goblet cell secretory related genes MUC2, TFF3, and RETNLB, and the Golgi-sulfotransferase genes CHST5 and GAL3ST2 of LS174T are determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. 3-FL, LNT2, and GOS-modulated LS174T gene expression profiles in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the upregulation of MUC2 is confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Effects of 2'-FL, 3-FL, LNT2, and GOS on gene transcription of LS174T are also assessed during exposure to TNF-α, IL-13, or tunicamycin. During TNF-α challenge, 3-FL and LNT2 enhance MUC2 and TFF3 gene expression. After IL-13 exposure, 2'-FL, 3-FL, and LNT2 all show upregulating effects on MUC2; 3-FL and LNT2 also enhance TFF3 expression. LNT2 significantly reverses Tm-induced downregulation of TFF3, RETNLB, and CHST5. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that hMOs may enhance mucus barrier function through direct modulation of intestinal goblet cells. Effects are structure- and stressor-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Cheng
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Groningen9700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenHanzeplein 19700 RBGroningenThe Netherlands
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22
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A safety evaluation of mixed human milk oligosaccharides in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111118. [PMID: 31923429 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are indigestible carbohydrates representing the third largest fraction of solutes in human breastmilk. They provide valuable prebiotic and anti-pathogenic functions in breastfed infants, but are not yet included in most infant formula products. Recent biotechnological advances now facilitate large-scale production of HMOs, providing infant formula manufacturers with the ability to supplement their products with HMOs to mimic human breastmilk. Although the safety of individual HMOs has been confirmed in preclinical toxicological studies, the safety of HMO mixtures has not been tested. We therefore performed bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro micronucleus tests and conducted a repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats with a mixture of five HMOs (HMO MIX I), containing 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL). HMO MIX I was not genotoxic and did not induce adverse effects in the repeated dose study. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for HMO MIX I in this study is 10% in the diet (equivalent to 5.67 g HMO MIX I/kg bw/day for males and 6.97 g HMO MIX I/kg bw/day for females). Our results provide strong evidence for the safety of HMO MIX I in infant products and general foods.
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23
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Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-Fucosyllactose Reduces Neurodegeneration in Stroke Brain. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1001-1011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Addison R, Hill L, Bode L, Robertson B, Choudhury B, Young D, Wright C, Relton C, Garcia AL, Tappin DM. Development of a biochemical marker to detect current breast milk intake. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12859. [PMID: 31216094 PMCID: PMC7038895 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, but despite interventions, breastfeeding rates remain stubbornly low. Financial voucher incentives have shown promise but require a biomarker for validation of intake. This study aimed to develop a simple biochemical assay of infant urine that would tell if an infant was receiving any breast milk to validate maternal report. Urine samples were collected and snap frozen from 34 infants attending with minor illness or feeding problems, of whom 12 infants were exclusively breastfed, nine exclusively formula fed, and 11 mixed breast/formula fed. High-performance anion exchange chromatography was used to identify discriminating patterns of monosaccharide composition of unconjugated glycans in a sequence of three experiments. The absolute concentration of all human milk oligosaccharides measured blind could detect "any breastfeeding" only with a sensitivity of 48% and specificity of 78%. Unblinded examination of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) measured as GlcNH2 after hydrolysis of GlcNAc improved sensitivity to 75% at the expense of a specificity of 28%. Estimation of the relative abundance of GlcNH2 (GlcNH2[%]) or the ratio of GlcNH2 to endogenous mannose (Man) improved accuracy. In a further blind experiment, the GlcNH2/Man ratio with a cut-off of 1.5 correctly identified all those receiving "any breast milk," while excluding exclusively formula fed infants. The GlcNH2/Man ratio in infant urine is a promising test to provide biochemical confirmation of any breastfeeding for trials of breastfeeding promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Addison
- NHS Ayrshire & Arran Primary Care Trust, Rainbow House Paediatric UnitAyrshire Central HospitalIrvineUK
| | - Lauren Hill
- General PaediatricsPinderfields General HospitalWakefieldUK
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MOMI CORE)University of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Bianca Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MOMI CORE)University of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Glycoanalytical Core, Glycobiology Research and Training CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - David Young
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Charlotte Wright
- Section of Child Health, School of MedicineGlasgow UniversityGlasgowUK
| | - Clare Relton
- ScHARRUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Centre for Primary Care and Public HealthQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ada L. Garcia
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and NursingGlasgow UniversityGlasgowUK
| | - David M. Tappin
- Section of Child Health, School of MedicineGlasgow UniversityGlasgowUK
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25
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Lectin antagonists in infection, immunity, and inflammation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:51-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Misra RS, Nayak JL. The Importance of Vaccinating Children and Pregnant Women against Influenza Virus Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040265. [PMID: 31779153 PMCID: PMC6963306 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric and pregnant women populations, with deaths frequently caused by severe influenza-associated lower respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). An appropriate immune response requires controlling the viral infection through activation of antiviral defenses, which involves cells of the lung and immune system. High levels of viral infection or high levels of inflammation in the lower airways can contribute to ARDS. Pregnant women and young children, especially those born prematurely, may develop serious complications if infected with influenza virus. Vaccination against influenza will lead to lower infection rates and fewer complications, even if the vaccine is poorly matched to circulating viral strains, with maternal vaccination offering infants protection via antibody transmission through the placenta and breast milk. Despite the health benefits of the influenza vaccine, vaccination rates around the world remain well below targets. Trust in the use of vaccines among the public must be restored in order to increase vaccination rates and decrease the public health burden of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
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27
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Pitt J, Chan M, Gibson C, Hasselwander O, Lim A, Mukerji P, Mukherjea R, Myhre A, Sarela P, Tenning P, Himmelstein MW, Roper JM. Safety assessment of the biotechnologically produced human-identical milk oligosaccharide 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL). Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110818. [PMID: 31533061 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), a highly abundant complex carbohydrate in human breast milk, functions as a prebiotic promoting early microbial colonization of the gut, increasing pathogen resistance and modulating immune responses. To investigate potential health benefits, 3-FL was produced by fermentation using a genetically modified E. coli K12 strain. The safety assessment of 3-FL included acute oral toxicity, in vitro and in vivo assessment of genetic toxicity, and a subchronic rodent feeding study. 3-FL was not acutely toxic at 5000 mg/kg bw, and there was no evidence of genetic toxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test and chromosomal aberration assay. There was a repeatable statistically-significant trend in the 4-h S9-activated test conditions in the in vitro micronucleus assay; the confirmatory in vivo mouse micronucleus study was negative at all doses. Dietary subchronic exposure of rats to 3-FL (5% and 10%) did not produce any statistical or biologically-relevant differences in growth, food intake or efficiency, clinical observations, or clinical or anatomic pathology changes at average daily intakes of 5.98 and 7.27 g/kg bw/day for males and females, respectively. The weight of evidence from these studies support the safe use of 3-FL produced using biotechnology as a nutritional ingredient in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pitt
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, 1801 Larkin Center Drive, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - M Chan
- Corteva™, Agriscience™, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - C Gibson
- Total Pathology Solutions, LLC, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - O Hasselwander
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, 43 London Road, Reigate, Surrey, RH2 9PW, UK
| | - A Lim
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - P Mukerji
- Corteva™, Agriscience™, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - R Mukherjea
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, 4300 Duncan Ave, St. Louis MO, 63110, USA
| | - A Myhre
- Corteva™, Agriscience™, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - P Sarela
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Sokeritehtaanti 20, FI- 02460, Kantvik, FI, USA
| | - P Tenning
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Langebrogade 1, DK-1411, Copenhagen K, DE, USA
| | | | - J M Roper
- Corteva™, Agriscience™, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
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28
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Phipps KR, Baldwin NJ, Lynch B, Stannard DR, Šoltésová A, Gilby B, Mikš MH, Röhrig CH. Toxicological safety assessment of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1378-1393. [PMID: 31418894 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breastmilk is a mixture of nutrients, hormones and bioactive molecules that are vital for infant growth and development. Infant formula (IF) lacks many of these compounds, most notably human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are abundant in breastmilk but scarce in IF. Sialyllactoses, such as 3'-sialyllactose, constitute a large portion of the HMO fraction. To produce IF that matches breastmilk more closely, biosynthesized human-identical milk oligosaccharides (structurally identical to HMOs) such as 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt (3'-SL) are proposed for use in IF and foods for the general population. The safety assessment of 3'-SL comprised in vitro genotoxicity tests and a 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study. This is the first 90-day study conducted with 3'-SL using neonatal rats (7 days old at the start of dosing-equivalent age to newborn human infants in terms of central nervous system and reproductive development), demonstrating the safety of 3'-SL for consumption by infants, the most sensitive age group. The neonatal rats received 3'-SL at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day and reference controls received 5,000 mg/kg BW/day of fructooligosaccharide (an ingredient approved for use in IF) for comparison with the high-dose 3'-SL group, followed by a 4-week recovery period. There was no evidence of genotoxicity in vitro. In the absence of any test item-related adverse effects in the 90-day study, the high dose (5,000 mg/kg BW/day) was established as the no-observed-adverse-effect level. This confirms the safety of 3'-SL for use in IF for infants, as well as in functional foods for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt R Phipps
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Farnborough, Hampshire, UK
| | - Nigel J Baldwin
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Farnborough, Hampshire, UK
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Ben Gilby
- Envigo CRS Limited, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marta H Mikš
- Glycom A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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29
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Van't Land B, Tims S, Stahl B, Knol J, Garssen J, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ. Oligosaccharides Modulate Rotavirus-Associated Dysbiosis and TLR Gene Expression in Neonatal Rats. Cells 2019; 8:E876. [PMID: 31405262 PMCID: PMC6721706 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gut in early life can be altered through multiple environmental factors. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a mixture of short-chain galactooligosaccharides/long-chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) 9:1 and their combination (scGOS/lcFOS/2'-FL) on dysbiosis induced during rotavirus (RV) diarrhea in neonatal rats, elucidating crosstalk between bacteria and the immune system. The dietary interventions were administered daily by oral gavage at days 2-8 of life in neonatal Lewis rats. On day 5, RV SA11 was intragastrically delivered to induce infection and diarrhea assessment, microbiota composition, and gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the small intestine were studied. All dietary interventions showed reduction in clinical variables of RV-induced diarrhea. RV infection increased TLR2 expression, whereas 2'-FL boosted TLR5 and TLR7 expressions and scGOS/lcFOS increased that of TLR9. RV-infected rats displayed an intestinal dysbiosis that was effectively prevented by the dietary interventions, and consequently, their microbiota was more similar to microbiota of the noninfected groups. The preventive effect of 2'-FL, scGOS/lcFOS, and their combination on dysbiosis associated to RV diarrhea in rats could be due to changes in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Tims
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Maria J Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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30
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Phipps KR, Baldwin NJ, Lynch B, Stannard DR, Šoltésová A, Gilby B, Mikš MH, Röhrig CH. Toxicological safety evaluation of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide 6'-sialyllactose sodium salt. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1444-1461. [PMID: 31389052 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant in breastmilk, but their presence in infant formula is negligible. Sialylated HMOs, such as 6'-sialyllactose, constitute a significant portion of the HMO fraction of human milk and are linked to important biological functions. To produce infant formula that is more comparable with human milk, biosynthesized sialyllactoses known as human-identical milk oligosaccharides (structurally identical counterparts to their respective naturally occurring HMOs in breastmilk) are proposed for use in infant formula and other functional foods for the general population. To support the safety of 6'-sialyllactose sodium salt (6'-SL), a 90-day oral (gavage) toxicity study and in vitro genotoxicity tests were conducted. The 90-day study is the first to be conducted with 6'-SL using neonatal rats (day 7 of age at the start of dosing), thus addressing safety of 6'-SL for consumption by the most sensitive age group (infants). In the 90-day study, neonatal rats received 6'-SL at doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day and reference controls received 5000 mg/kg BW/day of fructooligosaccharide (an ingredient approved for use in infant formula) for comparison with the high-dose 6'-SL group, followed by a 4-week recovery period. There was no evidence of genotoxicity in vitro. No test item-related adverse effects were observed on any parameter in the 90-day study, thus the high dose (5000 mg/kg BW/day) was established as the no-observed-adverse-effect level. These results confirm that 6'-SL is safe for use in formula milk for infants and in other functional foods for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt R Phipps
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Ben Gilby
- Envigo CRS Limited, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marta H Mikš
- Glycom A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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31
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Knipping K, van't Land B, Tims S, Stahl B, Garssen J, Franch À, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Immunomodulatory and Prebiotic Effects of 2'-Fucosyllactose in Suckling Rats. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1773. [PMID: 31417553 PMCID: PMC6685134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides are unconjugated complex glycans present in high concentration in human milk that serve as pre-biotics and immunomodulators. They are not primarily absorbed or metabolized by the infant and reach the lower part of the intestinal tract unaltered. One of the main oligosaccharides found in human milk is 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL). This study aimed to investigate the effects of daily oral administration of 2'-FL in healthy suckling rats. From days 2 to 16 of life, rats were daily given the oligosaccharide (2'-FL) or vehicle (REF), weighed and their stool characteristics were assessed. On days 8 and 16 of life the morphometry, intestinal architecture, and cytokine release, mesenteric lymph nodes cell composition, plasma immunoglobulin concentrations, fecal microbiota composition, cecal short-chain fatty acids content, and the urinary metabolic profile were assessed. Animals given 2'-FL showed higher plasma IgG and IgA and more T cell subsets in the mesenteric lymph nodes on day 16. Moreover, at intestinal level, villus heights, and areas were increased on day 8. Cecal samples displayed a higher Lactobacillus proportion and a different urinary metabolic profile was observed on day 8, and a higher proportion of butyrate on day 16. In conclusion, supplementation of 2'-FL in early life has a pre-biotic and intestinal trophic effect and promotes maturation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health and Technological Unit of Omic Sciences, Reus, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - M. José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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32
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Monaco MH, Gurung RB, Donovan SM. Safety evaluation of 3'-siallylactose sodium salt supplementation on growth and clinical parameters in neonatal piglets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 101:57-64. [PMID: 30453008 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sialyllactose (SL) is an abundant oligosaccharide in human milk with health benefits that include intestinal maturation, gut microbiota modulation, and cognitive development. Recent technological advances support large scale production of different forms of sialyllactose, which will enable their use as a food ingredient. The objective of the study was to investigate the dose-dependent effects of novel enzymatically-synthesized 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL) sodium salt supplemented to swine milk replacer on growth, hematological parameters and tissue histology in a pre-clinical neonatal pig model. Forty-five two-day-old male and female pigs were provided one of four experimental diets for 21 days. Diets were formulated to contain 0 (CON), 140 (LOW), 200 (MOD) or 500 (HIGH) mg/L of 3'SL sodium salt. Samples were collected on days 8 and 22 of the study for hematological and histological analyses. The addition of 3'SL sodium salt to formula at all doses was well-tolerated by neonatal piglets and supported growth and development comparable to those observed in the CON group. In addition, serum chemistries as well as hematology and organ microscopic structure were unaffected by 3'SL (p > 0.05). These data provide supportive evidence for the safety of supplementation of this enzymatically-synthesized 3'SL sodium salt to human infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Phipps KR, Baldwin N, Lynch B, Stannard DR, Šoltesová A, Gilby B, Mikš MH, Röhrig CH. Preclinical safety evaluation of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-tetraose. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:260-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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van Berlo D, Wallinga AE, van Acker FA, Delsing DJ. Safety assessment of biotechnologically produced 2′-Fucosyllactose, a novel food additive. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Safety evaluation of a mixture of the human-identical milk oligosaccharides 2'-fucosyllactose and difucosyllactose. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:552-565. [PMID: 30076915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are endogenous indigestible carbohydrates representing the largest compositional difference between human breastmilk and infant formula (IF). Two major HMOs in human breastmilk are 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and difucosyllactose (DFL); commercial IF can be supplemented with manufactured structurally identical versions of HMOs [known as human-identical milk oligosaccharides (HiMOs)] to better replicate the composition of human milk. As 2'-FL and DFL are always found together in human milk, a mixture of these HiMOs (2'-FL/DFL) has been proposed for use in IF and as a food ingredient. Safety assessment of 2'-FL/DFL included conduct of in vitro genotoxicity tests and a subchronic oral toxicity study. In the subchronic study, 2'-FL/DFL (8:1 ratio) was administered to neonatal rats at doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day, once daily for 90 days, followed by a 4-week recovery period. A concurrent reference control group received 5000 mg/kg bw/day of an oligosaccharide already used in IF (fructooligosaccharide), for direct comparison with the high-dose 2'-FL/DFL group. No evidence of genotoxicity was observed. In the absence of compound-related adverse effects in the 90-day study, 5000 mg/kg bw/day was established as the no-observed-adverse-effect-level. These results support the use of 2'-FL/DFL in IF and as a food ingredient.
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Toxicological evaluation of 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:83-90. [PMID: 29407203 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The safety of 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium salt was evaluated by testing for gene mutations, in vivo and in vitro clastogenic activity, and animal toxicity in beagle dogs and rats. The results of all mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests were negative, indicating that 3'-SL does not have any mutagenic or clastogenic potential. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of 3'-SL sodium salt was well above 20 g/kg body weight (bw) in rats. A dose escalation acute toxicity study in Beagle dogs also indicated no treatment-related abnormalities. Subsequent 28-day and 90-day toxicity studies in Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats involved dietary exposure to 500, 1,000, and 2000 mg/kg bw of 3'-SL sodium salt and a water (vehicle) control. There were no treatment-related abnormalities on clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, behavior, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, relative organ weights, urinalysis parameters, or necropsy and histopathological findings. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 3'-SL sodium salt was determined to be higher than 2000 mg/kg bw/day in an oral subchronic toxicity study in rats, indicating that the substance is an ordinary carbohydrate with the lowest toxicity rating. Results confirm that 3'-SL sodium salt has a toxicity profile similar to other non-digestible carbohydrates and naturally occurring human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and support its safety for human consumption in foods.
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Thomson P, Medina DA, Garrido D. Human milk oligosaccharides and infant gut bifidobacteria: Molecular strategies for their utilization. Food Microbiol 2017; 75:37-46. [PMID: 30056961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the gold standard in infant nutrition. In addition to provide essential nutrients for the newborn, it contains multiple bioactive molecules that provide protection and stimulate proper development. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex carbohydrates abundant in breast milk. Intriguingly, these molecules do not provide energy to the infant. Instead, these oligosaccharides are key to guide and support the assembly of a healthy gut microbiome in the infant, dominated by beneficial gut microbes such as Bifidobacterium. New analytical methods for glycan analysis, and next-generation sequencing of microbial communities, have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the positive role of breast milk oligosaccharides on the gut microbiome, and the genomics and molecular strategies of Bifidobacterium to utilize these oligosaccharides. Moreover, novel approaches to simulate the impact of HMO on the gut microbiome have been described and successfully validated, including the incorporation of synthetic HMO and bovine milk oligosaccharides to infant formula. This review discusses recent advances regarding the influence of HMO in promoting a healthy gut microbiome, with emphasis in the molecular basis of the enrichment in beneficial Bifidobacterium, and novel approaches to replicate the effect of HMO using synthetic or bovine oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thomson
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel A Medina
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
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Hong SJ, Lee JH, Kim EJ, Yang HJ, Park JS, Hong SK. Toxicological evaluation of neoagarooligosaccharides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of agar. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:9-21. [PMID: 28782575 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a heterogeneous polymer of galactose, is the main component of the cell wall of marine red algae. It is well established as a safe, non-digestible carbohydrate in Oriental countries. Although neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) prepared by the hydrolysis of agar by β-agarase have been reported to exert various biological activities, the safety of these compounds has not been reported to date. For safety evaluation, NAOs containing mainly neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose were prepared from agar by enzymatic hydrolysis using β-agarase DagA from Streptomyces coelicolor. Genotoxicity tests such as the bacterial reverse mutation assay, eukaryotic chromosome aberration assay, and in vivo micronucleus assay all indicated that NAOs did not exert any mutational effects. The toxicity of NAOs in rat and beagle dog models was investigated by acute, 14-day, and 91-day repeated oral dose toxicity tests. The results showed that NAO intake of up to 5,000 mg/kg body weight resulted in no significant changes in body weight, food intake, water consumption, hematologic and blood biochemistry parameters, organ weight, or clinical symptoms. Collectively, a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day for both male and female rats was established for NAO. These findings support the safety of NAO for possible use in food supplements and pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Hong
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea; Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hyeon Lee
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Jung Yang
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Park
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea.
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Sprenger GA, Baumgärtner F, Albermann C. Production of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic and whole-cell microbial biotransformations. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:79-91. [PMID: 28764968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are almost unique constituents of breast milk and are not found in appreciable amounts in cow milk. Due to several positive aspects of HMO for the development, health, and wellbeing of infants, production of HMO would be desirable. As a result, scientists from different disciplines have developed methods for the preparation of single HMO compounds. Here, we review approaches to HMO preparation by (chemo-)enzymatic syntheses or by whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant bacterial cells. With lactose as acceptor (in vitro or in vivo), fucosyltransferases can be used for the production of 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, or more complex fucosylated core structures. Sialylated HMO can be produced by sialyltransferases and trans-sialidases. Core structures as lacto-N-tetraose can be obtained by glycosyltransferases from chemical donor compounds or by multi-enzyme cascades; recent publications also show production of lacto-N-tetraose by recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria and approaches to obtain fucosylated core structures. In view of an industrial production of HMOs, the whole cell biotransformation is at this stage the most promising option to provide human milk oligosaccharides as food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Florian Baumgärtner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Albermann
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Koromyslova A, Tripathi S, Morozov V, Schroten H, Hansman GS. Human norovirus inhibition by a human milk oligosaccharide. Virology 2017; 508:81-89. [PMID: 28505592 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus interactions with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known to be important for an infection. In this study, we identified the HBGA binding pocket for an emerging GII genotype 17 (GII.17) variant using X-ray crystallography. The GII.17 variant bound the HBGA with an equivalent set of residues as the leading pandemic GII.4 variants. These structural data highlights the conserved nature of HBGA binding site between prevalent GII noroviruses. Noroviruses also interact with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which mimic HBGAs and may function as receptor decoys. We previously showed that HMOs inhibited the binding of rarely detected GII.10 norovirus to HBGAs. We now found that an HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), additionally blocked both the GI.1 and GII.17 noroviruses from binding to HBGAs. Together, these findings provide evidence that 2'FL might function as a broadly reactive antiviral against multiple norovirus genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasily Morozov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Grant S Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Musilova S, Modrackova N, Hermanova P, Hudcovic T, Svejstil R, Rada V, Tejnecky V, Bunesova V. Assessment of the synbiotic properites of human milk oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in vitro and in humanised mice. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:281-289. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mode of delivery plays a crucial role in infant gastrointestinal tract colonisation, which in the case of caesarean section is characterised by the presence of clostridia and low bifidobacterial counts. Gut colonisation can be modified by probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are infant prebiotics that show a bifidogenic effect. Moreover, genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis within the infant microbiome revealed adaptations for milk utilisation. This study aimed to evaluate the synbiotic effect of B. longum subsp. infantis, HMOs and human milk (HM) both in vitro and in vivo (in a humanised mouse model) in the presence of faecal microbiota from infants born by caesarean section. The combination of B. longum and HMOs or HM reduced the clostridia and G-bacteria counts both in vitro and in vivo. The bifidobacterial population in vitro significantly increased and produce high concentrations of acetate and lactate. In vitro competition assays confirmed that the tested bifidobacterial strain is a potential probiotic for infants and, together with HMOs or HM, acts as a synbiotic. It is also able to inhibit potentially pathogenic bacteria. The synbiotic effects identified in vitro were not observed in vivo. However, there was a significant reduction in clostridia counts in both experimental animal groups (HMOs + B. longum and HM + B. longum), and a specific immune response via increased interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 production. Animal models do not perfectly mimic human conditions; however, they are essential for testing the safety of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Musilova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - N. Modrackova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - P. Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Doly 183, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - T. Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Doly 183, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - R. Svejstil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V. Rada
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V. Tejnecky
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V. Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Effects of Infant Formula With Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth and Morbidity: A Randomized Multicenter Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:624-631. [PMID: 28107288 PMCID: PMC5378003 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of infant formula supplemented with 2 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) on infant growth, tolerance, and morbidity. METHODS Healthy infants, 0 to 14 days old, were randomized to an intact-protein, cow's milk-based infant formula (control, n = 87) or the same formula with 1.0 g/L 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) and 0.5 g/L lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) (test, n = 88) from enrollment to 6 months; all infants received standard follow-up formula without HMOs from 6 to 12 months. Primary endpoint was weight gain through 4 months. Secondary endpoints included additional anthropometric measures, gastrointestinal tolerance, behavioral patterns, and morbidity through age 12 months. RESULTS Weight gain was similar in both groups (mean difference [95% confidence interval] test vs control: -0.30 [-1.94, 1.34] g/day; lower bound of 95% confidence interval was above noninferiority margin [-3 g/day]). Digestive symptoms and behavioral patterns were similar between groups; exceptions included softer stool (P = 0.021) and fewer nighttime wake-ups (P = 0.036) in the test group at 2 months. Infants receiving test (vs control) had significantly fewer parental reports (P = 0.004-0.047) of bronchitis through 4 (2.3% vs 12.6%), 6 (6.8% vs 21.8%), and 12 months (10.2% vs 27.6%); lower respiratory tract infection (adverse event cluster) through 12 months (19.3% vs 34.5%); antipyretics use through 4 months (15.9% vs 29.9%); and antibiotics use through 6 (34.1% vs 49.4%) and 12 months (42.0% vs 60.9%). CONCLUSIONS Infant formula with 2'FL and LNnT is safe, well-tolerated, and supports age-appropriate growth. Secondary outcome findings showing associations between consuming HMO-supplemented formula and lower parent-reported morbidity (particularly bronchitis) and medication use (antipyretics and antibiotics) warrant confirmation in future studies.
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Oral supplementation of healthy adults with 2'-O-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose is well tolerated and shifts the intestinal microbiota. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1356-1368. [PMID: 27719686 PMCID: PMC5082288 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been established as an important player influencing many aspects
of human physiology. Breast milk, the first diet for an infant, contains human milk
oligosaccharides (HMO) that shape the infant’s gut microbiota by selectively stimulating
the growth of specific bacteria, especially bifidobacteria. In addition to their
bifidogenic activity, the ability of HMO to modulate immune function and the gut barrier
makes them prime candidates to restore a beneficial microbiota in dysbiotic adults and
provide health benefits. We conducted a parallel, double-blind, randomised,
placebo-controlled, HMO-supplementation study in 100 healthy, adult volunteers, consuming
chemically produced 2′-O-fucosyllactose (2′FL) and/or
lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) at various daily doses and mixes or placebo
for 2 weeks. All participants completed the study without premature discontinuation.
Supplementation of 2′FL and LNnT at daily doses up to 20 g was shown to be safe and well
tolerated, as assessed using the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale. 16S rRNA
sequencing analysis showed that HMO supplementation specifically modified the adult gut
microbiota with the primary impact being substantial increases in relative abundance of
Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium in particular and a reduction in
relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. This study provides the first set of
data on safety, tolerance and impact of HMO on the adult gut microbiota. Collectively, the
results from this study show that supplementing the diet with HMO is a valuable strategy
to shape the human gut microbiota and specifically promote the growth of beneficial
bifidobacteria.
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Sialylated galacto-oligosaccharides and 2′-fucosyllactose reduce necrotising enterocolitis in neonatal rats. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:294-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNecrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most frequent and fatal intestinal disorders in preterm infants and has very limited treatment options. Breast-fed infants are at a 6–10-fold lower NEC risk than formula-fed infants, and we have previously shown that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) improved survival and reduced pathology in a rat NEC model. The HMO disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) was most effective, and sialylation was shown to be essential for its protective effect. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), currently added to some infant formula, but not containing sialic acid, had no effect. In addition to DSLNT, our previous work also showed that the neutral HMO fraction, which contains high concentrations of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), slightly improved pathology scores. Here, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of 2′FL, as well as of GOS that we enzymatically sialylated (Sia-GOS). Neonatal rats were randomised into the following study groups – dam-fed (DF), formula-fed (FF), FF containing pooled HMO (10 mg/ml), GOS (8 mg/ml), Sia-GOS (500 µm) or 2′FL (2 mg/ml) – and subjected to the established NEC protocol. The DF and HMO groups had the lowest pathology scores with mean values of 0·67 (sd 0·34) and 0·90 (sd 0·47), respectively. The FF group had significantly elevated pathology scores of 2·02 (sd 0·63). Although the addition of GOS to the formula had no protective effect and generated scores of 2·00 (sd 0·63), the addition of Sia-GOS or 2′FL significantly lowered pathology scores to 1·32 (sd 0·56) (P<0·0034) and 1·43 (sd 0·51) (P<0·0040), respectively. The results warrant further studies to investigate the underlying mechanisms and to assess safety and efficacy in human neonates.
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Martin CR, Ling PR, Blackburn GL. Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula. Nutrients 2016; 8:E279. [PMID: 27187450 PMCID: PMC4882692 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers' own milk is the best source of nutrition for nearly all infants. Beyond somatic growth, breast milk as a biologic fluid has a variety of other benefits, including modulation of postnatal intestinal function, immune ontogeny, and brain development. Although breastfeeding is highly recommended, breastfeeding may not always be possible, suitable or solely adequate. Infant formula is an industrially produced substitute for infant consumption. Infant formula attempts to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and is based on cow's milk or soymilk. A number of alternatives to cow's milk-based formula also exist. In this article, we review the nutritional information of breast milk and infant formulas for better understanding of the importance of breastfeeding and the uses of infant formula from birth to 12 months of age when a substitute form of nutrition is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilia R Martin
- Department of Neonatology and Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Pei-Ra Ling
- Department of Surgery, Feihe Nutrition Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - George L Blackburn
- Department of Surgery, Feihe Nutrition Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Structural Basis for Norovirus Inhibition by Human Milk Oligosaccharides. J Virol 2016; 90:4843-4848. [PMID: 26889023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03223-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are important binding factors for norovirus infections. We show that two human milk oligosaccharides, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), could block norovirus from binding to surrogate HBGA samples. We found that 2'FL and 3FL bound at the equivalent HBGA pockets on the norovirus capsid using X-ray crystallography. Our data revealed that 2'FL and 3FL structurally mimic HBGAs. These results suggest that 2'FL and 3FL might act as naturally occurring decoys in humans.
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Mezoff EA, Hawkins JA, Ollberding NJ, Karns R, Morrow AL, Helmrath MA. The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose augments the adaptive response to extensive intestinal. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G427-38. [PMID: 26702137 PMCID: PMC4796291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00305.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal resection resulting in short bowel syndrome (SBS) carries a heavy burden of long-term morbidity, mortality, and cost of care, which can be attenuated with strategies that improve intestinal adaptation. SBS infants fed human milk, compared with formula, have more rapid intestinal adaptation. We tested the hypothesis that the major noncaloric human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) contributes to the adaptive response after intestinal resection. Using a previously described murine model of intestinal adaptation, we demonstrated increased weight gain from 21 to 56 days (P < 0.001) and crypt depth at 56 days (P < 0.0095) with 2'-FL supplementation after ileocecal resection. Furthermore, 2'-FL increased small bowel luminal content microbial alpha diversity following resection (P < 0.005) and stimulated a bloom in organisms of the genus Parabacteroides (log2-fold = 4.1, P = 0.035). Finally, transcriptional analysis of the intestine revealed enriched ontologies and pathways related to antimicrobial peptides, metabolism, and energy processing. We conclude that 2'-FL supplementation following ileocecal resection increases weight gain, energy availability through microbial community modulation, and histological changes consistent with improved adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A. Mezoff
- 1Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition;
| | - Jennifer A. Hawkins
- 2Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery;
| | - Nicholas J. Ollberding
- 3Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology;
| | - Rebekah Karns
- 4Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics; and
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- 5Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology
| | - Michael A. Helmrath
- 2Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery;
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Moon JS, Joo W, Ling L, Choi HS, Han NS. In vitro digestion and fermentation of sialyllactoses by infant gut microflora. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Hanlon PR, Thorsrud BA. A 3-week pre-clinical study of 2′-fucosyllactose in farm piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 74:343-8. [PMID: 25445760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the most abundant oligosaccharides found in human milk is 2′-fucosyllactose, a trisaccharide composed of fucose and lactose, and multiple studies have demonstrated a health benefit to this compound. Recent advances have allowed for the large-scale production of oligosaccharides via fermentation, including 2′-fucosyllactose. A neonatal piglet model was used to evaluate the tolerability of 2′-fucosyllactose, produced through this process, in order to demonstrate the suitability of this compound for human infants under 12 weeks of age. Crossbred farm piglets, at lactation day 2, were assigned to one of four treatment groups receiving a liquid diet containing 0, 200, 500 or 2000 mg/L of 2′-fucosyllactose. The calculated consumption of 2′-fucosyllactose corresponded to dose levels of 29.37, 72.22 and 291.74 mg/kg/day, respectively, in males and 29.30, 74.31, and 298.99 mg/kg/day, respectively in females. Piglets were administered diet for 3 weeks; and there were no test article-related effects on growth and development (clinical observations, body weight and food consumption), clinical pathology parameters (hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation and urinalysis), or any histopathologic changes. Therefore, dietary exposure to 2′-fucosyllactose at concentrations up to 2000 mg/L was well tolerated by neonatal farm piglets and did not result in adverse health effects or impact piglet growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hanlon
- Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, United States.
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Safety of 2′‐O‐fucosyllactose as a novel food ingredient pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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