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Zhang S, Chen L, Hu M, Zhu J. 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) changes infants gut microbiota composition and their metabolism in a host-free human colonic model. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113293. [PMID: 37803605 PMCID: PMC10560763 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is critical for neonates, providing the necessary energy, nutrients, and bioactive compounds for growth and development. Research indicated that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been shown to shape a beneficial gut microbiota, as well as their metabolism (e.g. short-chain fatty acids). 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is one major HMO that composed of 30% of total HMOs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to understand the impact of 2'-FL on the composition and metabolism of infant gut microbiota. METHODS Our study utilized an in-vitro human colonic model (HCM) to investigate the host-free interactions between 2'-FL and infant gut microbiota. To simulate the infant gut microbiota, we inoculated the HCM system with eight representative bacterial species from infant gut microbiota. The effects of 2'-FL on the gut microbial composition and their metabolism were determined through real-time quantitative PCR and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The obtained data were analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.1 and MetaboAnalyst 4.0. RESULTS Our study findings suggest that the intervention of 2'-FL in HCM resulted in a significant change in the abundance of representative bacterial species. PCR analysis showed a consistent increase in the abundance of Parabacteroides. distasonis in all three colon sections. Furthermore, analysis of free fatty acids revealed a significant increase in their levels in the ascending, transverse, and descending colons, except for caproic acid, which was significantly reduced to a non-detectable level. The identification of significant extracellular polar metabolites, such as glutathione and serotonin, enabled us to distinguish between the metabolomes before and after 2'-FL intervention. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the altered microbes and microbial metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study demonstrated the impact of 2'-FL intervention on the defined composition of infant gut microbiota and their metabolic pathways in an in vitro setting. Our findings provide valuable insights for future follow-up investigations into the role of 2'-FL in regulating the growth and development of infant gut microbiota in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Larke JA, Heiss BE, Ehrlich AM, Taft DH, Raybould HE, Mills DA, Slupsky CM. Milk oligosaccharide-driven persistence of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum modulates local and systemic microbial metabolites upon synbiotic treatment in conventionally colonized mice. Microbiome 2023; 11:194. [PMID: 37635250 PMCID: PMC10463478 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifidobacteria represent an important gut commensal in humans, particularly during initial microbiome assembly in the first year of life. Enrichment of Bifidobacterium is mediated though the utilization of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as several human-adapted species have dedicated genomic loci for transport and metabolism of these glycans. This results in the release of fermentation products into the gut lumen which may offer physiological benefits to the host. Synbiotic pairing of probiotic species with a cognate prebiotic delivers a competitive advantage, as the prebiotic provides a nutrient niche. METHODS To determine the fitness advantage and metabolic characteristics of an HMO-catabolizing Bifidobacterium strain in the presence or absence of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), conventionally colonized mice were gavaged with either Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum MP80 (B.p. MP80) (as the probiotic) or saline during the first 3 days of the experiment and received water or water containing 2'-FL (as the prebiotic) throughout the study. RESULTS 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that mice provided only B.p. MP80 were observed to have a similar microbiota composition as control mice throughout the experiment with a consistently low proportion of Bifidobacteriaceae present. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, similar metabolic profiles of gut luminal contents and serum were observed between the control and B.p. MP80 group. Conversely, synbiotic supplemented mice exhibited dramatic shifts in their community structure across time with an overall increased, yet variable, proportion of Bifidobacteriaceae following oral inoculation. Parsing the synbiotic group into high and moderate bifidobacterial persistence based on the median proportion of Bifidobacteriaceae, significant differences in gut microbial diversity and metabolite profiles were observed. Notably, metabolites associated with the fermentation of 2'-FL by bifidobacteria were significantly greater in mice with a high proportion of Bifidobacteriaceae in the gut suggesting metabolite production scales with population density. Moreover, 1,2-propanediol, a fucose fermentation product, was only observed in the liver and brain of mice harboring high proportions of Bifidobacteriaceae. CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces that the colonization of the gut with a commensal microorganism does not guarantee a specific functional output. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules A Larke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Britta E Heiss
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amy M Ehrlich
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diana H Taft
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, , Davis, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Mukherjee R, Somovilla VJ, Chiodo F, Bruijns S, Pieters RJ, Garssen J, van Kooyk Y, Kraneveld AD, van Bergenhenegouwen J. Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Ligand Binding to C-Type Lectin DC-SIGN but Not to Langerin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314745. [PMID: 36499067 PMCID: PMC9737664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and their most abundant component, 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), are known to be immunomodulatory. Previously, it was shown that HMOs and 2'-FL bind to the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN. Here we show, using a ligand-receptor competition assay, that a whole mixture of HMOs from pooled human milk (HMOS) and 2'-FL inhibit the binding of the carbohydrate-binding receptor DC-SIGN to its prototypical ligands, fucose and the oligosaccharide Lewis-B, (Leb) in a dose-dependent way. Interestingly, such inhibition by HMOS and 2'-FL was not detected for another C-type lectin, langerin, which is evolutionarily similar to DC-SIGN. The cell-ligand competition assay using DC-SIGN expressing cells confirmed that 2'-FL inhibits the binding of DC-SIGN to Leb. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations show that 2'-FL exists in a preorganized bioactive conformation before binding to DC-SIGN and this conformation is retained after binding to DC-SIGN. Leb has more flexible conformations and utilizes two binding modes, which operate one at a time via its two fucoses to bind to DC-SIGN. Our hypothesis is that 2'-FL may have a reduced entropic penalty due to its preorganized state, compared to Leb, and it has a lower binding enthalpy, suggesting a better binding to DC-SIGN. Thus, due to the better binding to DC-SIGN, 2'-FL may replace Leb from its binding pocket in DC-SIGN. The MD simulations also showed that 2'-FL does not bind to langerin. Our studies confirm 2'-FL as a specific ligand for DC-SIGN and suggest that 2'-FL can replace other DC-SIGN ligands from its binding pocket during the ligand-receptor interactions in possible immunomodulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Mukherjee
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (A.D.K.); Tel.: +31-686-088-526 (R.M.); +31-30-2534-509 (A.D.K.)
| | - Victor J. Somovilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (A.D.K.); Tel.: +31-686-088-526 (R.M.); +31-30-2534-509 (A.D.K.)
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Li H, Wang B, Wang Y. 2'-Fucosyllactose Suppresses Angiogenesis and Alleviates Toxic Effects of 5-Fu in a HCT116 Colon Tumor-Bearing Model. Molecules 2022; 27:7255. [PMID: 36364081 PMCID: PMC9658278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at examining the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL). At the beginning, the viabilities of four types of colon cancer cells were analyzed after exposure to increasing concentrations of 2'-FL, and HCT116 cells were selected as the sensitive ones, which were applied in the further experiments; then, interestingly, 2'-FL (102.35 µM) was found to induce apoptosis of HCT116 cells, which coincides with significant changes in VEGFA/VEGFR2/p-PI3K/p-Akt/cleaved Caspase3 proteins. Next, in a tumor-bearing nude mouse model, HCT116 was chosen as the sensitive cell line, and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) was chosen as the positive medicine. It was noteworthy that both 2'-FL group (2.41 ± 0.57 g) and 2'FL/5-Fu group (1.22 ± 0.35 g) had a significantly lower tumor weight compared with the control (3.87 ± 0.79 g), suggesting 2'-FL could inhibit colon cancer. Since 2'-FL reduced the number of new blood vessels and the malignancy of tumors, we confirmed that 2'-FL effectively inhibited HCT116 tumors, and its mechanism was achieved by regulating the VEGFA/VEGFR2/PI3K/Akt/Caspase3 pathway. Moreover, though HE staining and organ index measurement, 2'-FL was validated to alleviate toxic effects on liver and kidney tissue when combining with 5-Fu. In conclusion, 2'-FL had certain anti-tumor and detoxification effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forest, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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He Y, He Z, Leone S, Liu S. Milk Exosomes Transfer Oligosaccharides into Macrophages to Modulate Immunity and Attenuate Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) Infection. Nutrients 2021; 13:3198. [PMID: 34579075 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are abundance in human body fluids like urine, milk and blood. They act a critical role in extracellular and intracellular communication, intracellular trafficking and physiological regulation. Multiple immune-modulatory components, such as proteins, RNAs and carbohydrates (glycoproteins), have been found in human milk exosomes, which play immune-regulatory functions. However, little is known about oligosaccharides in milk exosomes, the “free sugars”, which act critical roles in the development of infant’s immature mucosal immune system. In this study, the profile of milk exosomes encapsulated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) was calibrated with characteristic oligosaccharides in colostrum and mature milk, respectively. The exosomes containing human milk oligosaccharides were uptaken by macrophages, which were responsible for the establishment of intestinal immunity. Furthermore, mice pretreated with exosome encapsulated HMOs were protected from AIEC infection and had significantly less LPS-induced inflammation and intestinal damage. Exosome encapsulated milk oligosaccharides are regarded to provide a natural manner for milk oligosaccharides to accomplish their critical functions in modifying newborn innate immunity. The understanding of the interaction between a mother’s breastfeeding and the development of an infant’s mucosal immune system would be advantageous. The transport of milk oligosaccharides to its target via exosome-like particles appears to be promising.
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Parschat K, Melsaether C, Jäpelt KR, Jennewein S. Clinical Evaluation of 16-Week Supplementation with 5HMO-Mix in Healthy-Term Human Infants to Determine Tolerability, Safety, and Effect on Growth. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082871. [PMID: 34445031 PMCID: PMC8401119 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex sugars that occur naturally in human breast milk and provide many beneficial functions. Most formula products lack HMOs or contain only the most abundant HMO, 2′-fucosyllactose; however, benefits of HMOs come from multiple sugars. We therefore developed a mixture of five HMOs (5HMO-Mix) mimicking the natural concentrations of the top five HMOs (5.75 g/L total, comprising 52% 2′-fucosyllactose, 13% 3-fucosyllactose, 26% lacto-N-tetraose, 4% 3′-sialyllactose, and 5% 6′-sialyllactose) representing the groups of neutral, neutral-fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs. We conducted the first multicenter, randomized, controlled, parallel-group clinical study assessing the safety, tolerability, and effect on growth of formula containing the 5HMO-Mix in healthy infants. We enrolled 341 subjects aged ≤14 days; 225 were randomized into groups fed either with infant formula containing 5HMO-Mix (5HMO-Mix) or infant formula without HMOs (IF) for 4 months, with the others exclusively breastfed. There were no differences in weight, length, or head circumference gain between the two formula groups. The 5HMO-Mix was well tolerated, with 5HMO-Mix and breastfed infants producing softer stools at a higher stool frequency than the control formula group. Adverse events were equivalent in all groups. We conclude that the 5HMO-Mix at 5.75 g/L in infant formula is safe and well tolerated by healthy term infants during the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Parschat
- Chr. Hansen HMO GmbH, 53619 Rheinbreitbach, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2224-98810400
| | | | | | - Stefan Jennewein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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Ryan JJ, Monteagudo-Mera A, Contractor N, Gibson GR. Impact of 2'-Fucosyllactose on Gut Microbiota Composition in Adults with Chronic Gastrointestinal Conditions: Batch Culture Fermentation Model and Pilot Clinical Trial Findings. Nutrients 2021; 13:938. [PMID: 33799455 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis has been described in patients with certain gastrointestinal conditions including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcerative colitis. 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a prebiotic human milk oligosaccharide, is considered bifidogenic and butyrogenic. To assess prebiotic effects of 2′-FL, alone or in combination with probiotic strains (potential synbiotics), in vitro experiments were conducted on stool from healthy, IBS, and ulcerative colitis adult donors. In anaerobic batch culture fermenters, Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides counts, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate increased during fermentation with 2′-FL and some of the 2′-FL/probiotic combinations. In a subsequent open-label pilot trial, the effect of a 2′-FL-containing nutritional formula was evaluated in twelve adults with IBS or ulcerative colitis. Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) total and gastrointestinal symptoms domain scores, stool counts of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and stool SCFAs including butyrate, increased after six weeks of intervention. Consistent with documented effects of 2′-FL, the batch culture fermentation experiments demonstrated bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects of 2′-FL during fermentation with human stool samples. Consumption of the 2′-FL-containing nutritional formula by adults with IBS or ulcerative colitis was associated with improvements in intra- and extra-intestinal symptoms, and bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects.
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Ramirez-Farias C, Baggs GE, Marriage BJ. Growth, Tolerance, and Compliance of Infants Fed an Extensively Hydrolyzed Infant Formula with Added 2'-FL Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) Human Milk Oligosaccharide. Nutrients 2021; 13:E186. [PMID: 33435326 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth, tolerance and compliance effects of an extensively hydrolyzed formula with added 2′-FL in an intended use population of infants. Methods: A non-randomized, single-group, multicenter study was conducted. Infants (0–60 days of age) with suspected food protein allergy, persistent feeding intolerance, or presenting conditions where an extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) was deemed appropriate were enrolled in a 2-month feeding trial. The primary outcome was maintenance of weight for age z-score during the study. Weight, length, head circumference, formula intake, tolerance measures, clinical symptoms and questionnaires were collected. Forty-eight infants were enrolled and 36 completed the study. Results: Weight for age z-scores of infants showed a statistically significant improvement from study day 1 to study day 60 (0.32 ± 0.11, p = 0.0078). Conclusions: Overall, the results of the study demonstrate that the study formula was well tolerated, safe and supported growth in the intended population.
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Knipping K, van't Land B, Tims S, Stahl B, Garssen J, Franch À, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Immunomodulatory and Prebiotic Effects of 2'-Fucosyllactose in Suckling Rats. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1773. [PMID: 31417553 PMCID: PMC6685134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides are unconjugated complex glycans present in high concentration in human milk that serve as pre-biotics and immunomodulators. They are not primarily absorbed or metabolized by the infant and reach the lower part of the intestinal tract unaltered. One of the main oligosaccharides found in human milk is 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL). This study aimed to investigate the effects of daily oral administration of 2'-FL in healthy suckling rats. From days 2 to 16 of life, rats were daily given the oligosaccharide (2'-FL) or vehicle (REF), weighed and their stool characteristics were assessed. On days 8 and 16 of life the morphometry, intestinal architecture, and cytokine release, mesenteric lymph nodes cell composition, plasma immunoglobulin concentrations, fecal microbiota composition, cecal short-chain fatty acids content, and the urinary metabolic profile were assessed. Animals given 2'-FL showed higher plasma IgG and IgA and more T cell subsets in the mesenteric lymph nodes on day 16. Moreover, at intestinal level, villus heights, and areas were increased on day 8. Cecal samples displayed a higher Lactobacillus proportion and a different urinary metabolic profile was observed on day 8, and a higher proportion of butyrate on day 16. In conclusion, supplementation of 2'-FL in early life has a pre-biotic and intestinal trophic effect and promotes maturation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health and Technological Unit of Omic Sciences, Reus, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - M. José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Van't Land B, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Supplementation With 2'-FL and scGOS/lcFOS Ameliorates Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Suckling Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:372. [PMID: 30406046 PMCID: PMC6205980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is considered to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis among infants aged less than 5 years old. Human milk bioactive compounds have the ability to modulate the diarrheic process caused by several intestinal pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective role of a specific human milk oligosaccharide, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a mixture of the prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1 (GOS/FOS) and their combination (2′-FL+GOS/FOS) on RV-induced diarrhea in suckling rats. The nutritional intervention was performed from the second to the sixteenth day of life by oral gavage and on day 5 an RV strain was orally administered to induce infection. Fecal samples were scored daily to assess the clinical pattern of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea. Blood and tissues were obtained at day 8 and 16 in order to evaluate the effects on the epithelial barrier and the mucosal and systemic immune responses. In the assessment of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea, both 2′-FL and GOS/FOS displayed a beneficial effect in terms of amelioration. However, the mechanisms involved seemed to differ: 2′-FL displayed a direct ability to promote intestinal maturation and to enhance neonatal immune responses, while GOS/FOS induced an intestinal trophic effect and an RV-blocking action. The combination of 2′-FL and GOS/FOS showed additive effects in some variables. Therefore, it could be a good strategy to add these compounds in combination to infant formulas, to protect against human RV-induced diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Austin S, Cuany D, Michaud J, Diehl B, Casado B. Determination of 2'-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose in Infant Formula. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102650. [PMID: 30332767 PMCID: PMC6222730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are the third most abundant solid component of human milk. It is likely that they are responsible for at least some of the benefits experienced by breast-fed infants. Until recently HMO were absent from infant formula, but 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neoteraose (LNnT) have recently become available as ingredients. The development of formula containing these HMO and the quality control of such formula require suitable methods for the accurate determination of the HMO. We developed two different approaches for analysis of 2'-FL and LNnT in formula; high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HILIC-FLD). In lab trials using blank formula spiked with the two oligosaccharides, both approaches worked well with recoveries of 94⁻111% (HPAEC-PAD) and 94⁻104% (HILIC-FLD) and RSD (iR) of 2.1⁻7.9% (HPAEC-PAD) and 2.0⁻7.4% (HILIC-FLD). However, when applied to products produced in a pilot plant, the HPAEC-PAD approach sometimes delivered results below those expected from the addition rate of the ingredients. We hypothesize that the oligosaccharides interact with the formula matrix during the production process and, during sample preparation for HPAEC-PAD those interactions have not been broken. The conditions required for labeling the HMO for detection by the FLD apparently disrupt those interactions, and result in improved recoveries. It is likely that both analytical approaches are appropriate if a suitable extraction process is used to recover the HMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Denis Cuany
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Michaud
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Current address: GSK Consumer Healthcare S.A., Route de l'Etraz 2, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Diehl
- Spectral Services, Emil-Hoffmann Strasse 33, D-50996 Köln, Germany.
| | - Begoña Casado
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Nutrition SBU, Rue d'Entre-deux-Villes 10, 1814 La-Tour-De-Peilz, Switzerland.
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12
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Reverri EJ, Devitt AA, Kajzer JA, Baggs GE, Borschel MW. Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101346. [PMID: 30241407 PMCID: PMC6213476 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component in human milk after lactose and lipids. Preclinical research has demonstrated that HMOs and specifically 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) are more than a prebiotic and have multiple functions, including immune, gut, and cognition benefits. Previously, human milk has been the only source for significant levels of HMOs. The most abundant HMO in most mothers’ breast milk is 2′-FL. Recently, 2′-FL has been synthesized and shown to be structurally identical to the 2′-FL found in human milk. 2′-FL HMO is now available in some commercial infant formulas. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the clinical experiences of feeding infant formula supplemented with the HMO, 2′-FL. Most of these studies investigated standard intact milk protein-based infant formulas containing 2′-FL, and one evaluated a partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula. Collectively, these clinical experiences demonstrated that 2′-FL being added to infant formula was safe, well-tolerated, and absorbed and excreted with similar efficiency to 2′-FL in human milk. Further, infants that were fed formula with 2′-FL had immune benefits, fewer parent-reported respiratory infections, and improved symptoms of formula intolerance. Ultimately, infant formula with 2′-FL supports immune and gut health and is closer compositionally and functionally to human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy A Devitt
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA.
| | - Janice A Kajzer
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA.
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